Digitalis large-flowered flower formula. Properties and application of digitalis. Whole leaves or pieces

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Fig. 6.1. Purple foxglove

Foxglove leaves - folia digitalis

(n. Red) - digitalis purpurea l.

Sem. Norichnikovye - scrophulariaceae

Other names: thimble grass digitalis grandiflora - digitalis grandiflora mill.

Purple foxglove - biennial in culture, perennial herb in nature from 50 to 120 cm in height (Fig. 6.1).

Properties and application of digitalis

Unlike trees, which require years to ripen and carry seeds, herbaceous angiosperms live, multiply and die in short life cycles. This allows them to quickly sow new lands and, perhaps, allow them to grow faster than their competitors, advantages that may have contributed to the emergence of their diversity.

While this so-called herbal habit could give them an advantage over slow growing woody plants, the angiosperms' trump card was a flower. In simple words, the flower is the reproductive mechanism of the angiosperm. Most flowers have both male and female. Reproduction begins when a flower releases pollen, microscopic packets of genetic material, into the air. Ultimately, these grains are wrapped in another flower stigma, a tiny pollen receptor. In most cases, the stigma sits on top of a stem-like structure, called a style, which protrudes from the center of the flower.

In the first year of development only the rosette of large basal leaves is oblong-ovate, with a blunt tip and a long winged petiole, a small-billed edge and a net venation (well visible from the underside).

In the second year silver stem pubescence is formed, with alternate leaves and a brush of large, persistent flowers.

Grain pollen, softened by moisture, produces proteins that chemically distinguish whether a new plant is genetically compatible. If so, the pollen grain germinates and produces a tube down the style of both the ovary and the egg cell, where fertilization takes place, and the seeds begin to grow.

Casting pollen to the wind is a breeding method. Despite the fact that for many species of plants it is enough to pollinate by the experience of the wind, direct delivery by insects is much more effective. Insects, no doubt, began to visit and pollinate angiosperms as soon as new plants appeared on Earth about 130 million years ago. But it will be another 30 or 40 million years before flowering plants capture the attention of insect pollinators, blazing with luxurious petals.

Leaves. Lower stem leaves long-petiolate, ovate; medium - short; upper - sessile, ovate-lanceolate.

Fig. 6.2. Digitalis grandiflora

Flower corolla purple, inside white with purple spots in the throat, looks like a thimble.

"The petals did not develop until 90-100 million years ago," said Elsa Marie Friis, head of paleobotany at the Swedish Museum of Natural History on the outskirts of Stockholm. Even then they were very, very small. A pensive woman with short brown hair and intense eyes, Freis observes that, according to many experts, is the most complete collection of angiosperm fossils collected in one place. Fragile flowers escaped destruction, oddly enough, due to the strong heat of the old forest fires that baked them into charcoal.

Inflorescence - thick one-sided multi-flower brush.

Fetus - bilocular multiseed box.

Blooms in June - July, the seeds ripen in July - August.

Digitalis grandiflora - perennial herb 40-120 cm tall.

Is different from digitalis to purple lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, bare, green leaves on both sides with unevenly serrated margin, as well as light yellow flowers (Fig. 6.2).

Friis showed me the 80-millionth fossil flower, not exceeding the period at the end of this sentence. Covered in pure gold for maximum resolution under an electron microscope, I hardly had a flower. “Many researchers missed these small, simple flowers,” she said, “because you cannot understand their diversity without a microscope.”

Variants of the names of plants and legends about digitalis

Therefore, we squinted through its powerful magnifying glass and conducted a figurative walk through the chalky world of tiny and diverse angiosperms. Repeatedly or hundreds of times, the petrified flowers of Freis resemble wrinkled bulbs or radishes. Many kept their tiny petals sandwiched, hiding the fruit inside. Others are widely revealed in full maturity. Dense clusters of pollen grains cling to each other in gnarled lumps.

Blooms in June - July, the fruits ripen in July - August. Both plants are poisonous.

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Naturally grows in the forests of Western, Central and Northern Europe. It is cultivated in many countries of the world; in Russia - in the North Caucasus, a culture is possible in Ukraine and in Moldova. Domestic varieties significantly inferior to the best foreign in the number of cardenolides.

