GOST 2.305 establishes the number of main types. Images - views, cuts, sections

(approved by the State Standard of the USSR)

Edition of 08/01/1989 - The document is not valid

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE USSR

UNIFIED SYSTEM OF DESIGN DOCUMENTATION
IMAGES - VIEWS, SECTIONS, SECTIONS

Unified system for design documentation. Image-appearance, sections

GOST 2.305-68

(as amended by Changes N 1, N 2)

Introduction date 1971-01-01

INFORMATION DATA

1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Committee of Standards, Measures and Measuring Instruments under the Council of Ministers of the USSR

DEVELOPERS

V.R.Verchenko, Yu.I.Stepanov, Ya.G.Starozhilets, B.Ya.Kabakov, V.K.Anopova

2. APPROVED AND PUT INTO EFFECT by the Decree of the Committee of Standards, Measures and Measuring Instruments under the Council of Ministers of the USSR in December 1967

3. INSTEAD OF GOST 3453-59 in part of Sec. I-V, VII and annexes

4. REPUBLICATION (August 1995) with Amendments No. 1, 2, approved in September 1987, August 1989 (IUS 12-87, 12-89)

This standard establishes the rules for the representation of objects (products, structures and their constituent elements) in the drawings of all industries and construction.

The standard fully complies with ST SEV 363-88. (as amended by Change No. 2)

1. BASIC PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS

1.1. Images of objects should be made using the rectangular projection method. In this case, the object is assumed to be located between the observer and the corresponding projection plane (Fig. 1).

1.2. Six faces of a cube are taken as the main projection planes; the faces are aligned with the plane, as shown in Fig.2. Face 6 can be placed next to face 4.

1.3 The image on the frontal projection plane is taken as the main one in the drawing. The object is positioned relative to the frontal plane of projections so that the image on it gives the most complete idea of the shape and size of the object.

1.4. Images in the drawing, depending on their content, are divided into views, sections, sections.

1.5. View - the image of the visible part of the surface of the object facing the observer. To reduce the number of images, it is allowed to show in the views the necessary invisible parts of the surface of the object using dashed lines (Fig. 3).

1.6 Section - an image of an object mentally dissected by one or more planes, while the mental dissection of the object refers only to this section and does not entail changes in other images of the same object. The section shows what is obtained in the cutting plane and what is located behind it (Fig. 4). It is allowed to depict not everything that is located behind the cutting plane, if this is not required to understand the design of the object (Fig. 5).

1.7. Section - an image of a figure obtained by mentally dissecting an object with one or more planes (Fig. 6). The section shows only what is obtained directly in the cutting plane.

It is allowed to use a cylindrical surface as a secant, which is then developed into a plane (Fig. 7).

(as amended by Change No. 2)

1.8. The number of images (views, sections, sections) should be the smallest, but providing a complete picture of the subject when using the symbols, signs and inscriptions established in the relevant standards.

2. TYPES

2.1. The following names of views obtained on the main projection planes are established (main views, drawing 2):

1 - front view (main view);

2 - top view;

3 - left side view;

4 - right side view;

5 - bottom view;

6 - rear view.

In construction drawings, other names, for example, "facade", may be assigned to the corresponding views, if necessary.

The names of the views in the drawings should not be inscribed, with the exception of the case provided for in clause 2.2. In construction drawings, it is allowed to inscribe the name of the type with the assignment of an alphabetic, numeric or other designation to it.

2.2. If the top, left, right, bottom, rear views are not in direct projection connection with the main image (view or section shown on the frontal projection plane), then the projection direction should be indicated by an arrow next to the corresponding image. The same capital letter should be applied above the arrow and above the resulting image (view) (Fig. 8).

The drawings are drawn up in the same way if the listed views are separated from the main image by other images or are not located on the same sheet with it.

When there is no image on which the direction of view can be shown, the name of the species is inscribed.

In construction drawings, it is allowed to indicate the direction of view with two arrows (similar to indicating the position of cutting planes in sections).

In construction drawings, regardless of the relative position of the views, it is allowed to inscribe the name and designation of the view without indicating the direction of view with an arrow, if the direction of view is determined by the name or designation of the view. (as amended by Change No. 2)

2.3. If any part of the object cannot be shown on the views listed in clause 2.1 without distorting the shape and size, then additional views are used that are obtained on planes that are not parallel to the main projection planes (Fig. 9-11).

Damn.9 (as amended by Change No. 2)

2.4. An additional view should be marked on the drawing with a capital letter (Fig. 9, 10), and an arrow indicating the direction of view should be placed on the object associated with the additional view, with the corresponding letter image (arrow B, Fig. 9, 10).

When an additional view is located in direct projection connection with the corresponding image, the arrow and view designation are not applied (Fig. 11).

(as amended by Change No. 2)

2.5. Additional views are arranged as shown in Fig. 9-11. The location of additional views according to Fig. 9 and 11 is preferable.

An additional view is allowed to be rotated, but with the preservation, as a rule, of the position adopted for this object on the main image, while the view designation must be supplemented with a conventional graphic designation. If necessary, indicate the angle of rotation (Fig. 12).

Several identical additional views related to one subject are designated by one letter and one view is drawn. If at the same time the parts of the object associated with the additional view are located at different angles, then a conditional graphic symbol is not added to the designation of the view. (as amended by Changes N 1, N 2)

2.6. The image of a separate, limited place on the surface of an object is called a local view (view D, Fig. 8; view D, Fig. 13).

The local view can be limited to the cliff line, if possible in the smallest size (view D, drawing 13), or not limited (view D, drawing 13). The detail view should be marked on the drawing like an additional view.

Damn.13 (as amended by Change No. 2)

2.7. The ratio of the sizes of the arrows indicating the direction of view should correspond to those given in Fig.14. (as amended by Change No. 2)

3. SECTIONS

3.1. The sections are divided, depending on the position of the cutting plane relative to the horizontal projection plane, into:

horizontal - the cutting plane is parallel to the horizontal projection plane (for example, section A-A, drawing 13; section B-B, drawing 15).

In construction drawings, horizontal sections may be given other names, for example, "plan";

vertical - the cutting plane is perpendicular to the horizontal projection plane (for example, a section at the site of the main view, drawing 13; sections A-A, B-C, G-D, drawing 15);

inclined - the cutting plane makes an angle with the horizontal projection plane that is different from the right one (for example, section B-B, Fig. 8).

Depending on the number of cutting planes, the cuts are divided into:

simple - with one secant plane (for example, Fig. 4, 5);

complex - with several cutting planes (for example, section A-A, Fig. 8; section B-B, Fig. 15). (as amended by Change No. 2)

3.2. A vertical section is called frontal if the cutting plane is parallel to the frontal projection plane (for example, section, drawing 5; section A-A, drawing 16), and profile if the cutting plane is parallel to the profile plane of projections (for example, section B-B, drawing .13). (as amended by Change No. 2)

3.3. Complex sections are stepped if the cutting planes are parallel (for example, a stepped horizontal section B-B, Fig. 15; a stepped frontal section A-A, Fig. 16), and broken if the cutting planes intersect (for example, sections A-A, fig.8 and 15).

(as amended by Change No. 2)

3.4. The cuts are called longitudinal if the cutting planes are directed along the length or height of the object (Fig. 17), and transverse if the cutting planes are directed perpendicular to the length or height of the object (for example, sections A-A and B-B, Fig. 18).

(as amended by Change No. 2)

3.5. The position of the cutting plane is indicated on the drawing by a section line. An open line must be used for the section line. With a complex cut, strokes are also carried out at the intersections of the secant planes with each other. On the initial and final strokes, arrows should be placed indicating the direction of the gaze (Fig. 8-10, 13, 15); arrows should be applied at a distance of 2-3 mm from the end of the stroke.

The start and end strokes must not cross the outline of the respective image.

In cases like the one shown in Fig. 18, the arrows indicating the direction of view are drawn on the same line. (as amended by Change No. 2)

3.6. At the beginning and end of the section line, and, if necessary, at the intersection of the secant planes, they put the same capital letter of the Russian alphabet. The letters are applied near the arrows indicating the direction of view, and at the intersections from the outside corner.

The cut must be marked with an inscription of the type "A-A" (always two letters separated by a dash).

In construction drawings, instead of letters, it is allowed to use numbers instead of letters at the section line, as well as to inscribe the name of the section (plan) with the alphanumeric or other designation assigned to it.

3.7. When the cutting plane coincides with the plane of symmetry of the object as a whole, and the corresponding images are located on the same sheet in direct projection connection and are not separated by any other images, the position of the cutting plane is not marked for horizontal, frontal and profile cuts, and the cut is labeled do not accompany (for example, a section in place of the main view, Fig. 13).

