The history of the street lamp, features of occurrence. street lighting

History of street lamps The very first street lamps appeared at the beginning of the 15th century. By order of the mayor of London, Henry Barton, in 1417, street lamps began to be hung out. At the beginning of the 16th century, the inhabitants of Paris were obliged to keep lamps near the windows that face the street. At first, lanterns produced relatively little light, since they used ordinary candles and oil. The use of kerosene made it possible to significantly increase the brightness of the lighting. Gas lamps appeared at the beginning of the 19th century. Their inventor was the Englishman William Murdoch. In 1807, lanterns of a new design were installed on Pall Mall and soon conquered all European capitals.

Street lamps in Russia In Russia, street lamps appeared under Peter I in 1706 in St. Petersburg on the facades of some houses near the Peter and Paul Fortress. The first stationary lamps appeared on the streets of St. Petersburg in 1718. In Moscow, street lamps appeared in 1730 by decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna. Instead of candles, hemp oil with a wick was lit in them. Oil lamps reigned in Moscow for almost 150 years. Moscow in 1730 The first electric street lamps in Moscow appeared in 1880. The unusual orange light of imported console lamps with high-pressure sodium lamps, which were installed in Moscow in 1975 on Okhotny Ryad and Lubyanka, became the hallmark of the city for a long time. Moscow1880Moscow1975Okhotny RyadLubyanka

The first street lamps burning on hemp oil appeared in St. Petersburg in 1718 and were intended to illuminate the surroundings of the Winter Palace and the Main Admiralty. Their project was developed by the architect J. B. A. Leblon. At the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Petersburg oil lantern was a 4-sided (rarely spherical) lamp, which was mounted on a wooden pole, painted in white and blue stripes. In 1777 there were about 2,300 oil lanterns in the city. granite stands began to be used as supports for such lamps, and from the 1820s. - cast-iron poles (cast according to the drawings of engineer P.P. Bazin).

Let's look into history The weak light of oil lamps could not satisfy the need for O. at .; there was a need for a more powerful light source. In the summer of 1819, the first experimental gas tank was built in the church on Aptekarsky Island, and in the autumn the first gas lamps were lit. In 1835, the St. Petersburg Gas Lighting Society was established, which had a monopoly on the industrial production and sale of gas. The construction of a gas plant in the Obvodny Canal area made it possible in 1839 to illuminate Palace Square, Nevsky Prospekt and a number of streets adjacent to them with the help of gas lamps. Gas lamps (6- and 8-sided) were fastened with screws to cast-iron poles. In the 1860s O.'s development at. in St. Petersburg is connected mainly with the activities of the "Society of Metropolitan Lighting", created in 1858, and, to a lesser extent, the "French Joint-Stock Company". Gas lamps were installed only in the central part of the city, the outskirts and small streets were illuminated by old oil lamps and alcohol-turpentine lamps, which appeared in St. Petersburg. In 1863, kerosene street lamps lit up for the first time in St. oil and alcohol.

Let's look into history Experiments on electric lighting of streets in St. Petersburg were carried out from the beginning of the 1870s. The first electric lamps (with carbon incandescent lamps by A. N. Lodygin) were lit in July 1873 on Odessa Street, on Sands. P. N. Yablochkov’s lanterns with candles were installed to illuminate the Liteiny Bridge. In 1883, the Electrical Engineering Society built on a wooden barge on the river. Moika at the Police (now Narodny) bridge, a power plant, which on December 30, 1883 gave current to 32 electric lamps that illuminated Nevsky Prospekt from Bolshaya Morskaya Street (now Herzen Street) to Anichkov Bridge. From August 1884, electric lights also lit up on the streets adjacent to Nevsky Prospekt. In 1886, the "Joint-Stock Company for Electric Lighting" was established in St. Petersburg. The construction of three alternating current power plants (see Power supply) made it possible to light all the main streets of the city with electric lamps. By 1915, there were about 3,000 electric street lamps in St. Petersburg, located mainly in the central regions, and more than 12,500 gas and kerosene lamps in the outskirts.

