Borisov (city). Borisov How the city of Borisov appeared

Borisov is one of the oldest Belarusian cities. It was founded in 1102 by the Polotsk prince Boris Vseslavich on the left bank of the Berezina River and named after him. Soon it becomes a fortress of the Principality of Polotsk. Its historical purpose - watch - was reflected in the city coat of arms, given to it in 1792: two watchtowers with open gates between them, which symbolized steadfastness, inaccessibility and an open path for good neighborliness and trade.

Due to its geographical location, by the middle of the 13th century Borisov was one of the famous trade and craft centers. At the end of the century, it was a city within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, from 1569, after the signing of the Union of Lublin, until the end of the 18th century, it was within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, then from 1793 Borisov was a district city of the Russian Empire.

In wars and internecine struggles, Borisov land repeatedly became a battlefield, the fortress and settlements were devastated and burned. This was the case during the campaigns of the Lithuanian prince Vitovt against Orsha and Vitebsk, against Smolensk and Pskov in 1395-1425. This was the case in 1430-1431, when there was a struggle for grand-ducal power between Jagiello, Svidrigailo and Sigismund. Borisov suffered especially hard in the wars of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia in 1507, 1514, 1519 and 1534.

In 1563, Borisov received “Magdeburg law”, i.e. the right to self-government, the city became the center of the eldership, and was part of the Orsha district of the Vilna voivodeship.

From 1569, after the signing of the Union of Lublin, Borisov was part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until the second half of the 18th century. This period is notable for the process of forced Polishization of the Orthodox population of the Borisov region. Uniatism was introduced. In many places in the Borisov district, the population opposed forced Polishization and prevented the construction of churches and Uniate churches. At the beginning of the 18th century, Borisov witnessed the events of the Northern War between Russia and Sweden. Near Borisov, the troops of King Charles XII crossed the Berezina.

After the second partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1793, Borisov became a district town.

For many centuries, the Borisov lands passed from one owner to another. This was the Vilna voivode Jan Glebovich, the princes Kazanovsky, Sluzhkov, Oginsky, Radziwill, and finally, the great princes from the house of Romanov.

The Patriotic War of 1812 left a deep mark on the history of the city. Here, 15 km northwest of Borisov on the Berezina River near the village of Studenka, Napoleon’s army was defeated. At the crossing site, on the right and left banks of the Berezina, monuments to Russian and French soldiers were erected. In the city itself, from the time of the Patriotic War, the remains of an artillery battery of Russian troops have been preserved.

The most significant events in the economic, social and political life of the Borisov region began in the mid-19th century. The 60s of the 19th century in Belarus were marked by the strengthening of the revolutionary movement. In 1863, an uprising began under the leadership of K. Kalinovsky. During this period, peasant unrest in Borisov district was led by Borisov resident Anton Trusov. One of the new streets in the city is now named after him.

A big event for the city was the construction of the Moscow-Brest railway through Borisov. On November 16, 1871, the first locomotives were running. On the right bank of the Berezina, near the railway station, the village of Novo-Borisov arose, which in 1900 was connected to Borisov by a long wooden bridge. With the construction of the railway, industry began to develop rapidly, especially in Novo-Borisov. Among the largest enterprises were the Victoria and Berezina match factories, the Papyrus paper factory, a glass factory, several sawmills, breweries, a tobacco factory, and a shipyard. Samples of products from the glass factory, the Papyrus factory and the match factory were exhibited at international fairs and received awards.

The Borisov steamships had a good reputation. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Berezinskaya water system was built, which connected the Dnieper and Western Dvina and connected the basins of the Black and Baltic seas. The city becomes a major river port, a shipbuilding center in the Minsk province and occupies a significant place in trade relations with the cities of the Baltic states and Ukraine. In Belarus, only here at the end of the 19th century were steam ships built. In 1892-1896, 14 river steamers were launched from the shipyard slipways onto the Berezina, which were even delivered to Kremenchug.

From the Borisov railway station, through the forest on the right side of the river, they cut a path into the city, lined it with cobblestones and called Prince Trubetskoy Avenue (named after the Minsk governor). Now this is the main avenue of the city - Revolution Avenue. The buildings were initially made of wood, but at the beginning of the 20th century, brick houses began to be built.

In November 1917, Soviet power was established in Borisov. Since February 1918, the city was occupied by the Germans, and in 1919-1920. - Polish troops. The events of these years are reminiscent of the monument to Sergo Ordzhonikidze, who conducted military reconnaissance on the streets of the city occupied by the White Poles.

After the liberation of the city and region, a period of restoration and reconstruction of industry and agriculture began. In the 30s and 40s, a number of new enterprises were built in Borisov. In 1934, musical instruments began to be produced at the former timber mill. The Comintern plant grew out of the woodworking factories. The bakery and meat processing plant, the Krasny Metalist and Proletarsky Molot plants, the rosin plant (now Lesokhimik OJSC) are also the brainchild of those years.

However, peaceful life did not last long. The Great Patriotic War began. Borisov was occupied by the Nazis. During the war, 33 thousand Borisov residents died. But, despite the brutal terror, the city did not submit to the enemy. There were 17 underground groups operating in the city, and partisans waged a courageous fight against the enemy in the forests of the Borisov region.

On July 1, 1944, troops of the 3rd Belorussian Front under the command of Army General I.D. Chernyakhovsky liberated the city of Borisov. For the courage and heroism shown by Borisov residents during the war, Borisov was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree (1985)

By the beginning of the 50s, the destroyed national economy had been largely restored in the city and region. In subsequent years, Borisov changed significantly. The city has rebuilt itself and become prettier. New industrial enterprises, schools, health care and cultural institutions were built. And today Borisov is the largest industrial center with a population of more than 150 thousand people, and together with the population, the population of the Borisov region is about 200 thousand people.

Alexander Medeltsov

Belarus

Borisov(Belarus. Barysaў) is a city in the Republic of Belarus, the administrative center of the Borisov district of the Minsk region. The territory of the city is 46 km². The population of the city is 143,051 people (as of January 1, 2018). It stands on the Berezina River, 77 km from.

Borisov. Day of Belarusian Literature. Artistic sleeve 2008. Monument to the founder of the city, Prince Boris, against the background of the station and Borisovsky Resurrection Cathedral, the coat of arms of the city. Artist Mikola Ryzhiy.

Statistical information

Borisov is a large industrial city in the Minsk region. In Borisov there are about 40 plants and factories, about 20 joint ventures, 700 trade and public catering enterprises of all forms of ownership. Public education in Borisov includes 24 secondary schools, a lyceum, three gymnasiums, a polytechnic college, three secondary specialized educational institutions, three vocational schools, a music, art and choreography school. There are four newspapers published by three editors. In 2006, industrial enterprises produced products in current prices worth 1,200 billion rubles.

History of the city

First mention in chronicles

In Lithuanian chronicles the city of Borisov is mentioned under the year 1102. “In 1102, Prince Boris Vseslavich went to the Yatvingians and, having defeated them, returned and built a city in his name...” The city arose at the confluence of the Tsina and Boriska rivers and was named after the Polotsk prince Boris (Rogvold) Vseslavich.

The first mention of the city in the Laurentian Chronicle dates back to 1127, and in the Ipatiev Chronicle to 1128, as a fortress of the Principality of Polotsk. The first settlement burned down as a result of a strong fire, as evidenced by archaeological excavations, but was later rebuilt in its original location. In the 14th century, Borisov was moved to the east, where its tributary Skha flows into the Berezina. A tree-earth fortress was built on this site.

The emergence of a new city

The new city arose 4 km downstream of the river, southeast of the original location. On the left bank of the Berezina at the confluence of the Prilya River with it, on an island measuring 200x300 m, a wooden castle was built in the 12th century, which existed until the 18th century. The castle was a wooden-earth fortification surrounded by a deep moat with water with an area of about 2 hectares. Over time, the buildings expanded. In the middle of the 19th century, a new brick standard prison castle was built on the site of the rotten buildings of the castle. At the moment, there are the remains of a building here, which is classified as an object of historical and cultural value, as evidenced by the installed memorial sign.

As part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Due to its geographical location, by the middle of the 13th century Borisov was one of the famous trade and craft centers. At the end of the 13th century, Borisov became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It is listed in the chronicle “List of Russian cities near and far” (late 14th century). In 1563, Borisov received Magdeburg Law from Grand Duke Sigismund, which freed the city's residents from feudal duties and gave them the right to self-government.

