"To the barrier!" Features and traditions of the Russian duel. The most famous duels in the world

Presumably the first duel in Russia can be considered a duel, held in 1666 in Moscow between two employees foreign officers - Scottish Patrick Gordon (later by Petrovsky General) and the Englishman Major Montgomery. But at that time, this custom is not penetrated on Wednesday. Nevertheless, single precedents forced Tsarevna Sophia in a decree of October 25, 1682, permitted by all servil people of the Moscow state to wear personal weapons, stipulate a ban on fights. Peter the Great, energetically imposing European customs in Russia, hurried to prevent the dissemination of duel with cruel laws against them.

Chapter 49 of the Petrovsky military charter of 1715, called "Patent on the fights and the beginnings of the quarrel", proclaimed: "No insult of the honorable integrity cannot diminish," the victim and witnesses of the incident must immediately convey to the fact of insulting the military court; The inappreciation also caught. For the call to the duel, the deprivation of the ranks and partial confiscation of the property was supposed to be, for entering the fight and the exposure of weapons - the death penalty with complete confiscation of property, not excluding seconds.

Even more definitely, it was published on this subject issued as an annex to the Petrovsky charter "Article Military" 1715, in which two articles were devoted to the fights. In the first of them ("Article 139") said: "All challenges, fights and fights through Cue naisess are prohibited. Thus, so that no one, although it was, a high or low rank, inborn local or foreign or innocent, although another, who's words, business, signs or other than those who were encouraged and razoraden was, did not dare his opponent to call, lower On the fight with him on guns or on the swords fight. Who will learn against this, it is Moskovo, as the Caller, and who will come out, has to be executed, namely hanged, although some of them will be wounded or killed ... then they will hang them over her feet. "

The next article ("Article 140") stipulate the same and about the seconds: "If someone with -Kom will quarrel and emines the second," then the second "is to punish the same way." As an example, the karas for the duel were constructed in typically Petrovsky, mercilessly cruel style. Despite this, Petrovsky advocate against fights, formally operating until 1787, for all these seventy years have never been applied. What is the matter?

And the fact that the very concept of honor in his European meaning has not yet entered the consciousness of the Russian nobility, and there was practically no duel to the second half of the Ekaterininsky reign. We should not forget that Petrov's innovations in relation to Western customs and the morals were too superficial, in the mass of their Russian nobility in the level of education and inner culture a long time differently differed from the simple people, and the desire to wash off the counting of honor in honest battle was alien to him. In addition, the fear of repressions from the state was still extremely great, until 1762, ominous "Word and Case" was valid.

Therefore, when dueling began to spread among noble young people in the Ekaterininsk era, representatives of the older generation reacted to this with an unconditional condemnation. D. I. Fonvizin in "Frequently recognized recognition in affairs and my thinking", he recalled that his father considered a duel "Affect of Conscience" and informed Him: "We live under the laws, and ashamed, having such sacred defenders, what are the laws, to deal with themselves On the fists or on the swords, for the swords and fists are one thing, and the challenge to the duel is nothing but the action of violent youth. " And remember how Pushkin Greeneva read, the hero of the Pushkin "Captain's Daughter", for a duel with the Swabrian his father Andrei Petrovich Grinev in his letter: "... I am going to get to you yes for leprosy, despite your officer Chin: For you proved that the sword was still not fit, which complained to you to defend the Fatherland, and not for duels with the same Torvants, what are you yourself. "

Nevertheless, the duel gradually penetrated on Wednesday Wednesday. And the reason here was not so much the "spirit of violent youth", which is disapprovingly browning children law-abiding fathers, how much to the feeling of honor and personal dignity, folded gradually, with the development of education and class education, and increased with each new generation. The noble youth, the faithful of the oath and the throne, did not allow the intervention of the state in the matter of honor. Later, this formula Emko and Szhato expressed himself, General Kornilov in his life credo: "Soul - God, the heart - a woman, a debt - the Fatherland, honor - to anyone."

By the time of distribution in Russia, the Grozny articles of Petrovsky articula, who karaserved death for the fight were thoroughly forgotten, since sixty years have passed since their publication. And in front of the "authorities of the preconditions" the problem arises: how to deal with duels? In 1787, Ekaterina Great published the "manifesto on the fights". In it, duels were called alien planting; Participants of the duel ended in bloodlessly, was established as a measure of punishment a cash fine (not excluding seconds), and the offender, "Yako to the violator of peace and tranquility", - a lifelong link to Siberia. For wounds and murder on duels, the punishment was appointed as relevant deliberate crimes. The apoge of his duel reached in the first half of the XIX century. The prohibition of the duel was reaffirmed in Nikolai I "Conduct of the Criminal Laws" of 1832 and the "Charter of the Armenian Criminal" of 1839, who had committed to military officers, "try to reconcile quarreling and to offer offended satisfaction with the offender."

But nothing helped! Moreover, the duels in Russia were distinguished by the exceptional hardness of the conditions of disadvantaged codes: the distance ranged from 3 to 25 steps (most often 15 steps), there were even duels without secrets and doctors, one on one, often fought until the deadly outcome, sometimes shook, standing alternately With his back of the edge of the abyss so that in the case of hitting the enemy did not survive (remember the duel of Pechorin and Grushnitsky in the "Princess Mary"). Under such conditions, both opponents often died (as it was in 1825 on Duele Novosiltsev and Chernov). Moreover, the commanders of the regiments, formally following the letter of the law, in fact they themselves encouraged such a sense of honor in the officer's environment and were exempted from those officers who refused to fight on a duel.

At the same time, Nicholas I belonged to duels with disgust, his words are known: "I hate a duel. It is barbarism. In my opinion, there is nothing knight in it. Duke Wellington destroyed it in the English army and did well. " But it was on the 20s of the 1920s of the XIX century that the loud duels of Pushkin with Dantes, Ryleev with Prince Shakhovsky, Griboedov with Yakubovich, Lermontov with de Baranch and Martynov.

With the appearance in Russia in the second half of the XIX century relative freedom of print, disputes around the duel moved to her pages. Opinions were divided into supporters of the duel and its opponents. Among the first, the lawyers of Lohvitsky, Sunzovich, Military writers Kalinin, Schweikovsky, Mikulin; In the enemy camp there were no less solid names: a military leader, teacher and writer General M. I. Dragomirov, Military lawyer of Shavrov. The point of view of the duel supporters most clearly expressed SPASOVYCH: "The custom of the fight is among civilization as a symbol of what a person can and should be sacrificed to the most expensive welfare - life - for things that have no meaning from a materialistic point of view: for Faith, homeland and honor. That is why we can not do this. It has the basis of the same as the war. "

Back with the emperor Nicholas I on "Clearing on the punishments of criminal" 1845, the responsibility for the duel was substantially lowered: Secundants and doctors were generally exempted from punishment (if only they did not act as instigators), and the penalties did not exceed the dealers - even in the case of death One of the opponents is to conclusions in the fortress from 6 to 10 years with the preservation of noble rights at the exit. This provision once again reflected all the inconsistency of the legislation on duels. In practice, these measures have never been applied - the most common punishment for the duelists was a translation into the current army in the Caucasus (as it was with Lermontov for a duel with de Baimet), and in the event of a deadly outcome - a degradation of officers in ordinary (as it was With Dunce after a duel with Pushkin), after which they, as a rule, were quickly recovered in the officers.