3.8. The frontal and profile sections, as a rule, are given a position corresponding to that adopted for a given object in the main image of the drawing (Fig. 12).

3.9. Horizontal, frontal and profile sections can be located in the place of the corresponding main views (Fig. 13).

3.10. A vertical section, when the cutting plane is not parallel to the frontal or profile projection planes, as well as an oblique section, should be built and located in accordance with the direction indicated by the arrows on the section line.

It is allowed to place such sections anywhere in the drawing (section B-B, Fig. 8), as well as with a rotation to the position corresponding to that adopted for this object on the main image. In the latter case, the symbolic graphic designation ris011 should be added to the inscription (section Г-Г, drawing 15). (as amended by Change No. 2)

3.11. With broken cuts, the secant planes are conditionally rotated until they are aligned in one plane, while the direction of rotation may not coincide with the direction of view (Fig. 19).

If the combined planes turn out to be parallel to one of the main projection planes, then a broken section can be placed in the place of the corresponding type (sections A-A, Fig. 8, 15). When the cutting plane is rotated, the elements of the object located on it are drawn as they are projected onto the corresponding plane with which the alignment is performed (Fig. 20).

(as amended by Change No. 2)

3.12. A section that serves to clarify the device of an object only in a separate, limited place is called local.

The local section is highlighted in the view by a solid wavy line (Fig. 21) or a solid thin line with a break (Fig. 22). These lines must not overlap with any other lines in the image.

(as amended by Change No. 2)

3.13. Part of the view and part of the corresponding section may be connected, separating them with a solid wavy line or a solid thin line with a break (Fig. 23, 24, 25). If at the same time half of the view and half of the section are connected, each of which is a symmetrical figure, then the dividing line is the axis of symmetry (Fig. 26). It is also allowed to separate the section and the view with a dash-dotted thin line (Fig. 27), coinciding with the trace of the plane of symmetry not of the entire object, but only of its part, if it represents a body of revolution.

(as amended by Change No. 2)

3.14. It is allowed to connect a quarter of a view and a quarter of three sections: a quarter of a view, a quarter of one section and a half of another, etc., provided that each of these images individually is symmetrical.

4. SECTIONS

4.1. Sections that are not part of the section are divided into:

rendered (Fig. 6, 28);

superimposed (Fig. 29).

Remote sections are preferred and they can be placed in a section between parts of the same type (Fig. 30).

(as amended by Change No. 2)

4.2. The contour of the removed section, as well as the section that is part of the section, is depicted by solid main lines, and the contour of the superimposed section is depicted by solid thin lines, and the image contour at the location of the superimposed section is not interrupted (Fig. 13, 28, 29).

4.3. The axis of symmetry of the extended or superimposed section (Fig. 6, 29) is indicated by a dash-dotted thin line without letters and arrows, and the section line is not drawn.

In cases similar to those indicated in Fig. 30, with a symmetrical section figure, the section line is not drawn.

In all other cases, an open line is used for the section line with arrows indicating the direction of view and denote it with the same capital letters of the Russian alphabet (in construction drawings - in capital or lowercase letters of the Russian alphabet or numbers). The section is accompanied by an inscription of the type "A-A" (Fig. 28). In construction drawings, it is allowed to inscribe the name of the section.

For asymmetric sections located in a gap (Fig. 31) or superimposed (Fig. 32), the section line is drawn with arrows, but is not marked with letters.

In construction drawings, with symmetrical sections, an open line is used with its designation, but without arrows indicating the direction of view.

4.4. The section by construction and location must correspond to the direction indicated by the arrows (Fig. 28). It is allowed to place the section anywhere in the drawing field, as well as with a rotation with the addition of a symbol ris011 (as amended by Change No. 2)

4.5. For several identical sections related to one object, the section line is indicated by one letter and one section is drawn (Fig. 33, 34).

If in this case the cutting planes are directed at different angles (Fig. 35), then the conventional graphic designation ris011 is not applied.

When the location of identical sections is precisely determined by the image or dimensions, it is allowed to draw one section line, and indicate the number of sections above the section image. (as amended by Change No. 2)

4.6 Cutting planes are chosen so as to obtain normal cross sections (Fig. 36).

(as amended by Change No. 2)

4.7. If the cutting plane passes through the axis of the surface of revolution that bounds the hole or recess, then the contour of the hole or recess in the section is shown in full (Fig. 37). (as amended by Change No. 2)

4.8. If the section is obtained consisting of separate independent parts, then cuts should be used (Fig. 38).

(as amended by Change No. 2)

5. REMOTE ELEMENTS

5.1. Remote element - an additional separate image (usually enlarged) of any part of an object that requires graphic and other explanations regarding the shape, size and other data.

The view may contain details not shown in the corresponding image, and may differ from it in content (for example, the image may be a view, and the view may be a section).

5.2. When using a remote element, the corresponding place is marked on the view, section or section with a closed solid thin line - a circle, an oval, etc. with the designation of the external element with an uppercase letter or a combination of an uppercase letter with an Arabic numeral on the leader line shelf. Above the image of the remote element indicate the designation and scale in which it is made (Fig. 39).

In construction drawings, a remote element in the image can also be marked with a curly or square bracket or not marked graphically. The image, from where the element is taken out, and the external element, it is also allowed to apply the letter or numeric (in Arabic numerals) designation and name assigned to the external element. (as amended by Change No. 2)

5.3. The remote element is placed as close as possible to the corresponding place on the object image.

6. CONDITIONS AND SIMPLIFICATIONS

6.1. If the view, section or section represents a symmetrical figure, it is allowed to draw half of the image (view B, Fig. 13) or a little more than half of the image, in the latter case, a break line is drawn (Fig. 25).

6.2. If an object has several identical, evenly spaced elements, then one or two such elements are shown in full on the image of this object (for example, one or two holes, Fig. 15), and the remaining elements are shown simplified or conventionally (Fig. 40).

It is allowed to depict a part of an object (Fig. 41, 42) with proper indications of the number of elements, their location, etc.

6.3. On views and sections, it is allowed to depict projections of lines of intersection of surfaces in a simplified way, if their exact construction is not required. For example, instead of curved curves, arcs of a circle and straight lines are drawn (Fig. 43, 44).

6.4. A smooth transition from one surface to another is shown conditionally (Fig. 45-47) or not shown at all (Fig. 48-50).

Simplifications similar to those indicated in Fig. 51, 52 are allowed.

6.5. Details such as screws, rivets, keys, non-hollow shafts and spindles, connecting rods, handles, etc., are shown undissected when viewed longitudinally. Balls are always shown uncut.

As a rule, nuts and washers are shown uncut on assembly drawings.

Elements such as the spokes of flywheels, pulleys, gears, thin walls such as stiffeners, etc. are shown unshaded if the cutting plane is directed along the axis or long side of such an element.

If in such elements of the part there is a local drilling, recess, etc., then a local cut is made, as shown in Fig. 21, 22, 53. (as amended by Change No. 2)

6.6. Plates, as well as elements of parts (holes, chamfers, grooves, recesses, etc.) with a size (or difference in size) in the drawing of 2 mm or less, are depicted with a deviation from the scale adopted for the entire image, towards an increase.

6.7. A slight taper or slope is allowed to be depicted with magnification.

On those images in which the slope or taper is not clearly identified, for example, the main view in Fig. 54a or the top view in Fig. 54b, only one line is drawn corresponding to the smaller size of the element with a slope or the smaller base of the cone.

6.8. If it is necessary to highlight the flat surfaces of the object in the drawing, diagonals are drawn on them with solid thin lines (Fig. 55).

6.9. Items or elements that have a constant or regularly changing cross section (shafts, chains, bars, shaped steel, connecting rods, etc.) may be depicted with breaks.

Partial and broken images are restricted in one of the following ways:

a) a solid thin line with a break, which can go beyond the contour of the image to a length of 2 to 4 mm. This line may be inclined relative to the contour line (Fig. 56a);

b) a solid wavy line connecting the corresponding contour lines (Fig. 56b);

c) hatching lines (Fig. 56c).

(as amended by Change No. 2)

6.10. On the drawings of objects with a continuous mesh, wickerwork, ornament, relief, knurling, etc. it is allowed to depict these elements partially, with possible simplification (Fig. 57).

