Formal business style in the era of computerization. The history of the formation of the business style of documents

ORGANIZATIONAL FORMS OF PRINCIPLES AND FACTORS DETERMINING THEIR CHOICE IN A SPECIFIC ORGANIZATION

Organizational forms of preschool educational institutions

Practice has developed three forms of organizing work with documents in any management apparatus - centralized, decentralized and mixed.

The centralized form assumes the concentration of all technological operations for working with documents under the jurisdiction of one specialized structural unit (office, general department) or one employee (secretary of the institution). In this department (or by this employee), a full cycle of technological operations for processing documents is carried out from the moment they are received or created until they are sent to the archive: receiving and processing incoming documents, registering them, monitoring execution, reference and information work, organizing and storing documents, sending documents, processing documents for their transfer to the archive. Centralization of individual operations for processing documents is the most rational form of organizing office work, since it allows you to reduce the cost of processing documents, improve the organization of labor of service workers through the specialization and interchangeability of individual workers, effectively use office equipment, and achieve the unity of organizational and methodological guidance with documentation support. However, complete centralization of work with documents is possible only in small institutions with a workflow volume of up to 10 thousand documents per year.

A decentralized form of organizing documentation services is the exact opposite of a centralized service. Each structural unit of one organization creates its own service for working with documents, in which the entire cycle of operations for the creation, storage, and systematization of documents of a given structural unit is performed autonomously. This form is typical for organizations and institutions whose apparatus is geographically dispersed, as well as for those in which the documentation of activities has specific features (for example, based on considerations of information protection or the independence of the activities of structural units).

The mixed form of organizing work with documents is the most common. At the same time, part of the operations (most often the reception and processing of incoming and outgoing documents, their registration, control over the deadlines, production, replication, archival storage) is concentrated in the central office work, and in each structural unit (in departments, offices, departments) operations for the creation (printing) of documents, their systematization, storage of cases, their pre-archive processing.

A variant of the mixed form is such an organization of work with documents in which the same technological operation (for example, registration of documents or control over their execution) is carried out for some arrays of documents centrally (in the office), and for others - decentralized (in structural divisions) ... The division of arrays of documents in the case of using traditional (manual) methods of work is carried out according to the criterion of addressing - if the document is addressed to the management of the organization, it is registered in the office, if to the management of the structural unit, then in this unit. Most often, internal documents are registered in structural divisions - at the place of their creation. For example, in the accounting department - accounting documents, in the personnel department - documents on personnel, etc.

The use of the latest computer technologies, the availability of facsimile machines, fax-modem computers allow organizing the reception and registration of incoming documents, control over their execution, information and reference work in structural divisions.

In the creation and organization of a clerical service, the issue of choosing an organizational form is one of the most difficult. The current state regulatory and methodological documents do not regulate the form of working with documents.

In each case, the choice of the organizational form of work with documents remains the prerogative of the office itself and the management of the institution. The solution to this issue is related to the initial organization of the office work. Depending on the changes that occur in connection with the transformation of the organization (firm) itself, from the modernization of document processing technology, the degree of centralization and decentralization of work with documents also changes.

The regulation of the chosen form of work with documents is fixed in the instructions for office work.

MAIN STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE OFFICIAL BUSINESS STYLE OF THE RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE

The history of the formation of an official business style.

Business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the 10th century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the chronicle are the texts of agreements between Russians and Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. And in the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus "Russkaya Pravda" appears - an original monument to writing, which makes it possible to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. In the language of "Russkaya Pravda" it is already possible to single out the features of word use and the organization of speech, which are characteristic of the business style. This is a high terminology, the predominance of composition over subordination in complex sentences, the presence of complex structures with compositional conjunctions "and", "yes", "same", as well as non-union chains. Of all the types of complex sentences, constructions with a conditional clause are most widely used (with the union if - if): In "Russian Truth", terms are already used that indicate the development of legal relations in Ancient Russia: head (killed), golovnik (murderer), allegory ( witness), vira (fine), extracted (property), vein glaring (ransom for the bride), kuna (money). Legal terms represent the most important lexical layer of the language of ancient documents.

After Russkaya Pravda, the most ancient document is the "Certificate of the Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod in 1130". The initial formula of this letter "Se az" ... ("Here I am") has become from this time an obligatory element (requisite) of ancient Russian letters: "Se az, the great prince Vsevolod gave to Saint George (Yuryev Monastery) Terpugsky pogost Lyakhovichi with earth, and with people, and with horses, and a forest, and a board, and a catch for catching ... "(" z "Diplomas of the Grand Duke Vsevolod Mstislavovich to the Yuryev Monastery of 1125-1137"). The letters ended with a special formula, which indicates who was a witness to the transaction and who seals the letter with his signature.

And in the "General Regulations" of the Petrine Collegiums, a complete system of documentation standards was given. "Master Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of rank, title, rank, uniform norms for naming and self-naming. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words (province, act, run, appeal, etc.) and terms penetrate into it.

In the 19th century, when the formation of a codified literary language was basically completed, its functional varieties - styles - began to actively form. Official correspondence documents were received in the 19th century. the widest distribution and quantitatively significantly surpassed other types of business texts. They were written on official letterheads and included a certain set of requisites. Since 1811, after the adoption of the General Institution of Ministries, the characteristic features of the clerical style have been actively formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the utterance, syntactic cumbersomeness, the nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (the prevalence of the nominative and genitive cases), standardization. As a result of the reform of office work (the rules for drawing up documentation), a need arose for the reform of the clerical style, which began to be conceptualized as a task of state importance.

In the XX century. unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official records were developed: in 1918, a unified form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 20s of the twentieth century. work began on the creation of new standards for business writing, stencil texts appeared

A new era in the process of standardization was opened by machine processing and computerization of office work. The choice and consolidation in practice of one language option out of several possible is justified economically, dictated by the requirements of the increasingly complex economic and socio-political life of society, and technical progress. The use of stable formulas, accepted abbreviations, a uniform arrangement of material when drawing up a document is typical for standard and stencil letters, questionnaires, tables, analogous texts, etc., allows you to encode information, fixing certain linguistic means for a typical situation. For example, the need to take part in an exhibition of goods involves filling out an application prepared by the exhibition organization in a typographic way in the form of a questionnaire. The so-called analogous texts, forms, forms, in which the stencil looks like a formalized text, are subjected to special standardization.

5. DOCUMENT IN ELECTRONIC FORM: LEGAL REGIME, FEATURES OF AGREEMENT AND SIGNING

An electronic document is a set of data recorded on a tangible medium and / or transmitted via electronic communication channels with details that allow identifying this information and its author. An electronic document can be created on the basis of a paper document, on the basis of another electronic document, or generated in the process of information interaction between the Parties without any prototypes.

The share of electronic documents in the total volume of materials with which organizations and citizens work is steadily growing. In this regard, the most acute issue is ensuring their legal significance (legal force). The legal significance of a document, both paper and electronic, is its evidentiary force, for example, in arbitration courts.

In order for an electronic document to have legal force, certain rules must be observed when creating, transferring, processing and storing it. According to GOST R 51141-98 “Office work and archiving. Terms and definitions "the legal force of a document is" a property of an official document, communicated to it by the current legislation, the competence of the issuing authority and the established procedure for registration. "

What gives a document - both paper and electronic - legal force? First, the presence of the required details in it and the observance of the rules for displaying these details. Secondly, the competence of the source, that is, the author's right to create and sign documents of this kind. Third, a guarantee of integrity and authenticity.

The requirement for the design and composition of mandatory details depends on the specific type of document and is established by a number of regulatory and legal acts and regulations. These are federal laws (for example, No. 149-FZ “On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection” dated July 27, 2006; No. 1-FZ “On Electronic Digital Signatures” dated January 10, 2002), including “profile” (for example such as No. 129-FZ "On accounting"), and various decrees (say, Goskomstat of Russia No. 1 dated January 5, 2004 "On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for labor accounting and remuneration").

Requirements for the execution of certain types of documents can be found in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and in various GOSTs (for example, GOST R 6.30-2003 "Unified documentation systems. Unified system of organizational and administrative documentation. Requirements for paperwork").

In addition, the requirements for the requisite composition and the rules for its presentation may be regulated by the internal documents of organizations, while they should not contradict the current legislation of the country.

For electronic documents, there is currently GOST 6.10.4-84 “Unified documentation systems. Giving legal force to documents on a machine medium and a machine-graded machine, created by means of computer technology. Basic Provisions ”. This standard establishes requirements for the composition and content of the details that give legal force to an electronic document, and also establish the procedure for making changes to them.

According to this GOST, an electronic document must contain the following mandatory details:

registration number;
registration date;
signature (code) of the person responsible for the correct preparation of the document or who approved the document;
the content of the document;
name of the organization - the creator of the document;
location of the organization - the creator of the document or postal address.

It is allowed to enter additional details that reflect the specifics of the creation or use of the document. In this case, the mandatory details of the electronic document should be placed in a way that allows them to be uniquely identified.

It is important to remember that even a properly executed document, but issued by an incompetent body (that is, not having the right to issue documents of this kind), as well as anonymous or signed by an unauthorized person, is not accepted in court and cannot serve as confirmation of the information contained in it, to certify the facts , confirm the rights or obligations arising on its basis.

Requirements for the requisite composition and rules for the submission of legally significant electronic documents may be regulated by the internal documents of organizations, while they should not contradict the current legislation of the country.

Legislation requires reliable evidence of the integrity and authenticity of a document from the moment it was formed in its final form.

When assessing the evidentiary force of an electronic document, the reliability of the method by which it was formed, stored or transmitted is taken into account; the way by which the integrity of the information was ensured; the method by which its initiator was identified; and any other relevant factors.

It should not be forgotten that the degree of reliability is assessed taking into account the purpose for which the electronic document was generated. In other words, a trusted environment for processing an electronic document must be provided, and trusted not only for the direct participants in the workflow, but also for a third party.

A trusted environment can be implemented in the following ways:

use of EDS technology, recognized (according to the law) as equivalent to a handwritten signature;
creation of a trusted system for processing electronic documents / trusted storage.

Work description

The purpose of this course work is to study the formation of the business style of the Russian literary language from the time of the appearance of writing in Russia to the present, as well as an overview of the features of the modern official business style of the Russian language.

Introduction 3
Chapter 1. The history of the formation of the business style of the Russian literary language
1.1. Period from X to XII century ………………………………………………… ............... 4
1.2 Period from XIV to XVI century ……………………………………………………… 6
1.3 The beginning of the XVIII century - "Peter's era" ………………………………… ... 8
1.4. The end of the 18th century - "The Golden Age of Catherine" …………………………… .10
1.5. The period of the XIX century ………………………………………………………… 12
1.6. Period of the XX century ………………………………………………………… .14
Chapter 2. Characteristics of the modern official-business style of the Russian literary language …………………………………………………………… .15
.
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………… 22
Literature…………………

Files: 1 file

Introduction

Language as a social phenomenon performs various functions associated with a particular area of human activity. An important social function of the language is the message inherent in the official business style.
The official business style stood out earlier than other written styles because it served the most important spheres of state life: foreign relations, the consolidation of private property, etc. The need to write laws, contracts, records of debts began to form a special "language", which, having undergone many changes, and now retains its main distinctive features.
The purpose of this course work is to study the formation of the business style of the Russian literary language from the time of the appearance of writing in Russia to the present, as well as an overview of the features of the modern official business style of the Russian language.
The relevance of the course work lies in the fact that the history of the development of the business style of the Russian language is traced in detail and in detail, at each historical stage the features of the formation and change of word formation and word use of the official business style are noted - the style of business correspondence as one of the most important genres of modern document flow.

1. The history of the formation of the business style of the Russian literary language

Period from X to XII century

The first business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the 10th century. writing. The chronicles recorded the first written texts of agreements between Russians and Greeks, dating back to 907-971. In the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus "Russkaya Pravda" appears - the main legal monument of Kievan Rus, by which one can judge the development of legal and socio-political terminology at that time.
The emergence of the oldest written code of laws is usually attributed to the time of the reign of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, who in 1016, wishing to make peace with the Novgorodians, unjustly offended by the prince's retinue, which consisted of hired Varangians, left his letter as an assurance that he would rule in accordance with his will " best husbands "Novgorod. This is the traditional explanation of how the first part of the monument, "Yaroslav's Truth", appeared.
Subsequently, the collection was supplemented with articles introduced in the second half of the 11th century, the so-called Pravda of the Yaroslavichs, drawn up at a meeting of the princes Izyaslav, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod with the boyars close to them around 1070 And, finally, in the first decades of the 12th century. the lengthy edition of Russkaya Pravda included articles from the Charter of Vladimir Monomakh. Thus, the written fixation of the legislation, designed to substantiate and protect the feudal system in the Kiev state, took place for a long time, naturally reflecting the stages of linguistic development that were somewhat different from each other.
The language of "Russkaya Pravda" already contains the characteristic features of the business style: the use of specific terms (vira is a fine, a rumor is a witness, what is obtained is property, etc.), the presence of complex sentences and non-union chains.
The oldest document is also the "Certificate of honor of the Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod in 1130". The initial formula of this letter "Se az" ("Here I am") has become from this time an obligatory element of Old Russian letters. The letters end with a special design, which indicates who was a witness to the transaction and who affixes the letter with his signature.
Consider the language of private correspondence from the time of Kievan Rus, the language of Novgorod letters on birch bark. Birch bark letters are among the oldest monuments of Russian writing; according to archeology, they date back to the 11th century. Some letters begin with the words: "order from NN to NN". A frequently encountered stencil beginning of a letter can be considered the formula: "Cooking from NN to NN". No less characteristic examples of the use of "literary etiquette" are found in the endings of the letters. Typical in the endings of the diplomas are phrases with various forms of the verb to bow, for example: "but we bow to you"; "but I bow down to you"; "I bow to you." Also in the letters there is a bright and laconic ending: "and on that one there is a tsolom". This speaks of the general high cultural level of the inhabitants of ancient Novgorod in the XI-XII centuries. and at the same time confirms the inextricable connection between the language of the Old Russian business writing and book speech.
The examples cited prove that such well-established phrases, traditional formulas for the beginning and end of writing constitute belonging already in the most ancient era of the literary epistolary style that originated in Russia, characterize the speech culture of those who wrote, their ability to master the processed forms of the long-established literary and written language.