As part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

From 1569, after the signing of the Union of Lublin, Borisov until the 18th century was within the boundaries of the Polish-Lithuanian state - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1662, the Austrian diplomat and traveler Meyerberg Augustine passed through the city, who left a description of the architecture, life of the inhabitants and the surrounding area of Borisov.

In June 1655, near Borisov, Prince Baryatinsky Yuri Nikitich, at the head of a two-thousandth advanced regiment, defeated a detachment of Lithuanian troops.

During the war between the Muscovite kingdom and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of 1654-1667. it was occupied several times either by Moscow troops or by the troops of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (see the siege of Borisov). It also suffered seriously during the Northern War of 1700-1721.

In 1792, King Stanislaw Poniatowski of Poland granted the city coat of arms.

As part of the Russian Empire

Borisov became part of the Russian Empire, along with the Belarusian lands, after the second partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1793, becoming a district town.

On January 22, 1796, the city’s coat of arms was approved (law No. 17435), slightly different from the previous one. At the top of the shield is the Minsk coat of arms. At the bottom is the coat of arms given by King Stanislaus Augustus: two towers with a gate between them, set in a silver field, and above them one can see St. Apostle Peter standing on a cloud, who in his right hand holds the keys to heaven, the entrance to which is symbolized by the towers with gates. The coat of arms contains religious Christian symbolism.

The Patriotic War of 1812 left a deep mark on the history of the city. The Berezina crossing near Borisov, according to historians, became the darkest page in the history of Napoleon's wars. The French still use the word “Berezina” (French Bérézina or bérézina) as a synonym for complete failure and disaster.

Monuments near the village of Studenka and on Brilevsky field talk about events 200 years ago. In Borisov itself, the remains of a Russian bastion fortress, built on the right bank of the Berezina on the eve of the War of 1812, have been preserved. The batteries are the first historical monument in Borisov, taken under state protection in 1926. In 1985, a memorial sign was installed here.

As part of the USSR

In November 1917, Soviet power was established in Borisov. Since 1918, the city was occupied by German troops, in March 1918 it was declared part of the Belarusian People's Republic, but already on December 2, 1918, after the departure of the Germans, it was occupied by troops of the RSFSR and became part of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic, and on February 27, 1919, it became part of the Lithuanian -Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1919-1920 was occupied by Polish troops. On March 18, 1921, according to the Treaty of Riga, the territory of the BPR was divided between Poland and the RSFSR, Borisov became Soviet. Since 1924, Borisov has been the center of the BSSR region.

At the beginning of July 1941, stubborn battles took place in the Borisov area between the 1st Moscow Division of the Red Army and Wehrmacht units. Between July 2, 1941 and July 1, 1944, the German occupation authorities created 6 death camps in the city, in which more than 33 thousand people died. The Jews of the city were driven into a ghetto by the Nazis and almost all were killed.

In the battles for Borisov in 1944, the troops of the 3rd Belorussian Front distinguished themselves, 13 military units and formations were awarded the honorary name “Borisov”. On Borisov land, 29 people became Heroes of the Soviet Union, including the party organizer of the tank company P.N. Rak. In honor of the crew of P. Rak, a monument was erected in the city - an IS-2 tank.

On the city banner is the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree.

As part of the Republic of Belarus

Since 1991, after the collapse of the USSR, Borisov belongs to.

Architecture and construction

At the beginning of the 19th century, the first stone buildings appeared in Borisov. In 1806, with the completion of construction Berezinskaya water system, which connected the Dnieper and Western Dvina rivers into a single transport line through the Berezina, Borisov turned into a port and shipbuilding center on the Berezina and began to play an important role in trade relations between Belarusian cities.

Shukhov water tower in Borisov

In 1823, construction of the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary was completed. This is the oldest building of religious architecture preserved in the city. The old square, surrounded by shopping arcades, has retained the characteristic features of 19th-century buildings. Fairs were held in this square twice a year.

In 1871, a railway ran through Borisov, a railway station was built, and the industrial development of the city spread to the right bank of the Berezina River. Now here is the administrative cultural and industrial center of the city, the main residential areas.

In 1927, a hyperboloid water tower was built in Borisov according to the design of Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov.

Population

1795 - 1,600 people
1887 - 17,737 people, including 10,300 Jews and 6,264 Orthodox
1907 - 18,055 people
1959 - 59,300 people
1969 - 77,000 people
1970 - 84,000 people
1991 - 150,200 people
1996 - 156,000 people
1997 - 159,300 people
2005 - 146,639 people
2006 - 146,677 people
2007 - 147,031 people
2008 - 147,529 people
2009 - 147,200 people
2013 - 145,659 people
2015 - 144,945 people

Streets

There are about 270 streets in the city. The longest of them are: Lopatina, III International, Gagarin, Chapaeva, Revolution Avenue, Krasnoarmeyskaya, Zavodskaya, Sennaya, Dymki, Normandy-Niemen regiment, Dneprovskaya, Dauman, Stroiteley. There is one avenue in the city (Revolution).

Economy

The industrial potential is significant. It is represented by 40 enterprises in the fields of mechanical engineering and metalworking, instrument making, chemical, woodworking, pharmaceutical, production of crystal glassware, plastic products, matches and many other goods:

JSC "BATE" for the production of starters and generators for engines.
Borisov Automobile Repair Plant
OJSC "Borisov Plant of Aggregates" - production of turbochargers
JSC "140th Repair Plant" - repair of armored vehicles
OJSC "2566 radio-electronic weapons repair plant" - repair of weapons and military air defense equipment, as well as other complex radio-electronic equipment and military products
PRUE "Borisov Crystal Factory named after. Dzerzhinsky" - production of crystal tableware, decorative crystal products, as well as medical products (medical glass tube, syringe-filled ampoules, bottles for medicines)
OJSC "Borisov plant "Autohydraulic booster" - hydraulic steering systems
OJSC "Borisov Medical Preparations Plant"
JSC "Borisovdrev" production of matches, plywood and MDF
OJSC "Borisov Meat Processing Plant"
SJSC "BelGee" (Belarusian-Chinese car assembly enterprise)

In 2009, industrial enterprises produced products worth 2,150 billion rubles.

Public transport

City public transport is represented by buses and minibuses. City routes are served by buses of the following brands: MAZ-103, MAZ-105, MAZ-203, Neman-5201. The city has 31 bus routes served by large buses and 20 routes served by minibuses.

Sport

Main sports facilities in Borisov:

Borisov Arena, capacity 13,126 spectators (football), cost 60 million US dollars.
City Stadium, capacity 5,402 spectators (football)
Sports center (swimming, mini-football, basketball, volleyball)
BGOUOR stadium (football, artificial turf)
Sports and recreation complex (swimming, mini-football, basketball, volleyball, billiards)

Teams representing Borisov in various sports:

BATE (Belarusian football championship)
"Borisov-900" (Belarusian mini-football championship)
"Berezina" (Belarusian basketball championship)
BATE-BGUFK (Belarusian volleyball championship)
BATE (Belarus Beach Soccer Championship)

Twin Cities

Honorary citizens

Below is a list of holders of the title “Honorary Citizen of the City of Borisov”:

Gallery

Monument to Prince Boris and Resurrection Cathedral

Bell tower of the Resurrection Cathedral

Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary

Church of the Nativity

Railway station

Central Square

Museum of Local Lore

Shukhov Tower in Borisov, 1927

Notes

Chairman of the district executive committee
Geography of the Borisov region - Official website of the Borisov region.
Population as of January 1, 2018 and the average annual population for 2017 in the Republic of Belarus by regions, districts, cities and towns. // National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus. - Mn., 2018.
Gorodetskaya I. L., Levashov E. A.// Russian names of residents: Dictionary-reference book. - M.: AST, 2003. - P. 54. - 363 p. - 5000 copies. - ISBN 5-17-016914-0.
Table of distances between cities of the Republic of Belarus. belaruscity.net. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
Kurbatov O. A. Essays on the development of tactics of the Russian cavalry “hundred service” from the middle of the 16th century. until the middle of the 17th century. // Military archeology. Issue 2.: Slavic Encyclopedia: XVII century (author-compiler V.V. Boguslavsky). - Moscow: Olma-press, 2004. - T. 2 (N-Ya). - P. 671.
FamilyÉchec complet de quelque chose; défaite catastrophique de quelqu'un: Une berézina électorale. bérézina ou Bérézina (French). Dictionnaire Larousse. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
Only Chubais will save the Shukhov Tower in Borisov - ex-press.by
Borysow // Napoleon Rouba. Przewodnik po Litwe i Białejrusi. - Wilno, 1909; - Gdańsk, 1995
- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus: Regions of the Republic of Belarus in figures 2005-2011.
Results of the 2009 census "Population of the Republic of Belarus: its size and composition" (Volume 2)
Population as of January 1, 2015 and the average annual population for 2014 in the Republic of Belarus in the context of regions, districts, cities, urban-type settlements // National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus. - Mn., 2015.
A new fitness and health center has opened in Borisov on the street. Chapaeva
Famous people of Borisov region - borlib.by (inaccessible link - story) . www.borlib.by. Retrieved October 28, 2016. Archived November 7, 2016.