Let's look into history By 1927, kerosene lanterns were mostly replaced by electric ones, and by the mid-30s. gas lighting was also eliminated. Electric lighting has become a special branch of the urban economy. During the years of the pre-war five-year plans (), special power supply networks were laid in Leningrad. With the end of the 50s. the technical re-equipment of outdoor lighting began - incandescent lamps were replaced by gas-discharge light sources. In the 60s. for O. at. mainly mercury-helium lamps were used, emitting a bright, but "cold" light. In 1978, the first arc sodium lamps lit up on Yuri Gagarin Avenue, giving a "warm" yellow light, by the end of the 80s. they illuminated Nevsky Prospekt and part of Moskovsky Prospekt, Aeroflotnaya Street and other highways of the city. By 1990, about 160 thousand lamps were installed on the streets and squares of Leningrad. The operation of electrical installations of urban outdoor lighting is carried out by the management of Lensvet.

Once upon a time there lived a dragon. His name was Komodo. He knew how to spew fire, and therefore all the surrounding inhabitants were afraid of him. Hearing his footsteps, everyone ran and hid. And it was hard not to hear his steps, because Komodo wore three pairs of shoes at once - dragons have six legs! - and all six shoes together, and even each shoe separately, creaked terribly. But one day, Komodo met a girl, Susie, who was not at all afraid of him. Why are you spewing fire? she asked. You scare everyone! "Well," said the dragon, "I... hmm... I don't know." Somehow I didn't think about it. What, no more fear? “Of course not,” Susie said. "Okay, I won't," Komodo promised. They said goodbye and Susie went home. It was already dark, but for some reason the lamplighter Charlie did not light the lights, and the passers-by did not really know where to go. It turns out that Charlie didn't even get out of bed that day. He was too tired the night before and had not had time to rest properly. He slept soundly and chewed a sandwich in his sleep. And the mayor of the city, Sir William, was very angry. He did not know how to light the street lamps. And then Susie had a good idea. She ran back to the Komodo cave and led the dragon into the city. Together they went around all the streets; the dragon spewed fire and lit all the lanterns in a row. The people of the city were very happy. Since then, they have completely ceased to be afraid of the dragon. And every year, when the lamplighter Charlie went on vacation, they called Komodo to light the lanterns on the streets of the city.

Flashlight(from the Greek. Φανάρι) - a portable or stationary artificial light source. A device for lighting certain areas of space in the dark.

Varieties of lanterns

artificial light sources- technical devices of various designs and with various methods of energy conversion, the main purpose of which is to obtain light radiation (both visible and with different wavelengths, for example, infrared). Light sources mainly use electricity, but sometimes chemical energy and other methods of light generation are also used (for example, triboluminescence, radioluminescence, etc.). Unlike artificial light sources, natural light sources are natural material objects: the Sun, auroras, fireflies, lightning, and so on.

The history of the development of artificial light sources

Ancient time - candles, torches and lamps

The very first source of light used by people in their activities was the fire (flame) of a fire. With the passage of time and increasing experience with burning various combustible materials, people have found that more light can be obtained by burning any resinous woods, natural resins, oils and waxes. From the point of view of chemical properties, such materials contain a greater percentage of carbon by mass, and when burned, sooty carbon particles become very hot in the flame and emit light. Later, with the development of metal processing technologies, the development of methods for rapid ignition with the help of a flint, they made it possible to create and significantly improve the first independent light sources that could be installed in any spatial position, carried and recharged with fuel. And also a certain progress in the processing of oil, waxes, fats and oils and some natural resins made it possible to isolate the necessary fuel fractions: refined wax, paraffin, stearin, palmitin, kerosene, etc. Such sources were primarily candles, torches, oil, and later oil lamps and lanterns. From the point of view of autonomy and convenience, light sources that use the energy of burning fuels are very convenient, but from the point of view of fire safety (open flame), emissions of products of incomplete combustion (soot, fuel vapors, carbon monoxide gas) present a known ignition hazard. History knows a great many examples of large fires caused by oil lamps and lanterns, candles, etc.

Gas lanterns

Main article: gas lamp

Further progress and development of knowledge in the field of chemistry, physics and materials science allowed people to use also various combustible gases, which give off more light during combustion. Gas lighting was quite widely developed in England and a number of European countries. A special convenience of gas lighting was that it became possible to illuminate large areas in cities, buildings, etc., due to the fact that gases could be very conveniently and quickly delivered from the central storage (cylinders) using rubberized sleeves (hoses), either steel or copper pipelines, and it is also easy to cut off the gas flow from a simple turn of the stopcock. The most important gas for the organization of urban gas lighting was the so-called "luminous gas", produced by pyrolysis of the fat of marine animals (whales, dolphins, seals, etc.), and somewhat later produced in large quantities from coal during coking of the latter at gas lighting plants.