A new milestone at this stage was to be the courts of society of officers. The courts of the society of officers by that time existed in many European armies, playing the role of something like friendly vessels. In the Russian army, they existed semi-officially from Petrovsky times (from 1721). The regiment officers society could issue certification officers and was a weighty public opinion instrument in a military environment. They especially bloomed under Alexander I, after 1822, when the emperor himself, when analyzing the conflict between the court of society of officers and the regiment commander, stood on the side of the first one. But in 1829, Nicholas I saw in the very fact of the existence of independent officer corporations, endowed with considerable rights, the means of undermining military discipline and everywhere banned their activities. Nevertheless, this measure, at first glance, reasonable, in practice turned out to be erroneous, since the courts of society of officers were a powerful means of moral, raising impact. Therefore, during the period of "great reforms" of the 60s, they were (in 1863) restored and acquired official status. A provision on their device was published (on the fleet - from 1864 - the courts of captains, in each fleet division). When developing this provision, many were offered to transfer questions about the resolution of the duel to the discretion of these vessels in each particular case, but this proposal was rejected. Nevertheless, punishment for the fights became softer.

So, in the definition of the Senate in the case of Duele Beklemishev and Neklyudov in 1860 it was said: "The title of a criminal and the degree of education cannot have any influence in the judgment of cases of fights (usually, when considering criminal cases, the education and good origin of the criminal were aggravating circumstance. - V. X.), For the crime is so connected with the concept characteristic of exclusively to people formed that these circumstances are presented in sees rather the cause of explaining, and therefore reducing crime. " There were tragicomic cases. One of them describes the Prince of P. A. Kropotkin in his "notes of the revolutionary". A kind of officer was offended by Alexander W, after his heir to the throne. Being in an unequal situation and not having the opportunity to cause a duel of Cesarevich himself, the officer sent him a note with the request of a written apology, otherwise threatening suicide. Whether the heir is more sensitive, he would apologize or himself gave satisfaction to a person who did not have the opportunity to call him. But he did not. After 24 hours, the officer exactly fulfilled his promise and shot himself. The angry Alexander II sharply read the son and ordered him to accompany the coffin of the officer at the funeral.

Finally in 1894, at the very end of the reign of Alexander III, the fights were officially permitted. Order at the military department No. 118 of May 20, 1894, and entitled: "The rules on the proceedings of the quarrel, which happened in the officers", consisted of 6 points. The first item established that all cases of officer quarrels are sent by the commander of the military unit to the court of society of officers. The item The second determined that the court could either recognize the reconciliation of officers or (in view of the severity of insults) to decide on the need for the fight. At the same time, the court decision on the possibility of reconciliation was a letter of recommendation, the decision on the duel is mandatory for execution. The third paragraph states that the specific conditions of the duel define the seconds chosen by the opponents themselves, but at the end of the duel of the society of officers on the protocol submitted by the senior second, the protocol considers the behavior of duelists and seconds and the conditions of the duel. Item fourth obliges an officer who denied a duel, in a two-week period to submit a dismissal dismissal; Otherwise, he was dismissalless. Finally, paragraph five stipulated that in those troops where the courts of the society of officers are lacking, their functions perform the commander of the military unit.

If in the second half of the XIX century the number of duel in the Russian army clearly went to the decline, then after the official permission in 1894, their number again increases sharply. For comparison: from 1876 to 1890, only 14 officers about officer duels reached the court (in 2 of them, opponents were justified); From 1894 to 1910, 322 duels took place, of which 256 - by decision of the courts of honor, 47 - with the permission of the military supervisors and 19 of the unauthorized (to the criminal court, none of them reached). Every year there was from 4 to 33 fights in the army (on average - 20). According to General Mikulin, from 1894 to 1910, in officer duels, they participated as opponents: 4 General, 14 headquarters, 187 captains and headquarters, 367 junior officers, 72 civilians. Of the 99 duels to insult 9 ended with a heavy outcome, 17 - easy injury and 73 - bloodlessly. Of the 183 duels for severe insult 21 ended with a heavy outcome, 31 - easy injuries and 131 - bloodlessly. Thus, the death of one of the opponents either by severe injury was undertaken by a slight number of fights - 10-11% of the total. Of all 322 Dueles 315 were held on pistols and only 7 - on swords or sabers. Of these, in 241, the duel (i.e. in 3/4 of cases) was released on one pool, in 49 - two, at 12 - three, in one - four and in one - six bullets; Distance ranged from 12 to 50 steps. The gaps between the application of insult and the duel were ranged from one day to ... three years (!), But most often - from two days to two and a half months (depending on the duration of the case of the case by the court of honor).

So at the beginning of our century a duel was quite frequent in Russia. The famous political actor "Union of October 17" A. I. Guccov fought for a duel "More than once, even the glory of the Brener (although he was by no means no noble origin). Ilya Erenburg in his memoirs" People, years, life "describes a duel Between the two well-known poets - Nikolai Gumilev and Maximilian Voloshin - in the pre-revolutionary years, the reason for which one of the draws served as the Voloshin was a big master; during the fight, Voloshin fired into the air, and Gumilev, who considered himself offended, missed. By the way, the shot In the air was allowed only if it was shot caused to duel, and not the one who caused - otherwise the duel was not recognized as valid, but only a farce, since none of the opponents subjected himself danger.

Then there were other times. The best representatives of the Russian intelligentsia and officers with their scrupulous concepts about personal honor were revolutionized abroad, found themselves in a foreign land. In the proletarian state, such concepts as honor and debt, at first were announced by the remnants of the exploitative past. Duels came to replace the duels, the concept of state benefits was overshadowed everything else, fanaticism of some and calculating others came to replace the nobility.

The most famous duels of the world:

1. Alexander Pushkin - Georges de Geckerne (Dantes), 1837, St. Petersburg.

The cause of the duel was feelings. The conflict between Pushkin and the Cavalgard officer, the adoptive son of the Netherlands Ambassador, ripe for a long time. The first planned duel - after receiving the poet of anonymous "diploma of the countryside", in which there was a hint of Dantez's connection with Natalia Pushkin - did not take place due to the matchmaker de Geckerna to his wife's sister. The second challenge came from his newly rhodium. After the marriage of Dantes on Ekaterina Goncharova in society continued to run unpleasant rumors about the poet family. Pushkin, who did not differ in the ease of character and considering that their distributor is de Geckern, responded very acutely, exciding him and his relatives from the house in a rather rough form. Immediately that was predictable, the challenge was followed. The fatal shot sounded on February 8, 1837 near the black river near St. Petersburg. The conditions of the duel (which infused Pushkin himself) were tough and left few opportunities for survival. The distance between opponents was only twenty steps. The barrier was set ten steps, and shoot opponents could at any time on the way to him. Dantes fired first, wounding Pushkin in the stomach. After the change of the weapon behind the snow, bleeding the poet also made a shot, easily wounded de Gecker in his hand. Two days later, Alexander Pushkin died from the injured injury. Dantesu, sentenced to death to death, had to hastily leave Russia. He lived to old age and made a good political career.

