How and from what cement is made: everything about the production process. How to make cement with your own hands with an autonomous existence Make cement at home proportions

Any construction cannot do without cement. This inorganic binder is part of the plaster and putty mixtures, without it it is impossible to prepare concrete, mortar mixture. Cement is not a natural resource; for its preparation, raw materials must be burned, then the resulting clinker is crushed to a powder state and mixed in certain proportions with appropriate additives.

In principle, the technological process of preparing cement is not very complicated; you can make cement with your own hands.

How cement is made

For the preparation of cement, carbonate and clay rocks are used. Also, industrial waste (slag, etc.) can be used for the production of cement. The process includes 3 stages:

1. Preparation of raw materials. At the end of this stage, it is necessary to obtain a sludge - a mixture of limestone and clay in a ratio of approximately 3:1. Although this ratio is highly dependent on the properties of the rocks and is constantly adjusted to obtain cement of the required quality.
2. Next, the sludge is fired in a kiln (1450°C), under the influence of high temperature, a mixture of limestone and clay is sintered. After firing, the clinker is ground to a powder.
3. To obtain cement, it is enough to introduce 5% gypsum and a number of additives into the resulting powder (depending on the required properties of the cement).

Depending on the additives used, there are such types of cements as:

• hydrophobic - resistant to moisture contained in the atmosphere. Its use gives concrete increased water resistance and frost resistance up to F1000;

• white - most often used for the preparation of ready-to-eat dry mixes;

• expanding cement. While other types of cements decrease in volume when the concrete mixture hardens, expanding cement allows you to achieve the opposite effect;
• pozzolanic cement - characterized by reduced heat generation. It is most often used for concreting volumetric objects, due to reduced heat release, the risk of uneven settlement (and hence cracking) is significantly reduced;
• colored cement - used for the manufacture of products that do not require further processing. Either white clinker is used, or dyes are introduced into the concrete mixture;

• aluminous cement - its distinctive feature is that it gains up to 50% strength within a day after laying the concrete mixture. Due to the release of a large amount of heat, it is often used in construction in winter.

Do-it-yourself cement production

The main problem in the preparation of cement with your own hands is the need for firing at a high temperature. Therefore, you will need at least a kiln and a mill in order to grind the prepared clinker. But even in this case, at home it is unlikely that it will be possible to obtain cement for the preparation of concrete of a grade over M200. Although this result is possible only under the strictest observance of the proportions and stages of the process.

Before preparing cement with your own hands, you need to evaluate 2 factors:

• work front. The creation of a home-made production line is justified only under the condition of a relatively large amount of work;
• working conditions. Given the low strength of concrete structures using home-made cement, it is advisable to use it only for structures that do not experience serious loads.

Taking into account these factors, it is necessary to evaluate the economic efficiency of "handicraft" production.

The actual preparation of cement at home takes place in the same order as at a cement plant: raw materials are prepared, fired in a kiln, ground and mixed with additives. Handicraft production also has its advantages - cement can be given any properties by experimenting with raw materials.

To obtain ordinary Portland cement, it is recommended to use crushed chalk and crushed kaolin (75% chalk and 25% kaolin). This raw material must be thoroughly mixed. Then it is fired in a kiln and ground in a mill. In the resulting powder, add 5% gypsum powder.

There are also exotic recipes for making, for example, glycerin cement, Chinese cement, diamond putty. Such options are not considered, since they are used only for solving highly specialized tasks.

Preparation of cement mortar

Any cement mortar consists of water, binder (cement itself) and aggregate (most often sand). The ratio of binder and aggregate depends on the type of work performed. So, for a plaster mixture, the ratio of cement and sand can be taken as 1:6, but, for example, for laying bricks, the ratio of binder and aggregate should be reduced to at least 1:3.

If the mixture is prepared for pouring the foundation, then the content of aggregate can be further reduced, in which case the ratio of binder and filler is 1:1 or 1:2. In addition, crushed stone is often added to the mixture for pouring the foundation.

In construction, mixtures with the addition of lime or clay are often used, but they also use cement to increase the strength of the solution after hardening.