One of the most important components of lighting gas, which gave the greatest amount of light, was benzene, discovered in lighting gas by M. Faraday. Another gas that found significant use in the gas lighting industry was acetylene, but due to its significant tendency to ignite at relatively low temperatures and high concentration ignition limits, it did not find wide use in street lighting and was used in mining and bicycle "carbide" lamps. Another reason that made it difficult to use acetylene in the field of gas lighting was its exceptional high cost in comparison with lighting gas.

In parallel with the development of the use of a wide variety of fuels in chemical light sources, their design and the most profitable method of combustion (regulation of air flow), as well as the design and materials for enhancing light output and power (wicks, gas-burning caps, etc.) were improved. Short-lived wicks made of plant materials (hemp) were replaced by impregnation of plant wicks with boric acid and asbestos fibers, and with the discovery of the monazite mineral, its remarkable property was discovered to glow very brightly when heated and contribute to the completeness of combustion of the lighting gas. In order to increase the safety of use, the working flame began to be fenced with metal nets and glass caps of various shapes.

The advent of electric light sources

Further progress in the field of invention and design of light sources was largely associated with the discovery of electricity and the invention of current sources. At this stage of scientific and technological progress, it became quite obvious that it is necessary to increase the temperature of the area emitting light in order to increase the brightness of light sources. If, in the case of using combustion reactions of various fuels in air, the temperature of the combustion products reaches 1500-2300 ° C, then when using electricity, the temperature can still be significantly increased. When heated by an electric current, various conductive materials with a high melting point emit visible light and can serve as light sources of varying intensity. These materials were offered: graphite(carbon filament), platinum, tungsten, molybdenum, rhenium and their alloys. To increase the durability of electric light sources, their working bodies (spirals and filaments) began to be placed in special glass cylinders (lamps) evacuated or filled with inert or inactive gases (hydrogen, nitrogen, argon, etc.). When choosing a working material, the lamp designers were guided by the maximum operating temperature of the heated coil, and the main preference was given to carbon (Lodygin's lamp, 1873) and later to tungsten. Tungsten and its alloys with rhenium are still the most widely used materials for the manufacture of electric incandescent lamps, since under the best conditions they can be heated to temperatures of 2800-3200 ° C. In parallel with the work on incandescent lamps, in the era of the discovery and use of electricity, work was also begun and significantly developed on the electric arc light source (Yablochkov candle) and on light sources based on glow discharge. Electric arc light sources made it possible to realize the possibility of obtaining colossal light fluxes (hundreds of thousands and millions of candelas), and light sources based on a glow discharge - an unusually high efficiency. Currently, the most advanced light sources based on an electric arc are krypton, xenon and mercury lamps, and based on a glow discharge in inert gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon) with mercury vapor and others. Lasers are currently the most powerful and bright light sources. Very powerful light sources are also a variety of pyrotechnic lighting compositions used for photography, lighting large areas in military affairs (photo-air bombs, flares and lighting bombs).

Types of light sources

Electrical: Electrical heating of incandescent bodies or plasma. Joule heat, eddy currents, electron or ion flows. Various forms of energy can be used to produce light, and in this regard, we can point out the main types (in terms of energy utilization) of light sources.

Nuclear: isotope decay or nuclear fission.

Chemical: combustion (oxidation) of fuels and heating of combustion products or incandescent bodies.

Electroluminescent: direct conversion of electrical energy into light (bypassing the conversion of energy into heat) in semiconductors (light-emitting diodes, laser light-emitting diodes) or phosphors, converting the energy of an alternating electric field into light (with a frequency usually from several hundred Hertz to several Kilohertz), or converting it into light the energy of the electron flow (cathode-luminescent

Bioluminescent: Bacterial sources of light in wildlife.