Literature

Voeikov A. I. Borisov, city // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
Matselski M. A. Barysaў and yago Akrug ў the end of the 13th century - the beginning of the 19th century // Drutsk and Barysaў. Yes, the anniversary of old-timers.― Mn., 2002. P. 101-130.
Nasevich V. L. Barysava at the clock of the Vyalikag of the Principality of Lithuania // Dzevyats' stagodzya of Barysava. ― Minsk, 2002. S. 26 - 37.
Minsk region (Republic of Belarus): General geographical atlas: M 1:200,000 / Ed. G. G. Naumenko. State Committee on Property of the Republic of Belarus.. - Minsk: RUE "Belkartografiya", 2008. - 48 p. - 10,000 copies. - ISBN 978-985-508-054-2.(region)

Links

Borisov District Executive Committee - official website
Sights of Borisov with addresses on the website Globe of Belarus
Articles on the history of Borisov

BORISOV, a city (since 1795) in Belarus, Minsk region (see MINSK REGION), located 60 km northeast of Minsk (see MINSK). Railway station. Population 155 thousand people (2004). Mechanical engineering, chemical, glass,... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary

District town of Minsk province, in 75 years. to S.V. from Minsk, at 54° 15 s. w. and 46° 10 in. d. (P.). It existed already at the beginning of the 12th century. Until 1795, it was under the rule of Poland, was the head of the fief of first the Oginskys, then the Radziwills, and... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Borisov, a city in the Minsk region of the BSSR, 65 km northeast of Minsk, on the railway. d. highway Moscow Minsk. Pier on the river Berezina. Railway station. 77 thousand inhabitants (1969). Leading branches of mechanical engineering (automotive and tractor electrical equipment factories,... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

City of Borisov Belor. Barysa Coat of Arms ... Wikipedia

City, district center, Minsk region, Belarus. According to V.N. Tatishchev, the city was founded in the 12th century. Boris, son of Prince. Vseslav of Polotsk. Geographical names of the world: Toponymic dictionary. M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001. Borisov ... Geographical encyclopedia

City (since 1795) in Belarus, Minsk region. Railway station. 150.2 thousand inhabitants (1991). Mechanical engineering (Ekran software, etc.), woodworking, chemical and chemical-pharmacological, food, light industry; production of musical... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Contents 1 Men 1.1 A 1.2 B 1.3 V ... Wikipedia

- (real name Albert) (November 8, 1929, Privolzhsk, Ivanovo region April 27, 1994, Moscow), Russian theater and film actor, People's Artist of the USSR (1978), laureate of the USSR State Prize (1978, for theatrical works), laureate of the State ... Encyclopedia of Cinema

Books

, Borisov Alexey Nikolaevich, Smolensk. 1239 The richest city of Rus' was supposed to repeat the fate of Ryazan, Vladimir and Suzdal, but resisted the hordes of conquerors - the Mongols. The legends will mention the feat... Category: Domestic combat science fiction Series: Witch series Publisher: AST,
Byzantine. Smolensk direction, Borisov Alexey Nikolaevich, Smolensk. 1239 The richest city of Rus' was supposed to repeat the fate of Ryazan, Vladimir and Suzdal, but resisted the hordes of Mongol conquerors. The legends will mention the feat... Category: Science Fiction Series: Witch series Publisher:

Borisov is the second most important industrial city in the Minsk region, with 42 plants and factories, 613 trade and public catering enterprises of all forms of ownership. Public education in Borisov is one branch of a higher educational institution (Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship), 24 secondary schools, 3 gymnasiums, a polytechnic lyceum, 3 secondary specialized educational institutions, 3 vocational schools, music, art and choreography schools. There are also two newspapers: “Borisovskie Novosti” - with an opposition slant (which is now published underground and is not sold at newsstands) and “Adzinstva” - a state newspaper.

Story

In the Belarusian-Lithuanian chronicles the city of Borisov is mentioned under the year 1102. “In 1102, Prince Boris Vseslavich went to the Yatvingians and, having defeated them, returned and built a city in his own name...” So, according to the testimony of Belarusian-Lithuanian historiography, a city arose at the confluence of the Skha and Berezina rivers, named after the Polotsk prince Boris Vseslavovich. However, the first mention of the city in the Laurentian Chronicle dates back only to 1127, and in the Ipatiev Chronicle to 1128, as a fortress of the Principality of Polotsk. The first settlement burned down as a result of a strong fire, as evidenced by archaeological excavations. A new city arose to the south, where its tributary, the Sha, flows into the Berezina. A wooden fortress was built on this site in the 12th century.

Due to its geographical location, by the middle of the 13th century Borisov was one of the famous trade and craft centers. At the end of the 13th century, Borisov became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. From 1569, after the signing of the Union of Lublin, Borisov until the 18th century was within the boundaries of the Polish-Belarusian state - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Numerous wars repeatedly ravaged and devastated Borisov. At the beginning of the 15th century, the internecine struggle of princes Jagiello, Zhigimont and Svidrigailo almost completely destroyed the city. During the Russian-Polish War of 1654-1667. it was occupied several times by either the Russians or the Poles. It also suffered seriously during the Northern War of 1700-1721.

Borisov became part of the Russian Empire, along with Minsk and the Belarusian lands, after the second partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1793. It became a county town that suffered a lot from foreign invaders, who were beaten, however, here, as if by tradition, since the time of the Swedish king Charles XII .

On January 22, 1796, the city's coat of arms was approved (law No. 17435). At the top of the shield is the Minsk coat of arms. At the bottom is the coat of arms given by the Polish King Stanislaus Augustus: two military towers with gates, between them placed in a silver field, and above them one can see St. Apostle Peter standing on a cloud, holding the keys to the city in his right hand. The coat of arms symbolized steadfastness, inaccessibility and an open path for good neighborliness and trade.

Monuments near the village of Studenka and on Brilevskoye Field tell about events that took place almost 180 years ago. In Borisov itself, the remains of an artillery battery of Russian troops, built on the right bank of the Berezina on the eve of Napoleon's invasion, have been preserved. The batteries are the first historical monument in Borisov, taken under state protection in 1926. In 1985, a memorial sign was installed here. 15 km north of Borisov, near the village of Studenka, the Napoleonic army was finally defeated. In honor of this victory of the Russian army, a monument was erected in 1967.

In November 1917, Soviet power was established in Borisov. Since 1918, the city was occupied by the Germans, and in 1919-1920. - Polish troops. Since 1924, Borisov has been the center of the region.

During the Great Patriotic War, from July 2, 1941 to July 1, 1944, the Nazi invaders created 6 death camps in the city and killed more than 33 thousand people. In the battles for Borisov, the troops of the 3rd Belorussian Front distinguished themselves, 13 military units and formations were awarded the honorary name “Borisov”. On Borisov land, 29 people became Heroes of the Soviet Union. On the city banner is the Order of the Patriotic Warrior, 1st degree.

After liberation from the Nazi invaders, Borisov quickly developed and its population grew: in 1959 - 59.3 thousand, in 1970 - 84 thousand, and in 1997 - 154.3 thousand inhabitants.