Period from XIV to XVI century

A new stage in the development of the Russian national and literary-written language begins in the second half of the XIV century. and is associated with the formation of a centralized state around Moscow - the Moscow principality.
Local offices are called orders, and the scribes of the grand ducal and local offices are called clerk, clerk. Cases in these institutions were handled by clerk clerks, who developed a special "clerk style", close to the colloquial speech of the common people, but kept in its composition and individual traditional formulas and phrases.
Words and expressions such as petition, to beat with the forehead (to ask for something) have become an integral part of the commanding style. It has become generally accepted that the petitioner at the beginning of the petition should list all the numerous titles and ranks of the high-ranking person to whom he addressed the request, and be sure to give the full name and patronymic of this person. On the contrary, the petitioner must invariably write about himself only in a pejorative form, without adding a patronymic to his name and adding to it such designations of real or imaginary dependence as slave, rabishko, serf.
In the specified historical period, the word literacy in the meaning of business paper, document is especially widespread. Complex terms appear, in which the noun is defined by adjectives: a spiritual, spiritual (testament), contractual letter, folding letter, attribution letter, withdrawal letter (setting the boundaries of land grants), etc. Not being limited to the genre of letters, business writing develops such forms as court records, interrogative records.
By the XV-XVI centuries. includes the compilation of new sets of judicial decisions, for example, "Code of Laws" by Ivan III (1497), "Pskov Judgment Letter" (1462-1476), in which, based on the articles of "Russian Truth", the further development of legal norms was recorded. In business writing, terms appear that reflect new social relations (younger brother, oldest brother, boyar children), new monetary relations that developed in the Moscow period (bondage, money, etc.). The development of abundant social terminology, brought about by the complication of socio-economic relations, is associated with the direct impact on the literary-written language of the vernacular element of speech.
The language of business monuments of the 15th-17th centuries. - despite the relatively close proximity of the language of monuments of this type to colloquial speech, even such of them as interrogative speeches experienced the continuous and powerful influence of the written spelling tradition, which dates back to the ancient Slavic writing of the 10th-11th centuries. Not a single written source of Ancient Rus in all periods of historical development could be free from such traditional influence.
The enrichment and increase in the number of forms of business writing indirectly influenced all genres of written speech and, ultimately, contributed to the general progressive development of the literary-written language of Muscovite Rus. This language was more and more imbued with the speech features of business writing.

Since the XV century. information about who wrote the text becomes the norm, and from the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries. - an obligatory requisite of a business letter. State-ordered language of the 15th – 17th centuries. for all its lexical diversity, it is a more normalized, reference language than lively spoken language. He introduces a number of clerical formulas that become cliches and bureaucrats (to bail, this is given in that, to give a confrontation, to prosecute, to inflict reprisals, etc.). There were more and more documents. Extensive office work in pre-Petrine Russia required the development of uniform approaches to the preparation and processing of documents. The process of unification of the language of documents, which began in Kievan Rus, was further developed.
Thus, in the period from the 15th to the 17th centuries, in the era of the formation of the Russian centralized state, a state system was formed with an extensive system of functions served by various groups of documents. At this time, a special administrative institution was born - orders, and in their composition institutions serving written business communication - office, post office, archives (which determined the era of the order office work). The activities of these tools were supposed to rely on a certain system of working with documents, and this need caused the need to develop regulatory and methodological acts containing recommendations for the preparation of documents, including those of a linguistic nature. Thus, a system for working with documents, a system of rules for their registration, begins to form.

The beginning of the 18th century - "Peter's era"

The Peter's era in the history of Russia is characterized by significant reforms and transformations that affected statehood, production, and military and naval affairs, and the life of the ruling classes of the then Russian society. Thus, the new administrative structure, the transformation of the Moscow state into the Russian Empire, gave rise to the names of many new ranks and titles included in the Table of Ranks, speech features of the bureaucratic subordination: formulas for addressing lower ranks to higher ones.
The development of military, and especially naval affairs, which was almost absent in Moscow Russia, gave rise to many corresponding manuals and instructions, military and naval regulations, saturated with new special terminology, new special expressions that completely supplanted words and expressions associated with the old Moscow military order ... Along with this, in order to meet the needs of the increasingly Europeanizing nobility, various guidelines are being created that regulate the everyday life of the upper social classes.
In connection with the restructuring of public administration, with the development of industry and trade, the language of business correspondence becomes much more complicated and enriched. He is moving further and further from the old Moscow norms and traditions and noticeably approaches the lively colloquial speech of the middle strata of the population.
Peter I, recommending to refrain from bookish Slavic utterances when translating from foreign languages, advised translators to take the language of the ambassadorial order as a model: "You don't need to put high Slavic words; use the words of the ambassadorial order."
The renewal of the vocabulary of the Russian literary language in the Petrine era was especially clearly manifested in the field of administrative vocabulary. It is replenished at this time mainly by borrowings from German, Latin, and partly French. About a quarter of all borrowings of the Petrine era fall precisely on "words of the administrative language", which supplant the use of the corresponding Old Russian names. An administrator, an actuary, an auditor, an accountant, a king of arms, a governor, an inspector, a chamberlain, a chancellor, a landgewing, a minister, a police chief, a president, a prefect, a ratman, and others appear. All these persons in their amp, archive, gofgericht, province, chancellery, collegium, commissions, office, town hall, senate, synod and other administrative institutions that replaced recent thoughts and orders, address, accredit, test, arrest, run, confiscate, correspond, claim, secondhand, interpret, exauthorize, fine, etc. incognito, in envelopes, packages, various acts, accidents, amnesties, appeals, leases, promissory notes, bonds, orders, projects, reports, tariffs, etc. This administrative vocabulary includes the names of individuals by their ranks and positions, the names of institutions, the names of various kinds of business documents ..
In the language of business writing of the Petrine era, elements old, traditional, and new coexisted, opposing. The former include Church Slavonic words and forms, as well as expressions from the Old Moscow language of orders; to the second - foreign language borrowings (barbarisms), vernacular, features of dialect usage, pronunciation and form formation. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words penetrate into it.
In the course of the administrative reform of Peter 1, the central government system underwent a restructuring (orders were replaced by collegia), which marked the beginning of the era of collegial office work (1720-1802). During this period, the strict system of records management continued to improve, which meant the streamlining of acts of business writing, the further officialization of the language. The normalization of documentary texts proceeded on behalf of the state power and found its expression in numerous legislative acts, primarily in the "General Regulations of Collegia" (1720) - a set of rules containing an integral system of documentation standards, which served as an impetus to the emergence of modern forms of documents. In the course of the reform, the structure and form of traditional documents were improved and samples of new documents were developed, placed in "general forms" - all this led to the unification of documents and the gradual elimination of the personal principle in the practice of writing them. Also, the new rules introduced new etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of rank, title, rank.

1.4. End of the 18th century - "The Golden Age of Catherine"

The years of the reign of Empress Catherine II, which fell in the last third of the 18th century, called the Russian nobility the "century of Catherine", the "golden age". (1762-1796). This time is the highest point of the development and flourishing of the economy and culture of the Russian nobility, its political domination. At the same time, this is the beginning of the crisis of the noble system in Russia, shaken by peasant uprisings. The echoes of the French bourgeois revolution in the late 1780s and 1790s were also felt. The social conditions for the functioning of the literary language change markedly in comparison with the beginning and the first half of the century. The network of periodicals is expanding, printing is developing.
The system of state authorities is developing and strengthening, "Institutions for the administration of provinces" are being created. Governors use Reports and Reports to communicate with the supreme power. Decrees of the provincial government are widely used to subordinate institutions, as well as to officials (deanery boards, district and zemstvo courts, governors, police officers).
As a result of the development of interstate relations, the execution of diplomatic documentation becomes more complicated. By this time, international norms for the form and lexical composition of diplomatic documents were already being established, the structure of contractual documentation was expanding, treatises, conventions, protocols, and tools appeared. Colleges of foreign affairs exchange notes, memoirs, memorandums with foreign governments. Communication of Russian diplomatic representatives with their government is carried out through relays and dispatches.
Document circulation and business correspondence of judicial institutions acquire a pronounced specific design of documentation, a strict procedure for the preparation and execution of judicial documents is established.
Shifts in the Russian literary language in the last third of the 18th century. reflected in the stylistic system created by the head of Russian conservative sentimentalism N.M. Karamzin and then called the "new syllable". Karamzin was faced with the tasks set by the era - to achieve that they began to write as they say, and that in noble society they began to speak as they write. The "new syllable" was intended to meet the needs of society. He is freed from Church Slavism and archaisms, as components that burden the literary language, and a logically transparent and natural word order is spreading.
As a result of the Karamzin reform, the Russian literary language approached the establishment of national norms of word use, and, accordingly, the business style becomes more readable and understandable.

1.5. Period of the XIX century

At the beginning of the XIX century. the formation of the business style of the Russian literary language is associated with the name of M.M. Speransky and his reforms in the field of documentation. The Manifesto on the Establishment of Ministries (1802) and the General Establishment of Ministries (1811) approved the executive principle, which determined the activities of leaders and executive office work. A hierarchy of "powers and places" and a corresponding hierarchy of documents were proclaimed. Uniformity was introduced in documentation, strict regulation of the content, structure of documents and the order of the movement of affairs. Researchers of the Russian literary language note that the art in the style of M.M. Speransky introduced novelty in the presentation of the business style of the Russian language, and served as a model for drafting documents of state significance.
Significant changes are taking place in the form of the document. It clearly shows the desire for formalization, the definition of clear rules for the location and registration of details. This is primarily due to the introduction of forms into the documenting process.
As a result of the reform of office work, the need for reform and clerical style arose, which began to be conceptualized as a task of state importance. The characteristic features of the clerical style are actively being formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the utterance, syntactic cumbersomeness, the nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (the prevalence of the nominative and genitive cases), the folding of linguistic clichés. ...
In official business and in scientific speech of this period, there is a desire to develop a peculiar manner of artificially bookish, syntactically confused (and therefore difficult for the people to understand) presentation of thoughts and feelings. An artificial barrier of conventionally descriptive pictorial techniques is erected between the word and the meaning. Here is an example from the memoirs of a well-known public figure, lawyer A.F. Koni, who portrays a lawyer defining a fight in these words: the integrity of its physical coverings by repeated violation of such rights. If one of these elements is not present, then we have no legal right to see in mutual collision the substance of a fight. "

Advanced Russian politicians and writers opposed such an official language. Leo Tolstoy wrote in 1884: "Let there be the language of Karamzin, Filaret, priest Avvakum, but not our newspaper language." This indicates that in the second half of the XIX century. the process of collisions of different stylistic systems in the national literary Russian language is aggravated and that the language continues to improve and polish, drawing closer to the colloquial speech of the masses.
In the second half of the XIX century. in Russia, due to the greatly increased volume of documentation processes and business correspondence, the development of documentation technology is taking place, new methods of documentation appear, such as photography, sound recording, telegrams and transcripts. An extremely concise "telegraphic" style of presentation is being formed, coding and encryption are being spread.
Thus, by the end of the XIX century. a system of documentation was formed, the national form of the document was approved, and a system of recommendations for the design of a business text was formed. The characteristic features of the clerical style were formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal character of the statement, syntactic cumbersomeness, the nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity, standardization.

HISTORY OF OFFICIAL BUSINESS STYLE AND GENRE OF BUSINESS SPEECH

1. Characteristics of the official business style: history of formation, linguistic and extrolinguistic features

In the fields of science, office work and law-making, in the media and in politics, the language is used in different ways. Each of the listed spheres of public life has its own subtype of the Russian literary language, which has a number of distinctive features at all linguistic levels - lexical, morphological, syntactic and textual. These features form a speech system in which each element is associated with others. This subtype of literary language is called functional style.

The official business style is assigned to the sphere of social and legal relations, which are implemented in lawmaking, in the economy, in managerial and diplomatic activities. The periphery of the business style includes informative advertising, patent style and everyday business speech (statements, explanatory notes, receipts, etc.). Organizational and administrative documentation (ORD) is a type of business writing that most fully represents its specifics. Together with various types of legislative speech (license, rules, charter, decree, etc.), the ORD is the center of business writing, the core of the official business style.

A document is a text that controls the actions of people and has legal significance. Hence, the increased requirement of accuracy, which does not allow for other interpretation, imposed on the text of documents. Only written speech, prepared and edited, can meet this requirement. In oral speech, it is almost impossible to achieve such a degree of accuracy due to its unpreparedness, spontaneity, and variability. In addition to the requirement of denotative accuracy (denotation is an object or phenomenon of the reality around us, with which a given linguistic unit is related), the requirement of communicative accuracy is imposed on the language of documents - an adequate reflection of reality, reflection of the author's thoughts in a speech fragment (sentence, text).