Application of light sources

Light sources are in demand in all areas of human activity - in everyday life, in production, in scientific research, etc. Depending on a particular field of application, a variety of technical, aesthetic and economic requirements are imposed on light sources, and sometimes preference is given to one or another parameter of the light source or the sum of these parameters.

History of the electric lantern

- Evolution of the fire and man's dream of a portable fire.

In those distant times, when there was already a fire, a person was looking for ways to create a portable (portable) light source. At first it was a tree branch set on fire in a fire, then torches, candles and kerosene lamps appeared, which are still with us today.

These portable light sources had problems - safety, impracticality, emission of harmful substances.

An electric lantern on an incandescent lamp was soon the answer to all these shortcomings.

- Thomas Edison and Karl Gessner became part of the history of the creation of the world's first incandescent electric lamp.

1866- French inventor Georges Leclanche (Georges Leclanche) created the first prototype of the electric battery. It was a glass vessel filled with an ammonium chloride solution, where a chemical reaction took place and electrical energy appeared on the electrodes from a zinc anode and a carbon cathode, which was surrounded by a mixture of crushed magnesium dioxide and carbon. This electric battery had a number of disadvantages, it was fragile, heavy and very dangerous.

1879- Thomas Edison, an outstanding inventor, invented the world's first incandescent lamp, which had a carbon filament.

1886- The National Carbon Company (NCC), which was created to produce carbon parts, much needed for batteries, began to produce carbon rods for dry electric batteries. This company, in the future, became the main supplier of batteries for electric lights.

1887- Carl Gessner created the first portable electric battery from zinc. It was the first electric battery where the chemicals were inside a zinc container.

The electric flashlight has come a long way from simple beginnings to today's modern LED flashlights - this is truly a real revolution in portable lighting.

1998- Eveready ® celebrates a significant anniversary, 100 years of manufacturing flashlights and lighting products.

Nowadays, you will not surprise anyone with an electric flashlight that can be repeatedly recharged, where there are no batteries inside, there are reliable, repeatedly recharged batteries - these are rechargeable lanterns .

The use of LEDs as a light source allows you to save energy of batteries or accumulators, at times! Now, electric shines not for hours, but for days!

With the appearance in the production of miniature current sources - batteries and very reliable light sources - LEDs, it became possible to produce miniature sizes - flashlights, key rings.

Most electric lights fall into two main categories:

Manual lanterns, headlamps, bicycle lamps, camping lamps and key rings.

2. According to the type of food, they are divided into:

Battery operated, rechargeable flashlights, battery free flashlights and dynamo flashlights.

With the advent of modern materials in our lives, electric lamp cases began to be made of very durable plastics, sometimes covered with rubber for comfortable convenience, or light aircraft-grade aluminum alloys, with recesses (notches) on the lamp handle that are comfortable to hold in your hand.

New technologies in the production of light sources make it possible to create electric lights of very different shapes and colors, keeping pace with the times, which take into account very important factors for a flashlight: the needs and demands of customers, convenience, practicality, reliability, and safety.

Outcome: An electric flashlight appeared in our life thanks to such inventions, very important in our life, as an electric battery and an incandescent lamp, which to this day we use in everyday life.

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History of the street lamp

In 1417, the mayor of London, Henry Barton, ordered that lanterns be hung out on winter evenings to dispel the impenetrable darkness in the British capital. After some time, the French took up his initiative. At the beginning of the 16th century, the inhabitants of Paris were obliged to keep lamps near the windows that face the street. Under Louis XIV, the French capital was filled with the lights of numerous lanterns. The "Sun King" issued a special decree on street lighting in 1667. According to legend, it was thanks to this decree that the reign of Louis was called brilliant.

The first street lamps gave relatively little light, since they used ordinary candles and oil. The use of kerosene made it possible to significantly increase the brightness of lighting, but the real revolution of street light happened only at the beginning of the 19th century, when gas lamps appeared. Their inventor - the Englishman William Murdoch - was initially ridiculed. Walter Scott wrote to one of his friends that some madman was proposing to light London with smoke. Despite such remarks, Murdoch successfully demonstrated the benefits of gas lighting. In 1807, lanterns of a new design were installed on Pall Mall and soon conquered all European capitals.