Architecture

At the beginning of the 19th century, the first stone buildings appeared in Borisov. In 1806, with the completion of the construction of the Berezina water system, which connected the Dnieper and Western Dvina rivers through the Berezina into a single transport line, Borisov turned into a port and shipbuilding center on the Berezina and began to play an important role in trade relations between Belarusian cities.

In 1823, construction of the church was completed. This is the oldest building of religious architecture preserved in the city. The old square, surrounded by shopping arcades, has retained the characteristic features of 19th-century buildings and is an interesting example of provincial civil architecture. Fairs were held in this square twice a year.

In 1871, the Moscow-Brest railway ran through Borisov, a railway station was built, and the industrial development of the city spread to the right bank of the Berezina River. Now here is the administrative cultural and industrial center of the city, the main residential areas.

In Borisov there is a unique architectural monument - one of the world's first hyperboloid structures - a steel openwork mesh tower. The hyperboloid water tower was built according to the design of the great engineer and scientist Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov. There are only 11 such towers left in the world out of more than two hundred built by V. G. Shukhov. The most famous is the Shukhov Tower on Shabolovka in Moscow. Hyperboloid structures were subsequently built by many famous architects: Gaudi, Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer.

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HISTORY OF THE CITY OF BORISOV

Introduction

1. Toponymy of Borisov streets

2. Borisov Church: birth, death, resurrection

3. History of the Resurrection Cathedral

4. Bread riot in Borisov

Introduction

Borisov is one of the oldest Belarusian cities.

Borisov is located 60 km northeast of Minsk along the Moscow-Warsaw highway. Urban area - 4597 hectares. Population more than 154 thousand people. Borisov is the second most important industrial city in the Minsk region, with 42 plants and factories, 613 trade and public catering enterprises of all forms of ownership, incl. - 368 state, 83 uniform, 23 district farms. Public education in Borisov includes 18 secondary schools, 3 gymnasiums, a polytechnic lyceum, 3 secondary specialized educational institutions, 3 vocational schools, music, art and choreography schools.

In the Belarusian-Lithuanian chronicles the city of Borisov is mentioned under the year 1102. “In 1102, Prince Boris Vseslavich went to the Yatvingians and, having defeated them, returned and built a city in his name...” Thus, according to the testimony of Belarusian-Lithuanian historiography, a city arose at the confluence of the Skha and Berezina rivers, named after the Polotsk prince Boris Vseslavovich. However, the first mention of the city in the Laurentian Chronicle dates back to 1127, and in the Ipatiev Chronicle to 1128, as a fortress of the Principality of Polotsk. The first settlement burned down as a result of a strong fire, as evidenced by archaeological excavations. A new city arose to the south, where its tributary, the Sha, flows into the Berezina. A wooden fortress was built on this site in the 12th century.

Due to its geographical location, by the middle of the 13th century Borisov was one of the famous trade and craft centers. At the end of the 13th century, Borisov became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. From 1569, after the signing of the Union of Lublin, Borisov until the 18th century was within the boundaries of the Polish state - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Numerous wars repeatedly ravaged and devastated Borisov. At the beginning of the 15th century, the internecine struggle of the princes Jagiello, Zhigizmont and Svidrigailo almost completely destroyed the city. During the Russian-Polish War of 1654-1667. it was occupied several times by either the Russians or the Poles. It also suffered seriously during the Northern War of 1700-1721.

Borisov became part of Russia, along with Minsk and the Belarusian lands, in 1793 (after the second partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth). It became a county town that suffered a lot from foreign invaders, who were beaten, however, here, as if by tradition, since the time of the Swedish king Charles XII.

In 1796, the city's coat of arms was approved: in an open field - a gate with two watchtowers, and above the gate - the Apostle Peter with the keys to the city in his right hand, which symbolized steadfastness, inaccessibility and an open path for good neighborliness and trade.

The Patriotic War of 1812 left a deep mark on the history of the city. In 1812, the invaders failed to subjugate the local population, and the Berezinsky crossing near Borisov, according to historians, became the darkest page in the history of Napoleon’s wars. “The riches of Moscow did not cross the Berezina: they were paid for with flight, shame and life,” wrote General A.P. Ermolov. Monuments near the village of Studenka and on Brilevskoye Field tell about events that took place almost 180 years ago. In Borisov itself, the remains of an artillery battery of Russian troops, built on the right bank of the Berezina on the eve of Napoleon's invasion, have been preserved. The batteries are the first historical monument in Borisov, taken under state protection in 1926. In 1985, a memorial sign was installed here. 15 km north of Borisov, near the village of Studenka, the Napoleonic army was finally defeated. In honor of this victory of the Russian army, a monument was erected in 1967.

In the battles for Borisov, the troops of the 3rd Belorussian Front distinguished themselves, 13 military units and formations were awarded the honorary name "Borisov". On Borisov land, 29 people became Heroes of the Soviet Union. On the city banner is the Order of the Patriotic Warrior, 1st degree.

In 1871, the Moscow-Brest railway ran through Borisov, a railway station was built, and the industrial development of the city spread to the right bank of the river. Now here is the administrative cultural and industrial center of the city, the main residential areas.

In November 1917, Soviet power was established in Borisov. Since 1918, the city was occupied by the Germans, and in 1919-1920. - Polish troops. Since 1924, Borisov has been the center of the region.

During the Great Patriotic War, from July 2, 1941 to July 1, 1944, the Nazi invaders created 6 death camps in the city and killed more than 33 thousand people. After liberation, Borisov developed rapidly and its population grew: in 1959 - 59.3 thousand, in 1970 - 84 thousand, and in 1997 - 154.3 thousand inhabitants.

Borisov land is the birthplace of many famous people: A.I. Khatskevich and I.A. Adamovich, scientists G.P. Gurinovich. and Borisenko V.V., artist Pavlovsky G.I., sculptor Anikeichik A.A and Vronsky M.K., Honored Artist of the BSSR Adameyko M.N., Hero of Socialist Labor Sudnikov P.D. and others.

In a city with almost 10 centuries of history, the glorious pages of its past are sacredly revered and remembered. And this is the key to the future of the ancient and eternally young city of Borisov.

Toponymy of Borisov streets

(From the book “Memory on Blood” by A. Rosenblum, 1998)

Every revolution or coup d'etat arouses an ineradicable passion for renaming, sometimes regardless of expediency or common sense. Everyone knows that in France, at one time, zealous rebels even renamed the months of the calendar (and in our time, the communist rulers of North Korea have taken over the calendar). A similar itch gripped the Bolsheviks after seizing power. It is easy to verify this by at least paying attention to the names of the streets of any Soviet city.

In Borisov, only a few old streets have retained their original names: Goncharnaya, Naberezhnaya, Pochtovaya, Pushkinskaya, Sennaya, Stekolnaya. As for the vast majority of Borisov streets, their original names have long been forgotten. By the way, some city highways were renamed more than once. In particular, st. Mikhailovskaya was first named after the Bolshevik Podbelsky, but after his arrest the street became Studencheskaya, and now bears the name of fellow countryman Mikhail Morozov, Hero of the Soviet Union. The names of the streets Khitrikovskaya, Millionnaya, Zarembovskaya, Polotskaya were changed more than once. There were Trotsky, Zinoviev, Bukharin, Bela Kun streets in the city. All these are Bolsheviks, destroyed by Stalin, but for the name of the “father of the people” himself there was no suitable street in Borisov in terms of beauty.

In 1925, the 3rd Battery was named after a certain Baturin. Today no one knows who this man was, and the claim that this street was renamed in honor of the commissar of the Chapaev division is only a baseless version.

What were local authorities guided by when giving new names to streets? Most often for opportunistic reasons. At the same time, historical factors and the opinions of competent specialists in the field of toponymy were not taken into account. For example, they named one of the new streets after Marshal Grechko, but no one knows what services this man has to the city or at least to the republic. About a dozen objects in different places of Belarus have already been named after the military leader Galitsky, but this turned out to be not enough. Someone wanted to have a street in his honor in Borisov. They didn't ask for advice. There are many other names that cause nothing but bewilderment. Vatutin, Komarov, Kotovsky, Liebknecht, Osipenko, Panfilov, Papanin, Pirogov, Popov, Pugachev, Razin, Uritsky, Rosa Luxemburg, Chapaev, Schmidt, Shchors... - no one will ever intelligibly explain the motives for the appearance of these and similar ones on the city map surnames that have nothing to do with Borisov. Perhaps this was the result of the meager thinking of some Bolshevik functionaries and their momentary mood. Or, which is also likely, there were some official calendars, beyond which it was forbidden to go.