Sometime between 70 and 100 million years ago, the number of flowering plant species on Earth exploded, the botanists of events are called "great radiation." The spark that ignited this explosion, said Freis, was a petal. Petals have created much more variety. This is now a generally accepted concept, said Freis. In their new outfit, the once forgotten angiosperms have become outstanding in the landscape, luring pollinating insects like never before. Reproduction literally took off.

The interaction between insects and flowering plants formed the development of both groups, the process is called co-evolution. Over time, flowers evolved with retaining colors, seductive scents and special petals that provide landing sites for their insect pollinators. At the top of the benefits package for insects there is nectar, nourishing flowers for liquids are a type of merchandise in exchange for dispersing pollen. The ancestors of bees, butterflies, and wasps grew in dependence on nectar, and thus became pollen transport agents, carelessly transferring grains attached to tiny hairs on their bodies.

It grows in the mountains in the Middle and South Urals, in the Carpathians, in the North Caucasus, less often - by elevations in the middle belt of the European part of Russia (Valdai, Volga Upland, etc.). It grows in deciduous and mixed forests in open areas, among bushes, along roads. Resources are poorly studied, and nowadays raw materials of wild plants are practically not harvested. Included in the regional Red Books.

These insects could collect and deliver pollen each time they visit new flowers, increasing the chances of fertilizer. Insects have become the only mandatory species that helps transport flowering plants to all corners of the earth. Dinosaurs, the greatest engines and shakers that the world has ever known, were bulldozed through ancient forests, unwittingly clearing the ground for angiosperms. the earth through their digestive tracts.

By the time the first flowering plant appeared, the plant-eating dinosaurs had been around for a million centuries, all this time living on a diet of ferns, conifers and other primary vegetation. Dinosaurs survived another 65 million years, and some scientists believe that there was enough time for large reptiles to adapt to the new diet, which included angiosperms.

Medicinal raw materials

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External signs

Whole raw materials

Fig. 6.3. Leaf foxglove:
A - n. purple: 1 - basal leaf; 2 - stem leaf; B - n. woolly.

Whole leaves or pieces thereof.

Johnson discovered many fossils between the ages of 60 and 70 million years from places in the Rocky Mountains region. Of these, he concludes that hadrosaurs or dinosaurs, duck ducks, lived on large leaves of angiosperms, which evolved in a warm climate change just before the beginning of the Cretaceous period. There, no doubt, dinosaurs ate these things.

Infusion of leaves foxglove large-flowered

Early angiosperms were slow-growing, which suited some dinosaurs better than others. Brachiosaurs had long necks, such as giraffes, so they were poorly equipped to receive new vegetation, says Richard Cifelli, a paleontologist from the University of Oklahoma. "On the other hand, ceratopsians and dinosaurs, dated ducks, were real mowers." Behind these mowers, angiosperms are adapted to freshly cut ground and continue to spread.

Have foxglove purple - oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate form, the edge is uneven-grained. Bottom leaves with long winged petioles, stem - short petiole or without petioles (Fig. 6.3, A). The leaves are brittle, wrinkled, strongly pubescent on the underside, with a characteristic dense net of strongly protruding small branches of the veins. Leaf length 10-30 cm or more, width up to 11 cm. The color of the leaves is dark green above and greyish green below.

Dinosaurs suddenly disappeared about 65 million years ago, and another group of animals took their place - mammals, which greatly benefited from the variety of angioperm fruit, including grains, nuts and a lot of vegetables. Flowering plants, in turn, have taken advantage of the dispersion of seeds by mammals.

Dosage forms, method of use and dosage of drugs digitalis grandiflora

“It was the two kingdoms that made the handshake,” says David Dilcher, a paleobotanist at the Florida Museum of Natural History. "I will feed you, and you will take my genetic material at some distance." In the end, people evolved, and the two kingdoms made another handshake. Through agriculture, the angiosperms met our need for food. We, in turn, took certain species, such as corn and rice, and gave them unprecedented success, cultivating them on vast fields, deliberately pollinating them, consuming them with pleasure.

Have foxglove leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, with a blunt-pointed tip, with an unevenly pointed edge with rare teeth; basal and lower stem leaves, gradually tapering to the base, into a short winged petiole or without a petiole. Chewing nervus Length up to 30 cm, width up to 6 cm. The color is green on both sides.
Smell weak. Taste not determined (!). Poisonous !