Petersburg became the first city in Russia where street lamps appeared. On December 4, 1706, on the day of the celebration of the victory over the Swedes, at the direction of Peter I, street lamps were hung on the facades of the streets facing the Peter and Paul Fortress. The tsar and the townspeople liked the innovation, the lanterns began to be lit for all the big holidays, and thus the beginning of street lighting in St. Petersburg was laid. In 1718, Tsar Peter I issued a decree on “lighting the streets of the city of St. Petersburg” (the decree on lighting the capital city was signed by Empress Anna Ioannovna only in 1730). The design of the first outdoor oil lantern was designed by Jean Baptiste Leblon, an architect and "a skillful technician of many different arts, of great importance in France." In the autumn of 1720, 4 striped beauties made at the Yamburg glass factory were exhibited on the Neva embankment near the Petrovsky Winter Palace. Glazed lamps were fastened on metal rods on wooden poles with white and blue stripes. Hemp oil burned in them. So we got regular street lighting.

In 1723, thanks to the efforts of Chief of Police Anton Divier, 595 lanterns were lit on the most eminent streets of the city. This light economy was served by 64 lamplighters. The approach to business was scientific. Lanterns were lit from August to April, focusing on the "tables of dark hours" that were sent from the Academy.

The historian of St. Petersburg I.G.Georgi describes this lighting in the streets as follows: “For this, there are wooden poles painted with blue and white paint along the streets, each of which supports a spherical lantern on an iron rod, lowered on a block for cleaning and pouring oil ...”

Petersburg was the first city in Russia and one of the few in Europe where regular street lighting appeared just twenty years after its foundation. Oil lanterns proved to be tenacious - they burned in the city every day for 130 years. Frankly speaking, there was little light from them. In addition, they strove to splash passers-by with hot drops of oil. "Further, for God's sake, further from the lantern!" - we read in Gogol's story Nevsky Prospekt, - “and as soon as possible, pass by as soon as possible. It’s still happiness if you get off with the fact that he will flood your smart frock coat with smelly oil.

Illumination of the northern capital was a profitable business, and the merchants were willing to do it. They received a bonus for each burning lantern and therefore the number of lanterns in the city began to increase. So, by 1794, there were already 3,400 lanterns in the city, much more than in any European capital. Moreover, the lanterns in St. Petersburg (in the design of which such famous architects as Rastrelli, Felten, Montferrand took part) were considered the most beautiful in the world.

The lighting was not perfect. At all times there have been complaints about the quality of street lighting. The lanterns shine dimly, sometimes they do not burn at all, they are extinguished ahead of time. There was even an opinion that lamplighters save themselves oil for porridge.

For decades, oil has been burned in lanterns. Entrepreneurs understood the profitability of lighting and began to look for new ways to generate income. From Ser. 18th century Kerosene was used in lanterns. In 1770, the first lantern team of 100 people was created. (recruits), in 1808 she was assigned to the police. In 1819 on the Aptekarsky island. gas lamps appeared, and in 1835 the St. Petersburg Society for Gas Lighting was established. Alcohol lamps appeared in 1849. The city was divided among various companies. Of course, it would be reasonable, for example, to replace kerosene lighting with gas lighting everywhere. But this was not profitable for oil companies, and the outskirts of the city continued to be illuminated with kerosene, since it was not profitable for the authorities to spend big money on gas. But for a long time in the evenings, lamplighters with ladders over their shoulders loomed on the city streets, hastily running from lamp to lamp.

A textbook on arithmetic survived more than one edition, where the task was given: “A lamplighter lights lanterns on a city street, running from one panel to another. The length of the street is a verst three hundred fathoms, the width is twenty fathoms, the distance between adjacent lamps is forty fathoms, the speed of the lamplighter is twenty fathoms per minute. The question is, how long will it take him to complete his work? (Answer: 64 lanterns located on this street, the lamplighter will light in 88 minutes.)

But then came the summer of 1873. An emergency announcement was made in a number of metropolitan newspapers that "On July 11, along Odessa Street, on Peski, experiments with electric street lighting will be shown to the public."

Recalling this event, one of his eyewitnesses wrote: “... I don’t remember from what sources, probably from newspapers, I learned that on such and such a day, at such and such an hour, somewhere in the Sands, will be shown to the public experiments on electric lighting with Lodygin lamps. I passionately desired to see this new electric light... Many people went with us for the same purpose. Soon we came out of the darkness into some street with bright lighting. In two street lamps, kerosene lamps were replaced by incandescent lamps, which poured out a bright white light.