6.11. To simplify the drawings or reduce the number of images, it is allowed:

a) the part of the object located between the observer and the cutting plane, depict a dash - a dotted thickened line directly on the section (superimposed projection, drawing 58);

b) apply complex cuts (Fig. 59);

c) to show holes in the hubs of gears, pulleys, etc., as well as for keyways, instead of a complete image of the part, give only the outline of the hole (Fig. 60) or groove (Fig. 52);

d) depict in section the holes located on the round flange when they do not fall into the cutting plane (Fig. 15). (as amended by Change No. 2)

6.12. If the top view is not necessary and the drawing is made up of images on the frontal and profile projection planes, then with a stepped cut, the section line and inscriptions related to the section are applied as shown in Fig. 61.

(as amended by Change No. 2)

6.13. The conventions and simplifications allowed in permanent connections, in the drawings of electrical and radio engineering devices, gears, etc., are established by the relevant standards.

6.14. The conditional graphic designation "rotated" must correspond to drawing 62 and "deployed" - drawing 63.

(as amended by Change No. 2).

GOST 2.305-2008

Group T52

INTERSTATE STANDARD

Unified system of design documentation

IMAGES - VIEWS, SECTIONS, SECTIONS

Unified system for design documentation. Images - appearance, sections, profiles

ISS 01.100.01

Introduction date 2009-07-01

Foreword

The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 "Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-97 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. The procedure for developing, adopting, application, renewal and cancellation

About the standard

1 DEVELOPED by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Standardization and Certification in Mechanical Engineering (VNIINMASH), Autonomous non-profit organization Research Center for CALS-technologies "Applied Logistics" (ANO NRC CALS-technologies "Applied Logistics")

2 INTRODUCED by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology

3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Minutes N 33 of August 28, 2008)

Azerbaijan				Azstandard

				State Consumer Standard of Ukraine

4 Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated December 25, 2008 N 703-st interstate standard GOST 2.305-2008 put into effectas the national standard of the Russian Federation since July 1, 2009

5 INSTEAD OF GOST 2.305-68

Information on the entry into force (termination) of this standard

published in the index "National Standards".

Information about changes to this standard is published in the "National Standards" index, and the text of the changes is published in the "National Standards" information indexes. In case of revision or cancellation of this standard, the relevant information will be published in the information index "National Standards"

1 area of use

This standard establishes the rules for the representation of objects (products, structures and their constituent elements) on drawings (electronic models) of all industries and construction.

GOST 2.052-2006 Unified system for design documentation. Electronic product model. General provisions

GOST 2.102-68 Unified system for design documentation. Types and completeness of design documents

GOST 2.103-68 Unified system for design documentation. Stages of development GOST 2.104-2006 Unified system for design documentation. Basic inscriptions

GOST 2.109-73 Unified system for design documentation. Basic requirements for drawings

GOST 2.302-68 Unified system for design documentation. Scales GOST 2.317-69 Unified system for design documentation. Axonometric projections

Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards in the territory of the state according to the corresponding index of standards compiled as of January 1 of the current year, and according to the corresponding information indexes published in the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (modified), then when using this standard, you should be guided by the replacing (modified)

standard. If the referenced standard is canceled without replacement, the provision in which the reference to it is given applies to the extent that this reference is not affected.

3 Terms and definitions

In this standard, the following terms are used with their respective definitions:

3.1 vertical cut: A cut made by secant planes perpendicular to

To horizontal projection plane.

3.2 type of object (kind): Orthogonal projection of the visible part of the surface of an object facing the observer, located between it and the projection plane.

3.3 exploded section: A section located in the drawing outside the contour of the image of an object or in a gap between parts of one image.

3.4 remote element: An additional, usually enlarged, separate image of part of an object.

3.5 main view of the object (main view): The main view of the object on the frontal projection plane, which gives the most complete idea of the shape and size of the object, relative to which the other main views are located.

3.6 horizontal cut: A cut made by secant planes parallel to the horizontal projection plane.

3.7 additional type of item (additional type):An image of an object on a plane that is not parallel to any of the main projection planes, used for an undistorted image of the surface if it cannot be obtained in the main view.

3.8 broken cut: A complex cut made by intersecting planes.

3.9 local view of the object (local view): An image of a separate limited area of the surface of an object.

3.10 local cut: A cut made by a cutting plane only in a separate, limited place of an object.

3.11 oblique cut: A cut made by a cutting plane constituting with

horizontal projection plane angle other than right.

3.12 superimposed section: A section located directly on the object image along the trace of the cutting plane.

3.13 orthogonal (rectangular) projection:A parallel projection of an object or part of it onto a plane perpendicular to the direction of the projecting rays, representing one of the faces of a hollow cube, aligned with the drawing, inside which the object is mentally placed,.

3.14 main view of the subject (main view):The view of an object, which is obtained by combining the object and its image on one of the faces of a hollow cube, inside which the object is mentally placed, with the drawing plane.

Note - The main view of the object may refer to the object as a whole, its section or section.

3.15 parallel projection: An image of an object or part of it, obtained by projecting them by an imaginary parallel beam of rays onto a plane.

3.16 cross section: A cut made by a cutting plane directed perpendicular to the length or height of an object.

3.17 lengthwise cut: A cut made by a cutting plane directed along the length or height of an object.

3.18 simple cut: A cut made by one cutting plane.

3.19 profile cut: A vertical section made by secant planes parallel to the profile projection plane.

3.20 section of an object (section): Orthogonal projection of an object, mentally dissected completely or partially by one or more planes to reveal its invisible surfaces.

3.21 section of the object (section): Orthogonal projection of a figure obtained in one or more secant planes or surfaces during a mental dissection of the projected object.

Note - If necessary, it is allowed to use a cylindrical surface deployed to the plane of the drawing as a secant.

3.22 complex cut: A cut made by two or more secant planes.

3.23 stepped cut: A complex cut made by parallel cutting planes.

3.24 frontal cut: A vertical section made by secant planes parallel to the frontal projection plane.

4 Fundamentals

4.1 General requirements for the content of the drawing - according to GOST 2.109, electronic model of the product - according to GOST 2.052.

4.2 Images of objects in the drawing should be performed using the rectangular projection method. In this case, the object is assumed to be located between the observer and the corresponding projection plane (see Figure 1).

Picture 1

4.3 Six faces of a cube are taken as the main projection planes; the faces are aligned with the plane, as shown in Figure 2. Face 6 can be placed next to face 4.

Figure 2

4.4 The image on the frontal projection plane is taken as the main one in the drawing. The object is positioned relative to the frontal plane of projections so that the image on it gives the most complete idea of the shape and size of the object.

4.5 Depending on the content, the images are divided into types, sections, sections.

The scale of images located in direct projection relationship with each other on the main projection planes is taken as the scale of the document and recorded in the corresponding attribute of the main inscription (GOST 2.104). All other images made on the drawing on a different scale must have indications about it.

4.6 To reduce the number of images, it is allowed to show in the views the necessary invisible parts of the surface of the object using dashed lines (see Figure 3).

Figure 3

4.7 When performing a cut, the mental dissection of an object applies only to this

cut and does not entail changes in other images of the same subject. The section shows what is obtained in the cutting plane and what is located behind it (see Figure 4). It is allowed to depict not everything that is located behind the cutting plane, if this is not required to understand the design of the object (see Figure 5).

Figure 4

Figure 5

4.8 The section shows only what is obtained directly in the cutting plane (see Figure 6).

Figure 6

It is allowed to use a cylindrical surface as a secant, which is then developed into a plane (see Figure 7).

Figure 7

4.9 The number of images (views, sections, sections) should be the smallest, but providing a complete picture of the subject when using the symbols, signs and inscriptions established in the relevant standards.

5 Views

5.1 The following names of views obtained on the main projection planes are established (main views, Figure 2):

1 - front view (main view);

2 - top view;

3 - left side view;

4 - right side view;

5 - bottom view;

6 - rear view.

When executing graphic documents in the form of electronic models (GOST 2.052), saved views should be used to obtain the corresponding images.

In construction drawings, if necessary, it is allowed to assign special names to the corresponding views, for example, "facade".

The names of the views on the drawings should not be inscribed, except as provided in 5.2. In construction drawings, it is allowed to inscribe the name of the type with the assignment of an alphabetic, numeric or other designation to it.

5.2 If the top, left, right, bottom, rear views are not in direct projection connection with the main image (view or section shown on the front projection plane), then the projection direction should be indicated by an arrow next to the corresponding image. The same capital letter should be applied above the arrow and above the resulting image (view) (see Figure 8).