2. Mikhail Lermontov - Nikolai Martynov, 1841, Pyatigorsk.

The official cause of the duel, in which the Lieutenant Lermontov died from the hand of Martynov's Martynov's Martynov, became knights and acute, which the poet regularly allowed himself to admit to an officer. It is said that the last drop has become when two days before the duel, the famous outer called his opponent "Highlander with a big dagger". However, there is an opinion that a real occasion for the deadly fight could be a rivalry because of the heart of the lady. Martynov and Lermontov met on the slope of Mashuk Mashuk in the evening of July 15, 1841. The conditions of the duel - Major and its seconds talked about different "barriers" are unknown. However, the fact remains a fact - Mikhail Lermontov received a fatal wound in the chest and died on the spot, and did not have time to make a shot. To confirm that his weapon was charged, later from it was shot into the air. After Duele, Martynov was convicted by a military-field court for three months of arrest, and the cordially imposed on him was serving in Kiev.

3. Vladimir Novosillese - Konstantin Chernov, 1825, St. Petersburg

The reason for the sensational duel was the refusal of one of the richest grooms of the time, the Flegene Adjutant Vladimir Novosiltshev, marry the sister of the Lieutenant of the Semenovsky regiment of Konstantin Chernov. On the abolition of the engagement insisted the mother of a young man. As a result, he succumbed to her persuasion, but Chernov considered that his family's honor was to be held, sent a challenge. Despite all the efforts of influential Ekaterina Novosilseva, the duel took place on September 14, 1825 on the outskirts of St. Petersburg, on the outskirts of the forest park. Novosillese and Chernov were shot from the distance eight steps, which practically did not leave them chances. They are the length of the jugs at the same time. Lieutenant Chernov died on the spot, and the Flegel Adjutant of Novosillese lived another day. Not far from the place of a duel, a lucky mother erected a church and a wilderness.

4. "Duel Mighton", 1578, Paris.

This plot later entered the novel of Alexander-Duma-Father "Countess De Monsoro." In the bloody battle took part in one side of three minions (that is, supporters) King Henry II, and on the other - supporters of his political opponent, Duke de Giza. The cause of the conflict of two duel instigators, as usual, has become a lady. Count de Celamus found Barona de Antraga at his mistress, and the next day allowed himself to joke that this lady was "more beautiful than virtuous." The challenge followed immediately. Opponents met on April 27, 1578 in the park Tournel. At first, one pair of fighters entered the battle, later four seconds were joined. Actually, alive only a couple of Duel's instigators - the kelyus, who received a total of 19 injuries, and wounded in the hand of Anthrag. Their secundants of the fight did not survive. But the count lived after a duel for a short time. A month later he sat down on the horse, his wounds opened and he died a few days later.

5. Andrew Jackson - Charles Dickinson, 1806, Kentucky.

Twenty years before becoming president of the United States, Jackson took part in a famous duel, striking to death famous arrow, Dickinson's lawyer. The reason for the challenge was the unflattering statement about the last wife of the former then Senator Jackson. The challenge did not make himself wait long. Duelants met on the border of the states of Kentucky and Tennessee, at the Harrison plants on Red River. However, it was formally, it was the territory of Kentucky, since the Duel's Tennesses have already been announced outside the law. The first, as a party who took the challenge, shot Dickinson, wounded by the future of the US president. The bullet took place quite close to the heart. However, the politician did not falter and the response shot was put on killed Dickinson.

6. Alexander Hamilton - Aaron Berr, 1804, New Jersey.

This duel is considered the most famous american history. The reason for her was the long political conflict between the former US Finance Minister and the Chief Federation of Hamilton and the Vice-President of the country (President then Thomas Jefferson) Aaron Berrh was the president. The latter was ballated in the Governors of New York, but his old enemy interfered in every way. Question Berr wanted to solve a duel. Political opponents met near the village of Vihavken (New Jersey). Hamilton did not hit the enemy (and for some evidence just shot in the air), after which he received a bullet from Berr in the stomach. The next day he died. Duel served as one of the reasons for the persecution of policies accused of treason and a number of other crimes. He had to run to Europe and only a few years later he was able to return to the US territory.

7. Miyamoto Musasi and Codziro Sasaki, 1612, island Gonun.

In the Japanese culture, the duel was greatly important, but they went differently than in Europe. There, the opponents died for a long time in front of each other, circled, and the matter most often was solved by one blow. The moments of the fights of Japanese samurai are very loved by directors, often including them in their films. One of the most famous duels in the country of the rising sun occurred in 1612 between the two famous Fenumbers Miyamot Musasi and Codziro Sasaki. The reason for the fight, according to the legend, served as a different vurgyard on the art of fencing. They say Musashi appeared a few hours later to break the will of the enemy. Codziro attacked a samurai, applying his crown reception of the "swallow lunge", but before his blade was lowered, Musasi was able to cause a fatal blow. Later, the winner of this duel, who had to escape from the disciples of the defeated opponent, became a famous Japanese artist.

On February 8 (January 27, on the old style) of 1837, there was a duel of the great Russian poet and the writer Alexander Pushkin with the French submann to George Dantes in the suburbs of St. Petersburg - on a black river. From the wound received on the duel, February 10 (January 29, on the old style), the poet died.

The reason for the duel was anonymous Paskvil, offensive to the honor of his wife Pushkin Natalia (nee Goncharova) and his own.

On November 16 (November 4, by the old style) of 1836, Pushkin received three copies of an anonymous message who listed him to the "Order of the Rideos" and hinting at the persistent courtship for his wife of the cavalrya lieutenant Baron George Dantes - a foreigner adopted in Russian service and adopted by the Dutch Messenger Baron Hecker.

Pushkin called Dantes on a duel, he first accepted the challenge, but through Baron Heckerna asked a postponement for 15 days. In continuation of this time, Pushkin found out that Dantes made a proposal to his presenter Ekaterina Goncharova, and took his call back. The wedding took place on January 22 (January 10 at the old style) of 1837.

Pushkin very sharply expressed his contempt Dantesu, who continued to meet with his wife Natalia and to give her signs of attention, and hecker, who intrigued hard against him - gossip did not stop. Finally derived from patience, Pushkin sent a heckker with an extremely abusive letter, which he answered the call on behalf of Dantes.

On February 8 (January 27, on the old style) in the fifth hour of the evening, a duel occurred on the fifth hour of St. Petersburg on a black river. Seconders were the Secretary of the French Embassy Viscount Laurent D "Ashiac from Dantes and Lyceum Comrade Pushkin Lieutenant Colonel Konstantin Danzas.

At the insistence of the poet, they were fatal and did not give anyone from opponents a chance to survive: the barrier separated enemies for ten steps, it was allowed to shoot at any distance on the path to the barrier.

Dantes shot the first and mortally wounded Pushkin on the right side of the abdomen. The poet fell, but then raised his hand, I called Dantes to the barrier.