A crowd had gathered on the quiet and unattractive Odessa Street. Some of the visitors took newspapers with them. At first, these people approached a kerosene lamp, and then an electric one, and compared the distance at which one could read.

In memory of this event, a memorial plaque was installed on the house number 60 on Suvorovsky Prospekt.

In 1874, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences awarded A.N. Lodygin the Lomonosov Prize for the invention of the carbon incandescent lamp. However, without receiving support from either the government or the city authorities, Lodygin was unable to establish mass production and widely use them for street lighting.

In 1879, 12 electric lamps were lit on the new Liteiny Bridge. “Candles” by P.N. Yablochkov were installed on lamps made according to the project of the architect Ts.A. "Russian light", so dubbed electric lights, made a splash in Europe. Later, these lanterns, which became legendary, were transferred to the current Ostrovsky Square. In 1880 the first electric lamps shone in Moscow. So, with the help of arc lamps in 1883, on the day of the Sacred Coronation of Alexander III, the area around the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was illuminated.

In the same year, a power plant began operating on the river. Moika at the Police Bridge (Siemens and Halske), and on December 30, 32 electric lamps illuminated Nevsky Prospekt from Bolshaya Morskaya Street to Fontanka. A year later, electric lighting appeared in neighboring streets. In 1886-99, 4 power stations were already operating for lighting needs (the Helios Society, the plant of the Belgian Society, etc.) and 213 such lamps were burning. By the beginning of the twentieth century. Petersburg had about 200 power plants. In the 1910s light bulbs with a metal filament appeared (since 1909 - tungsten lamps). On the eve of World War I, there were 13,950 street lamps in St. Petersburg (3,020 electric, 2,505 kerosene, 8,425 gas). By 1918, only electric lights lit the streets. And in 1920, even these few went out.

The streets of Petrograd were plunged into darkness for two whole years, and their lighting was restored only in 1922. Since the beginning of the 90s of the last century, much attention has been paid to artistic lighting of buildings and structures in the city. Traditionally, masterpieces of architectural art, museums, monuments, and administrative buildings are decorated in this way all over the world. Petersburg is no exception. The Hermitage, the Arch of the General Staff, the building of the Twelve Colleges, the largest St. Petersburg bridges - the Palace, Liteiny, Birzhevoy, Blagoveshchensky (former Lieutenant Schmidt, and even earlier Nikolaevsky), Alexander Nevsky ... The list goes on. Created at a high artistic and technical level, the lighting design of historical monuments gives them a special sound.

Walking along the embankments at night is an unforgettable sight! The soft light and noble design of lamps can be appreciated by citizens and guests of the city on the streets and embankments of the evening and night of St. Petersburg. And the virtuoso lighting of the bridges will emphasize their lightness and severity and create a sense of the integrity of this amazing city, located on the islands and dotted with rivers and canals.

The first information concerning the issue of artificial lighting of city streets dates back to the beginning of the 15th century. To cope with the impenetrable darkness in the capital of Great Britain, in 1417, the mayor of London, Henry Barton, issued an order regarding the need to hang lanterns on the streets on winter evenings. The first street lamps, of course, were more than primitive and simple, because they used the most ordinary candles and oil. At the beginning of the 16th century, the French adopted the experience of the British and the inhabitants of Paris were also required to keep lamps at the windows overlooking the street. Under King Louis XIV, numerous lights from street lamps began to appear in Paris. And by 1667, the king issued a decree concerning street lighting, thanks to which Louis was called "brilliant".

As for Russia, the first mention of street lighting appeared under Peter I. In honor of the outstanding victory over the Swedes, in 1706 Peter I ordered that lanterns be hung on all the facades of houses near the Peter and Paul Fortress. The tsar and the townspeople liked this event, and the lanterns began to be lit more and more often - on various holidays, and thus this gave rise to street lighting for the city as such. Later, in 1718, stationary lamps began to be constantly used in the streets of St. Petersburg, and already 12 years later, Empress Anna ordered their installation in Moscow.

