The percentage of landscaping. Big Encyclopedia of Oil and Gas

The types of green considered above    plantings can be used for landscapingdestination. Landscaping is carried out in and around the inhabitedparagraph. At the same time, depending on the size of the city and the village, one or another (of the following) types of landscaping areas can be created.

Greenzones around villages and cities include naturaland artificial forests, agricultural land and collectiveorchards. Forests of the green zone are called suburban. Theyserve as a reservoir of fresh air for the city and a development base tourism, sports and mass recreation of workers. Forests located in close proximity to the village, there may berotated in a forest park.

Forest parksdesigned for mass visits to recreationya They are arranged in the most picturesque forests by their simplest beautification to create convenience for visitors. They arrange carriageways and pedestrian roads, on rivers and lakes - beaches, sports facilities, etc.

In cities and villages where there is no forest belt, to protect them fromside effects of adverse winds artificially create forest    groves and stripes up to 500 m wide. Inconvenient for agriculturalland development (ravines, quarries, sands) located in thehome zone, used to create forest parks.

The area of \u200b\u200blandscaping within a settlement may be common-use (parks, squares, boulevards, street), limited    use (intra-quarter, household, front poly gardens)gardeners) and special purposes (hospital, school, farmsky).

Steamk - significant landscaped area ranging in size from a fewup to tens of hectares. Parks are usually laid in regional centers and large villages. Parks of culture and recreation serve for sporting events, cultural and educational purposes and rest of workers. On their territory can be placed a hundreddyons, a summer cinema, dance floors, summer reading rooms, etc. Other parks do not have these facilities.

Parks are usually laid on the basis of existing forest plantations.denial or inconvenient land and should be directly adjacent to the village. If possible, the park is divided intoriver, lake or pond. The combination of water and green spaces gives the park special beauty and attractiveness and increases the opportunities for outdoor activities (swimming, boatingkah).

The park can be divided into several parts: front, central and remote. The main part of the park is the stalls. It is locatedat the entrance and is an open space occupied by lawns and flower beds. Central part of the park

Busy half open aboutcountries with woody plants placed in them in the form of groups and curtains. Reading rooms, summer theaters, and    various children's attractions (swings, etc.), sports groundsgames, dances, etc. The remote part of the park is a quiet zoneof rest, it is occupied by groves alternating with glades and forest    arrays. This part of the park may gradually turn into a forest park.

All parts of the park quietly pass into each other and are combinedgeneral road and path network. Front and center    the park can be decorated with various sculptures and fountains,equipped with garden benches, gazebos, lanterns.

The layout of the park can be performed in two styles: regularand free. Regular stylecharacterized by the correct geometric layout of the road network. It is usually used at timesbivka small park on a flat area. On rough terrainuse freei.e. landscape, layout considering elecops of relief. The front part of the park has regular, i.e., rulesnew layout. Figure 61 shows examples of park layouts.different styles. When planning a park from 40 to 70% of its area   allocated for wood and shrub plantings, 20-40% - under lawns and lawns, 1-3% - under flower beds and 15-25% under paths, platforms and constructions.

Square(garden) is set up in a residential area on squares near public buildings. The square is a small (0.1-0.5 ha) landscaping area, used to decorate the place and short-termpedestrian recreation. It has a different layout, an abundance of lawns and flower beds, benches, a well-developed network of paths. Square borders   and paths are planted with shrubs. Trees are planted in groupsand solo in a small amount.

Boulevard- multi-row landscaping strip dividing shearocky street in two longitudinal parts. It can be centeredral street with a width of at least 30 m, taking 10-12 m. It serves as a decoration of the street, divides it into two transport directions and is a place for short rest of pedestriansand evening walks.

In the center of the boulevard there is an alley of trees and shrubs with benches for rest, and along the border with the carriageway of the street - hedges of shrubs and trees. Rest of the space   occupied by lawns. Separate sections (at entrances, at benches) can be decorated with flower beds, single and group plantings   ornamental shrubs.

Privateslanding trees and bushes along the trotuathe moat well decorates the street, turning it into a kind of alley, protect pedestrians from the sun and dust, and residential buildings from noise transport. Figure 62 shows a rural landscaping schemestreets of usual width (18-20 m).

Facialgarden (front garden) - a small area of \u200b\u200blandscapingalong the facade of the house. Its width is from 2 to 5 m. At the border ornamental shrubs, and inside they place a flower bed. The front garden decorates the facade of the house, traps dust, softens street noises. It is part of the landscaping of the garden.