Having aiming, shot and, seeing that his opponent fell Him, shouted: "Bravo!". Rana Dantes was not dangerous; The bullet, directed in the chest, got into the flesh of his hand, which Dantes covered the chest.

The wounded Pushkin was taken to his apartment. The poet made every effort to not concern his wife, hid his sufferings. Later, invited doctors identified the inevitability of tragic junction - it did not hide it from Pushkin.

The priest was invited to the poet who confessed him and communion.

Alexander Pushkin, standing precisely for two days of torment, on February 10 (January 29, on the old style) died surrounded by friends in his apartment in St. Petersburg on the embankment of the car wash river.

Two days of the coffin with the body of the poet was in the apartment that the crowds of people of various estates at that time were visited. On the night of February 11-12 (on January 30, on January 31, an old style), the coffin was moved to the church of the court-stable department. On the morning of February 13 (on February 1, the old style) took place the poet, in the evening, his dust was taken to the Svyatogorsk Monastery of the Pskov province, where there was a family cemetery of Hannibal Pushkin.

February 18 (on February 6, in the old style) of 1837 after the Out-of-day Panhid in the southern attack of the Assumption Cathedral of the Svyatogorsk Monastery at the Altar Wall of the Cathedral, the body of Alexander Pushkin was betrayed by Earth. Later, a marble monument was installed on the grave, made by order of the poet's widow.

The death of Pushkin was perceived by many as a national tragedy, it found an expression in Mikhail Lermontov's poetic responses, Fedor Tyutchev, Alexey Koltsov.

In 1937, there was an obelisk of the sculptor of the Matthew of the Maniser on the spot of Pushkin with Dantes on a black river.

For participation in a duel with Alexander Pushkin, having a deadly outcome, Dantes Heckern was sentenced to the shooting, replaced by the expulsion from Russia. Settling in France, Georges Charles Dantes Heckern (1812-1895) made a prominent career - he was one of the major coup figures on December 2, 1851, an intermediary in secret negotiations of Napoleon III with Nikolai I. Subsequently became a senator, the mayor of the soul, a commercialist, He was awarded the degree of Commander of the Order of the Honorary Legion.

Dantez's wife Catherine, nee Goncharov, died in 1843 in France from postpartum heating.

For participation in the duel of the poet Konstantin Danzas (1800-1870) was devoted to the court and sentenced to two-month arrest on Gaupvankte. Pushkin, dying, worried about him and transferred a ring with turquoise for memory. Later, Danzas served in the Caucasus in the Tekinsky regiment, participated in expeditions against the mountaineers. In 1856, he retired in the rank of major general. According to Danzas, Alexander Ammosov was composed of a brochure "The last days of life and Konin A.S. Pushkin", published in 1863.

Pushkin's wife Natalia, nee Goncharov (1812-1863), did not know about the duel, which became fatal for her first husband. After the death of the poet, she after seven years - in 1846 he was secondary married to General Peter Lansky. She was devoted to the poem of Alexander Pushkin "on the hills of Georgia", "the purest charm of the purest sample", "Madonna" (1830); "Beauty" (1831); "Excerpt", "No, I do not rush" (1832); "It's time for my friend, it's time ..." (1836).