Here we involuntarily recall the analogy with the question of the name of the new cinema built in Borisov in 1987. On this occasion, a wide competition was announced, but the winning name did not pass through the censorship sieve, since it did not fit into the dull communist monotony. In every city it’s the same thing - “Motherland”, “Victory”, “Peace”, “October”...

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, in many cities of its former republics there was a tendency to return streets and other objects to their historical names. It is possible that over time this will also be done in Borisov.

There are about 250 streets in the city. Below is a list of the original names of some of them. Current names are given in parentheses. This list is unlikely to be superfluous for those who keep the old addresses of their ancestors who once lived in Borisov.

ALEXANDROVSKAYA (Engels)

ALEXEEVSKAYA (Uritsky)

ANDREEVSKAYA (Normandy-Niemen)

BATAREYNY lane (street 1812)

VILENSKAYA (connected to Sautinskaya - Komsomolskaya)

VOKZALNY AVENUE (Truda St.)

VSEVIATSKAYA (Red Banner)

GLIVINSKAYA (Chernyakhovsky)

GUMENNAYA (Supruna)

EKATERINENSKAYA (Roses Luxemburg)

COUNTRY (Rubena Ibarruri)

ZAREMBOVSKAYA (Pavel Raka)

IRKUTSKAYA (Blyukhera)

CEMETERY (Konstantin Zaslonova)

KOZHEVENNY lane (Partisan)

CURVE (Maxim Gorky)

LASCHEVSKAYA (Khatskevich)

LEPELSKAYA (connected with Minsk - 3rd International)

MINSKAYA (connected with Lepelskaya - 3rd International)

MONOPOLY (Lenin)

MOSCOW (connected to Polynskaya - Dzerzhinsky)

MOSCOW TRACT (First Moscow Division)

NIKOLAEVSKAYA (Soviet)

NOVONIKOLAEVSKAYA (Oktyabrskaya)

NOVOPOBOYNAYA (Oleg Koshevoy)

PAVLOVSKAYA (Leningradskaya)

POLOTSKAYA (connected with Prison and Bazarnaya - Lopatina)

POLYNSKAYA (connected to Moscow - Dzerzhinsky)

RICHTER (Karl Marx)

SAUTINSKAYA (connected to Vilenskaya - Komsomolskaya)

TOVARNAYA (30th anniversary of the Komsomol)

THIRD BATTERY (Baturina)

TRUBETSKOY AVENUE (Revolution Avenue)

PRISON (connected to Bazarnaya and Polotskaya - Lopatina)

PRISON lane (Gogol St.)

FELDFEBELSKAYA (Proletarskaya)

KHITRIKOVSKAYA (Chapaeva)

SCHOOL (Adamovich)

It is clear that there were some renamings during the years of fascist occupation. Revolution Avenue was named the street. Svobody, st. Dzerzhinsky - Belorusskaya, Proletarskaya - Parkovaya, Chapaev - Bobruiskaya, Herzen - Svetlaya, Ordzhonikidze - Shirokaya, Karl Liebknecht - Rosin, Rosa Luxemburg - Hospital, Republican - Railway, Karl Marx - Quiet, Leninskaya - Peaceful, Soviet - Borisovskaya, Baturin - Far , Dauman - Kanatnaya, Pushkinskaya - Literary, Lermontov - Green, Fabricius - Extreme, Kolkhoz - Dvorovaya, Krasnoarmeyskaya - Beregovoy, Parachutists - Drovyanaya, etc. The replacement of completely neutral names by the occupiers also defies comprehension. Tsvetnaya became Motley, Zemdelelcheskaya became Rybatskaya, Rabochy Khimik became Krivoy, Planerny Lane became Samoletny, Beregovoy became Izvestkovy... The occupier names did not have time to take root and did not remain in anyone’s memory.

borisov street church

Borisov Church - birth, death, resurrection

Alexander Rosenblum Borisov Church - birth, death, resurrection Traces of the Borisov Church lead into the depths of the 17th century. It was built on Minskaya Street in 1642 by the elder Adam Kazanovich. The income of the church was provided by the lands of the Ratutici estate. The Borisov eldership transferred these lands to the church as a gift, approved by King Vladislav IV (by the way, after the death of Kazanovich and Vladislav, a memorial liturgy for their souls took place in the church every Friday).

That church building was wooden and, therefore, fire hazardous and short-lived. However, the ancient temple operated for more than 150 years, until it was destroyed by fire (this happened in 1806).

Efforts to build a new church began immediately, and the credit for this belonged to prelate Onufry Gzovsky. A project for a classical stone basilica was chosen, but construction dragged on for 17 years and was completed only in 1823. But the appearance of the church did not satisfy the parish. Therefore, construction work resumed in 1836, with the goal of making the main façade more attractive. A year later, it was already a cascading four-tier bell tower with a cone-like roof, above which rose the usual radiant cross.

In the new church, an icon with an image in a silver frame of the Mother of God with the blessed baby Jesus in her hand found a place that miraculously survived a fire in the old building.

The church, of course, was engaged not only in religious activities, but also in charity and education. Under his leadership and care there was an infirmary with 27 beds and an elementary school for 80 students.

The suppression of the 1863 uprising complicated the religious life of Catholics in Belarus. Russification was felt everywhere, and not all Catholic priests had the strength to prevent this. Among these soft-hearted people was the rector of the Borisov Church since 1876, Father Lukashevich. But in 1899 he was replaced by priest Joseph Gurka, who was able to quickly return the church traditions and thereby strengthen his authority among the large flock. Under the new abbot, the interior of the church also changed (in particular, the walls were decorated with terracotta, which illustrated all the stops of the Crusade) and a plebania was built.

The October Revolution did not bode well for religion. All land was nationalized, and the land plots of the temples were essentially confiscated. But, nevertheless, despite the hooting of militant atheists and financial difficulties, the church continued to fulfill its functions.

The notorious year 1937 has arrived. The frenzied orgy of terror also deeply and painfully affected Catholics. Many of them were arrested. The church was seen as a breeding ground for espionage. It was closed, and the rector Adolf Krzewicki and other people close to the church disappeared into the dungeons of the Gulag. They even arrested the church cleaner, 54-year-old Marciana Kazimirovna Kulakovskaya, who was also called a spy and was shot on December 9, 1937 in Borisov.

Then the property of the church disappeared, and the building began to be used as a storage facility for various government junk.

It is known that over the last century Borisov has experienced many fires and several military upheavals with artillery shelling and bombing, but it is interesting that not a single brick fell from the church as a result of these events. It was not guns that damaged the temple.

After the fascist occupiers were expelled from Borisov, the surviving church building was converted into a cinema. At the same time, the city authorities decided to destroy the characteristic features of the temple in the religious building. They destroyed the tower, reduced the height of the central nave with a nondescript ceiling (which hid from view the elegance of the pristine arched ceiling), and the powerful inter-nave columns were connected along the length with plywood partitions. Thus, three separate rooms were created - an auditorium and two side foyers.

In 1965, the cinema moved to a new fundamental building specially built for it, and the vacated church was transferred to a medical school for use as a gym. And when the school received a new building, the church began to be empty. The local authorities intended to adapt it for museum displays and various exhibitions. But such a plan could only remain in the dreams of its authors, since the building required major repairs, and there was no money for this in the city treasury and was not forthcoming. True, under the guise of traditional Komsomol subbotniks, they tried to attract free labor, but nothing worked out, although on weekends you could sometimes see a few Komsomol members fumbling around in the church, trying to remove years of garbage from there.

Meanwhile, a group of Catholic enthusiasts led by Pyotr Vikentievich Zaremba besieged various organizations, demanding the return of the church to its rightful owner - the Catholic community of Borisov region.

Over the years, numerous appeals on this issue to local and metropolitan institutions have been smashed against a dull, impenetrable monolith. But the wind of change has strengthened the persistent desire, and finally they achieve success. On October 24, 1988, their demand was satisfied (although not everything that was once shamelessly taken away was returned, and the absence of a patio and utility rooms, as is known, cannot but affect the multifaceted activities of the temple).