Virtually every non-food food that we eat begins as a flowering plant, and the meat, milk, and eggs that we consume come from livestock fed on flowering plants. Even the cotton we wear is angiosperm. Aesthetically, too, angiosperms sustain and enrich our lives. We appreciate them only for their beauty, their smells, their communication in a vase, pot, on Valentine's Day. Some flowers speak an ancient language where words do not respond. For these more dazzling players - orchids, roses, lilies - the world is getting smaller, crossing jet flowers in the cargo holds of commercial transport planes every day.

Ground raw materials.

Pieces of leaves of various shapes, passing through a sieve with openings with a diameter of 7 mm. The color is grayish green. The smell is weak. Taste is not determined.

Powder grayish green passing through a sieve with openings of 0.16 mm. Smell weak. Taste not determined.

Microscopy

And - epidermis of the upper side;
B - epidermis of the lower side;
B - hairs: 1 - capitate hairs; 2 - simple hairs; 3 - the place of attachment of a simple hair.

When viewing a sheet from the surface, epidermal cells with winding walls are visible. The stomata predominate on the lower side of the leaf, surrounded by 3-7 subaustatic cells (anomocytic type). The hairs are simple and capitate.

“We are trying to deliver flowers anywhere in the world within 24 hours when they shrink,” said Jan Lanning, senior consultant for the Dutch Floriculture Council, the world turnstile for decorative flowers. "Business is really globalized."

He leaned forward with a ready answer. People were fascinated by flowers while we existed. People are attracted to living things. Smell, sight, beauty are combined in a flower. He smiled at the arrangement of fragrant lilies on the table. Every Monday the florist delivers fresh flowers to this office.

Pharmacological properties of digitalis grandiflora

They brought me to my barefoot youth on the edge of my father’s garden on a humid summer evening, alive with fireflies and the murmur of cicadas. Did Van Gogh raise a flower to an art form or did a van Gogh carnation to immortalize itself with oils and strokes? Flowering plants have won more than just the land.

Do a purple foxglove simple hairs numerous, especially on the lower side of the leaf, 2–8-cell, with slightly barty cuticle and thin walls; individual hair cells often falling off. The head-like hairs of two types: quite common - with a two-celled head on a short unicellular stem and relatively rare - with a single-celled spherical or oval head on a long multicellular stem (fig. 6.4).

They sent roots deep into our minds and hearts. We know that we are passing through their world, like through a museum, because they were here long before we arrived, and we can remain long after we left. One of their special characteristics is the language with a brush, with which they take nectar from flowers. However, nectar is only one of their products. Most honey beetles also eat insects, and some eat more insects than nectar.

Mobile or sedentary, and sometimes territorial

Many bees also feed on pollen, berries and sugary exudates of plants, as well as sugary plant secretions. Many bees are very mobile and are looking for seasonal sources of nectar. Since gardeners tend to grow plants with large and durable floral displays, urban areas can provide enough food for honey pots. However, most often, big orderlies dominate the gardens. This is probably due to the fact that the gardens often lack a dense shrub to provide cover for small species.

Do foxglove grandiflorasimple hairs very large, rarely on the lower side of the leaf along large veins. Head-like hairs with a two-celled (sometimes single-celled) head on a short unicellular (occasionally two-celled) pedicle.

Powder. When examining the powder, scraps of the epidermis with winding walls are visible; fragments of parenchyma cells and spiral vessels; numerous simple hairs and their fragments; rarely found capitate hairs.

Members of the family of honeymooners are not the only bird species that feed on nectar. It consists of the following parts: pedicle or flower axis; floral verticals with cyclic arrangement. The cyclical arrangement of the flower verticals is a character that well defines the most developed cyclical position of angiosperms.

They are found in peach flowers, tobacco or tobacco, rose bush, lily and other flowers. They say that such flowers are covered with mold. When the stem is absent, the flower sits like on some palm trees, black pepper or black pepper. In general, the stem has a texture and organization that approximates the texture of a leaf stem.

Harvesting and storage of raw materials

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StockingOn the plantations, rosette leaves of the first year are cut off in July-August, and after 1-1.5 months they make the second, sometimes the third collection. Stem leaves from plants of the second year of life are cut by hand. Raw materials are recommended to be collected in the flowering phase, on a sunny day, since glycosides accumulate more intensively in the light. When cultivating foxglove as an annual crop, leaves are cut 2-3 times per summer without petioles (they make drying difficult, and do not contain biologically active substances).