In documents, therefore, clichéd standard phrases are used:

The contract comes into force from the date of signing.

In pursuance of order No. ...

The standardization of the language of business papers provides the degree of communicative accuracy that makes a document legally binding. Any phrase, any sentence should have only one meaning and interpretation. To achieve such a degree of accuracy in the text, you have to repeat the same words, names, terms: In case of prepayment, the Customer must, within three days from the date of payment, deliver to the Contractor a bank-certified copy of the payment document or notify it by telegram. If the Customer fails to comply with the requirements of this paragraph, the Contractor has the right to sell the goods after ten days from the date of signing the contract.

The detail of presentation in the official business style is combined with the analyticism of expressing actions, processes in the form of a verbal noun:

The emphasized consistency, emotionlessness of presentation with a standard arrangement of text material on the sheet also very significantly distinguish written business speech from oral. Oral speech is most often emotionally colored, asymmetric according to the principle of textual organization. The emphasized consistency of oral speech indicates the formality of the communication environment. Business verbal communication should proceed against the background of positive emotions - trust, sympathy, benevolence, respect.

Information in the document is carried not only by text fragments, but also by all elements of text design, which are mandatory - requisites. Each type of document has its own set of details provided by the state standard - GOST.

A requisite is a mandatory information element of a document, strictly assigned to a certain place on a letterhead, sheet. Name, date, registration number, information about the creator, etc. are constantly located in the same place - the first three in the upper part, and the last - in the lower part of the sheet after the signatures.

The number of details is different and depends on the type and content of documents. The sample form establishes the maximum composition of the details and the order of their arrangement. These include:

1. State emblem of the Russian Federation.

2. The emblem of the organization and the enterprise.

3. Image of government awards.

4. Code of an enterprise, institution or organization according to the All-Russian Classifier of Enterprises and Organizations (OKPO).

5. Code of the document form according to the All-Russian Classifier of Management Documentation (OKUD).

6. Name of the ministry or department.

7. The name of the institution, organization or enterprise.

8. The name of the structural unit.

9. Zip code of the post office, postal and telegraphic address, teletype, telephone, fax number, bank account number.

10. Name of the type of document.

14. Place of compilation and publication.

15. The bar for restricting access to the document.

16. Addressee.

17. Column of approval.

18. Resolution.

19. Heading to the text.

20. Mark of control.

22. Mark on the presence of the application.

23. Signature.

24. Neck of agreement.

26. Printing.

27. Mark on certification of copies.

28. The surname of the performer and his telephone number.

29. A note on the execution of the document and its direction in the case.

30. Mark on the transfer of data to machine media.

31. Mark of admission.

Thus, a high degree of unification, standardization as a leading feature of syntax, a high degree of termination of vocabulary, consistency, emotionlessness, information load of each text element, attention to detail are characteristic of the document language and distinguish it from spontaneous spontaneous business dialogical speech.

The history of the formation of an official business style.

· Business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the 10th century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the chronicle are the texts of agreements between Russians and Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. And in the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus "Russkaya Pravda" appears - an original monument to writing, which makes it possible to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. In the language of "Russkaya Pravda" it is already possible to single out the features of word use and the organization of speech, which are characteristic of the business style. This is a high terminology, the predominance of composition over subordination in complex sentences, the presence of complex structures with compositional conjunctions "and", "yes", "same", as well as non-union chains. Of all the types of complex sentences, constructions with a conditional clause are most widely used (with the union if - if): In "Russian Truth", terms are already used that indicate the development of legal relations in Ancient Russia: head (killed), golovnik (murderer), allegory ( witness), vira (fine), extracted (property), vein glaring (ransom for the bride), kuna (money). Legal terms represent the most important lexical layer of the language of ancient documents.

· After Russkaya Pravda, the most ancient document is the "Certificate of the Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod in 1130". The initial formula of this letter "Se az" ... ("Here I am") has become from this time an obligatory element (requisite) of ancient Russian letters: "Se az, the great prince Vsevolod gave to Saint George (Yuryev Monastery) Terpugsky pogost Lyakhovichi with earth, and with people, and with horses, and a forest, and a board, and a catch for catching ... "(" z "Diplomas of the Grand Duke Vsevolod Mstislavovich to the Yuryev Monastery of 1125-1137"). The letters ended with a special formula, which indicates who was a witness to the transaction and who seals the letter with his signature.

· And in the "General Regulations" of the Petrine Collegiums, a complete system of documentation standards was given. "Master Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of rank, title, rank, uniform norms for naming and self-naming. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words (province, act, run, appeal, etc.) and terms penetrate into it.

· In the 19th century, when the formation of a codified literary language is basically completed, its functional varieties - styles - begin to actively form. Official correspondence documents were received in the 19th century. the widest distribution and quantitatively significantly surpassed other types of business texts. They were written on official letterheads and included a certain set of requisites. Since 1811, after the adoption of the General Institution of Ministries, the characteristic features of the clerical style have been actively formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the utterance, syntactic cumbersomeness, the nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (the prevalence of the nominative and genitive cases), standardization. As a result of the reform of office work (the rules for drawing up documentation), a need arose for the reform of the clerical style, which began to be conceptualized as a task of state importance.

· In the XX century. unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official records were developed: in 1918, a unified form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 20s of the twentieth century. work began on the creation of new standards for business writing, stencil texts appeared

Official business style as a language of documents

The process of creating stencil texts consists in allocating constant parts for a group of similar texts containing previously known information, and spaces for entering changing information. As a rule, these are nominations, dates of registration, signing of the document, indicating the value, quantity, form of delivery of goods (equipment), scope of work, etc.

Stencil texts with constant and changing parts are called blanks. "The form is a kind of ideal basis for business paper, in its completed form it is the standard to which it strives and which it achieves. In the form, the rigidity of the form reduces to zero all the possibilities of several interpretations," P.V. Veselov, one of the leading specialists in the field of documentary linguistics.

Standardization of the document language has developed special types of text organization: stencil, questionnaire, table.

The questionnaire is a collapsed text in the form of nominations for generic compliance.

The table represents an even more capacious organization of the document: permanent information is located in the headings of the columns and the sidebar (row headings), and the variable is in the cells of the table.

These types of text organization can be used in various genres of business documentary: the questionnaire method can be used to simulate personnel profiles, orders, reports, explanatory notes; the following types of documents can be presented in tabular form: staffing table, staff structure, vacation schedule, personnel orders. Contracts and business letters are often stenciled.

Stencil, thus, determines a high degree of informational capacity of the text due to the folding of the utterance and the possibility of decryption (using machine processing as well), its deployment into a complete structure.

The process of standardization and unification covers all levels of business documents of the language - vocabulary, morphology, syntax, textual organization - and determines the originality and specifics of the official business style. Even well-known types of texts (narration, description, reasoning) are modified in a business style, turning into types of statement of an affirmative-ascertaining or prescriptive-ascertaining character. Hence the syntactic monotone, lexical homogeneity of speech, high repetition of words.

Typification of business documents allows you to simulate text of any kind, situation. In this case, the constituent text operates with certain modules, standard blocks, which are clichéd parts of the text (in the texts of contracts, this is the presentation of the parties, the subject of the contract, the procedure for calculation, obligations and rights of the parties, the term of the contract).

Open Joint Stock Company "Airport Vnukovo", referred to as ___________ hereinafter the Customer, represented by General Director V.V. Baranov, acting on the basis of the Charter, on the one hand, and the company "Networks and Systems", hereinafter referred to as the Contractor, represented by the director M.V. Petrov, acting on the basis of the Charter, on the other hand, concluded an agreement among themselves on the following ...

A lease agreement is concluded between the Closed Joint Stock Company Wholesale Market Samara, hereinafter referred to as the Lessor, and Ares LLP, hereinafter referred to as the Lessee.

These modules are invariably included in the texts of contracts (on the performance of work, on rent, on the purchase and sale). The text of the initial module of the contract itself practically does not change (variation of the members of the proposal, synonymous substitutions are allowed), the legal terms that define the social roles of the contracting parties change:

Contract for the performance of work - Customer - Executor (Contractor)

Purchase and sale agreement - Seller - Buyer

· Lease agreement - Lessor - Lessee.

All the features of the official business style, its symbolic nature are due to the action of the dominant and the function of obligation, which ensures the legal and socially regulatory significance of business texts.

Economic necessity, the development of science and technology determine the ever-increasing unification and standardization of documents, on the one hand, and the trend towards simplification, purification of outdated clerical cliches and clichés of the language of business letters and, more broadly, business correspondence, on the other hand.

Language of business correspondence

The language of business correspondence is the periphery of the formal business style. Along with regulated letters, unregulated business letters are becoming increasingly common in business communication, along with official ones - semi-official (congratulatory, advertising), in which the ratio of expression and standard changes in one direction or the other. Undoubtedly, the official business style, like the Russian language in general, has undergone significant changes. Its formation is closely connected with the formation and development of the Russian state, primarily because the sphere of regulation of legal and economic relations has created a need for the allocation of a special functional variety of the literary language.

The regulation of relations between people, institutions, countries required written evidence, acts, documents, in which the features of the official business style were gradually crystallized. So, the official business style is distinguished by:

High degree of terminated vocabulary:

o legal terms (owner, law, registration, ownership, acceptance of objects, transfer of objects, act, privatization, fall, lease, redemption, personal file, etc.);

o economic terms (subsidy, costs, purchase and sale, budget, expense, income, payment, estimate, budget items, budget expenditures, etc.);

o economic and legal terms (loan repayment, sequestration, property rights, terms of sale of goods, quality certificate, etc.);

The nominal character of speech, expressed in the high frequency of verbal nouns, which often denote an objectified action:

o loan repayment - repay the loan

o solution to the issue - to resolve the issue

o use of a loan - use a loan

o shipment of goods - ship goods

o deferred payment - defer payment

In the high frequency of canceled prepositions and prepositional combinations: to the address, in relation to, in force, in connection, in accordance, in the account, in, during, for the purposes, as far as, along the line, at the address, after the expiration, for the reason , if available, assisted, subject to, in relation to, in accordance with, respectively (what) and the like;

Development of proper clerical meanings associated with the transition of participles to the class of adjectives and pronouns:

o these rules

o this contract

o current prices

o appropriate measures

o proper handling

o with inadequate quality

o in due course

Standardization of lexical collocation: the narrowing of the meaning of words explains the limitation of the lexical collocation of words, the emergence of the so-called regulated collocation:

o control is usually assigned

o deal - is concluded

o payment - in progress

o invoice - issued (or paid)

o price - set

o right - granted

o Positions are constructive / non-constructive; activity - successful; necessity - urgent; discounts are significant; disagreements - significant / insignificant, etc .;

Standardization of syntactic units (sentences, phrases), which are not compiled, but how the formula is reproduced in the text of the document, securing the corresponding situation of social and legal relations:

o in the prescribed manner; in accordance with the accepted agreement;

o in order to provide technical assistance; in case of default on debt obligations;

o The agreement comes into force from the date of signing;

o Complaints are filed in the manner prescribed by law;

o Delivery is made by road;

The formal-logical principle of textual organization, expressed in the division of the main topic into sub-topics, considered in paragraphs and sub-paragraphs, into which the text is graphically divided and which are indicated by Arabic numerals:

o 1. Subject of the contract

o 1.1. The contractor assumes the responsibility for supplying the customer with central heating and water supply.

o 1.2. The customer pays for the provided services on time;

· Lack of emotionality, a narrow range of speech expression;

· The maximum degree of etiquette requirements, expressed in the abundance of etiquette signs, etiquette texts (congratulations, condolences, gratitude).

Formal business style functions

The official business style is characterized by the functions of expression of will, obligation, represented in texts by a wide range of imperativeness from the genres of orders, decisions, orders to requests, wishes, suggestions expressed in petitions and business correspondence; the function of fixing legal relations (agreement, contract); information transfer function (newsletters, reports, inquiries).

2. The main genres of written business speech: linguistic and compositional characteristics

· Vocabulary of the language of business documents

Grammar of the language of business documents

Business Document Language Syntax

· Business letters

Types of business letters

One of the most relevant genres of written business speech at the present time has become a contract. An agreement is a document that establishes the legal relationship of legal entities (counterparties) or an individual with a legal entity. The nature of the transaction, conditions, terms, rights and obligations of the parties are certainly reflected in the relevant clauses of the agreement and constitute a set of information that provides the document with legal force. From the point of view of textual organization, these items are modules - text fragments with typical headings represented by a set of standard phrases. There should be a minimum of seven such models:

1. Representation of the parties.

2. Subject of the contract.

3. Obligations of the parties.

4. Conditions and procedure for settlements.

5. Responsibility of the parties.

6. Duration of the contract.

7. Legal addresses and payment details of the parties.

8. In addition to the above, the following points are introduced into the text of the agreement, if necessary:

9. Controversial issues.

10. The cost of the contract.

11. Additional conditions (special conditions).

12. Responsibility of the parties (sanctions).

13. Calculation procedure (payments and settlements).

14. Circumstances of force majeure (force majeure).

15. Guarantees of fulfillment of obligations (quality of goods).

16. The order of delivery and acceptance of works.

17. Procedure for resolving disputes (arbitration), etc.

It should be noted that the title of the document contains the keyword "contract":

Supply agreement

Contract agreement

Rent contract

Service agreement

Electricity supply contract

The heading is, therefore, a phrase with a noun in the prepositional case with the preposition "about" ("about") or the noun "contract" with the genitive case of the dependent word

Premises lease contract.