State registration of the Catholic community of the mountains. Borisov took place on February 7, 1989, and on July 14, 1990, the church was illuminated by Bishop Tadeusz Kondrusiewicz. Soon the rector of the church was appointed here - priest Józef Petushka (born in 1932), a highly educated theologian and historian who graduated from two universities.

It is easy to imagine how much effort and money was required to repair the building mutilated by thoughtless atheists, to decorate the interior and purchase the necessary organ. But the enviable perseverance of the Catholic community overcame all difficulties, and the old attractive church acquired its original appearance. And the many-sided flock reached out to him, either for Mass or confession - not under duress, but at the call of God and the soul. The church was resurrected, and after a forced long break, full-blooded and unabated life was revived in it, as should be the case in every church of any denomination.

The church in Borisov is an architectural monument of late classicism and is listed in the Collection of Monuments of the Minsk Region.

Temples of Borisov and surrounding villages

Before the October revolution, about 70 churches operated in Borisov and in the territory now occupied by the Borisov district, incl. more than 50 Orthodox. Three of the latter were brick - the Resurrection Cathedral in Borisov (built in 1874), the church in Bytcha (1891) and the church in the town of Zembin (1904). Some churches had parish schools.

And Catholics prayed in three churches: brick in Borisov (1823) and Zembin (1909) and wooden in Dedelovichi (1798). By the way, the Dedelovichi (or Dedilovichi) church was located near the Catholic cemetery, which was once famous for the attractiveness and elegance of its monuments (now only ruins remain from this famous churchyard).

Old Believers and Baptists also had their own chapels, but there were relatively few of them.

The Jewish community was distinguished by the number of houses of worship. There were 13 synagogues in Borisov, incl. 4 brick. There were also synagogues in Zembina, Dedelovichi, Chernevka, Loshnitsa, Plitchenka...

After the Bolsheviks came to power, an uncompromising struggle began with religion. Militant atheists closed all churches, almost all churches and synagogues, and temple property was confiscated or destroyed. Wooden religious buildings were dismantled or converted into clubs or warehouses. Stone buildings were also defaced. In the church where the cinema was located, the cascade tower was dismantled, and the largest synagogue in the city, turned into a club and then into the House of Pioneers, was so thoughtlessly reconstructed in 1962 that the main facade, which was distinguished by its architectural attractiveness, turned into a banal gray wall.

The clergy were also persecuted. Many of them (for example, priest Nikolai Matskevich, priest Adolf Kshevitsky, Rabbi Yakov-Yuda Ryzhik) ended their earthly journey in Stalin’s dungeons.

With the beginning of fundamental changes in the state, religious life in Borisov and the region began to revive. Old churches are being revived and new ones are being built, but their number is still very far from the previous number, especially since the construction is not being carried out at the expense of the state, which remains in an unpaid debt to believers and is unlikely to be able to atone for its great sin.

Villages of the Borisov region where there were churches

Baran (Pokrovskaya, attributed Ilyinskaya and Preobrazheniya)

Bolshie Negnovichi (Kosma and Demyan)

Bolshoye Stakhovo (Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary)

Boyars (Mikhailovskaya)

Brodovka (Holy Trinity)

Budenici (cemetery)

Bytcha (Holy Trinity, attributed to Nikolaevskaya)

Velyatichi (Preobrazheniya, attributed Pokrovskaya)

Gantsevichi (Pokrovskaya)

Glywyn (Exaltation of the Cross)

Mountain (Varvarinskaya)

Gorovets (Pokrovskaya)

Dedelovichi (Pokrovskaya)

Drozdino (Kosma and Demyan)

Zhitkovo (Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary)

Zhortayka (Holy Spirit)

Zabashevichi (Pokrovskaya, attributed Varvarinskaya)

Zamoshe (Mikhailovskaya)

Zachistye (St. Nicholas the Wonderworker)

Zembin (Mikhailovskaya)

Zorichi, former Smorkie (Assumption and homemade Cyril and Methodius)

Kimia (Uspenskaya)

Kishchina Sloboda (Peter and Paul)

Korsakovichi (Transfiguration)

Kostritsa (Transfiguration)

Kostyuki (Dmitrievskaya)

Loshnitsa (Mikhailovskaya, according to other sources - Holy Spirit)

Lyubcha (John the Baptist)

Lutets (Nikolaevskaya)

Lyakhovka (Nikolaevskaya)

Metcha (Nativity of the Holy Virgin)

Mlekhovo (Georgievskaya)

Vengeance (Exaltation of the Cross)

Mkherino (Ilyinskaya)

Nemanjica (Peter and Paul)

Novoselki Glivinsky s/s (Nikolaevskaya)

Ozdyatichi (Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary)

Peresadsky Island s/s (Pokrovskaya)

Kholkholitsky Island s/s (Transfiguration)

Glades (Holy Spirit)

Rakovtsy (Kosma and Demyan)

Ratutichy (Pokrovskaya)

Rubezh (Ilyinskaya)

Selets (John the Baptist)

Settlement Metchenskogo s/s (Uspenskaya)

Slobodka Zabashevichsky s/s (Troitskaya)

Molars (John the Baptist)

Staro-Borisov (home Alexandrinskaya)

Old Yancino (Holy Spirit)

Sudol (Nikolaevskaya)

Upirevichi (Holy Trinity)

History of the Resurrection Cathedral

According to official statistics, in 1865 Borisov experienced five fires that destroyed 345 houses. There were also human casualties.

The fire did not spare the wooden church, which was located next to the market. And then only one small cemetery church of Andrei Yurodivy remained in the city (now it is a prayer house of Old Believers on Gazetnaya Street). Naturally, among the Orthodox people the question immediately arose about the construction of a new church, not a wooden one, but a stone one, spacious and beautiful, which would be in no way inferior to the church built back in 1823 (the synagogue built in 1866 was also stone). ).

Reviewing applications, finding funds and a suitable project took five years. The initial project of a five-domed church, proposed by engineer Skuratov, was rejected by the Minsk diocese, mainly due to the small size and, therefore, insufficient capacity of the prayer hall. We settled on another option - a cathedral with nine domes, three apses, an expressive outline, attractive decor and sufficient volume (27x23x12 m).

The “conception” of the temple and its consecration in the name of the Resurrection of Christ the Savior (two chapels were named in honor of the holy princes Vladimir and Alexander Donskoy) took place on Sunday, September 5, 1871 (old style) in the presence of eminent persons. Bishop Alexander of Minsk and Bobruisk gave a speech.

The estimated construction costs, according to the approved estimate, amounted to 47,890 rubles. 14 kopecks At that time this was a considerable amount, but due to unforeseen circumstances it was not enough. When digging a pit, it turned out that the quality of the soil did not allow the use of the designed conventional foundation. We had to make and drive 580 piles, which required an additional 3,000 rubles.

The cathedral was built by highly qualified masons from the town of Ivenets, and Vilna artists Elishevsky and Trutnev were invited to decorate the interior.

The leader of the local nobility, Vladimir Ermolsky, was in charge of financing the construction and providing the necessary materials, and the technical management was provided by the architect Sergei Petrovich Ivanov.

Construction of the temple lasted three years and ended on October 15, 1874 (old style). And five days later, on October 20, on the occasion of the first divine service, a solemn ceremony took place with the participation of the provincial leadership and high-ranking clergy.

In the ceremonial speeches there was sharp criticism of Catholics, Uniates and Polish nobles, who, according to the speakers, for several centuries had aimed to subjugate the Belarusian people to foreign influence, i.e. The Vatican.

The main merit in the successful completion of the construction of the cathedral was attributed to Vl. Ermolsky, who was presented with a silver cup with gilding and the following inscription: “Our great-grandfathers ate simply and lived in the world for up to a hundred years.”

The splendor of the new Orthodox church in Borisov attracted the attention of many. For an engraving with his image, the St. Petersburg weekly Niva, popular at that time, in No. 12 for 1877, did not spare a whole page.

The first rector of the Resurrection Cathedral was priest Kliment Groditsky.

And at the beginning of the twentieth century, a local official and church warden, Nil Burtsev, took the initiative to build a brick belfry at the main entrance of the cathedral. And this idea was brought to life in 1907 by the Minsk diocesan architect Viktor Struev (1864-1931). Now this bell tower together with the cathedral forms an integral ensemble.