Security measures.On biennial plantations when harvesting raw materials protect the root system from damage.

Drying.To dry the raw materials should be quickly, the collected leaves are delivered in an open container to the place of drying immediately. Dry the raw materials in dryers with artificial heating at a temperature of 55-60 ° C.

Standardization.GF XI, vol. 2, Art. 14. Purple foxglove is used in the form of whole and crushed raw materials, as well as powder, n. grandiflora is used only as a whole raw material.

Storage.All raw materials must be well packaged. Dense packaging promotes better preservation of biologically active substances. Whole raw materials are stored in a dry, dark place. Powder - in ampoules or tightly closed vials. Selected pure glycosides are stored in List A, the remaining drugs and medicinal raw materials are in List B. The biological activity of the raw materials is monitored annually.

steroid saponins (digitonin, etc.),
flavonoids,
choline and other compounds.

Leaves foxglove contain cardiotonic glycosides, the main of which are digilanides A, B, C (see “Wooly foxglove leaves”). In addition, steroid saponins and flavonoids have been found.

Numerical indicators

Whole raw materials. The biological activity of 1 g of raw material should be 50-66 ICE or 10.3-12.6 CED; leaf moisture n. purple not more than 13% (n. Large-flowered - 12%); total ash not more than 18% (n. large-flowered - 7%); darkened or yellowed leaves no more than 1%; other parts of the plant (stems, flowers and fruits) not more than 1% (n. Large-flowered - 2%); crushed leaves passing through a sieve with holes 2 mm in diameter, not more than 2%; organic impurity not more than 0.5% (for N. grandiflora - 1%); mineral impurity not more than 0.5% (for n. large-flowered - 1%).

Ground Raw. The biological activity of 1 g of raw material should be 50-66 ICE or 10.3-12.6 CED; humidity not more than 13%; total ash not more than 18%; darkened or yellowed leaves no more than 1%; other parts of the plant (pieces of stems, fruits, flowers) not more than 1%; particles not passing through a sieve with openings with a diameter of 7 mm, not more than 5%; particles passing through a sieve with openings with a diameter of 0.5 mm, not more than 10%; organic impurity not more than 0.5%; mineral impurity not more than 0.5%.

Powder. Biological activity of 1 g of powder should be 50-66 ICE or 10.3-12.6 CED; humidity not more than 10%; total ash not more than 18%; particles not passing through a sieve with openings of 0.16 mm, not more than 2%.

Properties and application of digitalis

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Pharmacotherapeutic group. Cardiotonic agent (cardiac glycosides).

Pharmacological properties of digitalis

The purple foxglove has a multifaceted effect on the body (vessels, vagus nerve, kidney, intestine, central nervous system), but the main object of its action is the heart.

Cardiac glycosides

increase systole
prolong diastole,
reduce the excitability of the cardiac conduction system.

According to modern concepts the physico-chemical mechanism of action of cardiac (cardiotonic) glycosides consists in

changes in the activity of Na-, K-dependent ATPase,
an increase in the intracellular content of sodium ions,
increasing the entry of calcium ions into the cells directly involved in the contractile act.

In addition, under the influence of cardiac glycosides in the blood plasma increases the amount of ionized calcium.

Purple digitalis glycosides belong to lipophilic cardiotonic glycosides, they are strongly associated with blood proteins, therefore their infiltration of the myocardium is slow. With internal use of digitoxin, the cardiotropic effect develops only after 2-3 hours and lasts for 2-3 weeks. The glycosides of the plant when ingested gradually accumulate in the body and have high cumulation.

Digitonin and other foxglove saponins possess

irritating and
hemolytic properties.
They help to increase the solubility and absorption of cardiac glycosides.

Foxglove

Purple foxglove drugs are used at

circulatory failure II and III stages of different origin,
as well as at the tachysystolic form of atrial fibrillation, usually accompanying and aggravating circulatory failure.

With an overdose of digitalis drugs there are intoxication phenomena, expressed in

bradycardia,
sleep disturbance
increased dyspnea
the appearance of unpleasant sensations in the heart.