Sales contract.

It is incorrect to use any other case form, for example:

Electricity supply contract or

Contract of sale.

AGREEMENT No. 7

Limited Liability Partnership - the production enterprise "Master-93", hereinafter referred to as the "EXECUTOR", represented by the director Mikhail Vasilyevich Ganyushev, acting on the basis of the charter, on the one hand, and BLOK LLP, hereinafter referred to as the "CUSTOMER", in the person of the director Gerasimov Oleg Alekseevich, acting on the basis of the charter, on the other hand, entered into this agreement on the following:

I. SUBJECT OF THE CONTRACT AND OTHER GENERAL CONDITIONS.

1.1. The customer instructs, and the Contractor assumes the obligation for the manufacture and installation of a mobile book photo exhibition in accordance with the requirement of register No. 68, Art. 3-12 within 25 working days from the date of receipt of payment on the account of the Contractor.

II OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES

2.1. The customer undertakes:

make payment for the services of the Contractor in accordance with clause 3.1 of this agreement;

provide assistance to the Contractor in fulfilling his obligations.

III. AGREEMENT AMOUNT AND PAYMENT PROCEDURE

3.1. The total amount under this agreement is 34,000 (Thirty four thousand) rubles.

3.2. Payment is made in advance or 100% within 5 days from the date of signing the contract.

IV. LIABILITY OF THE PARTIES

4.1. In case of late payment for the Contractor's services (including prepayment), the Customer shall pay the Contractor a penalty in the amount of 0.2% of the contract amount for each day of delay.

4.2. If the Contractor fails to fulfill his obligations on time, he pays the Customer a penalty in the amount of 0.2% of the contract amount for each day of delay.

V. DURATION OF THE CONTRACT

This agreement comes into force from the moment of signing by the parties and is valid until the parties fulfill their obligations.

Vi. ADDITIONAL TERMS AND FINAL PROVISIONS

All other conditions not provided for by the contract are governed by applicable law.

1. The contract is made in two copies, one of which is at the Contractor's, the second at the Customer.

2. Legal addresses and payment details of the parties:

Vocabulary of the language of business documents

1. A high degree of termination. A characteristic feature of the Russian language of documents is, as already indicated, a high degree of termination, and a huge layer adjoins the terms:

Nomenclature vocabulary:

o nomenclature of names: Olimp OJSC

o nomenclature of positions: sales manager, advertising manager,

o general director, commercial director;

o nomenclature of goods: ZIL-130, gasoline A -76, etc.

· Technical terms. In addition to legal, economic and legal-economic terms, a fairly large number of technical terms are used in the language of business papers:

o energy resources, mineral resource base, auxiliary equipment,

o abbreviations:

o ACS - automatic control system;

o AIS - automatic information system;

o efficiency - coefficient of efficiency;

o NRB - radiation safety standards.

· Abbreviations. In addition to terms, the names of well-known legal acts are abbreviated:

o Civil Code - Civil Code;

o CC - Criminal Code.

o Reduction of nomenclature signs of various properties; representing the names of organizations:

o IMF - International Monetary Fund;

o CBR - Central Bank of Russia;

o indicating the form of ownership of the enterprise and included as a classifier in the names of enterprises:

o 000 - limited liability company;

o JSC - open joint stock company;

o PE - private enterprise;

o MP - a municipal enterprise;

o JV - joint venture.

o The number of positions is reduced:

o IO - acting.

2. High frequency. The uniformity of the stylistic coloring of the vocabulary of business written speech is also achieved due to the high frequency of the so-called procedural vocabulary (this is vocabulary with a generalized meaning), which in the text of the document represents a specific action, object or feature in the official legal interpretation:

violation of labor discipline (it can be late, absenteeism, drunken appearance at work, etc.),

disruption of the delivery schedule (delay in transit, untimely shipment of goods, etc.),

be liable (subject to fines, pecuniary punishment, criminal prosecution, etc. in case of violation)

The presentation procedure is associated not only with a preference for generalized semantics, but also with a preference for generic tokens over specific ones:

· Products - books, brochures, boards, nails;

· Room - room, apartment, hall;

Building - a barn, a house, a stall, etc.,

With a gravitation towards the dismembered concepts of both actions and objects:

Make a calculation - settle

Trade process - trade

Cash - money

Terms and procedural vocabulary constitute the basic, style-forming vocabulary of the document language, constituting, for individual genres, from 50 to 70% of all word usage.

The most important feature of procedural vocabulary is that words are used in the text in one possible meaning. The unambiguity of the contextual use is due to the topic of the document:

The parties undertake to provide mutual barter deliveries ...

For all the ambiguity, the word "parties" is read only in the legal aspect - "legal entities entering into an agreement."

A high degree of generalization and abstractness of the main style-forming vocabulary (termination, provision, loss, calculation, work, disagreements, product, name, etc.) in business writing is combined with the concreteness of the meaning of the nomenclature vocabulary.

Nomenclature vocabulary with its concrete-denotative meaning, as it were, complements a high level of generalization of terms and procedural vocabulary. These types of words are used in parallel: in the text of contracts - terms and procedural vocabulary, in annexes to contracts - nomenclature vocabulary. In questionnaires, registers, specifications, applications, etc. the terms get their interpretation, as it were.

In the texts of documents, the use of swear words and generally reduced vocabulary, colloquial expressions and jargon is not allowed, nevertheless, professional and jargon words get into the language of business correspondence: personnel officer, payment, cape, incomplete, etc. The use of such vocabulary in business letters is just as inappropriate as the use of clericalisms in everyday conversation, since its use is assigned only to the oral sphere of communication and cannot meet the requirement of accuracy.

Business Document Language Grammar

The grammatical norms of the business style, representing the language of documents, include the unification of the grammatical structure of a phrase, word form. The selected option is assigned as a reference for each compositional part of the text. For example, in the text of the order, each paragraph begins with the indication of the addressee in the dative hope - "to whom?", And then "what to execute?":

1. To the head of the technical department Volkov M.Yu. organize the work of the department on Saturdays in the period from 10.01.96 to 10.02.96

2. Ch. accountant Slavin O.G. prepare a proposal for overtime payment.

In this case, it is especially important to take into account the fixation of derivative prepositions for a certain case form. As a rule, they are used with either the genitive or the dative case. The most common mistake in all types of documents is the use of the preposition "according to" with the genitive case instead of the dative.

Based on (what?) The existing need, in the conclusion (what?) Of the report, in accordance (with what?) With the earlier decision, according to (what?) The earlier decision, including (what?) Accruals (penalties) for outstanding debt, henceforth (to what?) until further notice, and similar bureaucracy, which are clichéd phrases, are assigned to one grammatical case form. Along with clericalism-phraseological units (take into account, take note, put to a vote, take action, bring it to the attention, etc.), such phrases create a rigid text framework, which is manifested in the interdependence of text parts and fragments of a sentence.

So, in a clichéd sentence, the Agreement enters into force from the date of signing, it is difficult to distinguish the predicate and the secondary members of the sentence - so much the words are merged into a single semantic whole. In fact, you cannot write "The treaty enters into force" and put a full stop, thereby we break the predicate "comes into force". "The treaty enters into force" - from the legal and linguistic point of view, it is also an unfinished sentence: it is absolutely necessary to indicate from what moment. So it turns out that a sentence in the language of documents becomes indecomposable, easily reproducible in a certain situation, a sign of the situation. There are few such sentences in the text of the document, but their constructive, text-forming role is great. This is indicated by the fact that, as a rule, they begin and complete the text of the agreement, order, order and other types of documents.

Business Document Language Syntax

1. Business writing is dominated by simple sentences. A feature of their functioning in the language of business papers is that they often convey information in documents that is equal in volume to the information transmitted using a complex sentence. How is this achieved? Certainly, due to the greater length and semantic capacity of the sentence. Individual phrases can convey the same information as subordinate clauses.

By mutual agreement, changes to the terms of the agreement are possible, which are an integral part of this agreement = if mutual agreement is reached ...

If the tax is not paid before the specified deadline, the payer is deprived of the right to re-nominate himself for a loan. = If taxes are not paid by the due date ...

As you can see from the examples, a phrase easily replaces a sentence, becoming a nomination for an event. At the same time, such phrases do not just condense, condense information, occupying less volume than a sentence, they create a rigid structure of an utterance, in which one component is dependent on another.

In case of delay in payment ...

To make a decision ...

In order to make a decision as soon as possible

They motivate action, being an indecomposable and necessary component of an utterance.

2. A sentence in business writing is often complicated by homogeneous members, participles and participles. Thus, it grows (especially in orders, resolutions, instructions) to a paragraph, sometimes a page, i.e. up to several hundred words. There are genres in which the text is equal to the sentence (memo, telegram, order, resolution). The table also represents a sentence of a special structure: the subject is constant information located in the sides, and the predicate is variable information located in vertical columns, which must be taken into account when translating written speech into oral.

3. The word order of a sentence in a formal business style is distinguished by its rigor and conservatism. The so-called direct word order inherent in the structure of the Russian sentence consists in the precedence of the subject in relation to the predicate (the goods are sold ...); definitions - in relation to the defined word (credit relations); control word - in relation to the controlled addition and circumstance (fix prices, provide a loan, send to the ministry). Each member of the sentence has its usual, characteristic place, determined by the structure and type of the sentence, the way of syntactic expression of this member of the sentence, place among other words that are directly related to it. So, for example, an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in an indirect case must appear after the word being defined. Chains of genitives are characteristic of the language of business writing: the order of the Head of the City Administration.

In impersonal sentences and passive constructions, the first position instead of the subject is taken, as a rule, by the minor member of the sentence.

The Commission establishes the responsibility and the amount of compensation for the damage caused.

4. The formal-logical type of textual organization is manifested in the headings of a simple sentence, i.e. in dividing the text into its component parts graphically. As a rule, homogeneous members of a sentence are broken up by headings, often they are complicated by participial and participial phrases, subordinate clauses, introductory words:

The Intermediary shall promptly warn the Customer:

about the unsuitability or poor quality of the goods received from the Customer;

that compliance with the instructions of the Customer in the process of performing work stipulated by the contract will lead to damage to the goods;

on the presence of other circumstances beyond the control of the Intermediary that threaten a deterioration in the quality of the goods or the impossibility of fulfilling the terms of this agreement.

Depending on the complexity of the division, a one-, two- or three-digit designation of an item, sub-item is selected. Subheadings of paragraphs give business texts an emphatically logical, analytical character (which is typical for the textual organization of contracts, agreements, agreements).

5. Introductory words act as logical text clips in the text of the document: therefore, in addition, on the one hand, on the other hand. Demonstrative pronouns and participles serve as a means of communication in document texts, which replace nomenclature names and terms in the text:

specified, given, next, given, present, last, etc.

The contractor is obliged to start work no later than three days after the payment has been transferred. The specified period is required for the purchase of materials for this order.

In the texts of contracts (agreements), the same function is performed by the role designations of counterparties (Customer - Executor, Customer - Contractor, Lessee - Landlord, Buyer - Seller, Supplier - Buyer, etc.), replacing expanded nominations of legal entities.

6. The text unites the logic of the theme development, which is divided into micro themes, each of which is considered independently. In this case, the use of parallel syntactic constructions turns out to be inevitable.

· Contract

· 1. The Subject of the Agreement

· 1.1. The supplier undertakes ...

· 1.2. The buyer undertakes ...

· 2. Responsibility of the parties

· 2.1. In case of failure ...

· 2.2. In case of deviation from the terms of the contract ...

· 2.3. For late payment ...

· 2.4. For breach of obligations ...

7. The peculiarity of the textual organization of decrees, orders, resolutions lies in the fact that this text is one detailed sentence of a directive nature with infinitive constructions as homogeneous members. Stringing these designs together creates an open row. The openness to additions creates the uniqueness of the textual organization of the UDF:

Resolution

To prepare proposals for the implementation of urgent economic problems of the long-term and current development of the city, I decide:

2. Create a financial and economic council under the Mayor.

3. To approve the Regulation on the Financial and Economic Council under the Head of the city.

The textual organization of business letters, service memos is more free, less canonic, however, regulated letters are close in the degree of standardization to the texts of the ORD.

Despite the originality, all the genres of business writing considered above are united by a high degree of standardization, which covers all levels of the language - vocabulary, morphology, syntax and text level. As a result, a certain type of language is formed, which is characterized by conservatism, isolation, impenetrability for foreign-style intrusions, for the manifestation of the author's individual style. The impersonality of presentation is expressed in the rejection of interpretations, assessment of events, emotional reactions.

8. Business speech has accumulated a huge number of speech formulas, templates, idioms, proven by many years of practice, the knowledge of which helps to create new business texts. Typical Situation - Standardized Speaking Dictates the use of standard means and helps provide a degree of accuracy that distinguishes a document from any other paper. Standardization facilitates the perception and processing of information held in a document. Thus, the official business style and the genres by which it is presented in business communication have a number of characteristic features that imply a sufficiently high level of linguistic training of the compiler of the document.

The compiler of the document should know:

o dominant and main features of the official business style (i.e. requirements for the language of the document);

o an arsenal of stable formulas and the rules for their use in a particular genre of business writing;

o characteristics of genres and their attachment to a particular situation of business communication.