Material prepared on the basis of RIA news and open sources

Duel: Pushkin and Lermontov
Pushkin and Lermontov: coincidence of destinies
Pushkin and Lermontov are contemporaries, but they never met. Is it so? Both were born in Moscow, and both were later by Petersburgers. Father Pushkin, Sergey Lvovich, - Major retired. Father Lermontova, Yuri Petrovich, - Captain. Pushkin and Lermontov took place from the old nobility gods. Pushkin's ancestor was Gavrilo Oleksich, the collar of Alexander Nevsky, the mother of Pushkin, Nadezhda Osipovna, was the granddaughter of "Arape Peter the Great" A.P.Gannibal, a native of Ethiopia (Cameroon?). And Lermontov foreign roots: His race, according to legend, took place from Georg Lermont, a leaving from Scotland, taken captive by Russian troops in the fall of 1613, which remained in Russia and became Russian nobleman in 1621. Pushkin and Lermontov had common acquaintances. Kornet Lermontov - Odo-Solman Lieutenant Goncharova, Shurin Pushkin. But Pushkin, apparently, did not even hear the name of Lermontov. Why? The point is not only in the age difference.
And Pushkin, and Lermontov published their first poems at the age of 15. But Lermontov, anonymously printed its first poem "Spring" in the magazine "Ateney" in September 1830, coldly met readers, was fatally offended by them and almost 6 years did not give poems in print. He recorded them in hidden notebooks and in the albums of secular beauties. How could Pushkin learn about the beautiful poems of Lermontov? And nevertheless Pushkin and Lermontov met! When? In the summer of 1820, Pushkin, the poet already known in Russia, and 5-year-old Lermontov with her grandmother were simultaneously in Caucasian mineral waters. In Pyatigorsk, one street led to sources and baths and ended with them. The great Pushkin, of course, met on the street or from sources, where there were only a few dozen people, with the young Lermontov - his future great heir in Russian poetry. So Misha Lermontov saw and heard Pushkin. And Pushkin, and Lermontov communicated with the Decembrists and tested the royal link themselves.
Pushkin and Lermontov wrote poems, and prose, having fun, causing the hatred of the highest society of Russia. In winter, 1834-35 Lermontov often visited Alexander's brothers and Sergey Trubetsky, and here he could meet the future killer Pushkin - Dantes, who visited Trubetski during this period. Pushkin had difficult relationships and with his father, and with his mother, because he "compromised" their emigrams on the nobles, who are wobbled by the "cramole" verses, conflict with the authorities, reference to Mikhailovskoye. In 1807, the younger brother of the poet Nikolya died, and with another younger brother, Lev, Pushkin had no close trust relationships. Pushkin loved only to nanny Arina Rodionovna (she died in 1828) and Sister Olga, always striving to reconcile him with his parents. And Lermontov had no brothers nor sisters, only one beloved grandmother E.A.Arsenyev. Lermontov was left without parents at 17, besides, his father threw him as a child, and Pushkin had alive parents to alienate from them. So Pushkin and Lermontov, in fact, did not know neither maternal or fatherly love. And Pushkin, and Lermontov died on duels, and not from the hands of casual people. Dantes had already become a Pushkin's own, and Martynov was a long-standing classroom and a friend of Lermontov.
And the last amazing coincidence: Life Medica Nikolai I N. Rentt, who was deadly wounded by Pushkin, the first early in the morning on the death of Pushkin on January 29, 1837, even before the death of the great poet, told another great patient to Poet Lermontov about the last hours of life his idol.
Classical duel
We are not talking about the fights of gladiators in ancient Rome, not about medieval knightly tournaments, not about the fist fights in Russia, but about the duel. Russian Military Writer P.A. Schweikovsky gave the definition of a classic duel: "The fight is a conventional battle between two persons with deadly weapons to satisfy the dedicated honor, in compliance with the well-known conditions established by the usual conditions regarding the place, time, weapons, and in general the fulfillment of the battle." The word "duel" implies two of its participants: the offended wishes satisfaction (satisfying the committed honor) from his offender. Can we consider classical duel, honest fight according to the rules, for compliance with which there are strictly responsible for their honor and dignity not only duelists, but also their seconds, a duel, in which rivals that are equal in equal terms rely only on the skill of possession of weapons, composure, Bravery and good luck, can we consider such a duel to the murder, and who killed his rival the winner of the duel - a killer?! It is not that simple. After all, we do not call a fight of a fight of two trained boxers in the ring, leading according to the rules, for whose compliance with the referee (judge). Yes, and the boxers we do not call the hooligans, and the victorious knockout - a sadist. Of course, there were also murder duels when the enemy had a professional duel-killer who had a provoked match against the batch of weapons. And violations of the Duel Code led to the murder.
Therefore, in the XVI century in France, where hundreds of proud nobles died on duels, the duels were banned. In Russia, Peter I issued brutal laws against duels, providing for the punishment right up to the death penalty. However, in practice, these laws were not applied, since almost until the end of the XVIII century in Russia, the duels were the rarest phenomenon, but in France, although Cardinal Richelieu and forbade a duel under death, they continued (remember the "Three Musketeers" A.Dume). In the era of Catherine II in Russia, duel among noble young people are beginning to spread. However, D.I. Fonvizin recalled that his father had affected: "We live under the laws, and ashamed, having such sacred defenders, what are the laws, to deal with the fists or on the swords, because the swords and fists are one thing, and the challenge to the duel is there nothing but the action of violent youth. "
But the noble youth did not allow the state intervention in the matter of honor, believing that the insult should be washed with blood, and the rejection of the fight is an imbued shame. Later, General L. Kornilov formulated his credo: "Soul - God, the heart - a woman, the debt - the Fatherland, honor - to anyone." In 1787, Ekaterina II issued a "manifesto on fights", in which a lifelong reference was threatened for the bloodless duel to Siberia, and the wounds and murder on duels were equated with criminal offenses. Nicholas I generally treated duel with disgust. But no laws helped! Moreover, the duels in Russia were distinguished by exceptional cruelty conditions: the distance between the barriers was usually 10-15 steps (about 7-10 meters), there were even duels without secrets and doctors, one on one. So often the fights ended tragically.
It was during the reign of Nikolai I who occurred the loudest, famous duels with the participation of Ryeleva, Griboedov, Pushkin, Lermontov. Despite the harsh laws on the responsibility for the duel, and in Nicolae I duelists were usually translated into the current army into the Caucasus, and in the event of a deadly outcome, they were demoted from officers to ordinary.
And in 1894, Alexander III officially resolved the fighting officers on personal resentments that did not touch the service. The first duoal code was published in France by Count de Shatovilar in 1836. Usually late to the duel location should not exceed 15 minutes, the duel began 10 minutes after the arrival of all participants. The manager, elected from two seconds, offered to the duelitans for the last time to reconcile. In the event of their refusal, he expressed them the conditions of the fight, the seconds denoted barriers and pistols were charged in the presence of opponents. Secundants got up parallel to the battle lines, doctors - behind them. All the actions of the opponents committed themselves at the team. At the end of the fight, opponents filed their hands.
By the way, the shot in the air was allowed, only if he shot the duel, and not the one who sent him the cartel (challenge), otherwise the duel was considered invalid, farce, because at the same time none of the opponents subjected himself danger. There were several versions of duel on guns. Opponents could, staying at the distance stationary, alternately shoot on a team or, for example, usually went to barriers to barriers, the first team was shot on the team and waited for a response shot, standing still (if the barriers defended apart 15-20 steps , I could shoot on the go, moving towards the enemy, without a team). Fallen wounded opponent could shoot lying. Prohibit barriers forbidden. The most dangerous was the option of a duel, when opponents, standing still at a distance of 25-35 steps, shot each other at the same time on the team at the expense of "once-two-three". In this case, both opponents could die. As for a duel on cold weapons, the seconds here were the harder to regulate the course of the fight by virtue of its mobility and excitement of opponents; In addition, in the fights on cold weapons (sword, saber, Espadron), the inequality of fighting in such complex art was always stronger than fencing. Therefore, duels were widespread on guns, as more equalizing the possibilities and chances of the duelists. But Musketeers in France, as we know, preferred a duel on the swords!
By the way, the young L. Tolstoy caused the Duel I. Turgenev, but she, fortunately, did not take place. And the revolutionary anarchist M. Bakunin summoned to the duel of K. Marx himself, when he disseminally spoke in the address of the Russian army. Interestingly, although Bakunin, as an anarchist, and was an opponent of any regular army, he came to the honor of the Russian uniform, which in his youth wore, being an artillery ensign. However, Marx, in his youth, who has yet been told on the swords with students of Bonn University and proud of scars on his face, did not accept Bakunin's challenge, since his life now belonged to the proletariat! And the last example: Before the revolution, the poet N. Gumilev called on the poet's duel M. Voloshina, insulting to his draw. Voloshin fired into the air, and Gumilev missed. In general, at the beginning of the 20th century (until 1917), hundreds of officer duels occurred in Russia, and almost all on pistols, but only 10-11 percent of the fights ended in everyday life or heavy wounded of duelists.
I paid particular attention to the classic duel in Russia with its code, in order for the reader to decide himself, what was such a duel of the time of Pushkin and Lermontov: criminal murder or honest fight according to the rules of equal rivals?
Pushkin Duelant.

Pushkin A.S.