Medicines

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Infusion of water from the leaves of foxglove (prepared in a pharmacy). Cardiotonic agent.
Digitalis purple leaves in powder (powder; tablets). Cardiotonic agent.
Digitoxin (Cardigin, Cristodigin), tablets of 0.0001 g each; candles of 0.00015 g. Glycoside, derived from the leaves of digitalis, purple and n. grandiflora. Cardiotonic agent.
Cordigit (tablets of 0.0008 g; candles of 0.0012 g). The purified extract from the leaves of digitalis purple, contains the sum of glycosides. Cardiotonic agent.

All drugs digitalis should not be re-released on a prescription, not signed by a doctor, as they have cumulative properties (can accumulate in the body during prolonged use).

Digitalis grandiflora - perennial herb with a horizontal rhizome and erect stem, reaching 1 m in height. The leaves are alternate, large, oblong-elliptical, with a pointed tip, unevenly serrate along the edge, more or less pubescent with hairs. Flowers one by one on the drooping pedicels form a one-sided multi-flower brush on the top of the stem; corolla tubular-bell-shaped, large, up to 4-5 cm, pale yellow, inside with reddish-brown spots; stamens 4. Fruit - two-capsule box 10-12 mm long, pubescent with glandular hairs.
   It blooms in June - July.
   It occurs infrequently, in forests and shrubs, and is confined to the following forest types: pine forests with oak undergrowth, spruce forests and subori with deciduous underbrush, spruce-hornbeam fern oak woods; less often, oak tree forests are derived from birch forests with eagles, as well as alum gray alder forests with hazel. In the shrub thickets picks a pine-oak low forest and low-growth oak forest with hazel.
   Preparations are possible in limited quantities, as the foxglove does not form any large thickets.

The use of digitalis in medicine

Folia Digitalis leaves are used for medicinal purposes. Collect rosette leaves of the first year of development of the plant and stem leaves during flowering in subsequent years. Raw materials are dried quickly in dryers at temperatures not higher than 50-60 ° C or outdoors in the sun, laying out a thin layer.
   The finished raw material should contain no more than 13% moisture; total ash not more than 7; darkened and yellowed leaves no more than 1; crushed leaves that pass through a sieve with 2 mm openings, no more than 2; stems, fruits and other parts of digitalis no more than 1; organic impurities not more than 0.5, mineral impurities not more than 0.5%.
   This kind of digitalis is allowed for use along with the cultivated digitalis purpurovoy - Digitalis purpurea L. Currently, the need for raw materials is almost completely covered by the cultivated foxgloves, and the collection of raw material of the wild-growing digitalis of large-flowered is made rarely.
In the leaves of digitalis grandiflora contains cardiac glycosides - digitoxin, gitalin, bigitalin. Digitalis leaves have a strong effect and therefore require precise dosage; exceeding the dose can cause toxicosis up to cardiac arrest.
   In medical practice, digitalis preparations (leaf powder, tincture, tincture, tablets) are used for chronic heart failure, valvular heart disease, as well as for other disorders of the heart activity. The therapeutic effect is manifested in the first phase and is expressed in enhancing the contractile function of the heart muscle, slowing the heart rate, increasing the filling of the heart with blood (more complete diastole); this increases the amount of blood emitted per minute. Digitalis preparations have a cumulative effect (drug accumulation). Therefore, treatment with digitalis is carried out under the supervision of a physician, who during treatment reduces the dose in order to avoid toxic effects.
   The toxic effect is manifested in the second phase at the beginning by an even greater slowing of the heart activity, and then by an increase in the heart rate and a decrease in the blood supply, a rhythm disturbance. Especially severe phenomena occur in the third phase - there is a decrease in the blood volume of the heart, acceleration and rhythm disturbance, complete blockage, atrial flutter, cardiac arrest. When the phenomena of toxic effects should apply potassium salts (6-8 g per day) to increase diastole. After 2-3 days, the daily dose is reduced to 2-3 g. When an arrhythmia appears, it is required to reduce the dose of the drug by half or temporarily stop its use, administer camphor oil injections. In case of poisoning with cardiac glycosides, unithiol has an antitoxic effect. Unithiol (5%) is administered 5.0 times three times a day intramuscularly for 1 to 10 days while continuing therapy with cardiac glycosides and potassium supplementation.
   Rp .: Solutionis Kalii chlorati 10% -200.0
   D. S. 1 tablespoon 3-4 times a day
   Rp .: Pulveris foliorum Digitalis 0.1 Diuretini 0.5 M. f. pulv. D. t. d. n 12
   S. 1 powder, then 1/2 powder 3 times a day