Also, during the preparation of the mixture, you need to pay attention to the water-cement ratio. Of course, the optimal ratio is set for each type of mixture, but it should be remembered that excessive water content degrades the quality of the mortar after hardening.

The process of preparing the solution also has some nuances. It is recommended to mix the binder and aggregate in dry form, and only then add water. It also matters in what order the components are loaded into the container. Layer-by-layer loading of sand and cement and their uniform distribution in the tank are considered optimal. If it is necessary to prepare a large volume of mortar, layers of sand and cement can be alternated several times.

- the basis of any building structure. Almost every building around us, one way or another, was erected using cement mortar. Construction, created on the basis of cement, can withstand a multi-ton load for decades, practically without experiencing negative external influences. Why has cement been the most popular building material for decades? The editors of the site will try to reveal the very secret formula, thanks to which we will finally find out what exactly cement is made of and why it is considered one of the most durable materials in the world.

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Regulations

Cement, like any other product, must pass the certification procedure. There are several GOSTs and SNiPs, which, to one degree or another, relate to the quality of the cement mixture. We list the main ones:

1. GOST 31108-2003 General construction cements. Specifications".
2. GOST 30515-97 “Cements. General technical conditions".
3. GOST 10178-85 “Portland cement and slag Portland cement. Specifications".

The chemical composition of cement

By itself, cement is nothing but a powder. It is created on the basis of clinker. The composition may contain various components and fillers.

Interesting fact! When the cement mortar hardens, its density is not inferior to the density of the stone. Cement is also used to create artificial stone.

Heating occurs up to +1450°C. The structure of natural components changes, and a new substance is obtained - clinker. After that, the resulting substance is combined with gypsum and ground, as a result, cement powder familiar to everyone is obtained.

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"This is how the chemical composition of the finished cement powder looks like: 67% calcium oxide (CaO), 22% silicon dioxide (SiO2), 5% aluminum oxide (Al2O3), 3% iron oxide (Fe2O3), 3% other components.

"

Main characteristics

For cement, its brand remains the main technical characteristic, it is this marking that will tell about such an important characteristic as an indicator of the maximum load in kg.

The numbers indicate the maximum value that the cured cement can withstand. It is also called the compressive strength index. In practice, this value indicates the weight that the material can withstand without collapsing. For example, when using M200 cement, the load that 1 cm³ can withstand is 200 kg.

Interestingly, it is allowed to test cement only after complete drying, and this happens after 28 days and not earlier. After that, the test sample of cement is placed under the press and compressed. The pressure at which he began to collapse is his mark. Moreover, the procedure is repeated six times, and then the arithmetic mean is calculated from the 4 best indicators. This indicator is measured in MPa and kg / cm².

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"The letter "D" denotes data on special additives used in cement. For example, D10 indicates that 10% additives were added to the dry mix. Thanks to them, it is possible to give the finished structure additional strength and frost resistance.

"

Types of cement by use

As we noted earlier, various additives affect the quality of the cement mixture. From this depends on its scope and strength. For example, frost-resistant samples are used in and buildings in areas with a harsh climate, in seismically hazardous areas, additives are used that increase the stickiness of the mixture. They, in turn, do not allow concrete structures to crack.

Interesting fact! During the freezing process, the water contained in the concrete expands and begins to destroy it from the inside. However, modern technologies make it possible to improve the degree of frost resistance; mineral additives are added to the cement powder, for example, neutralized wood pitch. They create a strong shell around water particles.

Most often, various additives are added to the cement mixture, the percentage of which can reach 10 and 20%. For the construction of monolithic buildings I use cement grade M500. Such a material has a higher solidification rate and strength. Usually, load-bearing structures are also erected from such a cement mixture.

What is cement made of?

Typically, cement plants are built where there are deposits of limestone and other rocks that are used to create clinker. The main natural elements from which cement is made are:

• fossils of the carbonate type: crystalline rocks that can be burned;
• clay materials, as well as sedimentary rocks of mineral origin. The raw material is characterized by viscosity, it is used in the dry method of production.

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"When choosing cement, pay attention to such an indicator as the fineness of grinding. The finer the powder structure, the stronger the mixture will be.