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INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION
(MGS)

INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION
(ISC)

INTERSTATE
STANDARD

GOST
2.305-
2008

Unified system of design documentation

IMAGES - VIEWS, SECTIONS,
SECTIONS

Moscow

Standartinform

Foreword

The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 “Interstate standardization system. Basic Provisions” and GOST 1.2-97 “Interstate Standardization System. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. The order of development, adoption, application, updating and cancellation "

About the standard

1. DEVELOPED by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise All-Russian Research Institute for Standardization and Certification in Mechanical Engineering (VNIINMASH), Autonomous Non-Profit Organization Research Center for CALS-technologies "Applied Logistics" (ANO NRC CALS-technologies "Applied Logistics")

2. INTRODUCED by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology

3. ADOPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Minutes No. 33 of August 28, 2008)

Short country name according to MK (ISO 3166) 004-97	Code of the country according to MK (ISO 3166) 004-97	Abbreviated name of the national authority for standardization
Azerbaijan		Azstandard
		Ministry of Trade and Economic Development
Belarus		State Standard of the Republic of Belarus
Kazakhstan		State Standard of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan		Kyrgyzstandart
		Moldova-Standard
Russian Federation		Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology
Tajikistan		Tajikstandart
Turkmenistan		Main State Service "Turkmenstandartlary"
		State Consumer Standard of Ukraine

4. By order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated December 25, 2008 No. 703-st, the interstate standard GOST 2.305-2008 was put into effect as the national standard of the Russian Federation from July 1, 2009.

Information on the entry into force (termination) of this standard is published in the index "National Standards".

Information about changes to this standard is published in the index "National Standards", and the text of the changes - in information signs "National standards". In case of revision or cancellation of this standard, the relevant information will be published in the information index "National Standards"

INTERSTATE STANDARD

Unified system of design documentation

IMAGES - VIEWS, SECTIONS, SECTIONS

Unified system for design documentation.

Images - appearance, sections, profiles

Introduction date - 2009-07-01

1 area of use

This standard establishes the rules for the representation of objects (products, structures and their constituent elements) on drawings (electronic models) of all industries and construction.

2. Regulatory references

4.2. Images of objects in the drawing should be performed using the rectangular projection method. In this case, the object is assumed to be located between the observer and the corresponding projection plane (see Figure 1).

Picture 1

4.3. Six faces of a cube are taken as the main projection planes; faces are aligned with the plane, as shown in Figure 2. Face 6 can be placed next to face 4 .

4.4. The image on the frontal projection plane is taken as the main one in the drawing. The object is positioned relative to the frontal plane of projections so that the image on it gives the most complete idea of the shape and size of the object.

4.5. Depending on the content, the images are divided into types, sections, sections.

4.6. To reduce the number of images, it is allowed to show in the views the necessary invisible parts of the surface of the object using dashed lines (see Figure 3).

Figure 2

Figure 3

4.7. When performing a cut, the mental dissection of an object refers only to this cut and does not entail changes in other images of the same object. The section shows what is obtained in the cutting plane and what is located behind it (see Figure 4). It is allowed to depict not everything that is located behind the cutting plane, if this is not required to understand the design of the object (see Figure 5).

Figure 4

Figure 5

4.8. The section shows only what is obtained directly in the cutting plane (see Figure 6).

It is allowed to use a cylindrical surface as a secant, which is then developed into a plane (see Figure 7).

Figure 6

Figure 7

4.9. The number of images (views, sections, sections) should be the smallest, but providing a complete picture of the subject when using the symbols, signs and inscriptions established in the relevant standards.

5. Views

5.1. The following names of views obtained on the main projection planes are established (main views, Figure 2):

1 - front view (main view);

2 - top view;

3 - left side view;

4 - right side view;

5 - bottom view;

6 - rear view.

When performing graphic documents in the form of electronic models (GOST 2.052), saved views should be used to obtain the corresponding images.

In construction drawings, if necessary, it is allowed to assign special names to the corresponding views, for example, "facade".

5.2. If the top, left, right, bottom, rear views are not in direct projection connection with the main image (view or section shown on the frontal projection plane), then the projection direction should be indicated by an arrow next to the corresponding image. The same capital letter should be applied above the arrow and above the resulting image (view) (see Figure 8).

Figure 8

The drawings are drawn up in the same way if the listed views are separated from the main image by other images or are not located on the same sheet with it.

When there is no image on which the direction of view can be shown, the name of the species is inscribed.

In construction drawings, it is allowed to indicate the direction of view with two arrows (similar to indicating the position of cutting planes in sections).

5.3. If it is necessary to obtain a visual image of the object in the drawing, axonometric projections are used according to GOST 2.317.

5.4. If any part of the object in the drawing cannot be shown on the views listed in 5.1 without distorting the shape and size, then additional views obtained on planes that are not parallel to the main projection planes are used (see Figures 9 - 11). In electronic models, additional types are not used.

5.5. The additional view should be marked on the drawing with a capital letter (see Figures 9, 10), and the object associated with the additional view should have an arrow indicating the direction of view, with the corresponding letter designation (for example, arrow B, figures 9, 10).

Figure 9

Figure 10

When an additional view is located in direct projection connection with the corresponding image, the arrow and the view designation are not applied (see Figure 11).

Figure 11

5.6. Additional views are arranged as shown in Figures 9 - 11. The location of additional views according to Figures 9 and 11 is preferable.

An additional view is allowed to be rotated, but with the preservation, as a rule, of the position adopted for this object on the main image, while the view designation must be supplemented with a conventional graphic designation - . If necessary, indicate the angle of rotation (see Figure 12).

Figure 12

5.7. Local view (view G, figure 8; view D, figure 13) can be limited by a cliff line, if possible in the smallest size (view D, figure 13), or unlimited (view G, figure 13). The detail view should be marked on the drawing like an additional view.

Figure 13

5.8. The ratio of the sizes of the arrows indicating the direction of view should correspond to those shown in Figure 14.

Figure 14

6. Cuts

6.1. Depending on the position of the cutting plane relative to the horizontal projection plane, the sections are divided into:

Horizontal (for example, a cut A-A, figure 13; incision B-B, figure 15).

In construction drawings, it is allowed to assign other names to horizontal sections, for example, “plan”;

Vertical (for example, a section in place of the main view, Figure 13; sections A-A, B-B, G-G, figure 15);

Oblique (for example, a cut IN-IN, figure 8).

Depending on the number of cutting planes, the cuts are divided into:

Simple (see figures 4, 5);

Complex (for example, a cut A-A, figure 8; incision B-B, figure 15).

Figure 15

6.2. A vertical incision is frontal (for example, incision, Figure 5, incision A-A, figure 16), and profile (for example, a section B-B, figure 13).

6.3. Complex cuts are stepped (for example, a stepped horizontal cut B-B, figure 15; stepped frontal incision A-A, Figure 16) and broken lines (for example, cuts A-A, figures 8 and 15).

Figure 16

6.4. The cuts are longitudinal (see Figure 17) and transverse if the cutting planes are directed perpendicular to the length or height of the object (for example, cuts A-A And B-B, figure 18).

Figure 17

Figure 18

6.5. The position of the cutting plane is indicated on the drawing by a section line. An open line should be used for the section line. With a complex cut, strokes are also carried out at the intersections of the secant planes with each other. On the initial and final strokes, arrows should be placed indicating the direction of the gaze (see figures 8 - 10, 13, 15); arrows should be applied at a distance of 2 - 3 mm from the end of the stroke.

The start and end strokes must not cross the outline of the respective image.

In cases like the one shown in Figure 18, the arrows indicating the direction of view are applied on the same line.

6.6. At the beginning and end of the section line, and if necessary, at the intersection of the secant planes, they put the same capital letter of the Russian alphabet. The letters are applied near the arrows indicating the direction of view, and at the intersections from the outside corner.

The section should be marked with an inscription according to the type "A-A"(always two letters separated by a dash).

In construction drawings, instead of letters, it is allowed to use numbers instead of letters at the section line, as well as inscribe the name of the section (plan) with the alphanumeric or other designation assigned to it.

6.7. When the cutting plane coincides with the plane of symmetry of the object as a whole, and the corresponding images are located on the same sheet in direct projection connection and are not separated by any other images, the position of the cutting plane is not marked for horizontal, frontal and profile cuts and the cut is not labeled accompany (for example, a section in place of the main view, Figure 13).

6.8. The frontal and profile sections, as a rule, are given a position corresponding to that adopted for a given object in the main image of the drawing (see Figure 12).

6.9. Horizontal, frontal and profile sections can be located in place of the respective main views (see Figure 13).

6.10. A vertical section, when the cutting plane is not parallel to the frontal or profile projection planes, as well as an oblique section, must be built and located in accordance with the direction indicated by the arrows on the section line.