The compiler of the document should be able to:

o adequately use speech means in the text while observing language norms;

o competently draw up a draft document and (or) edit it

Business letters

Official correspondence of various types, which is sent on behalf of one organization, institution of another organization, institution, although it may be addressed to one official and signed by one official, is business correspondence.

A business letter is a special type of document that is less strictly regulated than a contract or decree, but has legal significance. Business correspondence is recorded and stored in both organizations as outbound and inbound documentation. Business letters are classified according to various criteria.

1. On a functional basis, business letters are divided into:

Requiring a mandatory letter-response

· And not requiring it.

2. In appearance, business letters can be structured as:

Initiative commercial letters (letter of inquiry, letter of offer, letter of complaint)

· Letter of request

· invitation letter

· Confirmation letter

· Notification letter

Reminder letter

· Warning letter

Declaration letter (statement)

Order letter

Refusal letter

· transmittal letter

· letter of guarantee

· information mail

3. Based on the addressee, business letters are divided into:

· Ordinary, that is, letters that are sent to one address;

· Circular - letters that are sent from one source to several addresses, as a rule, subordinate instances (organizations).

4. In terms of the form of dispatch, along with the traditional postage, it is possible to distinguish:

E-mail,

Facsimile communication,

· Teletype and telegraph communication.

At the same time, electronic and facsimile communications are used to resolve operational issues.

5. By structural features, business letters are divided into regulated and unregulated.

· Regulated letters are drawn up according to a certain pattern (this applies not only to standard aspects of the content, but also to the format of the paper, the composition of the details, etc.). Regulated letter solves typical issues of regular economic and legal situations and is implemented in the form of standard texts or texts composed of standard syntactic structures.

Such standard designs include statements indicating:

o the reason for the request:

o Due to non-receipt of an invoice ...

o Due to the delay in receiving the shipment ...

o Referring to your request from ...

o According to the protocol on mutual deliveries ...

o on target:

o In order to resolve the issue as soon as possible ...

o In response to your request ...

Regulated letters have a clear structure, as a rule, consisting of two parts: in the first, introductory part, the reasons are stated, the sender's goals are indicated and the links are provided on the basis of which statements are made, speech actions are carried out, representing the second, main part of the letter:

Please send samples of goods and a price list ...

Please consider our offer ...

· Unregulated letters represent the author's text, realized in the form of a formal logical or etiquette text. It, as a rule, includes elements of a narrative (history of the issue), an etiquette frame and an obligatory element of a business letter - speech action:

o etiquette rituals: thank you, express hope, wish you success, apologize, etc.;

o messages: inform, inform you, inform, notify, etc .;

o confirmation: we confirm;

o statements: declare, declare;

o requirements, requests: I order, I decide, we insist, I ask, we turn to you with a request;

o promises: we guarantee, we assure, we undertake;

o reminders: remind;

o suggestions: we offer

As you can see from the examples, these performative verbs are used mainly in the 1st person singular and plural, less often in the 3rd person singular.

Unlike regulated business letters, ad hoc business letters do not have a rigid text structure; they use standard phrases less often.

However, it would be wrong to believe that the language of ad hoc letters does not contain elements of standardization at all. Standard phrases (terms, nomenclature marks *, stable turnovers) are also used in unregulated letters. These include instructional letters, letters of explanation, recommendations, letters of presentation, letters of announcement, proposal-presentation, etc.

Advertising is an organic and integral part of commercial relations, therefore, it coexists with business proposals, illuminates the stages of formation and activities of a firm, organization, institution. The types of advertising business letters listed above (presentation letters, announcement letters, presentation proposals) combine elements of a business message and advertising, being today a massive type of business correspondence. The peculiarity of the language of this type of correspondence is the combination of features of business and journalistic styles: language standard, template, on the one hand, and expression, on the other.

In general, the language of unregulated letters differs from the language of regulated letters by the inclusion of a significant layer of general literary vocabulary, a greater variability of the syntactic constructions of the utterance, i.e. greater freedom in the implementation of the plan. The common features of the language of regulated and unregulated business correspondence are the officiality of communication, the tendency towards standardization of speech means. The desire to create a favorable background for communication determines the universality of the use of etiquette means. Business letter etiquette is not only about etiquette formulas. It starts with addressing and includes the entire content aspect of the letter.

In conclusion, it should be noted that business correspondence today is more personal and dynamic than it was ten to fifteen years ago. Therefore, mastering this genre of business writing is one of the priority professional skills of a manager, leader. The ability to clearly state the essence of the issue, the state of affairs, unambiguously formulate a proposal, request, demand, and convincingly substantiate one's conclusions does not come naturally. The art of writing business letters requires practice and knowledge of the arsenal of speech tools accumulated over a millennium in the language of business writing.

Types of business letters

A reminder letter is sent when it is not possible, through negotiations or personal contact, to receive the necessary answer or achieve the necessary decision. A reminder letter, as a rule, consists of two logical elements: 1) a reminder of the need to respond to a request; 2) a reminder of the implementation of decisions, agreements and an indication of measures to be taken in case of non-implementation.

The label "secondary", placed on the letter field, indicates that this is a reminder.

Petition ADMINISTRATION OF THE CITY OF KALUGA RUSSIA, 243010, Kaluga, st. Kuibyshev, 135 tel .: (346 2) 322 068 fax: (146 2) 332 635
17.11.99, No. 03-358 No. _______	Samara, Volzhsky prospect, 19 The chairman of the liquidation commissions of "Prima-bank" TULIN P.B.
Dear Pavel Borisovich!
I ask you to assist in obtaining a cash deposit in the amount of 2 million rubles. pensioner, widow of a participant in the Great Patriotic War. Abramova Lidia Alekseevna, living at the address: Kaluga, st. Soviet Army, 39-23. Dependent on citizen L.A. Abramova there is an elderly mother at the age of 87, L.A. Abramova herself. is a disabled child. Family of Abramova LA. really needs help.
First Deputy Head of the City Administration	S.N. Sidorenko

Information mail. Information letters include notification letters, message letters, application letters, promotional letters, for example:

Russian Federation

Moscow City Administration

HEADQUARTERS

EDUCATION

117103, Moscow, Sadovaya-Yamskaya st., 41

Phone 132-11-07

to CEO

joint stock company

"Production Association

"School book"

Burakov V.V.

input No. 3 dated 08.08.99

Cc: To the head of the committee

in economics and finance

A. V. Gorbunov

Dear Vyacheslav Viktorovich!

I would like to inform you that as of August 1, 1999, out of 800 million loans (order of the Head of the Moscow City Administration No. 722 dated December 30, 1998), you returned 321,541 (three hundred twenty-one thousand five hundred and forty-one) rubles. Of these, 231,019, (two hundred thirty-one thousand nineteen) rubles were shipped literature to the Main Department of Education:

1. Primer on the Zankov system

2. Abstracts

3. Information and methodological collection №21

4. -- \\ -- № 22

5. -- \\ -- № 23

6. Address folders

7. Method. economics manual

Work in progress:

1. Lessons of self-determination. Method, manual

2. Fundamentals of physical education for secondary schoolchildren

3. Fundamentals of physical education of a senior student

15,500 copies 217,000 rubles

1000 copies 1 170 rubles.

3000 specimens 1,197 rubles.

3000 specimens 1,936 rubles.

2,000 copies 1,068 rubles.

60 copies 819 rubles.

5000 copies 7 827 rubles.

2000 specimens 5 762 rubles

10,000 copies 41,878 rubles

10,000 copies 42,881 rubles.

For the total amount of 90,522 (ninety thousand five hundred twenty two) rubles.

I would also like to inform you that you have 2 copies of manuscripts in your production department, handed over on May 15 and June 1 of this year, work on which has not yet begun:

1. Monuments of wooden architecture.

2. Basics of Marketing.

I suggest that you appoint a date, time and place of meeting to agree on the ways and terms of repayment of the remaining loan in the amount of 478 458 (four hundred seventy eight thousand four hundred fifty eight) rubles.

And about. chief

General Directorate of Education

Moscow City Administration

V.A. Poddubnaya

Invitation letter. Letters of invitation are one of the most common types of business mailings. The need for business contacts necessitates the addressing of invitations to one, several persons on behalf of a legal entity or a specific addressee (individual) representing a particular organization. If it is necessary to invite a large number of people, stencil texts with spaces for the last name, first name and patronymic are used. The fax communication system today makes it easier to distribute correspondence.

All-Russian

research

Institute of Mechanical Engineering

Telephone: ...

Chief Engineer

plant "Progress"

Cand. tech. Sciences Aristov A.V.

Invitation

Dear Alexander Vasilievich!

On April 16, 2000 at 12 o'clock in the conference hall of our institute a discussion of the project of a new configuration of VAZ-10 cars will take place.

Considering your great contribution to the development of technical progress in industry, I am sending you a project and asking you to take part in its discussion.

If you are unable to take part in the discussion, please send your comments and suggestions to: ...

Chairman of the Academic Council of the Institute

Secretary of the Scientific Council

P.N.Sergeev

A. D. Sukhov

Letter of thanks. Letters of thanks are increasingly included in the practice of business communication. The widespread use of this genre in Western European management is determined not only by the standard of managerial behavior, but also by the principle of optimizing business relations between partners. Thank you for the offer, for the timely response, for participation in the event, for the quality work done.

	Mr. P. Kutyu Vice-President of IАМТI
Dear Mr. Kutyu!
Thank you for participating in the presentation of the Master and Business Plans of Sheremetyevo II International Airport. This event became the next stage on the way of airport reconstruction. We are confident that with the support of the Moscow City Government and stakeholders, we will be able to lead the modernization of the Russian airport system by providing high-quality services on a commercial basis, while meeting environmental requirements and in accordance with international standards. I hope that our further cooperation will be mutually beneficial.
Sincerely,	V.F. Bobrov

Letters of guarantee are drawn up for the purpose of confirming certain promises or conditions of the transaction. Payment for the work performed, the timing of its completion, the quality of the work performed, the quality of the goods, the timing of its delivery, payment for the products received, etc. can be guaranteed. These aspects can make up the content of the whole letter or be included in the body of the letter as part of it.

Transmittal letter. A covering letter is drawn up to inform the addressee about the direction of any documents, material values, for example, about sending contracts, specifications, catalogs, samples of goods, cargo. Covering letters perform an important function of control over the passage of documents, goods, at the same time performing the function of a label.

	General Director Mosdortrans Mr. Tazov A.F.
Dear Alexander Fedorovich,
We are sending you a contract drawn up from our side for the use of access road No. 216d / 97. We ask you to consider, sign, seal 1 copy of the agreement and the protocols of disagreements to it, if any, return to our address within the time period stipulated by law. In case of disagreement with the clauses of the agreement, a representative of your organization can resolve controversial issues in the department of commercial services of JSC "Samara International Airport". We hope for a good and mutually beneficial relationship.
Appendix: 5 sheet.
Sincerely, Department head commercial services Tel. Commercial Services Department: 227-48-17; 226-18-18	L.N. Kamysheva

A letter of inquiry is a commercial document that is an appeal of a person wishing to conclude a transaction (a buyer to a seller, an importer to an exporter) with a request to provide detailed information about the product and send an offer for the supply of goods (a request from the seller to the buyer).

Commercial request
443022 Software "Screen" Samara, Kirov ave. 24 03.03.99 No. 50-279 / 56 1	JSC "Kelmeks"
About request for quotation for spare parts We ask you to send us an offer in 3 copies to our address for the supply of spare parts in accordance with the attached specification. In the offer, please indicate the full name, type, technical characteristics, material (where necessary), price and weight for each item of the specification, as well as possible terms and total delivery volume in cubic meters. Please also indicate separately the cost of packaging and transportation. We ask, if possible, to provide a more precise date for sending your proposal to our address. If for some reason you are unable to develop a proposal, we will be grateful for your message about this in the shortest possible time by return mail. When answering, please refer to our number. Thanks in advance.
Commercial Director	L. N. Shishakov

A commercial offer (offer) is a statement of the seller, exporter about the desire to conclude a deal, indicating its specific conditions. An offer to conclude a transaction can be sent in response to a buyer's request on the basis of a firm agreement or an initiative. The offer usually indicates the name and quantity of goods, services, terms of payment and other terms of the transaction. An offer of this type is similar to the text of a sale and purchase agreement, has legal force and is subject to mandatory review. The offer can be firm and free. If an offer is made to only one buyer and the period is specified, and during which the seller considers himself bound by the terms of the offer, it is considered firm. If there is no validity period of the offer, or it is sent to several addresses, it is considered free.

Answer to the offer (acceptance). In the response letter to the offer, if the terms of the offer are accepted, the addressee confirms its acceptance, and then the deal is considered concluded. Acceptance of an offer is the issue of an order or the conclusion of a contract. A positive response to a commercial offer is called acceptance, and the person accepting the offer is called an acceptor. If a positive answer does not exclude objections on individual points, correspondence is tied up between the counterparties.

Complaint. A complaint is a commercial document representing a claim against a party in breach of its obligations and a claim for damages. Complaints can be made in relation to the quality of goods, delivery times, packaging, labeling, payment and other terms of the contract. A necessary component of a complaint is the grounds for filing a complaint, argumentation, evidence, specific requirements from the party filing the complaint. Complaints are often accompanied by acts of inspection and acceptance of goods.