Pushkin's mother died in April 1836 (Pushkin was buried next to her in the Svyatogorsk monastery), the father was much survived his son. Pushkin becomes an independent person during his stay in the Tsarskostsky Lyceum. His character was difficult. The desire for independence, an acute sense of self-esteem, youthful passion, thirst for military exploits and acute sensations early led Pushkin to duels. Pushkin went out to the duel repeatedly, a few outlined duels did not take place for various reasons, often due to the intervention of the friends of the poet. He fentened well and was an excellent shooter, constantly improving his mastery of weapons.
These duels are written enough articles and research, so I will give only little-known facts. Pushkin's courage under the bullets of the enemy is known to us on his behavior in the army, with which he walked to Arzrum in the summer of 1829. And its quick temper, impulsiveness disappeared when he was on a duel, becoming calm and cold-blooded. Decembrist Basargin wrote about the young Pushkin: "I was not a sign, but three times I met three times. As a person, I didn't like it. Some scorching (so in the text. - Yu.P.) ... and the desire to ride , Push others. At the same time, many of those who knew him said that sooner or later, and he had to die for a duel. In Chisinau, he had several fights, but they happily went with his hands. " I will give one case from the first duel stories of Pushkin. Pushkin had a cousin Uncle Semen Isaakovich Hannibal. At the evening of 1817, Pushkin joined the maiden of the horse to the uncle and demanded an explanation. True, they soon came down and diluted lovely. Uncle was not only a member of the overseas trips of 1814, but also a big lifestyle. Moreover, he was so annoying in courtships behind the secular beauties, that those flee them from him. And the unclean sister Pushkin Olga, outrageous and beaches, even ordered the servants not to let him in her house.
Very dangerous were the duels of Pushkin in 1821 with an officer of the teeth and in 1822 with Colonel Starov. At this time, Pushkin not only used any suitable reason for creating a duel situation, but also provoked the fight himself. A duel with a fat - an American who dissolved rumors that Pushkin was allegedly carved in the secret office could become particularly dangerous for him. Tolstoy was a famous duelist, a murderer, whose conscience was a few people who died from his hands on the fight. Fortunately, Duel Pushkin with this beautiful shooter was postponed by the reference to the poet in Mikhailovsky, and when after 5 years in 1826, Pushkin was taken to Moscow and he sent a fat cartel (call) on the same day, then at the request of Tolstoy, they came up. To the honor of Pushkin, I must say that if he was convinced of the unwillingness of the offender to hurt his honor and dignity, he himself went to reconciliation.
Over the years, he became, of course, wiser and even powerful. Pushkin in August 1836 filed an article "Alexander Radishchev" in the censorship, in which he wrote: "Smart after experience and years, he (Radishchev. - Yu.P.) even changed the image of thoughts, marked his stormy and sickly youth. He did not give My heart is no malice for the past and reconciled sincerely with the glorious memory of the Great Queen. " But Pushkin wrote, in fact, about himself.
And further an important thought: "He (Radishchev. - Yu.P.) It seems to try to annoy the supreme power with its bitter eloquence; wasn't it better to point out the benefit that she was able to create?" In this article, under the guise of the condemnation of Radishchev for his past views and approval of him as an allegedly "corrected" man in the end of his life, Pushkin is trying to convince the government to believe the cleanliness and positive intentions.
Now we know that, returning from the link, Radishchev continued to work on the "Kramol" book "Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow." And Pushkin, although somewhat cooled, failed to deceive the government, convince him of his trustiness. Nicholas I and Benkendorf considered Pushkin a great poet, but also a great liberal, hatering any power. An article about Radishchev was rejected.
Let's go back to Pushkin's duels: What is the main reason for his desire for fights in young years? The whole thing in the duality of his position in society: he is the first poet of Russia and at the same time a small official and poor nobleman. When the Pushkin was negligible as the college secretary, he perceived it as an attempt on his honor and dignity not only as a nobleman, but also as a poet of freedombits. Of course, in the ripe years, he was not so reckless by the clogging, but the position of the camera-junker was silent. By the way, remember the behavior of the beggar, but the proud Gaskonian Zadira-Nobleman D "Artanyan at the beginning of the" Three Musketeers "A.Dume.
We emphasize that Pushkin was a high-class duelist and was usually not striving to shoot first. The fact is that the opponent's preserved shot had the right to suggest to the barrier and shoot it at the minimum distance as a fixed target. In order to restrain and not shoot first, iron cooling was required. In the last years of the life of Pushkin there were duel situations with several, as he seemed in his position, ill-wishers. And he had one way out for salvation not only to his honor, but also the honor of his creativity - a fight.
Lermontov Duelant.

Lermontov M.Yu.

Lermontov's mother died at 21, in 1817, when he was almost 3 years old. Father left, leaving Michel on the care of the hot loving boy of grandmother E.A. Parsyeva. He died in 1831 in 44 years. Thus, Lermontov in 17 years remained round orphan, which, of course, imposed a serious imprint on his complex character. The relative of Lermontov, A.M. Mestemshang writes to him in 1832: "... to unhappiness, I know you too good to be calm, I know that you are able to cut out with the first oncoming because of the first stupidity - Fi! This shame ; You will never be happy with such disgusting character. " Lermontov could be sociable and cheerful, but more often he was closed, bull, ulcer and gloomy thoughtful. Turgenev wrote that in the appearance of Lermontov was "Something ominous and tragic. Some unkind and gloomy strength, thoughtful spokeering and passion, was buried from his dark face, from his big and real-dark eyes." A.E.Baratynsky in 1840, already before the death of Lermontov, having acquainted with him, wrote his wife: "... a person, no doubt, with a big talent, but I didn't like it morally. Something unreasonable, Moscow."
So, Lermontov had a complex, uneven character and a sharpened sense of self-esteem, often pushing him on arrogant mockery and keenness. Enrolling in Moscow University for the moral and political department in 1830, Lermontov studied at one time with V. Belinsky, N. Stankevich, but in May 1832 did not appear on public annual tests. The fact is that Lermontov collided with reactionary professors and the leadership suggested that he leave the university. Although Lermontov's departure was issued as voluntary, by his past, still he was forced.
Having moved to St. Petersburg, Lermontov wanted to enter the university, but according to a new curriculum, it would not be hidden objects listened to Moscow University, and he did not want to start studying. After a long random, Lermontov still decided to enter the school of Guards subpenters and cavalry junkers and two years was in the harsh conditions of the military school. After her ending in 1834, he was produced in the corps and aimed at military service in the Life Guard Gusar Regiment. Of course, during your stay at the Lermontov school, she mastered the shooting of the pistol. But duel, according to all data, he did not have. In 1834, the Audivskaya Tale confirmed that the nobleman M.Yu.Lermontov inherited by 1832 in the Tula province belongs to the courtyard and peasants: men 148 shower, women 155 shower. The serfdom has not yet been canceled. Lermontov was repeatedly in love, especially in Barbar Lopukhin, but for different circumstances did not marry the very death. And 28 (!) January 1837 (even before the death of Pushkin) Lermontov, having learned about his fatal injury on the duel, wrote the first 56 poems poem "death of the poet". These verses (without the name of the author) instantly, in thousands of copies, rewritten from hand, spread through St. Petersburg and other cities. It was the starry hour of Lermontov. Lermontov's name becomes widely known in the advanced circles of Russian society. Never in Russia, nor in the USSR verses did not produce such a "explosive" effect.
Here I have to emphasize one important point: Russia of that time is a huge, with illiterate in its mass a multi-million population, a backward, serfish country. With very limited essays, newspapers and magazines could all Russia know Pushkin and especially young Lermontov?! Of course not! Therefore, we need to lead only about the advanced people and above all about the inhabitants of large cities, but not the most people of the country - the peasantry. By mid-February 1837, Lermontov wrote the final 16 poems of the poem "death of the poet", and soon he was arrested along with S.A. Raevsky, distributed this poem. Lermontov was sent to the current army in the Caucasus by ensign, and Raevsky - in the link.
Only a year later, Lermontov was allowed to return to Novgorod, and then to St. Petersburg, where he was already known as a poet, and Lermontov was again in the Life Guard of the Hussar Regiment. It is repeatedly encouraged by the highest orders, and on December 6, 1839, it is produced in Liekers. And all this is a poet, angrily to the observing the entire ruling top of Russia! On December 31, 1839, Lermontov on the New Year's Masquerade Ball in the hall of the noble assembly allowed himself a bold rest against the Empress and its approximate, former masks. Previously it was believed that these were two daughters of Nikolai I, who said Lermontov's ulcer words, to which he answered sharply. But it was an empress with the lady. By the way, Nicholas I liked the work of Lermontov, for example, the poem "demon," and she stood up for the poet, wanting to soften the punishment by him, but unsuccessfully. On January 2, 1840, Lermontov was invited to the Ball into the French Embassy to Baranthas, and on February 16, Lermontov quarrel with the son of the French Messenger Ernest De Barantom, on the ball at the Balnis, Laval. The cause of Lermontov's quarrel with de Barantom was their dialogue, in which de Baranta accused Lermontov in the fact that he in a conversation with the famous special one unprofitable things about him, for which Lermontov said that no one spoke about de Barante anything reprehensible. Then de Baranta accused Lermontov in spreading woven about him, to which Lermontov said that the behavior of De Baranta is quite ridiculous and bold. De Barant said that in France he would know how to finish this matter. Lermontov replied that in Russia there are strictly followed by the rules of honor and we are less than others to insult ourselves with impunity. He followed the challenge de Barant Lermontov on a duel. It should be emphasized that in the French embassy were wary of Lermontov because of his poems to the death of Pushkin, believing that Lermontov insulted in them not personally, and the French as a nation. Duel took place on February 18, 1840 at 12 o'clock in the afternoon for a black river (!) On the pargolov road. Sing Lermontov was A.A. Stolypin (Mongo) is his friend and cousin Uncle, the De Barant's Second - Count Raul d "Angles. Since de Baranta considered himself offended, Lermontov provided him with a choice of weapons. True Frenchman, de Baranta chose a sword, although the rivals had pistols. It was decided to fight to the first blood, and then go to the guns. By the way, Lermontov fence badly. Only Duelnts crossed the weapon, as the Swamp Lermontov broke the end of the blade, and the wonderful Duelant de Barant managed to make a fall, targeting Lermontov's chest and could kill him , but slipped and only slightly scratched his chest. Then they switched to guns. Duelnts were to shoot together, but Lermontov was a little late, apparently, not wanting to shoot in de Baranta or simply experiencing his fate. De Baranth missed, and then Lermontov shot aside (in the air). After that, de Baranta filed his hand, and they diverged.
Lermontov was arrested for confrontation of a duel and subjected to a court. On March 14, a parody story was printed by V. Colloguba "Big Light" in the please of Empress, and in the heroes of the story were recognizable in the caricature form of Lermontov and Stolypin.
Sitting under arrest on Arsenal Gaupvatahte Lermontov through A. Barnitsky - 2nd invited E. De Baranta for personal explanations about his written testimony that he shot down (in the air) to the duel, which insulted de Baranta, since Duel looked for him not hazardous. Unauthorized, secret from the protection of the date took place on March 22 at 8 pm. Lermontov said that he really shot to the side and this testimony will soften him a punishment, and if his explanation is not satisfied with de Baranta, he is ready to meet him on a duel again. De Barant from the new duel refused and left to France. Lermontov was sent again to the reference to the Caucasus by the same order of the Lieutenant, but to the Tengen Regiment, operating in the area of \u200b\u200bdangerous fighting. Here Lermontov repeatedly showed courage in battles, and he was represented to the golden saber and twice to the Order, but Nicholas I rejected all ideas. Unlike Pushkin, Lermontov was far from the royal court, and he himself did not strive for duels.
About the causes of Pushkin's duel with Dantes