It is allowed to place such cuts anywhere in the drawing (section IN-IN, figure 8), as well as with rotation to the position corresponding to that adopted for this object in the main image. In the latter case, a conditional graphic designation - (section G-G, figure 15).

6.11. With broken cuts, the secant planes are conditionally rotated until aligned in one plane, while the direction of rotation may not coincide with the direction of view (see Figure 19).

If the combined planes turn out to be parallel to one of the main projection planes, then a broken cut can be placed in the place of the corresponding type (cuts A-A, figures 8, 15). When the cutting plane is rotated, the elements of the object located behind it are drawn as they are projected onto the corresponding plane with which they are aligned (see Figure 20).

Figure 19

Figure 20

6.12. A local section is distinguished in the view by a solid wavy line (see Figure 21) or a solid thin line with a break (see Figure 22). These lines must not overlap with any other lines in the image.

Figure 21

Figure 22

6.13. Part of the view and part of the corresponding section may be connected, separating them with a solid wavy line or a solid thin line with a break (see Figures 23 - 25). If at the same time half of the view and half of the section are connected, each of which is a symmetrical figure, then the dividing line is the axis of symmetry (see Figure 26). It is also allowed to separate the section and the view with a dash-dotted thin line (see Figure 27), which coincides with the trace of the plane of symmetry not of the entire object, but only of its part, if it is a body of revolution.

Figure 23

Figure 24

Figure 25

Figure 26

Figure 27

6.14. It is allowed to connect a quarter of a view and a quarter of three sections: a quarter of a view, a quarter of one section and a half of another, etc. provided that each of these images individually is symmetrical.

7. Sections

7.1. Sections that are not part of the section are divided into:

Remote (see figures 6, 28);

Superimposed (see figures 29 - 32).

Figure 28

Figure 29

It is allowed to place sections at any place of the drawing field, as well as with rotation with the addition of a conventional graphic symbol.

Remote sections are preferred and they can be placed in a gap between parts of the same type (see Figure 30).

Figure 30

In electronic models, only superimposed sections are used (see Figure 31).

Figure 31

7.2. In the drawings, the contour of the removed section, as well as the section that is part of the section, is depicted by solid main lines, and the contour of the superimposed section is depicted by solid thin lines, and the image contour at the location of the superimposed section is not interrupted (see Figures 13, 28, 29).

7.3. The axis of symmetry of the extended or superimposed section (see Figures 6, 29) is indicated by a dash-dotted thin line without letters and arrows, and the section line is not drawn.

In cases similar to those indicated in Figure 30, with a symmetrical section figure, the section line is not drawn.

7.4. In all other cases, in the drawings for the section line, an open line is used with arrows indicating the direction of view and denoted by the same capital letters of the Russian alphabet (in construction drawings - in capital or lowercase letters of the Russian alphabet or numbers).

In the drawings, the section is accompanied by an inscription of the type " A-A"(See Figure 28). In construction drawings, it is allowed to inscribe the name of the section. On electronic models, the section is not accompanied by an inscription. It is recommended that the saved view, which is used to display the section, be given the same name as the section by type. "A-A".

7.5. On electronic models, a visual representation of the cutting plane should be used to indicate the location and direction of view of the section. The contour of the image of the cutting plane is depicted with solid main lines, and the contour of the superimposed section is depicted with solid thin lines, and the contour of the image at the location of the superimposed section is not interrupted (see Figures 31, 32). It is allowed to highlight the image of the cutting plane with a color different from the color of the image of the object, if the display device of the electronic computer allows this.

Figure 32

In the drawings for asymmetric sections located in a gap (see Figure 33) or superimposed (see Figure 34), the section line is drawn with arrows, but is not indicated by letters.

Figure 33

Figure 34

In construction drawings, with symmetrical sections, an open line is used with its designation, but without arrows indicating the direction of view.

7.6. The section by construction and location must correspond to the direction indicated by the arrows (for the drawing - Figure 28, for the electronic model - Figures 31, 32, 35).

To visualize sections on models, it is recommended to use saved views. In this case, all cutting planes used in the model must be uniquely identified, and all sections must be made in the scale of the electronic model.

To indicate the direction of looking at the section, visible arrows should be used, as shown in Figures 31, 32. It is allowed to indicate the direction of looking at the section, as shown in Figure 35.

The result of the section can be shown either by visualization of lines that define the intersection of cutting planes with the object, displayed directly on the model and overlapping its image (see Figure 32), or by removing material from the image of the object model (see Figure 35).

For broken and stepped cuts, the secant planes should be shown connected to each other (see Figure 35).

Figure 35

7.7. For several identical sections related to the same object, the section line is indicated by one letter and one section is drawn (see Figures 36, 37).

Figure 36

Figure 37

If in this case the secant planes are directed at different angles (see Figure 38), then the conditional graphic designation is not applied.

Figure 38

When the location of identical sections is precisely determined by the image or dimensions, it is allowed to draw one section line, and indicate the number of sections above the section image.

7.8. The cutting planes are chosen so as to obtain normal cross sections (see Figure 39).

Figure 39

7.9. If the cutting plane passes through the axis of the surface of revolution that bounds the hole or recess, then the contour of the hole or recess in the section is shown in full (see Figure 40).

Figure 40

7.10. If the section is obtained consisting of separate independent parts, then cuts should be used (see Figure 41).

Figure 41

7.11. Saved views must be associated with the item model, and changes to the model must cause corresponding section changes in all saved views.

8. Callouts

8.1. A remote element is used in the drawings, as a rule, to place any part of an object that requires graphic and other explanations regarding the shape, dimensions and other data.

In electronic models, remote elements are not used.

The view may contain details not shown in the corresponding image, and may differ from it in content (for example, the image may be a view, and the view may be a section).

8.2. When using a remote element, the corresponding place is marked on the view, section or section with a closed solid thin line - a circle, an oval, etc. with the designation of an external element with an uppercase letter or a combination of an uppercase letter with an Arabic numeral on the shelf of the leader line. Above the image of the remote element indicate the designation and scale in which it is made (see Figure 42). Scale values - according to GOST 2.302.

Figure 42

8.3. The remote element is placed as close as possible to the corresponding place on the object image.

9. Conventions and simplifications

9.1. The detail of the image of the subject is set by the developer based on the requirements for the content of the document, depending on the stage of development (GOST 2.103) and the type of document (GOST 2.102).

9.2. If the view, section or section is a symmetrical figure, it is allowed to draw half of the image (view B, Figure 13) or a little more than half of the image with a break line drawn in the latter case (see Figure 25).

9.3. If an object has several identical, evenly spaced elements, then one or two such elements are shown in full on the image of this object (for example, one or two holes, Figure 15), and the remaining elements are shown in a simplified or conditional way (see Figure 43).

It is allowed to depict a part of an object (see Figures 44, 45) with proper indications of the number of elements, their location, etc.

Figure 43

Figure 44

Figure 45

9.4. On views and sections, it is allowed to depict projections of lines of intersection of surfaces in a simplified way, if their exact construction is not required. For example, instead of curved curves, arcs of a circle and straight lines are drawn (see Figures 46, 47).

Figure 46

Figure 47

9.5. A smooth transition from one surface to another is shown conditionally (see Figures 48 - 50) or not shown at all (see Figures 51 - 53).

Figure 48

Figure 49

Figure 50

Figure 51

Figure 52

Figure 53

Simplifications similar to those shown in figures 54 - 57 are allowed.

Figure 54

Figure 55

Figure 56

Figure 57

9.6. Details such as screws, rivets, keys, non-hollow shafts and spindles, connecting rods, handles, etc., are shown uncut in longitudinal section. Balls are always shown uncut.

As a rule, nuts and washers are shown uncut on assembly drawings.

Elements, such as the spokes of flywheels, pulleys, gears, thin walls such as stiffeners, etc., are shown unshaded if the cutting plane is directed along the axis or long side of such an element.

If in such elements of the part there is a local drilling, recess, etc., then a local cut is made, as shown in Figures 21, 22.

9.7. Plates, as well as elements of parts (holes, chamfers, grooves, recesses, etc.) with a size (or difference in size) of no more than 2 mm, are depicted in the drawing with a deviation from the scale adopted for the entire image, upwards.

9.8. A slight taper or slope may be depicted with magnification.

If the slope or taper is not clearly identified, for example, the main view in Figure 56 or the top view in Figure 57, then only one line is drawn on the images, corresponding to the smaller size of the element with a slope or the smaller base of the cone.