The design of the first outdoor oil lamp belongs to Jean-Baptiste Leblon, who was a talented architect and “a skilled technician of many different arts. Leblon had great authority in France." In the autumn of 1720, the first pendant lamps, which were made according to his drawings at the Yamburg glass factory, were lit on the Neva embankment near the Petrovsky Winter Palace. The lanterns were of the following design: on wooden poles, which had white and blue stripes, there were glazed lamps on metal rods. Hemp oil was burned in them. It is from this, one can assume, that regular street lighting appeared in Russia.

Later, street lighting technology gradually developed both in Russia and abroad. It was possible to significantly improve the brightness of lighting thanks to the use of kerosene, but the real revolution in street lighting was marked by the appearance of the first gas lamps in the 19th century. The inventor of gas lighting, Englishman William Murdoch, has long been criticized and even ridiculed. The famous writer Walter Scott once noted in a letter to one of his friends, “some madman recently suggested lighting London with smoke.” Nevertheless, despite the prejudice against him, Murdoch was more than successfully able to demonstrate in practice all the many advantages of gas lighting. In 1807, Pell Mell became the first street where the new design of lanterns was installed. Pretty soon, gas lamps conquered all European capitals.

As for electric lighting, its origin is most directly connected with the names of the famous Russian inventor Alexander Lodygin and the American Thomas Edison. So, in 1873, Lodygin developed the original design of a carbon incandescent lamp, for which he received the Lomonosov Prize from the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In the near future, such lamps began to be used to illuminate the St. Petersburg Admiralty (the lamps were installed in special copper lamps made in the old style). A few years later, Edison came up with an improved light bulb that produced brighter light and was much cheaper to manufacture. With the advent of such an electric light bulb, gas lamps soon completely fell into disuse, giving way to more modern and reliable electric lighting.

Such an invention as a lantern turned out to be so useful that it became firmly established in everyday life for obvious reasons. Agree that in the civilized world there is not a single person who would never use this wonderful device! To get started with the world famous manufacturer of one of the best lanterns in terms of price and quality, I suggest that you familiarize yourself with the history of the lantern itself.

Lanterns in history

Since the time of the "taming" of fire, mankind has always been looking for and inventing ways to illuminate their lives in certain circumstances. The very first and most primitive lantern can be called an ordinary torch, which had a whole bunch of obvious flaws. Then, with the advent of wax, a candle was added to the means of lighting, and with the advent of combustible fuel, a kerosene lamp. Such light sources, although they were more advanced, also had their drawbacks - insecurity, short life and the release of harmful substances during combustion.

The first street lamps appeared in England in 1417. They owe their appearance to the mayor of London - Henry Burton, who promulgated a decree on lighting the streets of the city in the evenings, especially in winter.

The London lights looked pretty nice.

Subsequently, in 1667, the idea of lighting the city at night was supported by the French king Louis XIV, who ordered the installation of oil lanterns on poles and houses throughout Paris. He also ordered all residents to put lamps in the windows of houses facing the street.

In our country, for the first time, street lamps appeared in St. Petersburg in 1706 by decree of Tsar Peter I, who ordered that lamps be placed next to the Peter and Paul Fortress as a sign of victory over the Swedes. In 1718, lighting appeared on the embankment of the Neva River. And in 1730, street lighting appeared in Moscow.

The first street lamps of St. Petersburg.

The appearance of the first flashlight is directly related to the invention of the incandescent lamp. The discovery was made by two people at the same time. The first is the Russian scientist Alexander Lodygin, who in 1874 patented a lamp in which coal was used first as a rod, and then tungsten.

The second inventor is the American Thomas Edison, who made the lamp (1879) reliable, economical and durable. The success lay in the material for the lamp stem, which was used as charred bamboo shavings. Edison not only created a model that was practical and inexpensive to manufacture, but also mass-produced.

Subsequently, Edison used tungsten as the material for the lamp rod, which was already used by his Russian colleague Alexander Lodygin. This is how two inventors in different countries, one might say, jointly presented the world with an incandescent lamp.

But back to flashlights. Now there is a reliable and practical source of light, it remains to develop a source of portable energy.