	Director of JSC "Bumlestorg" Feklistov O.A.
About late delivery of goods
Oleg Alekseevich!
According to contract No. 24 of September 17, 1999, your company had to deliver the goods no later than October 1, 1999. However, in violation of clause 4.1 of the contract, the goods were delivered 22 days late. On the basis of clause 5.4 of the contract, our company charges you a penalty in the amount of ... rubles. We ask you to transfer the specified amount within 5 banking days to our current account No. ... in Inkombank. If this amount is not paid within the proposed time frame, we will be forced to apply to arbitration. Appendix: Act of acceptance of goods from 23.09.99.
Director of the firm...

Service telegram. As you know, a service telegram is used as an official document for the transmission of emergency information. A telegram often has the status of a document: a telegram with certified facts, a telegram with a certified signature, a photo telegram, a power of attorney telegram, a telegram on a special form (cliché text). In a number of other text messages, the telegram stands out for its peculiar language and composition, which are called "telegraph style". This style has developed under the influence of two factors. The first factor is the high cost of telegraph communication, which determines the extreme laconicism of the text: the telegraph uses the concept of "tariff word", which does not necessarily coincide with a grammatical word. For example, the preposition "in relation to" is defined by linguists as one word, and the telegraph in this case rates three verbal units. Striving for laconicism leads to the exclusion from the text of all elements, without which it is possible to understand the information. Unions, prepositions, pronouns are omitted, adjectives and adverbs are rarely used. Verb forms are shortened whenever possible. Information about the quantity and dates is received on the telegraph in digital, not in literal terms. Only one-word numbers are transmitted by letters. In the syntax of the telegram language, there are no complex sentences, participial, adverbial and other separate phrases, introductory structures. Information is conveyed in simple sentences, which are often incomplete or truncated statements.

All this requires special skill in the compilation and processing of telegraphic texts, since they often give the unprepared reader the impression of an incoherent statement:

To dispatch the liquidation of the consequences of the earthquake no later than June 10 Dlsambul region 22 MMZ-555 vehicles to the Kazakh agricultural fund second quarter six pieces third quarter sixteen

The second factor - which has shaped the telegraphic style - must contain accessible, understandable information for the addressee. It is obvious that both of these factors are poorly combined, which requires flexibility and a sense of proportion from the compiler of the text of the telegram in reducing the usual text. It is necessary to take into account: 1) the degree of awareness of the addressee about the reported; 2) certain transformational rules: the use of the nominative case instead of indirect ones to indicate the place and time (Dzhambul region, second quarter), the replacement of verbs with verbal nouns (execution, liquidation, acceptance, shipment, etc.), for example.

on the functional and syntactic heterogeneity of the business language in Russia in the 18th century

Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of the Russian Language and Methods of Teaching the Russian Language

South Ural State Humanitarian Pedagogical University, Chelyabinsk, Russia

Annotation . The article examines the features of the functioning of complex structures in business writing in the initial period of the formation of the Russian national language, preceding the final stylistic "stratification" of Russian oral and written speech, which in the 19th century finally formed the stylistic differentiation of oral and written forms of communication.

Key words: complex sentence, business language and business writing, syntactic structure and grammatical means of communication in business writing, archaic and new in the emerging official business style.

The development of the grammatical form of complex structures in the Russian language of the historical period is characterized by not so significant shifts in structure and meaning, in contrast, for example, to the composition of vocabulary, phraseology, morphology of verbs and nouns, service parts of speech, types of simple sentences, including complicated ones, and word order. Genetically, almost all varieties of complex structures date back to the common Slavic period, that is the formation of the norms of the Russian complex sentence is associated not so much with the birth and formation of new models of it, but with the refinement, improvement of these models in different spheres of the functioning of the language: selection of allied means of communication, development of semantically significant positions of subordinate clauses, replacement of hypoparatactic structures with hypotactic ones, the emergence of various analogs of alliances, including phraseological type. The indicated structural changes in the structure of a complex sentence are a necessary consequence of the evolution of its semantics, syntactic connections and relations, the main path of development of which is the tendency to differentiate meanings between predicative parts with the possible exact verbal expression of these meanings.

By the beginning of the historical period, the Old Russian language had a developed system of complex sentence forms. Paradigmatically in the XIV-XVI centuries. almost all types of complex structures, not only of two-component composition, but also polypredicative ones, recorded in modern Russian, are represented in the written monuments.

Specific for the most ancient period, completely lost by the end of the 17th century, were only constructions of "chain stringing" and proposals for a hypoparatactic system. Consequently, the Russian language approached the 18th century with a well-developed system of syntactic models of complex structures and typical semantic-syntactic relations expressed with the help of these models. Even in those genres of business writing of the 17th-18th centuries, which, according to V.V. Vinogradov, were on the "periphery of literature" and, therefore, were influenced by the structure of oral-colloquial, irregular speech, we do not find models and relationships specific to earlier eras of language development that would not have been fixed, say, a century earlier or later.

The structure of complex structures in the 18th century, compared with the previous era, is a reflection of a rather motley picture of the functioning of a wide variety of linguistic means of expression, when the development of a national syntactic norm was rapidly developing.

In the structure and semantics of complex structures in the 18th century. archaic, characteristic of the XVI-XVII centuries, are still found. elements, significant changes occur in the volume of sentences of different types, a noticeable foreign language (Latin-Polish, German) influence on the syntax of a complex sentence during this period. The syntactically ponderous appearance of texts of any styles and genres of the 18th century. they create not so much some new models of complex syntactic constructions and their lexical and semantic content characteristic of this time, as the laws of the order of words and the combination of these models into complex structural and semantic complexes.

In the first half of the 18th century. disorganization, in comparison with modern, in the field of syntax was very significant. V.V. Vinogradov, speaking about the great diversity of syntactic forms in different styles and genres of the literary language of that time, notes the mixing of the “connecting” colloquial or connected by alliances characteristic of the old, primitive writing-business language -archaic, as well as constructions that follow the rules and tricks of the southwestern (Latin-Polish) rhetoric. Analyzing examples from the decrees of Peter I, the treatise by P.P. Shafirova “Reasoning what legitimate reasons Peter the Great had for starting a war against Charles XII”, a preface to the Primer by F. Polikarpov, V.V. Vinogradov shows very complex types of syntactic constructions, seeing in them the imprint of Latin-Polish or German syntax and Slavic-Greek constructions that go back to the "twisting of words" of literary styles of the 17th century.

Alongside are excerpts from correspondence, notes, newspapers of the beginning of the 18th century, testifying that at that period the simplest syntactic constructions were no less common, including complex ones that reflect colloquial forms of communication.

In our opinion, the influence of foreign language syntax on the Russian literary language of the first half of the 18th century. was not as deep as V.V. Vinogradov, and not only because the borrowing of syntactic models is an extremely rare phenomenon in the language. We believe that Latin-Polish and German syntax significantly influenced the word arrangement of words within a sentence (with a verb at the end, a separation of the word to be defined from the defining and postposition of the first, a distant arrangement of a controlled and a control word, etc.) and on the construction of syntactic periods where required "The height of the words"... For publicistic and especially business speech, from which the secular literary language of the Peter the Great era grew, these features were also characteristic, but to a much lesser extent. It seems that the complex constructions and the concatenation of the predicative parts in them, no matter how confusing in structure they may be, did not reflect the syntactic specifics of other languages. In their structure in the language of the first half of the 18th century. rather, the logical disorder of judgments that are very complex in structure and significant in volume was reflected, the desire of the writer to differentiate, as far as possible, all connections and relations between the elements of judgments in the text, and the syntactic subsystem of that time had not yet developed adequate, hierarchically structured forms for their expression.

Intricate (Latin-German, as defined by V.V. Vinogradov) constructions are found in business language throughout the entire 18th century, but in the second half of the century, a tendency towards their ordering and volume limitation is revealed. There were such spheres of language use, where two internally single principles were bizarrely combined: book, dating back to the depths of centuries, and everyday-colloquial, each of which in the eighteenth century. associated with "Slovenian" and "Russian". This is, first of all, the prosaic middle style, business and epistolary speech of that time; it was in them that those viable linguistic means of expressing thoughts were reflected, which later, in the 19th-20th centuries, would be finally processed as normative.

Second half of the 18th century passed under the sign of "oliteraturization" of everyday speech of Russian society, which, according to VV Vinogradov, sought to develop a system of literary styles, freed from the excessive burden of "Slovenia" and combining the European culture of oral and written speech with varieties of Russian social and everyday language. The same processes were going on in the field of business communication. The business language, and especially the business writing, was internally heterogeneous, not being some kind of monolith based on indestructible, legislatively enshrined forms of expression. First of all, it was a permeable functional-stylistic speech subsystem, which, depending on the purpose of communication and genre, reacted differently to the "Slovenian" and everyday-colloquial beginning. The first was reflected in the style and syllable of the "exemplary" business language - tsarist laws, decrees of the Senate and Synod, diplomatic documents (codified business language - hereinafter referred to as KDYa). The regulatory, normalizing activity of state legislators in the system of documents of this type was very high. Here we find many archaic and stylistically marked alliances: bude, zane, ponezhe, always, coliko, so that, for... Complex syntactic constructions, consisting of many predicative units, create difficulties in the perception of the text.

And so that all common heavy barges are light, both in the spring, so in the summer and in the fall, obstacles and stoppages do not occur; shoals stop, and the bottom of the river bottom grabbing, and then they will stop, so that the next barges can pass the lungs behind them without hindrance, because heavy barges can unload, or wait ... for water ...

(Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire, vol. XV, pp. 322-323).

Reading the documents of the CDL of the second half of the 18th century, first of all, we note the archaic word order for us. However, such a word arrangement was not characteristic only of business speech, it was of a general linguistic nature. V.V. Vinogradov believed that word order was a sore point in the syntax of Russian literary speech in the 18th century. The question of the composition and length of the sentence, of the length of the period will be connected with it. When at the beginning of the XIX century. As representatives of the new literature talked about the “old syllable,” they first of all accused it of a confused arrangement of words and of a difficult movement of thought through viscous periods. The CDL was no exception, although, comparing its constructions with the ornamental syntax of works of a "high" syllable, we cannot fail to note that the logical ordering of even a large-scale phrase was still higher in the business language, and the meaning is easier to perceive than in the "high »Prose and poetry of that time.

Along with the KDYa, in the 18th century. there was another sphere of the functioning of business speech - the current office work, recorded in a huge number of handwritten sources (business writing - hereinafter referred to as DP). These are business correspondence, petitions, complaints, petitions, reports, documents of legal proceedings in that part of it, which records the testimony; various social (mainly peasant, bourgeois and Cossack) agreements, deals and contracts. From the point of view of the norms of the KDYa, they are written in a "low" commanding syllable:

The inspector Durkov came to see him in the autumn, Tarakanov, and asked if he didn’t see what he said when he was suspicious in the village. he does not know and he didn’t live with him

(Chelyabinsk archive, fund 115).

Zotey Semyonov's son Gorevanov is showing his 16-year-old age, and last October, on the 29th, he arrived at his house at Nazar Erokhinskaya, and on the morning of the 30th, he got up with his shoes on, and his father and mother left early that morning for the mill, and his brother Yakov was in the yard to clean up the cattle. and suddenly on Nazar jumped up from the bench in the back lying with an ax grabbed which he held back and said that he took the ax, but he threw it on the floor and further along the upper room there was a circle of steel.

(ibid., fund 121).

For the DP language, the features that we talked about in relation to the CDL are characteristic to a much lesser extent. As shown by the study of numerous monuments of the DP of provincial institutions of Russia in the eighteenth century. - Moscow, Voronezh, Vologda, Krasnoyarsk, South Ural, they were not characterized by a strong influence of the book-Slavic element at all linguistic levels, although the orientation towards legislative acts from the capital cannot be denied. It is quite obvious that the business language in the eighteenth century was an internally contradictory speech subsystem, which functioned, as it were, at two conventional levels: official-legislative and everyday-office work. In the handwritten documents of that time, we also note the word order archaic from the modern point of view, however, its regularities, systematically presented in literary speech and the CDL, are not always found in DP. Here is the transcript of the testimony in court:

After a while, Vinogradov brought Saldat Mosei Polukhin to whom the soldiers of the horses they had brought in ordered to put them in the Saldat drive where they put them, and Polukhin went home and ordered them to come to the threshing floor in the sennik where Vinogradov and Pesterev left and then the soldier came Larivoshka Shchelka guy x Kirghis so that they bring the horses and they took them.

(Chelyabinsk archive, fund 121).

At these two levels of functioning of the Eighteenth Century DY. different, albeit similar in many ways, phenomena are observed in the field of complex syntactic constructions (hereinafter referred to as SSC). Analyzing, say, handwritten South Ural business documents in comparison with the decrees and laws of the Russian Empire of this period, we came to the conclusion that the syntax of the SSC in the DP is much closer to the living folk-spoken language and almost does not have those archaic elements of the structure, which to a large extent inherent in the CJA.

Two elements of speech use, including at the level of syntax (book-literary and colloquial speech), have always existed in the Russian language, they are universal and have their roots in the ancient Russian period, in relation to which V.V. Vinogradov developed the concept of two types of language of Ancient Russia — folk-spoken and book-Slavic... The peculiarity of the Russian situation lies in the fact that these linguistic types did not create bilingualism, since they went back to one genotype and revealed more in common than different, that is, their existence on Russian soil is a purely functional phenomenon. The basis of language development is seen in the growing normativity of the first type under the influence of the second and democratization, Russification of the second language type under the influence of the first. The 18th century became that turning point when these two linguistic elements, interacting in a complex way, intertwine with each other, penetrate one into the other. An attempt to turn this process into a regulated one in the field of book and literary styles was the normalizing activity of M.V. Lomonosov, V.K. Trediakovsky, A.P. Sumarokova.