Georges Charles Dantes (1812-1895)

This was written hundreds of articles and dozens of books, so I will limit only by some clarifications and additions. Baron Georges Charles Dantes was born in 1812. He was a peer of his wife Pushkin Natalia. Dantes belonged to a poor noble family. By origin, he is more German than a Frenchman. His mother Countess M. Gazfeld and grandmother on the father of Baroness R . Will's background was German. Dantes himself was a high athlete, blond with blue eyes. Nevertheless, he was considered a Frenchman.
Dantes went with significant recommendations to look for happiness to Russia in 1833. On the way to Russia, he met at all accidentally with the Dutch Messenger Baron Hecker, and so he liked that he arrived in Petersburg already as a protéget of this diplomat. Moreover, at the beginning of 1836, the messenger with the consent of Dantes father (?!) Adopted George, and he became a baron heck. In 1937 it was established that such adoption is impossible, and Duttes only received the Dutch nobility. In Russia, Dantes was produced in the corps and enrolled in the cavalry regiment. Beauty, sociability, cheerful temper and wit made him a favorite of the court ladies and comrades on the shelf, although he was unimportant to the servant. He managed to hide his calcality, self-confidence, immorality and even arrogance. Pushkin treated him for a long time as one of the usual numerous fans of his wife, that is, not hostile. Natalia Nikolaevna and Baron George met at the end of 1834. Natalie was not a completely windy beauty. She played chess well and could solve complex compositions for hours. Of course, she did not have a fervent love for Pushkin, her husband, because of a big difference in age and his ugly appearance. Of course, as provincial, she liked the attention to her personality of the highest society of the capital and Nicholas I.
There is no doubt that she had a mutual attraction with Dantes. Not so long ago published Dantes letters to Heckernu, who traveled in Europe, testify to his deep feeling towards Natalie. In a letter dated March 6, 1836, Dantes writes: "... she did not like anyone more than me, and recently there were enough cases when she could all give me, - and what, my dear friend? Never, nothing. Never". Dantes writes about great respect that Natalie inspired him. At the same time, it would hardly be to provoke Pushkin on a duel by demonstrative courtships for his wife, if she failed, did not answer him with a mutual feeling. Pushkin himself produced his wife to a secular society, and she, without thinking about the consequences, enthusiastically told him about the courting of Dantes. Of course, we do not know much about the secret sprouts of the conspiracy against Pushkin and maybe we will never know.
He had enough enemies. The reasons for the duel, by the way, not necessarily with Dantes, there was a lot. The further life of Pushkin became unbearable. He was humiliated at the court of the Camera Juncker, he began problems not only with the publication of his works, but also with their sales. And his lifestyle and a big family demanded considerable expenses. Pushkin's old friends left a little. He did not find out of his position, and, finally, the jealousy and humiliation of his wife and their own dignity in the world found their way out in a duel with Dantes, who personified all the courtestrian to know - his enemies. Anonymous Diploma-Paskvil, received by Pushkin and Some of his friends by mail on November 4, 1836, on the election of Pushkin by Kadyutor (Deputy) of the Grand Master of the Order of the Vorconians (deceived husbands) overflowed the bowl of his patience.
It was a straight hint of Natalie if not with the king, then with Dantes. I do not think that this diploma is the case of Hackernov, but Pushkin did not look for the author, and immediately, sent Duets to Duel. Heckker with tears in his eyes threw Pushkin to delay the duel. I think this fact is evidence that Dantes did not strive for a duel, especially with deaths, although he was an excellent shooter and was not a coward. The complex negotiations of intermediaries, including Vzhukovsky, prevented a fight, especially since Duthes unexpectedly declared his marriage on her sister Natalie Ekaterina Nikolaevna. By the way, Dantes Sing Dancont D "Arshiac sincerely sought to prevent this duel. Dantez's wedding with Catherine took place on January 10, 1837, and Pushkin with Dantes became sly people. However, after the wedding, the arrogant courting of Dantes was resumed behind his wife, and the swamped poet sent the Messenger 25 January letter with rude and sharp insults. The fight became inevitable, and on January 26, the attache of the French Embassy Viscount Ogust d "Ashiac transferred the poet to Dantes.