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Carbonate rocks

What carbonate rocks are used in the production of cement:

• chalk(limestone variation) - easy to process, cheap and versatile;
• marl, or marl limestone. The advantage of these rocks is that they contain a sufficient amount of moisture, in addition, they contain the necessary particles of clay;
• limestone raw material, shell rocks, characterized by the absence of silicon inclusions. The rock has a porous structure, is easily destroyed under the influence of compressive forces;
• carbonate rocks. They are characterized by valuable physical properties.

Clay raw materials

Clay rocks include:

• clay containing mineral inclusions that swell when water is added;
• loams− diluted with sand fraction;
• shales- strong clay rocks;
• loess- inelastic porous rock with inclusion of quartz.

Corrective additives

In addition to mineral raw materials, special plasticizers are used in the production of cement. Most often, additives based on fossils containing fluorspar and apatite are used.

Important! The basis of any binder is cement clinker and only 15-20% of mineral additives. The strength of the future cement and its other characteristics depend on it.

How cement is made in production

Like any production, the creation of a cement mixture takes place strictly according to a special technological scheme. And it consists of the following steps:

1. Creation of clinker. It, recall, is made of limestone and clay in a percentage ratio of 75 × 25. The mixture is placed in an oven, at a temperature of approximately +1500°C, the composition changes. A viscous substance is formed that securely fastens all clinker granules. The resulting clinker is cooled in special refrigeration units.
2. Then the granules are further crushed. Grinding takes place in special grinding mills. They are drums with steel balls placed there.
3. Finely dispersed and mineral additives are also added to the crushed clinker.

There are different technologies for the preparation of raw materials. Let's consider the main ones.

wet method

Wet technology involves the mandatory addition of water at the grinding stage; in this case, chalk is used instead of lime. In this case, a special mixture, or mixture, is formed, which is then re-dried in an oven, turning into a kind of glass ball, which is then crushed again. At the same time, the cost of cement increases significantly. Do you think that the mixture prepared in this way is more durable.

Dry way

The dry method is a cheaper option. In this case, in practice, two technological operations are combined - grinding and drying the mixture. Hot gases are sent to the ball mill, which carry out drying. Here, the output is a ready-made powder.

Combined techniques

The combined version combines the features of the wet and dry methods. Technology is different in every enterprise. Sometimes, instead of the wet method, which allows the clinker to be moistened to 50%, options are used with a decrease in moisture at this stage to 18 or 20%. The second method involves the preparation of a dry mixture, followed by moistening up to 14%, granulation, and final annealing. It all depends on the tasks that the technologist faces.

How to make cement at home

Despite the apparent complexity of cement production, it is possible to make it yourself at home. It is clear that this option will not be as technologically advanced as at the factory, and it will also not work to burn it at the required temperature. However, we can tell you some tricks. Consider one of the popular recipes for creating a composition that is quite suitable for sealing gaps and. To create a mixture, we need water lime, rock ash and ordinary water.

In conditions of autonomous existence, you will have to rely only on yourself. And for everything that you can take with you, both in your hands and in your head. At first, you can live in a dugout, but then it’s better to get it, for these purposes, having made cement with your own hands.

Well, what if in ancient times some primitive Romans were already producing cement, why don't you, an adult and skilled person, equipped with the most useful knowledge of mankind, start making cement? Yes Easy.

How to make cement with your own hands

There is one small difficulty - the ancient Romans in the manufacture of cement focused on coarse-grained belite, which only acquires the necessary strength after a year of hardening, and modern cement is formed on the basis of an almost homogeneous alite, which completely sets in 28 days. But to get alit, you need really high temperatures, which are maintained for quite a long time - at least 4 hours.

But back to the original topic. First, you need to find clay. The presence in it of impurities of any filth, such as gypsum and dolomite, seriously spoils the quality of the product, since when heated, calcium silicates or even calcium hydrosilicates, which are not necessary for us, will be formed, but other chemical compounds. The same goes for limestone. The only good news is that both the European part of Russia and the Caucasus, the Urals and Siberia, are rich in both alumina and limestone. With impurities, but still.