9.9. If it is necessary to highlight the flat surfaces of the object in the drawing, diagonals are drawn on them with solid thin lines (see Figure 58).

Figure 58

9.10. Items or elements that have a constant or regularly changing cross section (shafts, chains, bars, shaped steel, connecting rods, etc.) may be depicted with breaks.

Partial and broken images are restricted in one of the following ways:

a) a solid thin line with a break, which can go beyond the contour of the image by a length of 2 - 4 mm. This line can be inclined relative to the contour line (see Figure 59);

Figure 59

b) a solid wavy line connecting the corresponding contour lines (see Figure 60);

Figure 60

c) hatching lines (see Figure 61).

Figure 61

9.11. On the drawings of objects with a continuous mesh, wickerwork, ornament, relief, knurling, etc. it is allowed to depict these elements partially with possible simplification (see Figure 62).

Figure 62

9.12. To simplify the drawings or reduce the number of images, it is allowed:

a) the part of the object located between the observer and the cutting plane, depict a dash-dot thickened line directly on the section (superimposed projection, Figure 63);

b) apply complex cuts (see Figure 64);

Figure 63

Figure 64

c) to show a hole in the hubs of gears, pulleys, etc., as well as for keyways, instead of a complete image of the part, give only the outline of the hole (see Figure 65) or the groove (see Figure 55);

Figure 65

d) depict in section the holes located on the round flange when they do not fall into the cutting plane (see Figure 15).

9.13. If the top view is not necessary and the drawing is made up of images on the frontal and profile planes of the projections, then with a stepped cut, the section line and inscriptions related to the cut are applied, as shown in Figure 66.

Figure 66

9.14. Conventions and simplifications allowed in permanent connections, in drawings of electrical and radio engineering devices, gears, etc. set by the relevant standards.

9.15. The conditional graphic designation "rotated" must correspond to Figure 67 and "deployed" - to Figure 68.

Figure 67

Figure 68

Bibliography

	ISO 5456-2:1996	Technical drawings. projection methods. Part 2. Representation in orthographic projection
	ISO 5456-3:1996	Technical drawings. projection methods. Part 3. Axonometric projection
	ISO 10303-202:1996	Production automation systems and their integration. Presentation of product data and exchange of this data. Part 202. Application protocol. Associative drawing

INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION

INTERSTATE

STANDARD

IMAGES - VIEWS, SECTIONS,

Official edition

Standartinform

Foreword

About the standard

2 INTRODUCED by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology

3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Minutes No. 33 of August 28, 2008)

Short name of the country according to MK (ISO 3166) 004-97	Code of the country according to MK (ISO 3166) 004-97	Abbreviated name of the national standards body
Azerbaijan		Azstandard
		Ministry of Trade and Economic Development
Belarus		State Standard of the Republic of Belarus
Kazakhstan		State Standard of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan		Kyrgyzstandart
		Moldova-Standard
Russian Federation		Federal Agency for Technical Regulation
		and metrology
Tajikistan		T ajikstandart
Turkmenistan		Main State Service "Turkmenstandartlary"
		State Consumer Standard of Ukraine

4 By order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated December 25, 2008 No. 703-st, the interstate standard GOST 2.305-2008 was put into effect as the national standard of the Russian Federation from July 1, 2009.

5 INSTEAD OF GOST2.305-68

Information on the entry into force (termination) of this standard is published in the index "National Standards".

Information about changes to this standard is published in the index "National standards", and the text of the changes - in the information indexes "National standards". In case of revision or cancellation of this standard, the relevant information will be published in the information index "National Standards"

In the Russian Federation, this standard cannot be fully or partially reproduced, replicated and distributed as an official publication without the permission of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology

1 area of use............................................... ....1

3 Terms and definitions .......................................................... ..1

4 Fundamentals ............................................................... ...2

5 Views................................................... .............4

6 Sections................................................... ...........8

7 Sections................................................... ..........eleven

8 Callouts .................................................................. ...16

9 Conventions and simplifications.................................................... .17

Bibliography................................................. .......23

INTERSTATE STANDARD

Unified system of design documentation

IMAGES - VIEWS, SECTIONS, SECTIONS

Unified system for design documentation.

Images - appearance, sections, profiles

Introduction date - 2009-07-01

1 area of use

This standard establishes the rules for the representation of objects (products, structures and their constituent elements) on drawings (electronic models) of all industries and construction.

2 Normative references

GOST 2.052-2006 Unified system for design documentation. Electronic product model. General provisions

GOST2.Yu2-68 Unified system for design documentation. Types and completeness of design documents

GOST 2.103-68 Unified system for design documentation. Development stages

GOST 2.104-2006 Unified system for design documentation. Basic inscriptions

GOST 2.109-73 Unified system for design documentation. Basic requirements for drawings

GOST 2.302-68 Unified system for design documentation. Scales

GOST 2.317-69 Unified system for design documentation. Axonometric projections

3 Terms and definitions

In this standard, the following terms are used with their respective definitions:

3.1 vertical section: A section made by secant planes perpendicular to the horizontal projection plane.

3.2 view of the object (view): Orthogonal projection of the visible part of the surface of the object facing the observer, located between it and the projection plane.

3.3 exploded section: A section located in the drawing outside the contour of the image of an object or in a gap between parts of one image.

3.4 callout

Official Edition ★

3.6 horizontal section: A section made by secant planes parallel to the horizontal projection plane.

3.7 additional view of an object (additional view): An image of an object on a plane that is not parallel to any of the main projection planes, used for an undistorted image of the surface if it cannot be obtained in the main view.

3.8 broken cut: A complex cut made by intersecting planes.

3.9 detail view of an object (detail view): Image of a separate limited area of the surface of an object.

3.10 local cut: A cut made by a cutting plane only in a separate, limited place of an object.

3.11 oblique cut: A cut made by a cutting plane constituting an angle other than a right angle with the horizontal projection plane.

3.12 superimposed section: A section located directly on the image of the object along the trace of the cutting plane.

3.13 orthogonal (rectangular) projection: A parallel projection of an object or part of it onto a plane perpendicular to the direction of the projecting rays, representing one of the faces of a hollow cube aligned with the drawing, inside which the object is mentally placed,.

3.14 main view of the object (main view): View of the object, which is obtained by combining the object and its image on one of the faces of the hollow cube, inside which the object is mentally placed, with the drawing plane.

Note - The main view of the object may refer to the object as a whole, its section or section.

3.15 parallel projection: Image of an object or part of it, obtained by projecting them with an imaginary parallel beam of rays onto a plane.

3.16 cross section: A cut made by a cutting plane directed perpendicular to the length or height of an object.

3.17 longitudinal section: A section made by a cutting plane directed along the length or height of an object.

3.18 simple cut: A cut made by one cutting plane.

3.19 profile section: A vertical section made by secant planes parallel to the profile projection plane.

3.20 section of an object (section): An orthogonal projection of an object mentally dissected completely or partially by one or more planes to reveal its invisible surfaces.

3.21 section of an object (section): An orthogonal projection of a figure resulting in water or several secant planes or surfaces during a mental dissection of the projected object.

Note - If necessary, it is allowed to use a cylindrical surface deployed to the plane of the drawing as a secant.

3.22 complex cut: A cut made by two or more secant planes.

3.23 stepped cut: A complex cut made by parallel cutting planes.

3.24 frontal section: A vertical section made by secant planes parallel to the frontal projection plane.

4 Fundamentals

4.1 General requirements for the content of the drawing - in accordance with GOST 2.109, the electronic model of the product - in accordance with GOST 2.052.

Picture 1

4.3 Six faces of a cube are taken as the main projection planes; the faces are aligned with the plane, as shown in Figure 2. Face 6 can be placed next to face 4.

4.5 Depending on the content, the images are divided into views, sections, sections.

The scale of images located in direct projection relationship with each other on

the main projection planes are taken as the scale of the document and recorded in the corresponding attribute of the main inscription (GOST 2.104). All other images made on the drawing on a different scale must have indications about it.

4.6 To reduce the number of images, it is allowed to show in the views the necessary invisible parts of the surface of the object using dashed lines (see Figure 3).

Figure 2

Figure 3

4.7 When performing a cut, the mental dissection of an object refers only to this cut and does not entail changes in other images of the same object. The section shows what is obtained in the cutting plane and what is located behind it (see Figure 4). It is allowed to depict not everything that is located behind the cutting plane, if this is not required to understand the design of the object (see Figure 5).

4.8 The section shows only what is obtained directly in the secant plane (see figure b).

It is allowed to use a cylindrical surface as a secant, which is then developed into a plane (see Figure 7).