The rector of the temple in those years was Nikolai Falevich, who was distinguished by his charitable activities, active participation in solving city problems and enjoyed enormous authority among the parishioners.

The advent of Marxism-Leninism showed extreme intolerance towards all other religions. In 1937, especially dark times came for the cathedral, as well as for the whole country. At the command of the authorities, believers were expelled from the temple, crosses were cut down from the domes, and the interior was looted. The cathedral was turned into a granary, and the bell tower was converted into a parachute tower.

But the war returned everything to normal. The fascist occupiers, trying to attract the Slavic population to their side, returned the cathedral to the flock. It was repaired (Jewish specialists were forced to restore the crosses on the domes), and services began there.

In October 1941, the diocese appointed a rector there. This was a graduate of the Zhirovitsky Theological Seminary, 37-year-old Father John (in the world - Ivan Matveevich Strok). During the difficult years of occupation, he helped the sick and poor as best he could, tried to alleviate the lot of Soviet prisoners of war, sheltered and saved a Jewish boy, and prevented the deportation of about 300 Borisov residents to forced labor in Germany.

However, immediately after the liberation of the city, Father John was arrested by Soviet authorities, and as an accomplice of the enemy, he was sent to Stalin’s dungeons (rehabilitated only in 1956).

However, the cathedral was no longer closed, although during the reign of Khrushchev the ringing of bells was banned, which, according to an article inspired by a local newspaper, allegedly disturbed the peace of the townspeople (perestroika abolished this ban).

Today, the cathedral continues to live in its usual rhythm, being, among other things, an architectural monument. Contemporaries find in it features of eclecticism characteristic of the second half of the 19th century. The architecture of the Resurrection Cathedral in Borisov is described in detail in a special publication - the Code of Historical and Cultural Monuments of Belarus.

Thirty years after the commissioning of the Resurrection Cathedral in Borisov, another temple was built near the railway station - the wooden Yulievs Church with a parish school. The Bolsheviks closed it, and the last war destroyed the building. Subsequently, attempts were made to revive this church, and even a dome was erected over the premises of the former city committee near Novoborisovsky Park. But nothing came of this idea due to opposition from the authorities. It was only after the collapse of the Soviet Union that the Orthodox residents of Novo-Borisov were able to realize their aspirations. The new church was built near the Novoborisov cemetery and was lit on January 13, 2000.

Bread riot in Borisov

Hunger is not an aunt from Borisov... In the city on the Berezina 68 years ago there was a grain riot

A country where everything goes well wakes up in the morning to the smell of freshly baked bread. And buns - with cinnamon or vanilla, if the state's affairs are going well.

Now let’s build this everyday political science observation in reverse order. If in a state products are distributed using ration cards, it means that the ghost of... no, not communism - pestilence is wandering through its geospaces. The bony and death-causing famine in the industrialization-collectivization year of 1932 reached Belarus...

"Fence documents" for the proletariat

Glory to the people who know how to refine official vocabulary!

The centralized division of products, introduced in the USSR in 1928-1929, was carried out according to “fence documents”. The tooth-crushing term, which makes you feel sick in the pit of your stomach, has been baptized by people into the almost soulful word “cards”.

In the spring of 1932 (and after every winter, as you know, you want greens, vitamins, Easter cake with ginger), 800 daily grams of black bread, two monthly kilos of herring fish and one and a half kilograms of sugar were given per working soul. And for a very hard-working soul. Because the spring food standards of 1932 in the Soviet Union were strictly differentiated. According to the study by E. Osokina "The Hierarchy of Consumption. About the life of people under Stalin's supply conditions. 1928-1935." (MGOU, 1993), on the 15th anniversary of the October Revolution, the Soviet people-creator was divided into 4 lists of food recipients. At the top of the edible table of ranks was a special list that included “elite” people and workers employed at large industrial facilities. The first included the rest of the proletariat, engineers, political personnel of the Red Army and Navy, OGPU troops, police, students and teachers of the FZU. The second determined the standards for the stomachs of employees, family members of workers and employees, as well as persons of liberal professions. And finally, the third was intended for the flowers of life - children. Inside, each list was divided into three more categories, according to which the division of 6 main types of products was carried out: bread, cereals, meat, fish, butter, sugar.

For better clarity, we present comparative standards for meat of various Soviet eaters. The privileged first category of consumers on the special list were entitled to 4.4 kilograms per month, their lower-ranked neighbors on the list received half as much. The hegemon, the army and the police could count on 2.0 - 0.4 kilograms of meat. The average intelligentsia received 400 grams. Well, wives and children, judging by the zeros in the standards, were required to be vegetarians for the entire calendar year. Or count on marital and parental affection.

Now let’s add two more strokes to the picture of the cold spring of 1932. Over the four years of the “fence” system, the national consumer basket has become considerably thinner. It no longer included, as in the beginning, flour, tea, and eggs. The cost of living portions have also been reduced. (For example, meat rations for the industrial proletariat began to weigh two kilos less).

Contrary to cheerful marches and newspaper assurances, the collectivized bins of the Motherland, alas, were not bursting with socialist grain. On the contrary: in the most grain-producing regions, not to mention the Non-Black Earth Region, shortages and famine came along with the general milling collection and the clearing of private and public wastelands. On March 25, 1932, a meeting of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the CP(b)B was held in Minsk, at which the second issue discussed the information “About the price of bread and the centralized karmas of the BSSR.” The resolution was unequivocal - to ask Moscow to release an additional 10 thousand tons of grain to supply workers on state farms, collective farmers and poor individual farms in border areas.

During this hungry time, the People's Commissariat of Supply of the BSSR decided to cut food rations for the population from April 6, 1932. One hundred to two hundred grams per category of eaters. Moreover, a solid group of grunters, representing untrusted peat mining, a number of specialized state farms, local construction sites, industrial plants, invalid artels, technical schools, were removed from centralized allowances altogether. Dependents and children were also among those deprived of rations.

The children shouted: “Give me bread and the opportunity to study!”

The hungry regions swallowed such unsweet news in silence. But industrial Borisov exploded: a grain riot occurred in the city.

“Starting from April 7, women began to gather near the bread shops; separate groups of them burst into the shops and took away the bread available there. At the same time, crowds on the street took away the bread from two carts that brought bread to the shops. The main motive for these performances and the sharply excited mood of the crowd there was a withdrawal from supplies of dependents and especially children.

On the night of April 8, bread was delivered to the shops on trucks. In the morning, at the shops the same thing was observed as on April 7th. An attempt was made to forcefully seize bread from a shop in Novo-Borisov, but the police arrived in time and the crowd was pushed back and the shop was closed. The element that actively participated in the seizure of grain was arrested and only in the evening was transported to the city of Borisov, as the crowd surrounding the police demanded the release of those arrested, shouting: “The hungry are asking for bread, and you are imprisoning them.”

Opposite the police is the headquarters of the 7th artillery regiment, and at the headquarters address shouts were heard from the crowd: “Defend the workers, they are not given bread, they are being put in prison.” Only after persuasion from the military commissar of the artillery regiment did the crowd begin to disperse.

When, as a result of the arrests and the resumption of the bread trade, the excitement dropped significantly and the crowd began to line up at the bread shops, a group of children appeared on the street, heading to the barracks of the 4th artillery regiment shouting: “Give me bread and the opportunity to study.”

On April 8, at our suggestion, shop meetings were held at the enterprises, and primarily at those most affected by negative sentiment (Dombal plant), after which the mood of the workers and the excitement that reigned among them subsided.

The reduction in the distribution of bread was reflected to a lesser extent among organized workers' enterprises, the most affluent ones, such as the Berezina and Profintern factories, and the main contingent of participants in the bagpipes were persons on supply list III and the unorganized population. The participation of the wives of workers and individual working men included in the supplies according to the III list was also noted.

On April 9, the situation remained the same. Groups of excited women gathered at the bread shops, but in much smaller sizes. There were three cases of grain snatching in the city and Novo-Borisov."

We quoted a “top secret” memo sent to the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Bolsheviks N. Gikalo entitled “On the unrest in the city of Borisov in connection with the reduction in the norms for the distribution of bread and the withdrawal of part of the population from supplies.” It was prepared on April 10 (you can’t say anything, very quickly and objectively) by the deputy OGPU deputy for the BSSR Dukelsky and the head. OPO PP Zubritsky.