The process of making cement

In short, the further production of cement with your own hands looks like this. We take limestone - chalk, shell rock or something like that - even marble, which also belongs to limestone. We take clay - kaolin, alumina, or something similar. Grind all this to a powdery state and mix in the proportion of 3 parts limestone to 1 part clay. And then - we put it all for 4 hours in an oven that can maintain a temperature in the region of 1450 ° C. It also provides good internal ventilation, and, if possible, also allows you to rotate the sintering mass - clinker. That is, at this stage, you can already close the article and, in principle, do not read further. Because without special equipment, making cement with your own hands, or rather, a full-fledged cement mixture, will not work in any way. However, there are always options...

However, in a perfectly folded Russian stove filled with ash or beech wood, it can be possible to achieve a temperature of 1000 degrees. In principle, this is already almost enough to obtain a rather shitty quality clinker, with a predominance of belite and a certain percentage of alite. But this is at least something. So, having properly ***ed, you can find an area in the Russian oven where you can bake clinkers. Rotate, of course, the baking area will have to "manually".

Ready-made clinkers then need to be crushed and mixed with some interesting powder additives, such as gypsum, so that it is about 5 percent of the total mass. It will turn out almost a full-fledged cement mixture. Terrible quality, but usable.

As for the preparation of cement mortar and concrete mixtures, this is a completely different conversation. Even more complex and boring. Since there are a huge number of different options designed to solve various problems.

Exists aluminous cement, which, due to a certain percentage of alumina impurities, is capable of solidifying by half even in winter during the day. There is expanding cement, which, when solidified, increases in volume, unlike usually. There is pozzolanic cement, which exhibits reduced heat transfer, so it can be used for room insulation.

But all these are really complex things that hardly anyone will use in an autonomous existence. Since even if all possible conditions for the manufacture of cement are observed, you are unlikely to be able to make cement with your own hands that is even close in quality to grade 200 - the lower category of industrial cements. On the other hand, your home-made cement will perform the basic tasks, and nothing more is required of it. It just takes a long time to freeze.

We will talk about the preparation of specifically home-made concrete and various putty mixtures based on self-made cement next time. There, too, there are subtleties, such as the percentage and quality of sand and additional additives.

And here is how he proposes to do it yourself wood ash cement project Primitive Technologies:

The material is used very widely. It is used as an independent product and is introduced into solutions. All this is due to the property of the dry mixture - it can become plastic when water is added and after a while harden, turning into. Its characteristics vary somewhat depending on the composition, so it is important to know what cement is made of.

It always contains five main ingredients. Let's analyze them using the example of Portland cement, one of the most popular varieties:

• calcium oxide - not less than 61%;
• silicon dioxide - not less than 20%;
• alumina about 4%;
• iron oxide - not less than 2%;
• magnesium oxide - not less than 1%.

The necessary minerals are mined in an open way, these are:

• Carbonate rocks: dolomite, marl, shell rock, chalk and other limestones.
• Clay rocks: loess, loams, shales.

Apatite, fluorspar, silica, alumina, etc. are used as additives.

Portland cement

Cures in air and water. There are no mineral additives. It is widely used for the construction of diverse monolithic structures.

Sulfate resistant

Its feature is increased resistance to chemical aggressive environments. It is characterized by a low saturation coefficient. This allows the use of sulfate-resistant cement for the construction of hydraulic engineering, etc.

Pozzolanic

Aluminous

acid resistant

The composition includes quartz sand and sodium silicofluoride. It is mixed not with water, but with liquid glass. Used to obtain acid-resistant coatings. Does not withstand constant exposure to water.

plasticized

It is made with special additives that give frost resistance and increased mobility to mortars prepared on this cement. They acquire greater strength, better resist corrosion and are characterized by increased water resistance.

slag cement

His recipe includes slag, the percentage of which can vary from 20% to 80% by weight of the product. This reduces the cost of the material, slows down the rate of its hardening and increases heat resistance. It is used for the construction of ground, underwater and underground facilities.

How cement is made

Manufacturing technology consists in obtaining and subsequent grinding. This is the name of the granules, which are an intermediate product of production. Their composition is always the same. It is limestone and clay mixed in a ratio of 3:1. In nature, there is a mineral that is completely identical in composition to clinker. It's called marl. However, its reserves are limited and cannot meet the needs of production.