History of the battery

The first electric battery, close to the modern type, was invented even before the advent of incandescent lamps in 1866 by the French inventor Georges Leclanche. It was a fairly large open glass vessel filled with an electrolyte and two electrodes. It is clear that such a power source could not be suitable as a battery for a flashlight. It was large in size, which is why it lacked mobility. But the main thing is that when the position changes, the liquid could easily pour out. The situation changed when, in 1896, German engineer Karl Gessner developed a small portable dry-type battery, which was a zinc cylinder filled with a solid, paste-like electrolyte.

The first solid electrolyte battery.

In fairness, one cannot fail to mention the so-called Baghdad battery, which was discovered in 1936 in the vicinity of Baghdad. The object is a vessel about 2000 years old, inside of which there is a copper cylinder with an iron rod. The throat is filled with bitumen, and another iron rod with traces of corrosion is passed through it. A copy of the find showed that if acid or wine or vinegar, which contain acid, is poured into a vessel, the "battery" will begin to produce a voltage of 1 volt. Although this does not prove that the vessel was once used as a source of food, as many skeptics believe. But, as they say, we have what we have.

Baghdad Battery

So, power sources and an incandescent lamp are invented. It remains to create the hand-held flashlight itself.

Hand flashlights

Inventor David Meisel distinguished himself here, who in 1896 received a patent for a hand-held flashlight powered by three batteries. The lantern itself had a wooden body and a switch in the form of a metal plate that closed the electrical circuit. In 1898, an American, an immigrant from the Russian Empire and inventor Conrad Hubert founded the Ever Ready Company for the production of small batteries. By the way, today everyone knows this company as Energizer.

In the same year, he buys out the patent from David and starts making hand torches. David Meisel stayed with Konrad to improve the flashlights. This is how the first lamp for a bicycle appeared, and in 1899 the first hand lamp of a cylindrical shape, which is already more familiar to us.

Such flashlights also had a number of drawbacks - they could not shine for a long time (you had to turn off the flashlight - it could not give a stable light for a long period), and the light was rather dim.

Then it was a matter of technology - the company produces the world's first catalog (1899) and 25 more types of lamps: table, bicycle, manual and other options. Thus began the era of hand-held electric lanterns - indispensable helpers that replaced the more imperfect and dangerous candles and kerosene lamps. Now you do not need to think about the problem of lighting at the right time and the right place!

Let's move on to the history of one of the most recognizable brands for the production of technological flashlights.

History of ArmyTek

It all started in 2007 when a small team from Canada got interested in LED lighting. The situation in this market was such that American and European companies offered reliable solutions, but lagged behind world trends in terms of technology, and Chinese manufacturers relied on affordability, but at the same time, they were inferior in quality and technology. Against the background of such a situation, the young company decided to go the other way and start producing products that have all the necessary criteria - relative availability, reliability, quality and manufacturability. And we have already talked about the production of lighting equipment.

For these purposes, a team of the best scientists and engineers in the aviation, military and even space industries was assembled. Thanks to this, it was possible to achieve amazing results in the production of a first-class product. Another important decision was the use of high-quality components from the USA and Japan, in particular, the best LEDs from the American manufacturer Cree.

This is how the first Predator tactical flashlight appeared, which at that time contained many innovative solutions. The lantern passed the most severe tests in various climatic conditions.

And in 2009, production was opened in China, due to which it was possible to achieve a competitive price and mass production while maintaining the same quality and modern technologies. This is still facilitated by the use of modern equipment, proven materials and a thorough quality control system for the final product.

The final stage in the development of the company was the legal registration in 2010 in Canada under the name Armytek Optoelectronics Inc.

Why are Armytek flashlights so captivating? As already noted, the use of advanced Japanese and American components, the use of the latest technologies and equipment in production in compliance with quality control, as well as reliability, durability and manufacturability. Lanterns calmly endure a fall from the tenth floor and immersion under water to a depth of 50 meters. Tactical options withstand the recoil of weapons of any caliber and continue to work smoothly. All this is reflected in the company's mission - to provide people with reliable and technologically the most advanced light in the world. The warranty from the manufacturer is as long as ten years for any flashlight!

And today, Armytek products are used by many people of different professions and occupations around the world: employees in special services, military, security workers, fishermen, hunters, rescuers, firefighters. Simply put, all those who need just such a trouble-free and hard-working flashlight, which at the same time has high-tech stuffing and various functions.

In the following articles, we will consider various models of Armytek flashlights.

To be continued...