Figureb

Figure 7

5 Views

5.1 The following names of views obtained on the main projection planes are established (main views, Figure 2):

1 - front view (main view);

2 - top view;

3 - left side view;

4 - right side view;

5 - bottom view;

6 - rear view.

When performing graphic documents in the form of electronic models (GOST 2.052), saved views should be used to obtain the corresponding images.

In construction drawings, if necessary, it is allowed to assign special names to the corresponding views, for example, "facade".

The names of the views on the drawings should not be inscribed, except as provided in 5.2. In construction drawings, it is allowed to inscribe the name of the species with the assignment of an alphabetic, numeric or other designation to it.

Figure 8

Drawings are also drawn up if the listed views are separated from the main image by other images or are not located on the same sheet with it.

When there is no image on which the direction of view can be shown, the name of the species is inscribed.

In construction drawings, it is allowed to indicate the direction of view with two arrows (similar to indicating the position of cutting planes in sections).

5.3 If it is necessary to obtain a visual image of the object in the drawing, axonometric projections are used in accordance with GOST 2.317.

5.4 If any part of the object in the drawing cannot be shown on the views listed in 5.1 without distorting the shape and dimensions, then additional views obtained on planes not parallel to the main projection planes are used (see Figures 9-11). In electronic models, additional types are not used.

5.5 An additional view should be marked on the drawing with a capital letter (see Figures 9, 10), and an arrow indicating the direction of view should be placed on the image of the object associated with the additional view, with the corresponding letter designation (for example, arrow B, Figures 9, 10).

When an additional view is located in direct projection connection with the corresponding image, the arrow and the view designation are not applied (see Figure 11).

5.6 Additional views are arranged as shown in Figures 9-11. The location of additional views according to Figures 9 and 11 is preferable.

An additional view is allowed to be rotated, but with the preservation, as a rule, of the position adopted for this object on the main image, while the designation of the view must be supplemented with a conditional graphic designation "Q. If necessary, indicate the angle of rotation (see Figure 12).

Several identical additional views related to one subject are designated by one letter and one view is drawn. If at the same time the parts of the object associated with the additional view are located at different angles, then the conditional graphic designation ^ is not added to the designation of the view.

Figure 12

5.7 The local view (view D, figure c; view D, figure 13) can be limited by the cliff line, if possible in the smallest size (view D, figure 13), or not limited (view D, figure 13). The detail view should be marked on the drawing like an additional view.

G

V-B

IN

5.8 The ratio of the sizes of the arrows indicating the direction of view should correspond to those shown in Figure 14.

Figure 14

6 Cuts

6.1 Depending on the position of the cutting plane relative to the horizontal projection plane, the sections are divided into:

Horizontal (for example, section L-A, Figure 13; section B-B, Figure 15).

In construction drawings, it is allowed to assign other names to horizontal sections, for example, “plan”;

Vertical (for example, a section at the site of the main view, Figure 13; sections A-A, B-C, G-D, Figure 15);

Inclined (for example, section B-B, Figure 8).

Depending on the number of cutting planes, the cuts are divided into:

Simple (see figures 4.5);

Complicated (for example, section L-A, figure 8; section B-B, figure 15).

Figure 15

6.2 The vertical section is frontal (for example, section, Figure 5, section L-A, Figure 16), and profile (for example, section B-B, Figure 13).

6.3 Complex sections are stepped (for example, a stepped horizontal section B-B, Figure 15; a stepped frontal section L-A, Figure 16) and broken (for example, sections L-A, Figures 8 and 15).

6.4 Sections are longitudinal (see Figure 17) and transverse if the cutting planes are directed perpendicular to the length or height of the object (for example, sections L-A and B-B, figure ^).

Figure 17

Figure 18

6.5 The position of the cutting plane is indicated on the drawing by a section line. An open line should be used for the section line. With a complex cut, strokes are also carried out at the intersections of the secant planes with each other. On the initial and final strokes, arrows should be placed indicating the direction of the gaze (see Figures 8-10,13,15); arrows should be applied at a distance of 2-3 mm from the end of the stroke.

The start and end strokes must not cross the outline of the respective image.

In cases like the one shown in Figure 18, the arrows indicating the direction of view are applied on the same line.

6.6 At the beginning and end of the section line, and, if necessary, at the intersection of the cutting planes, put the same capital letter of the Russian alphabet. The letters are applied near the arrows indicating the direction of view, and at the intersections from the outside corner.

The cut must be marked with an inscription of the type "A-A" (always two letters separated by a dash).

In the construction drawings of the section line, instead of letters, it is allowed to use numbers, as well as to inscribe the name of the section (plan) with the alphanumeric or other designation assigned to it.

6.7 When the cutting plane coincides with the plane of symmetry of the object as a whole, and the corresponding images are located on the same sheet in direct projection connection and are not separated by any other images, for horizontal, frontal and profile cuts, the position of the cutting plane and the cut are not marked with the inscription do not accompany (for example, a section in place of the main view, Figure 13).

6.8 Frontal and profile sections, as a rule, are given a position corresponding to that adopted for a given object in the main image of the drawing (see Figure 12).

6.9 Horizontal, frontal and profile sections can be located in the place of the corresponding main views (see Figure 13).

6.10 A vertical section, when the cutting plane is not parallel to the frontal or profile planes of the projections, as well as an oblique section, must be built and located in accordance with the direction indicated by the arrows on the section line.

It is allowed to place such sections anywhere in the drawing (section B-B, Figure 8), as well as with a rotation to the position corresponding to that adopted for this object on the main image. In the latter case, the symbolic graphic designation -0 should be added to the inscription (section Г-Г, Figure 15).

6.11 In case of broken cuts, the secant planes are conditionally rotated until they coincide in one plane, while the direction of rotation may not coincide with the direction of view (see Figure 19).

If the combined planes turn out to be parallel to one of the main projection planes, then a broken section can be placed in place of the corresponding type (sections A-A, Figures 8, 15). When the cutting plane is rotated, the elements of the object located behind it are drawn as they are projected onto the corresponding plane with which they are aligned (see Figure 20).

Figure 20

6.12 A local section is distinguished in the view by a solid wavy line (see Figure 21) or a solid thin line with a break (see Figure 22). These lines must not overlap with any other lines in the image.

Figure 21

6.13 Part of the view and part of the corresponding section may be connected, separating them with a solid wavy line or a solid thin line with a break (see Figures 23-25). If at the same time half of the view and half of the section are connected, each of which is a symmetrical figure, then the dividing line is the axis of symmetry (see Figure 26). It is also allowed to separate the section and the view with a dash-dotted thin line (see Figure 27), which coincides with the trace of the plane of symmetry not of the entire object, but only of its part, if it is a body of revolution.

Figure 25

Figure 26

Figure27

6.14 It is allowed to connect a quarter of a view and a quarter of three sections: a quarter of a view, a quarter of one section and a half of another, etc., provided that each of these images individually is symmetrical.

7 Sections

7.1 Sections that are not part of the section are divided into:

Rendered (see figures 6.28);

Superimposed (see figures 29-32).

It is allowed to place sections at any place of the drawing field, as well as with rotation with the addition of a symbol -0.

Remote sections are preferred and they can be placed in a gap between parts of the same type (see Figure 30).

In electronic models, only superimposed sections are used (see Figure 31).

7.2 In the drawings, the contour of the removed section, as well as the section that is part of the section, is depicted by solid main lines, and the contour of the superimposed section is depicted by solid thin lines, and the image contour at the location of the superimposed section is not interrupted (see Figures 13,28,29) .

7.3 The axis of symmetry of the extended or superimposed section (see Figures 6, 29) is indicated by a dash-dotted thin line without letters and arrows, and the section line is not drawn.

In cases similar to those indicated in Figure 30, with a symmetrical section figure, the section line is not drawn.

7.4 In all other cases, in the drawings for the section line, an open line is used with arrows indicating the direction of view and denoted by the same capital letters of the Russian alphabet (in construction drawings - capital or lowercase letters of the Russian alphabet or numbers).

In the drawings, the section is accompanied by an inscription of the type "A-A" (see Figure 28). In construction drawings, it is allowed to inscribe the name of the section. On electronic models, the section is not accompanied by an inscription. It is recommended to give the saved view, which is used to display the section, the name of the same name with the section according to the type "A-A".

7.5 On electronic models, a visual representation of the cutting plane should be used to indicate the location and direction of view of the section. The contour of the image of the cutting plane is depicted with solid main lines, and the contour of the superimposed section is depicted with solid thin lines, and the contour of the image at the location of the superimposed section is not interrupted (see Figures 31, 32). It is allowed to highlight the image of the cutting plane with a color different from the color of the image of the object, if the display device of the electronic computer allows this.