Therefore, the factories use an artificial analogue of marl. To obtain it, the necessary ingredients are thoroughly mixed in large containers with special drums. The mass prepared in this way is fed into, where it is fired for about four hours. The process temperature is in the order of 1500°C. Under these conditions, the powder begins to sinter into small granules. After cooling, the clinker grains are sent for grinding. They are crushed in large drums with ball sieves and screens. At this stage, it is important to grind the granules and obtain a powder product of a certain size. Grinding is determined by the size of the sieve cells. The resulting powder is mixed with the necessary additives that determine the brand and properties of the product.

Despite the general technology, three methods can be used to produce the composition, depending on the properties of the raw material.

Dry way

This method can significantly reduce the time and cost of producing a cement mixture. It involves several steps:

1. The raw material is crushed to obtain fine grains.
2. The prepared granules are dried until the desired moisture content is reached. This is done to facilitate subsequent operations.
3. The ingredients are mixed in certain proportions. Then they are crushed to get flour.
4. The powder is fed into a rotating one, where it is fired, but not sintered into granules.

After cooling, the finished product is sent to the warehouse or to the packing area.

The dry method is considered the least energy-consuming, and therefore very beneficial for manufacturers. Unfortunately, it is not applicable to all categories of raw materials.

Cement is an artificial powdered substance that acts as a binder when mixing concrete. In combination with water, it forms a plastic mass, which subsequently hardens and becomes stone-like. What cement consists of primarily depends on the method of production. In the general case, the basis is clinker in combination with mineral additives and gypsum.

History of cement

The word "cement" comes from the Latin caementum, which translates as "crushed, broken stone." This substance was the result of a search for ways to cope with the low water resistance of gypsum and limestone rocks. For this purpose, water-resistant mineral substances were introduced into their composition. At the very beginning, they were the remains of baked clay bricks and volcanic rocks. The ancient Romans used the ash deposits of the famous volcano Vesuvius - pozzolana.

The optimal technology for the production of cement was developed many years later, when the need for a large amount of inexpensive and durable binder did not become most acute. The greatest contribution to the research was made by:

1. Mason John Aspind, who in 1824 received a patent for Portland cement.
2. Russian builder Yegor Cheliev, who wrote a book in 1825 on cement for underwater work.

The name Portland cement comes from the English island of Portland, consisting of limestone rocks. In England, stones from this island were considered the most prestigious building material. Aspind managed to obtain an artificial stone, which was very similar in strength and color to the specified material.

But it was made without firing the raw materials. Greater compliance of technology with what is today Portland cement is noted precisely in the production process of Cheliev.

What is cement made of: composition and main raw materials

The composition of cement includes the following components:

1. Lime (calcium oxide, CaO) - 60%.
2. Silicon dioxide (SiO2) - 20%.
3. Aluminum (alumina, Al2O3) - 4%.
4. Gypsum and iron oxides (Fe2O3) - 2%.
5. Magnesium oxide (MgO) - 1%.

The indicated percentage ratio of the listed components is typical for the most popular type of cement - Portland cement. It may change somewhat. It all depends on the production technology and class of cement products.

Important! The existence of various types and brands explains the lack of an exact chemical formula for cement. All important information is provided by indicators of mineralogical composition.

The main material from which cement is made is clinker. This is the name of the product of firing the raw materials - limestone and clay, which are taken in a ratio of 3: 1. Clinker is a semi-finished product for cement production. After firing at temperatures up to 1500 ° C, the clinker is crushed, as a result of which it is presented in the form of granules with a diameter of up to 60 mm.

When grinding, the following additives are introduced into the composition of clinker:

1. Gypsum (CaSO42H2O), which regulates the setting time.
2. Corrective additives (up to 15-20%) that improve certain properties of cement: plasticizers, additives, etc.).

Various rocks are used as the main raw materials for the production of cement:

1. Fossils of the carbonate type. They can have an amorphous or crystalline structure, which determines how effectively the material will interact with other components in the composition when fired.
2. Sedimentary origin. This is a clay raw material with a mineral base, which, with excessive moisture, becomes plastic and swells, i.e., increases in volume. The main feature of the material is its viscosity, which determines its use in a dry production process.