Collision of two beginnings- folk-colloquial, primordially Russian and literary, "Slovenian" - was characteristic not only of business speech, but also of fiction, only the latter to a certain extent destroyed the confusion of these two functional spheres, very early on dividing and differentiating literary genres.

In business language, the processes of social and linguistic regulation of means of expression in relation to the emerging official business style proceeded either spontaneously or were episodic in nature: instructions were received from St. Petersburg on how to draw up business documents for various purposes. The influence of the syllable of the exemplary business language on the "low" one was mainly "according to the model", with an orientation towards how "it is proper for the capital's ranks to write."

However, in our opinion, the orientation towards a sample in drawing up documents for current office work was limited: it concerned vocabulary and phraseology, clauses and clichés, as well as the form of the compiled papers, the volume of syntactic constructions, the desire to create a "command" flavor in the text. The morphology and syntax of the business language of that time, undoubtedly, reflected those general Russian phenomena that were in the grammar of both the literary and spoken languages. In this regard, the informativeness of business writing, written in a "low" command style, which reflected "the freedom of everyday conversation", is very high. We see a specific feature of the business language of the 18th century in the bizarre mixture of book-written norms that go back to the Slavic, confusing manner of presentation, and the free penetration of folk-colloquial ways of expressing thoughts. The intra-style heterogeneity of business speech is evident: it is both "high" and "low" commanding syllables. Both the one and the other were already well understood by the Russian speakers. Subsequently, in the 19th - early 20th centuries, such heterogeneity gradually disappears, and business writing becomes practically indistinguishable from the legislative, capital one.

Output:

A. P. CHEREDNICHENKO To the origins of the official business style: on the functional and syntactic heterogeneity of the business language in Russia in the 18th century [Electronic resource] / Meteor-City: popular science magazine, 2017. N 2. Special. edition based on the materials of the international correspondence Internet conference "Problems of Philological Research" (8.02–8.03.2017, SUSPU, Chelyabinsk). S. 3–8. Url:

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution

higher professional education

Department of Documentation

DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS STYLE

RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE

Moscow 2010

	Introduction
	Chapter 1. HISTORY OF FORMATION OF THE BUSINESS STYLE OF THE RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE XIV-XVI centuries The beginning of the 18th century - "Peter's era" End of the 18th century - "The Golden Age of Catherine"
	Chapter 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MODERN OFFICIAL-BUSINESS STYLE OF THE RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE
	Conclusion
	List of used literature

Introduction

The official business style stood out earlier than other written styles because it served the most important spheres of state life: foreign relations, the consolidation of private property, etc. The need to write laws, contracts, records of debts began to form a special "language", which, having undergone many changes, and now retains its main distinctive features.

The relevance of the course work lies in the fact that the history of the development of the business style of the Russian language is traced in detail and in detail, at each historical stage the features of the formation and change of word formation and word use of the official business style are noted - the style of business correspondence as one of the most important genres of modern document flow.

1. THE HISTORY OF FORMATION OF THE BUSINESS STYLE OF THE RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE

1.1 X- XIIcentury

The emergence of the oldest written code of laws is usually attributed to the time of the reign of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, who in 1016, wishing to make peace with the Novgorodians, unjustly offended by the prince's retinue, which consisted of hired Varangians, left his letter as an assurance that he would rule in accordance with his will " best husbands "Novgorod. This is the traditional explanation of how the first part of the monument, "Yaroslav's Truth", appeared.

Subsequently, the code was supplemented with articles introduced in the second half of the 11th century, the so-called Pravda of the Yaroslavichs, compiled at a meeting of the princes Izyaslav, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod with the boyars close to them around 1070 And, finally, in the first decades of the 12th century. the lengthy edition of Russkaya Pravda included articles from the Charter of Vladimir Monomakh. Thus, the written fixation of legislation designed to substantiate and defend the feudal system in the Kiev state took place for a long time, naturally reflecting the stages of linguistic development that were somewhat different from each other 1.

The language of "Russkaya Pravda" already contains the characteristic features of the business style: the use of specific terms (vira - fine, rumor - witness, mined - property, etc.), the presence of complex proposals and non-union chains.

The oldest document is also the "Certificate of honor of the Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod in 1130". The initial formula of this letter "Se az" ("Here I am") has become from this time an obligatory element of Old Russian letters. The letters end with a special design, which indicates who was a witness to the transaction and who affixes the letter with his signature.

Consider the language of private correspondence from the time of Kievan Rus, the language of Novgorod letters on birch bark. Birch bark letters are among the oldest monuments of Russian writing; according to archeology, they date back to the 11th century. Some letters begin with the words: "order from NN to NN". A frequently encountered stencil beginning of a letter can be considered the formula: "Cooking from NN to NN". No less characteristic examples of the use of "literary etiquette" are found in the endings of the letters. Phrases with different forms of the verb are typical in the endings of the diplomas. bow, n for example: "but we bow to you"; "but I bow down to you"; "I bow to you." Also in the letters there is a bright and laconic ending: "and on that one there is a tsolom". This speaks of the general high cultural level of the inhabitants of ancient Novgorod in the XI-XII centuries. and at the same time confirms the inextricable connection between the language of the Old Russian business writing and book speech.

The examples cited prove that such well-established phrases, traditional formulas for the beginning and end of writing constitute belonging already in the most ancient era of the literary epistolary style that originated in Russia, characterize the speech culture of those who wrote, their ability to master the processed forms of the long-established literary and written language. 1

1. 2 XIV- Xvicentury

Local offices are named orders, and scribes of grand ducal and local offices are called clerk, clerk. Cases in these institutions were handled by clerk clerks, who developed a special "clerk style", close to the colloquial speech of the common people, but kept in its composition and individual traditional formulas and phrases.

Words and expressions such as petition, bang(to ask for something). It has become generally accepted that the petitioner at the beginning of the petition should list all the numerous titles and ranks of the high-ranking person to whom he addressed the request, and be sure to give the full name and patronymic of this person. On the contrary, the petitioner should invariably write about himself only in a pejorative form, without adding a patronymic to his name and adding to it such designations of real or imaginary dependence as slave, rabishko, slave. 1

In the specified historical period, the word diploma in the meaning of business paper, document. Complex terms appear in which the noun is defined by adjectives: spiritual, spiritual(will), contractual diploma, folding certificate, attributed certificate, discharge certificate(which established the boundaries of land grants), etc. Not being limited to the genre of letters, business writing develops such forms as court records, interrogative records.

By the XV-XVI centuries. includes the compilation of new sets of judicial decisions, for example, "Code of Laws" by Ivan III (1497), "Pskov Judgment Letter" (1462-1476), in which, based on the articles of "Russian Truth", the further development of legal norms was recorded. Terms that reflect new social relationships appear in business writing (youngest brother, oldest brother, boyar children), new monetary relations that developed during the Moscow period (bondage, money etc.). 2 The development of abundant social terminology, brought about by the complication of socio-economic relations, is associated with the direct impact on the literary-written language of the folk-spoken element of speech.

The language of business monuments of the 15th-17th centuries. - despite the relatively close proximity of the language of monuments of this type to colloquial speech, even such of them as interrogative speeches experienced the continuous and powerful influence of the written spelling tradition, which dates back to the ancient Slavic writing of the 10th-11th centuries. Not a single written source of Ancient Rus in all periods of historical development could be free from such traditional influence.

The enrichment and increase in the number of forms of business writing indirectly influenced all genres of written speech and, ultimately, contributed to the general progressive development of the literary-written language of Muscovite Rus. This language was more and more imbued with the speech features of business writing.

Thus, in the period fromXvonXviicentury, in the era of the formation of the Russian centralized state, a state system with a ramified system of functions was formed, served by means of various groups of documents. At this time, a special administrative institution was born - orders, and in their composition institutions serving written business communication - office, post office, archives (which determined the era of the order office work). The activities of these tools were supposed to rely on a certain system of working with documents, and this need caused the need to develop regulatory and methodological acts containing recommendations for the preparation of documents, including those of a linguistic nature. Thus, a system for working with documents begins to form, a system of rules for their registration.

1.3 Start XVIIIcentury - "Peter's era"

The development of military, and especially naval affairs, which was almost absent in Moscow Russia, gave rise to many corresponding manuals and instructions, military and naval regulations, saturated with new special terminology, new special expressions that completely supplanted words and expressions associated with the old Moscow military order ... Along with this, in order to meet the needs of the increasingly Europeanizing nobility, various guidelines are being created that regulate the everyday life of the upper social classes.

In connection with the restructuring of public administration, with the development of industry and trade, the language of business correspondence becomes much more complicated and enriched. He is moving further and further from the old Moscow norms and traditions and noticeably approaches the lively colloquial speech of the middle strata of the population.

Peter I, recommending to refrain from bookish Slavic utterances when translating from foreign languages, advised translators to take the language of the ambassadorial order as a model: "You don't need to put high Slavic words; use the words of the ambassadorial order." 1

The renewal of the vocabulary of the Russian literary language in the Petrine era was especially clearly manifested in the field of administrative vocabulary. It is replenished at this time mainly by borrowings from German, Latin, and partly French. About a quarter of all borrowings of the Petrine era fall precisely on "words of the administrative language", which supplant the use of the corresponding Old Russian names. An administrator, an actuary, an auditor, an accountant, a king of arms, a governor, an inspector, a chamberlain, a chancellor, a landgewing, a minister, a police chief, a president, a prefect, a ratman, and others appear. All these persons in their amp, archive, gofgericht, province, chancellery, collegium, commissions, office, town hall, senate, synod and other administrative institutions that replaced recent thoughts and orders, address, accredit, test, arrest, run, confiscate, correspond, claim, secondhand, interpret, exauthorize, fine, etc. incognito, in envelopes, packages, various acts, accidents, amnesties, appeals, leases, promissory notes, bonds, orders, projects, reports, tariffs, etc. 1 This administrative vocabulary includes the names of persons according to their ranks and positions, the names of institutions, the names of various kinds of business documents.

And in the "General Regulations" of the Petrine Collegiums, a complete system of documentation standards was given. "Master Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of rank, title, rank, uniform norms for naming and self-naming. For violation of the rules of documenting, for incorrect preparation of documents, distortion of their meaning, punishment was provided for both "higher and lower ranks", the obligatory reference to legislation was introduced when reporting on cases.

In the language of business writing of the Petrine era, elements old, traditional, and new coexisted, opposing. The former include Church Slavonic words and forms, as well as expressions from the Old Moscow language of orders; to the second - foreign language borrowings (barbarisms), vernacular, features of dialect usage, pronunciation and form formation. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words penetrate into it.

In the course of the administrative reform of Peter 1, the central government system underwent a restructuring (orders were replaced by collegia), which marked the beginning of the era of collegial office work (1720-1802). During this period, the strict system of records management continued to improve, which meant the streamlining of acts of business writing, the further officialization of the language. The normalization of documentary texts proceeded on behalf of the state power and found its expression in numerous legislative acts, primarily in the "General Regulations of Collegia" (1720) - a set of rules containing an integral system of documentation standards, which served as an impetus to the emergence of modern forms of documents. In the course of the reform, the structure and form of traditional documents were improved and samples of new documents were developed, placed in "general forms" - all this led to the unification of documents and the gradual elimination of the personal principle in the practice of writing them. Also, the new rules introduced new etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of rank, title, rank.

1.4 The end of the eighteenth century - "The Golden Age of Catherine II"

The system of state authorities is developing and strengthening, "Institutions for the administration of provinces" are being created. Governors use Reports and Reports to communicate with the supreme power. Decrees of the provincial government are widely used to subordinate institutions, as well as to officials (deanery boards, district and zemstvo courts, governors, police officers).

As a result of the development of interstate relations, the execution of diplomatic documentation becomes more complicated. By this time, international norms for the form and lexical composition of diplomatic documents were already being established, the structure of contractual documentation was expanding, treatises, conventions, protocols, and tools appeared. Colleges of foreign affairs exchange notes, memoirs, memorandums with foreign governments. Communication of Russian diplomatic representatives with their government is carried out through relays and dispatches.

Document circulation and business correspondence of judicial institutions acquire a pronounced specific design of documentation, a strict procedure is established for the preparation and execution of judicial documents.

Shifts in the Russian literary language in the last third of the 18th century. reflected in the stylistic system created by the head of Russian conservative sentimentalism N.M. Karamzin 1 and then called the "new syllable". Karamzin was faced with the tasks set by the era - to achieve that they began to write as they say, and that in noble society they began to speak as they write. The "new syllable" was intended to meet the needs of society. He is freed from Church Slavism and archaisms, as components that burden the literary language, and a logically transparent and natural word order is spreading.

As a result of the Karamzin reform, the Russian literary language approached the establishment of national norms of word use, and, accordingly, the business style becomes more readable and understandable.

1.5 XIXcentury

At the beginning of the XIX century. the formation of the business style of the Russian literary language is associated with the name of M.M. Speranskiy 1 and his reforms in the field of documentation. The Manifesto on the Establishment of Ministries (1802) and the General Establishment of Ministries (1811) approved the executive principle, which determined the activities of leaders and executive office work. A hierarchy of "powers and places" and a corresponding hierarchy of documents were proclaimed. Uniformity was introduced in documentation, strict regulation of the content, structure of documents and the order of the movement of affairs. Researchers of the Russian literary language note that the art in the style of M.M. Speransky introduced novelty in the presentation of the business style of the Russian language, and served as a model for drafting documents of state significance.