Observant comrades, in accordance with the law of the “mortgage” genre, included in the note specific exponents of public mood. They animated, so to speak, the main characters of the unfolding folk drama.

"Tighten your belts, brothers!"

The people in Borisov were not silent - and not the worst part of them.

“An employee of the Dombal Kostyukova plant said about the reduction in the bread ration: “Soon people will be driven to robbery, they steal willy-nilly because there is nothing to eat, not only will they steal from hunger, but soon they will start beating and cutting each other.”

Ponkratova, who worked at the same plant, told her comrades: “I received a letter from Stalingrad, in which they write that many people there are dying of hunger, they are very swollen, and this will also happen here. It’s not for nothing that they held dances in the church, many foresaw and predicted this death.” .

According to the security officers, it was not only non-party members who dissented, but also communists. “A member of the CP(b)B, a worker at the Dombal plant, Tretyak, in the presence of other workers, said: “It is not for nothing that 1932 is called decisive, because it will soon have to be decided, the only question is who will decide.” The communist proletarian put it even more directly Demidov: “It’s God knows what the government is doing, things like limiting the bread ration can cause a general strike among the workers.”

The Red Army soldiers stationed in Borisov also showed class solidarity with the working class. The commander of the 3rd Pulrot, Timofeev, said at the regiment club: “Well, brothers, tighten your belt, the workers’ rations have already been reduced and they will take care of us.” “They only tell us that the bread problem has already been solved, but in reality there is no bread. The workers shout that there is nothing to eat, and they write to me from home that they pay 80 rubles for 10 kilograms of bread. This is what we are going to. A worker in the event of war he won’t go to war, because he will say, “I don’t care, and so I’ll have to work hungry,” the squad leader Mokrits echoed him.

And “the junior commanders: Golub, a worker, b/p, and Dyatlov, a middle peasant, b/p, having come to the company barracks to junior commander Savitsky, they spoke with admiration about the clash between the crowd and the police and the snapping up of bread. Savitsky answered them separately. : “For me, even if they didn’t give us bread, we would rather go home and start sorting out the cattle from the collective farms.” Separately from the company of junior commanders, Borisenok also did not hide his feelings in front of the barracks: “We will soon die of hunger and are only fooling ourselves.” by completing the five-year plan in four years. The workers are already fighting with the police for bread, and soon they won’t give us any bread either. Today I visited a worker I know and he said that “if this continues, we will immediately go on strike, we can’t work if we’re hungry, let them do what they want to us.” The Chekist remark after this quote is very significant: “The other commanders present supported Borisenko.”

Why was the communist Shloma inactive?

It is clear that such a precedent, when the hungry Borisov proletariat could easily remember the lessons of the revolutionary battles of 1917, and even in conjunction with a sympathetic army and the countryside, required strict party analysis.

Moreover, along with the non-party people, as the KGB reports showed, many communists - and even bosses - followed the lead of their wives and stomachs. For example, the head of the Novo-Borisov bread shop TsRK No. 23, member of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Grigory Shloma, who “calmly watched as his wife participated in the theft of bread.” Or the chairman of the Borisov Central Regional Committee Rozin, who stated that “it is not clear to him why there is no bread, since the central newspapers clearly say that the grain problem has been basically resolved.” Moreover: the very holy of communist holies - the local party activist, held in Borisov on April 11, was close to the rehabilitation of the rebels. Members of the district committee Blinkov and Gaiduk, who took the first word at it, blamed the ill-conceived order of the People's Commissariat of Supply on April 4, which banned the distribution of bread for children, for the unrest that had occurred. This, they say, drove the people to the extreme. Even the Borisov police “snatched bread from the hands of the counter workers and handed it to the women who had gathered.” And “one policeman refused...to disperse the crowd because he himself was hungry.”

Who knows what else the hungry members of the CP(b)B would have agreed to if the secretary of the district committee Tomashevsky and the representative of the GPU Simanovsky, who managed to make a “turn among the activists,” did not intervene.

The process of rooting out sedition was not slow to follow.

On April 14, 1932, the bureau of the Central Committee of the CP(b)B, which, in addition to the reports of the GPU, received reports from the Borisov district committee and the party commission specially sent to the city, adopted a resolution consisting of 16 points. It calls the main reason for the revolt “the lack of truly Bolshevik work and everyday attention on the part of the party and trade union organizations to issues of workers’ supply, the lack of extensive political work among the masses, confusion and dulling of class vigilance on the part of part of the party organization.” (It turns out that Borisov’s party comrades limited themselves to meetings of production “triangles” - instead of popularly explaining to the masses the political and dietary expediency of reduced food rations.)

The main personal culprit has also been identified - the secretary of the Borisovsky Republic of Kazakhstan, Tomashevsky, who was released from work for “making gross political mistakes” (recalled, as usual, to the disposal of the Central Committee).

A portion of the party’s censure went to the “unsatisfactorily working” school Komsomol, the “confused” local police, “contaminated with kulak-hostile elements,” and the city branch of the GPU, who “did not show due diligence and did not promptly signal to the OGPU PP and the Central Party Committee about the events in Borisov ".

But the “group of security officers under the leadership of Comrade Simanovsky, who provided valuable material for illuminating the class-hostile essence of the events that took place,” received praise (and probably enough of a premium for a sandwich with butter).

By “valuable material” we must understand the arrests of fifty Borisov residents who did not eat hams and loaves.

Truly: the homeland must know its heroes

Special letters are sent to all district party committees (after reading they should have been returned to the secret department of the Central Committee of the CP(b)B to Rubinstein) describing the incident. In order “to use the lessons of Borisov... to increase the Bolshevik vigilance of the party organization to the attacks of the class enemy, to mobilize the working masses for the successful implementation of the industrial and financial plan, spring sowing and all economic and political tasks set by the party.”

They decided not to deploy barrier detachments

And now let’s ask ourselves a sacramental question: did the leading comrades of Belarus understand that the reason for the famine that came to the republic, when the price of a pound of bread at the Borisov bazaar was 60 rubles, and the monthly salary of the local proletarian did not exceed fifty rubles, does not lie in weak ideological work with the population, and in the cracking administrative Soviet economy? Or have slogans completely blinded the eyes of big and small helmsmen?

And it seems to us that the party leadership, represented by the first secretary of the Central Committee of the CP(b)B N. Gikalo and his second-ranking comrade-in-arms V. Sharangovich, was aware that the assurances of “huge successes in all areas of construction”, regularly sent in 1932 to Moscow, you can’t feed the people. For, along with these beautiful phraseological units, very unambiguous hints were woven into reports for higher authorities. For example, something like this: “Due to the unrest that has taken place, only 10 people are currently left among the construction workers working on the construction of the Central Committee Rest House, mostly Ukrainians.”

It is not without reason, I think, that in addition to clearing the brain, quite practical orders were given: on the regular delivery of bread and the precise opening of bread shops at eight in the morning (late sellers, by the way, were immediately arrested), the resumption of the distribution of bread for children in the amount of 200 from April 9 daily grams. And even - this is where political economy manifested itself in action - the carpenters, who had decided not to build a health resort for the parter's hut on their hungry bellies, were again transferred to a more satisfying supply according to the first list.

A little earlier, a very significant decision was also made. In Belarus (who among us knew about such a fact of national history?) in that breadless spring, the buyer-walkers rushed with mandates from the Ukrainian regions swollen with hunger, complaining like the peasant Fedor Gilek from the collective farm "Chyrvony Yar" of the Novgorod region or Seraphim Gora from the artel " Drummer of the Batizmansky Selrada: “We mix heads of corn and just live on this. We sell our last clothes and go buy bread with this money.” “I collected at home two pairs of shoes, one pair of trousers, one shirt, one woman’s dress and a headscarf... For these things in the village of Put I received 2 pounds 10 pounds of rye flour and 10 rubles in cash to buy a ticket back". The members of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Bolsheviks (Bolsheviks) who gathered at their meeting on April 3, 1932 were smart enough to decide: “No administrative measures should be allowed against the Ukrainian peasants and Kalgasniks who are buying bread at the bazaars. "trada".

One can say that in that distant spring, after which came the even more hungry winter-spring of 1933, Belarus shared its last slice with fraternal Ukraine...

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