Among the carbonate rocks for the production of cement are used:

1. Marl limestone, or marl. It contains impurities of clay, therefore it is considered a transitional material between carbonate and clayey rocks.
2. Chalk is a kind of smearing limestone, which is characterized by ease of grinding.
3. Shell rock. It is characterized by a porous structure, which is not very resistant to compressive loads.
4. Dolomitic rocks. Of all the types of carbonate rocks, they are distinguished by the most valuable physical properties.

Clay rocks used in the manufacture of cement include:

1. Clay. The main variety of clay rocks with mineral inclusions in the composition.
2. Loam. Differs from clay in the increased concentration of dusty particles and sandy fraction.
3. Loess. Less plastic rock. It is more characterized by porosity, friability and fine grain. The loess may contain inclusions of quartz or silicate.
4. Shale. Of all the types of such rocks, it has the highest strength. When crushed, shale is converted into lamellar particles. There is little moisture in the material, it is characterized by a stable granulometric composition.

Corrective additives

In order to adjust the composition of cement, special mineral additives are introduced. First of all, these are fossil-based modifiers containing:

1. iron,
2. flint-belite
3. fluorspar,
4. apatite,
5. alumina.

Even corrective additives can be represented by industrial waste from other industries. They are used as:

1. pyrite cinders;
2. dust from blast furnaces;
3. belite sludge;
4. mineralizers.

The use of additives improves the characteristics of cement and concrete mortar, which is prepared on its basis. Each of the modifiers gives the mixture special properties, for example:

1. - has antifreeze, plasticizing and accelerating action.
2. - allows you to get a highly mobile concrete mix with increased workability, as well as increase the activity of the binder, i.e. cement, and ensure the completeness of hydration.
3. and - a waterproofing, water-reducing, water-repellent surface treatment.
4. - increases the strength, frost resistance, water resistance and durability of concrete products.
5. - a multifunctional water-reducing and plasticizing additive that increases the branded strength of concrete products.
6. - additive-accelerator used for concrete mixtures, which require high early strength.

How cement is made: 3 main ways

Cement production in modern conditions is carried out in one of three ways:

1. Wet. Its main feature is the replacement of lime with chalk, as well as the production process with the addition of water. The raw material for manufacturing here is a charge (a mixture of raw materials) with a moisture content of up to 50%.
2. Dry. This is a technology with minimal energy consumption and cost, since here several technological operations are combined into one process. Entering the ball mill, all components are simultaneously ground and dried.
3. Combined. This production method combines the features of dry and wet technology processes. Here, according to the results of firing, a semi-dry composition with a moisture content of 18% is obtained.

Dry method of production

How dry technology cement is made:

1. The feedstock is subjected to crushing.
2. Dry it to a certain level of humidity.
3. The dried mixture is ground to a state of flour.
4. It is fired inside a rotary kiln, after which it is cooled and sent to a warehouse.

Wet production technology

In contrast to the dry manufacturing method, here, after grinding the components, water is additionally added to them. The result is not flour, but raw sludge, which enters the kiln for roasting, and then into the refrigerator for cooling. Already cooled clinker is crushed and supplemented with additives.

Combined manufacturing technology

The combined method of cement production combines the stages of dry and wet:

1. First, raw sludge is obtained using wet technology.
2. The sludge is subjected to dehydration and granulation.
3. The granules are fired in a kiln, which is used for dry technology.

Clinker-free production method

In the clinker-free production technology, hydraulic or blast-furnace slag is used as a feedstock for the manufacture of cement. It is also supplemented with various additives and activators. The resulting slag-alkaline mixture is subjected to crushing and grinding to a powder state. This production technology has several advantages:

1. Improving the cleanliness of the environment through the processing of waste from the metallurgical industry.
2. Obtaining a product with high resistance to the negative effects of the environment.
3. Ability to produce cement with different properties and in a wide range of shades.
4. Lower costs for electricity and heat.