Landscaping   garden plot in villages refers to intra-quarter landscaping. Household   plots occupy a significant part of the rural settlement,  therefore, the nature of their landscaping has a great influence on the overall   impression of landscaping the whole village. Here is a garden orchard, decorative and protective plantings. Along the border a plot occupied by a yard is planted with protective linear landings (fireproof and from the winds). Ornamental plants are planted mainly in the front garden and along the front of the estate. For garden   it is enough to have 15-20 different fruit trees, i.e. the area about 500 m 2, the rest of the area is occupied by a garden. Figure 63shows an approximate scheme of landscaping a garden plot of widthnoah 30 m.

Landscapingschool site except decorativegoals, has educational value. Planted plants shouldlive material for classes in botany, horticulture, vegetable growing and field cultivation. In accordance with this, plots of living collections of plants: woody (arboretum), garden, garden, field and meadow. When landscaping sports fields apply hedges and sports lawns. On the borders of the school siteka create a dense hedge. In front of the facade, schools are smashing   flower beds. At least 40% of the area is allocated for green spaces plot.

In Figure 64, an example landscaping project is presented. schools for 80 people.

Landscaping    economicnoproduction terrythorium

Serves as a means of improvement    sanitary and hygienic working conditions. Plots of farms and other industrial enterprises are separated from residential development protective forest strips not wideless than 15-20 m. On the borders of the square, beyondnyatoy farm, field camp, etc., aboutcommon tree planting and artisannicknames in 1-2 rows in the form of a hedge. Inside these squares, roads are casedtrees or shrubs. If these roads are cattle drive or bordered by walking yards, plantings are introduced by inedible plants: sucker, sumpia, thuja, juniper, elderberry, etc. In sanitary andfire breaks between buildings also carry out landscaping, where they arrange plowthe piers surrounded by trees and decorativeshrubs for reststaff.

Placing plots of various types of landscapingparagraph should be mutually linked to the master plan of landscaping.

· What ruderal plants do you know?

· What plants are used for landscaping cities?

Gardening Standards

Environmental "diseases" of cities - chemical pollution of the atmosphere, noise pollution, video pollution, on hot days - an unfavorable microclimate due to the heating of buildings and asphalt pavements. Most of these problems can be eliminated by letting nature into the city, that is, by greening it (Fig. 81). Green spaces improve the microclimate of cities: they capture dust, soot, smoke, reduce wind speed and urban noise, trees weaken the winter cold and summer heat.

Norm greening the city- the area of \u200b\u200bgreen areas of common use, which falls on one resident of the city. In Russia, there are no uniform gardening standards now. They are developed by the administration of

another district, region or settlement. In the countries of the European Union, the figure for greening cities is 25 m 2, and according to the UN recommendation, an average of 50 m 2 of green space inside the city and 300 m 2 in the suburbs (green zone) per city dweller. Most Russian cities are far from this mark: in St. Petersburg, the amount of greening is lower than 16 m 2 per person (up to 6 m 2 in the center), in Moscow - 26 m 2 away from the center and 6 m 2 in the center, in Yekaterinburg - 19 m 2, Novosibirsk - 9 m 2. In addition, under the pressure of cars and construction, the area of \u200b\u200bgreen spaces is reduced almost everywhere. In many European cities, by contrast, landscaping standards are unshakable.

Landscaping quality

In the city, it is required not only to increase the area of \u200b\u200bplanting, but also to properly green its territory. In our country, the climate is very diverse, and this must be taken into account in the planning and creation of green spaces. For different areas there are environmental requirements for quality landscaping. In the southern arid regions, trees and shrubs protect urban residents from the scorching sun, form a barrier to dry winds. Therefore, they themselves must be resistant to drought and wind. In the north, protection from cold winds and snowdrifts is needed. In order for the “green shield” to be reliable and durable, tree and shrub species are selected according to the climate and soils. Take into account air humidity, temperature fluctuations, the presence of ponds and natural forests, features of the relief, the direction of the prevailing winds.

Today you can see a picture in almost any park: numerous hard surfaces alternate with neatly trimmed and rarely spaced trees. These plants play an aesthetic rather than a sanitary role. Tree plantings in city parks should be dense. In addition, in a modern city, landscaping requires the use of species of trees that are resistant to atmospheric pollution. So, in Moscow, 30 promising species of trees and shrubs (mainly coniferous and some types of poplar) were selected. Among the breeds suitable for planting in the city, the most resistant to various atmospheric pollutants are white acacia, Canadian poplar, sticky alder, hazel, hawthorn and others.

Green areas separate industrial zones from residential areas, border water bodies. Protective strips are most effective, which in their composition approach natural forests with dense undergrowth and undergrowth.

Ruderal plants in urban ecosystems

An important role in urban ecosystems is played by communities of ruderal plants. They are the first to settle in wastelands, road embankments, exposed land, piles of construction debris near new buildings, etc. As you know, this vegetation is called pioneer. The benefits of such plants in urban ecosystems are undeniable. They root the soil, preventing its erosion, like other plants, absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.