Figure 32

In the drawings for asymmetric sections located in a gap (see Figure 33) or superimposed (see Figure 34), the section line is drawn with arrows, but is not indicated by letters.

Figure 33

Figure34

In construction drawings, with symmetrical sections, an open line is used with its designation, but without arrows indicating the direction of view.

7.6 The section by construction and location must correspond to the direction indicated by the arrows (for the drawing - Figure 28, for the electronic model - Figures 31,32,35).

Visible arrows should be used to indicate the direction of view of the section, as shown in Figures 31 and 32. It is allowed to indicate the direction of view on the section, as shown in Figure 35.

For broken and stepped cuts, the secant planes should be shown connected to each other (see Figure 35).

7.7 For several identical sections related to the same object, the section line is indicated by one letter and one section is drawn (see Figures 36.37).

Figure 36

If in this case the cutting planes are directed at different angles (see Figure 38), then the conventional graphic designation "Q" is not applied.

When the location of identical sections is precisely determined by the image or dimensions, it is allowed to draw one section line, and indicate the number of sections above the section image.

7.8 Cutting planes are chosen so as to obtain normal cross sections (see Figure 39).

7.9 If the cutting plane passes through the axis of the surface of revolution that bounds the hole or recess, then the contour of the hole or recess in the section is shown in full (see Figure 40).

Figure40

7.10 If the section is obtained consisting of separate independent parts, then cuts should be used (see Figure 41).

Figure 41

7.11 Saved views should be associated with the item model, and changes to the model should cause corresponding section changes in all saved views.

8 Callouts

8.1 A remote element is used in the drawings, as a rule, to place any part of an object that requires graphic and other explanations regarding the shape, dimensions and other data.

In electronic models, remote elements are not used.

The view may contain details not shown in the corresponding image, and may differ from it in content (for example, the image may be a view, and the view may be a section).

8.2 When using a remote element, the corresponding place is marked on the view, section or section with a closed solid thin line - a circle, an oval, etc. with the designation of the external element with an uppercase letter or a combination of an uppercase letter with an Arabic numeral on the leader line shelf. Above the image of the remote element indicate the designation and scale in which it is made (see Figure 42). Scale values - according to GOST 2.302.

8.3 The remote element is placed as close as possible to the corresponding place on the image of the object.

9 Conventions and simplifications

9.1 The detail of the image of the subject is set by the developer based on the requirements for the content of the document, depending on the stage of development (GOST 2.103) and the type of document (GOST 2.102).

9.2 If the view, section or section is a symmetrical figure, it is allowed to draw half of the image (view B, Figure 13) or a little more than half of the image, in the latter case, a break line is drawn (see Figure 25).

9.3 If an object has several identical, evenly spaced elements, then one or two such elements are fully shown on the image of this object (for example, one or two holes, Figure 15), and the remaining elements are shown in a simplified or conditional way (see Figure 43).

It is allowed to depict a part of an object (see Figures 44, 45) with proper indications of the number of elements, their location, etc.

9.4 On views and sections, it is allowed to depict projections of lines of intersection of surfaces in a simplified way, if their exact construction is not required. For example, instead of curved curves, arcs of a circle and straight lines are drawn (see figures 46.47).

Figure43

Figure 44

Figure45

Figure46

Figure 47

9.5 A smooth transition from one surface to another is shown conditionally (see Figures 48-50) or not shown at all (see Figures 51-53).

Figure48

Figure 50

Simplifications similar to those shown in Figures 54-57 are allowed.

Figure 54

Figure 55

Figure 56

Figure 57

9.6 Details such as screws, rivets, keys, non-hollow shafts and spindles, connecting rods, handles, etc., are shown uncut in longitudinal section. The balls are always shown undissected.

As a rule, nuts and washers are shown uncut on assembly drawings.

Elements, such as the spokes of flywheels, pulleys, gears, thin walls such as stiffeners, etc., are shown unshaded if the cutting plane is directed along the axis or long side of such an element.

If in such elements of the part there is a local drilling, recess, etc., then a local cut is made, as shown in Figures 21.22.

9.7 Plates, as well as elements of parts (holes, chamfers, grooves, recesses, etc.) with a size (or difference in size) of no more than 2 mm, are depicted in the drawing with a deviation from the scale adopted for the entire image, in the direction of increase.

9.8 A slight taper or slope may be depicted with magnification.

9.9 If it is necessary to highlight the flat surfaces of the object in the drawing, diagonals are drawn on them with solid thin lines (see Figure 58).

Figure 58

9.10 Items or elements that have a constant or regularly changing cross section (shafts, chains, bars, shaped steel, connecting rods, etc.) may be depicted with breaks.

Partial and broken images are restricted in one of the following ways:

a) a solid thin line with a break, which can go beyond the contour of the image by a length of 2-4 mm. This line can be inclined relative to the contour line (see Figure 59);

b) a solid wavy line connecting the corresponding contour lines (see Figure 60);

c) hatching lines (see Figure 61).

Figure 61

9.11 On the drawings of objects with a continuous mesh, wickerwork, ornament, relief, knurling, etc., it is allowed to depict these elements partially with possible simplification (see Figure 62).

Figure 62

9.12 To simplify the drawings or reduce the number of images, it is allowed:

a) the part of the object located between the observer and the cutting plane should be depicted with a dash-dot thickened line directly on the section (superimposed projection, Figure 63);

b) apply complex cuts (see Figure 64);

Figure 63

A-A

Figure 64

c) to show the hole in the hubs of gears, pulleys, etc., as well as for keyways, instead of the full image of the part, give only the outline of the hole (see Figure 65) or the groove (see Figure 55);

d) depict in section the holes located on the round flange when they do not fall into the cutting plane (see Figure 15).

9.13 If the top view is not necessary and the drawing is made up of images on the frontal and profile projection planes, then with a stepped cut, the section line and inscriptions related to the section are applied as shown in Figure 66.

Figure 66

9.14 Conventions and simplifications allowed in permanent connections, in the drawings of electrical and radio engineering devices, gears, etc. set by the relevant standards.

9.15 The symbolic graphic designation "rotated" should correspond to Figure 67 and "deployed" to Figure 68.

Figure 67

Figure 68

ISO 5456-2:1996

ISO 5456-3:1996

ISO 10303-202:1996

Bibliography

Technical drawings. projection methods. Part 2. Representation in orthographic projection

Technical drawings. projection methods. Part 3. Axonometric projection

Production automation systems and their integration. Presentation of product data and exchange of this data. Part 202. Application protocol. Associative drawing

UDC 62:002:006.354 MKS 01.100.01 T52 OKSTU 0002

Keywords: design documentation, views, sections, sections, detail elements

Editor V.N. Prusakova Technical editor R.G. Goverdovskaya Proofreader M.V. Buchnaya Computer layout I.A. Naleykina

Handed over to the set 25.02.2009. Signed for publication on 22.04.2009. Format 60x84%. Offset paper. Arial headset. Offset printing. Uel. oven l. 3.26. Uch.-ed. l. 2.20. Circulation 1273 copies. Zach. 216.

FSUE "STANDARTINFORM", 123995 Moscow, Granatny per., 4.

Typed in FSUE "STANDARTINFORM" on a PC

Printed in the branch of FSUE "STANDARTINFORM" - type. "Moscow printer", 105062 Moscow, Lyalin per., 6.

GOST 2.305 establishes the number of main types. Images - views, cuts, sections

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE USSR

UNIFIED SYSTEM OF DESIGN DOCUMENTATION IMAGES - VIEWS, SECTIONS, SECTIONS

Unified system for design documentation. Image-appearance, sections

GOST 2.305-68

INFORMATION DATA

1. BASIC PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS

2. TYPES

3. SECTIONS

4. SECTIONS

5. REMOTE ELEMENTS

6. CONDITIONS AND SIMPLIFICATIONS

1 area of ​​use

2. Regulatory references

5. Views

6. Cuts

7. Sections

8. Callouts

9. Conventions and simplifications

Bibliography

INTERSTATE

STANDARD

Foreword

1 area of ​​use

2 Normative references

3 Terms and definitions

4 Fundamentals

5 Views

G

V-B

IN

6 Cuts

7 Sections

8 Callouts

9 Conventions and simplifications

A-A

UNIFIED SYSTEM OF DESIGN DOCUMENTATION
IMAGES - VIEWS, SECTIONS, SECTIONS

1 area of use

1 area of use