Types of cement by composition and scope

Video: what is portland slag cement

Production of cement in factories

The production of cement by the wet method is traditionally carried out by domestic cement plants. Abroad, dry technology is more often used. It is used by cement plants in China, Turkey and Egypt. White cement is produced by only one Russian enterprise - Kholsim (Rus) SM LLC. Much of this binder is often supplied by foreign companies, such as:

1. AalborgWhite (Denmark).
2. Cimsa/Adana (Turkey).
3. Holsim (Slovakia).

In general, cement production technology includes several stages:

1. Mixing of all components for the manufacture of clinker (75% limestone and 25% clay).
2. Roasting raw materials at high temperature. At this stage, clinker is obtained, which is the basis for cement.
3. Grinding of clinker in ball mills. The result should be a substance of a powdery consistency. Ball mill is horizontal drums with steel balls inside.

Please note: the smaller the clinker grinding fraction, the higher the performance characteristics and the grade of the cement composition.

Equipment for the production of cement

Cement production at each stage requires the use of special equipment. It is divided into the following categories:

1. for the extraction of raw materials;
2. for the transportation of raw materials to the place of production;
3. kiln for roasting;
4. ball mills for grinding and mixing clinker;
5. machines for packing finished cement.

How to make cement at home

You can get cement at home, but only if you have all the raw materials and necessary equipment:

1. blast furnace for roasting at a temperature of 1500 °C;
2. crusher for grinding clinker into flour.

One method of making homemade cement uses tar and sulfur. The resulting cement can be used for laying tiles and bricks, creating a cement screed. Manufacturing technology is as follows:

1. Melt 1 kg of resin in a metal container, 1 kg of sulfur in a refractory container.
2. Combine liquid ingredients, mix until smooth.
3. Enter 2 kg of sifted homogeneous sand and 3 kg of lead oxide (lead litharge).
4. Constantly heating the mixture, stir it until a homogeneous mass is obtained.
5. Fire in a blast furnace and allow the product to settle.

In reality, there are certain difficulties with the manufacture of cement at home, since the production requires a kiln and a grinding mill. In this regard, at home, it is necessary to slightly change the recipe of cement, using water, water lime and stone ash for its manufacture. The resulting solution is suitable for sealing small cracks, and it must be used immediately after manufacture.

Video: how to make refractory cement from ash

How white cement is made

The difference between white cement also lies in the composition. It contains less iron than gray, and there are also additives:

1. mineral,
2. gypsum,
3. salt,
4. limestone, etc.

The raw material for the manufacture of white cement are clay or carbonate rocks. The main advantage of the binder is its snow-white color, which enhances the decorative properties of the cement mixture. Because of this, white cement is often called decorative. At the same time, due to the more complex production technology, the material has a higher cost.

Video: Loft-style white concrete table

Video: how to prepare a mortar on white cement

Video: how and what cement is made of

To mix the cement mortar, it is necessary to observe the proportions of its components. 1 part of cement is 3 parts of sand. Water is added depending on how plastic or viscous the solution needs to be. Also, the proportions are selected taking into account the type of work and the brand of cement. For example, to prepare a solution for a floor screed, use the proportions from the table:

First, dry fractions are mixed together, i.e. cement and sand. Only then do they begin to add water in small portions, gradually bringing the composition to the desired consistency. As a filler, you can use not only sand, but also gravel or crushed stone.

Please note: it is better to use sedimentary water for mixing the solution, and not tap water.

Solution classes for different types of work:

1. M50 or M100 - for plastering;
2. M50 or M100 - for the construction of brickwork;
3. M100 or M200 - for floor screed;
4. M200 or M300 - for foundations and foundations.

To mix the solution, you must use a special pallet or concrete mixer. The latter allows you to get a mixture of the most homogeneous consistency.

Video: cement mortar, tool-free preparation

Video: how to mix cement mortar

Finally

In the modern world, cement is produced in a large number of different types, which allows you to choose a binder for any construction work. Through the use of various additives, cement can be given certain properties and used in various difficult conditions, for example, for structures operated under water or at low temperatures. Cement is very easy to use, and can also be prepared at home if you know its composition and general manufacturing technology.