BASIC CONCEPTS

• city \u200b\u200bgreening standards
• environmental requirements for quality landscaping
• role of ruderal plants in urban ecosystems

TEST QUESTIONS

1. What environmental role does gardening play in a city?

2. What are the environmental standards for urban greening?

3. Tell us about the environmental requirements for quality landscaping.

4. What role do ruderal plants play in the city?

The main provisions of the chapter

Around the world, urbanization is underway. Today the number of citizens is about 50% of the world's population, in the future it will increase to 80 %.

Cities are heterotrophic anthropogenic ecosystems. They cannot be in equilibrium with the environment. The goal of urban ecology is to reduce the level of disequilibrium - to reduce the influence of cities on their surrounding ecosystems and to improve living conditions in the city.

Cities should develop within fixed boundaries, grow up and down, have a large area of \u200b\u200bgreen space, and be geographically organized into a system of micro-districts-microcosms that fully provide their residents with everything necessary.

The main task of urban ecology is to reduce the impact of road transport on the urban environment. This problem can be dealt with by replacing old cars with more environmentally friendly models, increasing the share of public transport, and improving the system of city highways.

The most promising way to solve the problem of solid waste is their sorting and processing. Currently, solid waste is mainly deposited in specially equipped landfills. Burning as an option for the destruction of solid waste does not have a future, as it leads to air pollution and the accumulation of large amounts of toxic ash.

In order to provide citizens with benign water, it is necessary to improve the system for its treatment, and most importantly, to protect the catchments from pollution. Paid water use contributes to water conservation. Water resources can also be saved by dividing water into drinking and technical.

To save energy in cities, they decentralize energy sources (introduce mini-TPPs with high efficiency), improve the thermal insulation of residential premises, and use energy-saving household appliances.

A universal technique for improving the urban environment is landscaping. In Russian cities, landscaping standards are not maintained and the area of \u200b\u200bgreen spaces is reduced.

advanced issues

§ Why urban ecosystems are not eco-friendly?

§ Describe the ideal transport system of the city.

• Think about what you can do to solve the MSW problem in your city.

Industrial technology

Unlike agroecosystems and urban ecosystems, industrial enterprises are “dead” formations. They are so far from nature that they are called not ecosystems, but technosystems. Technosystem- This is the territory of an industrial enterprise with production facilities located there. Technological systems can be part of or be isolated from urban ecosystems (such are mining and oil industries, large power plants, landfills for waste storage).

Page 1

The area of \u200b\u200blandscaping should be 40 - 45% of the area.

The green area should average at least 15% of the area of \u200b\u200bthe enterprise.

Area of \u200b\u200blandscaping [district in ha.

The landscaping area of \u200b\u200bthe plots should be at least 15 - 17 m per 1 place.

The landscaping area should be at least 15% of the area of \u200b\u200bthe enterprise territory and depends on the building coefficient.

The negative trend of reducing urban greening due to land acquisition for development also affects the ecological state of urbanized territories, primarily the atmosphere, which significantly worsens the living conditions of people and affects their health. Studies have shown that the East Siberian region is the most unfavorable for living by the quality of atmospheric air. The region has the highest standardized mortality rate in Russia - 14 9 per 1000 people, an outflow of residents is observed. In 10 regions of the Russian Federation per inhabitant annually from 200 to 300 kg of pollutants entering the atmosphere. The statistics reflect the poor health status of the population, the excess of mortality over fertility in most regions of the country. In almost every region of Russia there is convincing data on the effect of air pollution on the incidence rate of the population.

The territory of the enterprise is planted with greenery; the landscaping area should be at least 15 - 20% of the area of \u200b\u200bthe industrial enterprise.

The average cost of developing 1 hectare of machine-building enterprises ranges from 30 to 50 thousand rubles. Moreover, the paving area (driveways, walkways) is 5 - 12%, and the landscaping area is 7 - 15% of the area.

Gardening purifies the air and has great healing value, and also protects from winds and city noise. The landscaping area should be at least 40% of the microdistrict. At least 10 m2 of green space should be provided per inhabitant.

The economic zone is located at a distance of at least 100 m from the main buildings. The landscaping area should be at least 60% of the plot area.

In the areas of schools and boarding schools, sports, educational, experimental, recreation and economic zones should be provided. The landscaping area should be 40-50% of the plot area.

Greening the territory of the research institute should be carried out by planting the most stable local tree species, including fruit and perennial shrubs, as well as maintaining existing vegetation. The landscaping area should be at least 40% of the territory of the research institute within its borders.

The most important element contributing to the improvement of sanitary and hygienic working conditions is the planting of greenery inside and around its territory. The area of \u200b\u200blandscaping includes areas occupied by trees, shrubs, lawns and flower beds. The main value in this case are trees.