Significant changes are taking place in the form of the document. It clearly shows the desire for formalization, the definition of clear rules for the location and registration of details. This is primarily due to the introduction of forms into the documenting process.

As a result of the reform of office work, the need for reform and clerical style arose, which began to be conceptualized as a task of state importance. The characteristic features of the clerical style are actively being formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the utterance, syntactic cumbersomeness, the nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (the prevalence of the nominative and genitive cases), the folding of linguistic clichés.

Formation of the styles of the Russian national literary language in the second half of the 19th century. takes place against the background of an exacerbated social struggle between the forces of progress and supporters of reaction over whose social views will be expressed by an officially normalized and regulated literary language.

Reflections of this struggle can be found on the pages of journalism of this period. For example, Dostoevsky's "Diary of a Writer" contains an ironic description of the official business style in the speeches of the then bourgeois publicists: "Someone assured us that if now another critic wants to drink, he will not say" bring water ", but will say, probably, something like this: bring that essential beginning of humidification, which will serve to soften the harder elements deposited in my stomach. " 1

In official business and in scientific speech of this period, there is a desire to develop a peculiar manner of artificially bookish, syntactically confused (and therefore difficult for the people to understand) presentation of thoughts and feelings. An artificial barrier of conventionally descriptive pictorial techniques is erected between the word and the meaning. Here is an example from the memoirs of a well-known public figure, lawyer A.F. Koni, who portrays a lawyer defining a fight in these words: the integrity of its physical coverings by repeated violation of such rights. If one of these elements is not present, then we have no legal right to see in mutual collision the substance of a fight. " 2

The progressive Russian politicians and writers opposed such an official state language. In particular, V. I. Lenin in his article "The Struggle Against the Famine" (1903), analyzing the style of the circular issued by the tsarist minister Sipyagin, noted: “The circular ... is nine-tenths ... filled with the usual official gossip. well-known for a long time and repeated hundreds of times even in the Code of Laws, walking around the bush, describing the details of the Chinese ceremony of intercourse "between mandarins, magnificent clerical style with periods of 36 lines and with" speeches "from which it hurts to become a native Russian speech ... "3.

Leo Tolstoy wrote in 1884 . : " Let there be the language of Karamzin, Filaret, priest Avvakum, but not our newspaper language. "4 This indicates that in the second half of the 19th century the process of collisions of different stylistic systems in the national literary Russian colloquial speech of the masses.

In the second half of the XIX century. in Russia, due to the greatly increased volume of documentation processes and business correspondence, the development of documentation technology is taking place, new methods of documentation appear, such as photography, sound recording, telegrams and transcripts. An extremely concise "telegraphic" style of presentation is being formed, coding and encryption are being spread.

Thus,by the endXIX century.a system of documentation was formed, the national form of the document was approved, and a system of recommendations for the design of a business text was formed. Formedcharacteristic features of the clerical style: formal and logical organization of the text, impersonal character of the statement, syntactic cumbersomeness, nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity, standardization.

XX century

The standardization of documents became irreversible in the 20th century. In 1918, new rules for maintaining official records were developed and a unified form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 1920s, new standards of business writing were established, and stencil texts appeared. A new era in the process of standardization was opened by machine processing and computerization of office work.

At present, the textual and linguistic norms of business speech are under pressure from the increasingly developing method of composing, storing and transmitting documents using electronic computers. There is "automation of information processes in the management apparatus". For example, organizational and administrative documents (serving the internal side of the organization's activities) began to be regularly included in the document schema with an attribute - an explanatory "heading to the text". Such a title acts as an annotation of a document in the form of a prepositional-case construction, for example: "On the situation in monotowns". When entering a document into a computer, this heading serves as the basis for converting the prepositional-case combination (About the situation) into the descriptor word 1 in the nominative case (Situation ...). Thus, the regulation of the language of official business documentation continues to improve in accordance with technical progress.

2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MODERN OFFICIAL-BUSINESS STYLE OF THE RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE

The official business style is used when servicing the legal and administrative activities of public authorities, when communicating in public institutions. Business speech provides a sphere of formal business relations and functions in the field of law and politics. The official business style is implemented in the texts of laws, decrees, orders, instructions, contracts, etc., in the business correspondence of institutions, etc. Despite the fact that this style is undergoing serious changes under the influence of socio-historical shifts in society, it stands out among other functional varieties of the language for its stability, tradition, isolation and standardization.

The main features of the official business style are accuracy, excluding the possibility of discrepancies; narrowing the range of used speech means; language standard - the desire to express thoughts in a uniform way, the use of ready-made language cliché formulas for this; a high degree of repeatability (frequency) of individual sections of text documents. To this can be added such features as formality, severity of expression of thought, as well as objectivity and consistency. These features are reflected in the design of business papers and documents: the nature of the composition, the arrangement of parts of the text, the highlighting of paragraphs, headings, font, etc.

Among the book styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it undergoes some changes caused by the nature of the content itself, but many of its features, historically formed genres, specific vocabulary, phraseology, syntactic turns give it a generally conservative character.

The formal business style is characterized by dryness, lack of emotionally charged words, brevity, and compact presentation. In official papers, the set of used language means is predetermined. A characteristic feature of the official business style is the presence in it of numerous speech standards - clichés. Unlike clichés, stamps are hackneyed expressions with tarnished lexical meaning and worn out expressiveness. A speech full of cliches cannot be called expressive; on the contrary, it is a stylistic flaw.

Stationery is words and phrases used in an official business style. But when they infiltrate other styles, it violates stylistic norms. Whereas in other styles, stereotyped phrases often act as a stylistic flaw, in the official business style, in most cases, they are perceived as a completely natural belonging to it. The use of language clichés and stereotypes, inappropriate in colloquial speech and in works of art, in official documents is mandatory, it contributes to an accurate and concise presentation of business information, facilitates business correspondence. A document is not expected to show the individuality of its author; on the contrary, the more clichéd the document is, the more convenient it is to use it.

In documents, as a rule, the use of neologisms (even those formed according to traditional models) is not allowed if they have no terminological meaning and can be replaced by general literary words. If they are used, then they need explanations in the text (usually in brackets).

Modern business speech is unthinkable without the use of borrowed words, and the main source of borrowing today is English. However, the use of foreign words must be dictated by necessity. Choosing between synonyms, one of which is Russian, and the other is borrowed, it is necessary to determine whether there is a significant semantic difference between them. If a foreign synonym has shades of meaning that are absent from the original Russian word, the choice in favor of the borrowed version is justified. Thus, borrowed words occupy a special place in the lexical system of the Russian language and require extremely careful handling. 1

A common drawback of the official style is pleonasm - the use of redundant words that are unnecessary in terms of meaning. For example: thinnuance... Another disease is tautology - the repetition of words of the same root within one phrase. This stylistic mistake makes speech difficult and makes it difficult to understand the text: benefit from use; to address etc. 1

In business speech, the possibilities of lexical combination of words are limited: a service letter is compiled (not written) and sent (not sent), a reprimand is announced, a censure is issued, a salary is established, etc.

The white paper should be concise and written in such a way that you can immediately find the information you need. Therefore, in order to understand what the document is about, to whom it is addressed, it is given a certain form.

Such features of the official business style as accuracy and language standard find their expression in lexical, morphological and syntactic linguistic means. Even well-known types of texts (narration, description, reasoning) are modified in a business style, turning into types of statement of an affirmative-ascertaining or prescriptive-ascertaining character. Hence the syntactic monotone, lexical homogeneity of speech, high repetition of words.

The grammatical norms of the business style include the unification of the grammatical structure of a phrase, word form. The selected option is assigned as a reference for each compositional part of the text.

Business writing is dominated by simple sentences. A feature of their functioning in the language of business papers is that they often convey information in documents that is equal in volume to the information transmitted using a complex sentence. This is achieved due to the greater length and semantic capacity of the sentence. Individual phrases can convey the same information as subordinate clauses.

The word order of a sentence in a formal business style is distinguished by its rigor and conservatism. The so-called direct word order inherent in the structure of the Russian sentence consists in the precedence of the subject in relation to the predicate ( the goods are released); definitions - in relation to the defined word ( credit relations); control word - in relation to the controlled addition and circumstance ( fix prices, provide a loan, send to the ministry). Each member of the sentence has its usual, characteristic place, determined by the structure and type of the sentence, the way of syntactic expression of this member of the sentence, place among other words that are directly related to it. So, for example, an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in an indirect case must appear after the word being defined. The language of business writing is characterized by chains of genitive cases ( order of the Head of the City Administration). In impersonal sentences and passive constructions, the first position instead of the subject is taken, as a rule, by the minor member of the sentence.

In business texts, words and phrases of the literary language are used, which have a pronounced functional and stylistic coloring, for example plaintiff, defendant, protocol, job description, identity card, researcher and others, among them a significant number of professional terms. Many verbs contain the topic of a prescription or imperative: prohibit, allow, decide, oblige, appoint and so on. Complex sentences with a large number of subordinate clauses in the document are inappropriate, it is required to use short, as a rule, non-union sentences. Conjunctions and union words that have a tinge of conjecture, conditions should be replaced with words that sound definite and specific. All names of actions or phenomena that duplicate each other, etc. should be eliminated.

Compound words formed from two or more words are typical for business language: tenant, employer, logistic, above, undersigned etc. The formation of such words is explained by the striving of the business language for the accuracy of conveying meaning and unambiguous interpretation. The same purpose is served by phrases of a "non-idiomatic" nature, for example: destination, higher education institution, tax return, joint stock company and so on. The uniformity of such phrases and their high repetition leads to the cliché of the used linguistic means, which gives the texts of the official business style a standardized character.

For an official document, the legal essence is important, therefore, preference is given to generic concepts, for example, to arrive(instead of come, fly, come), vehicle(instead of bus, plane.), locality(instead of village, city, countryside), etc. When naming a person, nouns are used, denoting a person on the basis of a relationship or action ( teacher Ivanova, witness Petrov).

Business speech is characterized by the use of verbal nouns, of which there are more in the official business style than in other styles: replenishment of the budget, taking measures, arrival of a train, provision of housing, service to the population etc.; complex abbreviated prepositions are widely used: to avoid, upon reaching, upon returning, in part, along the line, on the subject and etc.

The most important feature of procedural vocabulary is that words are used in the text in one possible meaning, polysemy (polysemy), metaphorical use of words, the use of words in figurative meanings are unacceptable, and synonyms are used to an insignificant extent. Terms and procedural vocabulary constitute the basic, style-forming vocabulary of the document language, constituting, for individual genres, from 50 to 70% of all word usage.

In the texts of documents, the use of swear words and generally reduced vocabulary, colloquial expressions and jargon is not allowed. The use of such vocabulary in business letters is as inappropriate as the use of stationery in everyday conversation, since it cannot meet the requirement of accuracy.

The formal-logical type of textual organization is manifested in the rubrication of a simple sentence, i.e. in dividing the text into its component parts graphically. Heading at the textual level is associated with dividing the text into paragraphs and subparagraphs, which in documents are indicated only by Arabic numerals.

Introductory words act as logical text clips in the text of the document: therefore, in this way, moreover, on the one hand... Demonstrative pronouns and participles serve as a means of communication in document texts, which replace nomenclature names and terms in the text: specified, given, next, given, present, last, etc.

Business papers are made up according to a certain scheme. Each new thought begins with a paragraph. All words are written in full, except for the accepted abbreviations. The genres of the official business style perform informational, prescriptive, stating functions in various fields of activity. Therefore, the main form of implementation of this style is written.

The listed distinctive linguistic features of the business style organically fit into the written sphere of the use of this style, into the genres of documentation characteristic of it, they are an objective fact of the language, their use in document texts is natural and fixed by tradition.

Conclusion

The official business style, like the Russian language in general, has undergone significant changes. Its formation is closely related to the formation and development of the Russian state, primarily because the sphere of regulation of legal and economic relations has created a need for the allocation of a special functional variety of the literary language.

The regulation of relations between people, institutions, countries required written evidence, acts, documents, in which the features of the official business style gradually crystallized.

In conclusion, it should be noted that business correspondence today is more dynamic than ten to fifteen years ago. Therefore, mastering this genre of business writing is among the priority professional skills of managers and performers. The ability to clearly state the essence of the issue, the state of affairs, unambiguously formulate a proposal, request, demand, convincingly substantiate one's conclusions does not come naturally. The art of writing business letters requires practice and knowledge of the arsenal of speech tools accumulated over a millennium in the language of business writing.

List of used literature

1. Basovskaya E.N. Language difficulties associated with the preparation of documents // Secretarial business. - 1997, No. 1

2. Gorbachevich K.S. Changing the norms of the Russian literary language. - Education, 1971.

3. Kozhin A.N., Krylova O.A., Odintsov V.V. Functional types of Russian speech. - M .: Education, 1963.

4. Krasivova A. Business Russian language: Study guide - M: from MFA, 2001, 80 p.

5. Leonova G.V. On some features of the use of borrowed words in business speech // Secretarial business. - 1997, No. 4

6. Meshchersky E. History of the Russian literary language [Electronic resource]: www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks

7. Nikitina E.I. Russian speech: Textbook. A guide for the development of coherent speech. / Scientific. ed. V.V. Babaytseva. - M .: Education, 1995.

8. Rakhmanin L.V. Business speech stylistics and editing of office documents. - M .: Higher school, 1988.

9. Shmelev D.N. Russian language in its functional varieties. - Education, 1977.

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