About the reasons of Duel Lermontov with Martynov

Martynov N.S. (1815-1875)
The reasons for this duel are largely known, but still not clear until now. Everything was simple: in Soviet times, the textbooks reported that gendarmes associated with their chief Benkenddorf organized a quarrel and Duel Lermontov to destroy the poet of freedomly, almost by order of the king Nikolai I.

Today we know the truth about the reasons for Duele Lermontov with Martynov, but some circumstances are unknown and remain unexplored. Not so simple in life. By the time the death of Lermontov was already a widely known poet and the author of the novel "Hero of our time", but for his death, none of the talented poets of that time responded with inspired and bitter verses. Why? The point is not only in the nature of Lermontov, its acute language and relationship with the surrounding people. The case, first of all, is that most of those who knew him saw a young man and officer of a low rank in it: as if the great poet was obliged to be an elderly general. The story with Pushkin was repeated: the Great Poet and Chamber Junker. To see in Lermontov Great Poet, the heir to Pushkin could only be the best people of the time as Belinsky. And the ulcer-contemptant character of the poet repelled many acquaintances from him. The personality and character of Lermontov imposed their imprints. Many circumstances: Early death of the mother, separation from the father, military moisture in the UNCER school, the reaction system in Russia after suppressing the uprising of the Decembrists, supervision and censorship, the intrigue of the royal court and the environment of the poet himself, the death of his idiot Pushkin , instant glory after writing poems on his death, arrest and reference to the Caucasus in 1837, harsh military service and, of course, the main thing - the creation of poetic masterpieces, unrequited love, permanent diseases, ill-fated duel with de Barantom and the second link in 1840, Brutal battles in the Caucasus, the inability to resign for literary activities, hatred and envy of enemies. And all this fit into a short, 26-year-old life! Yes, Lermontov's character was complicated, even controversial. The poet was having fun, it was sad, then the clock was silent, it was bull and sarcastic. Sadderitsa General of Vervilina E.Shan-Gary, who lived in Pyatigorsk, recalled Lermontov: "... he was uneven, capricious, then helpful and kindly, then scattered and inattentive." Lermontov loved the tailand, even ridicule someone, loved to manage the picnics, dance. But when he is unimportant health (how did he pull the military strap?) He often had to be treated in the Caucasus with hot sulfur baths.
When Lermontov was secondally sent to the link to the Caucasus, then on May 20, 1840 A.S. Levyakov wrote a prophetic one: "But still sorry: Lermontov sent to the Caucasus for the duel. I'm afraid, I would not kill. After all, the bullet is a fool, And he with a true talent and as a poet, and as a promoter. " Of course, Khomyakov had in mind death in battle, and not on a duel, but still ...
In the Caucasus, Lermontov seeks to distinguish between the fighting and risks life, hoping to earn a resignation and completely devote himself to literary activities. He dreamed of creating his own magazine. Finally, in January 1841, Lermontov overturned vacation to St. Petersburg for 2 months. He spends three happiest and brilliant months in the capital in his life surrounded by friends and fans of his work. The entire circulation of Roman Lermontov "Hero of our time" is open. But instead of possible resignation, the poet received the prescription at 48 hours to leave St. Petersburg and go back to the Caucasus in the Tengen Regiment.
On the way to Temir-Khan-Shur Lermontov, together with a relative and friend, A. Stolipin stopped in Georgievsk. Pyatigorsk in 40 versshs from here, and the poet wanted to visit the beloved city, see old friends. Stolypin did not support him. Who knows, how would the fate of Lermontov, if he didn't go to Pyatigorsk to meet his death?! But fate (or case) plays a man. Lermontov offered Stolypin to throw a fifty dollar, and if the coin fell by an eagle up - go to the squad, and if the grille is up - go to Pyatigorsk. The lattice fell out, and Lermontov joyfully shouted: "In Pyatigorsk, in Pyatigorsk!" They arrived in Pyatigorsk on May 13, 1841, settled in the House of Chilaeva and lived there two months before the fatal duel Lermontov with Martynov. Lermontov received permission to stay in Pyatigorsk until completely cured from fever.
At this time, in Pyatigorsk lived Martynov's retired Martin, with whom Lermontov constantly met. Nikolai Solomonovich Martynov was an old comrade and classmate Lermontov since the time of joint training at a military school. They were familiar to over eight years. Martynov, as a person quite limited, did not differ in special abilities. He was suitable for his nickname "Marty". But he was very proud.
Martynova's father is a Stat adviser who has since 1798 by Selo Znamensky near Moscow. Martynov not only understood the superiority of Lermontov over him, but also recognized his poetic and artistic talent, forgiving Lermontov and in a military school, and at the subsequent meetings in Moscow, its stubborn ridicule and knife. Martynov was a beautiful, high blond. He dreamed, studying at a military school, about ranks and orders, wanted to become a general, that is, he was a vain person. The contemporary recalled that in 1839, Martynov looked a graceful young officer and performed well.
But in February 1841, he unexpectedly filed a resignation and was fired from military service to the rank of Major. History is dark. There were rumors about his wicked cartoon game. Remembering the dream of Martynov to reach the general, it can be assumed that he left the resignation by no means at his own desire. It was the collapse of his military career, his prospects for the future. Martynov remained in the Caucasus and settled in Pyatigorsk, not wanting to return to Mother and sisters to Moscow with disgrace. Yes, and in St. Petersburg he had nothing to do among his acquaintances.
Martynov changed dramatically: he became gloomy, silent and began to wear a Caucasian outfit, imitating the mountaineers: Cherkysku with gazery, dad on a shaved head. On the belt he hung dagger. Indeed, Martynov looked exotic among the Russian population of Pyatigorsk. On July 2, 1841, Nikolai I refused Martynov in a reward to which he was presented for participating in the autumn expedition (military actions) in 1840. This fact confirms the forced departure of Martynov from retired military service. Now ATTENTION: Refusal in the award Martynov took place 10 days before his quarrel with Lermontov and, it means that Martynov's nerves were inflated on the eve of a quarrel (however, it is not known: Whether the news came to the refusal of Martynov from St. Petersburg to Pyatigorsk to his quarrel with Lermontov) . I want to emphasize that before a duel with Lermontov Martynov did not participate in the fight, the hero of the scandals were not and did not have a loan. And one important point: Martynov, almost the same age Lermontov and his homework at a military school, was still a retired Major, and Lermontov (maybe because of the "Kramol" poems and duels with de Barant) was only a guarantor. Therefore, Martynov could count on a respectful attitude towards him Lermontov, and he still mocked him.
Back in 1837, on the way to a link to the Caucasus, Lermontov drove into Moscow. In his memoirs, Martynov subsequently wrote that his family was constantly living in Moscow and he at the end of March - early April 1837, almost every day met with Lermontov and they often had breakfast together with Yar. Quite a friend!
In October 1837, Martynov met with Lermontov in the Caucasus. He writes the father from Ekaterinodar: "Three hundred rubles that you sent me through Lermontov, got, but there are no letters, because it was robbed on the road, and these money, invested in the letter, also disappeared; but he, of course, of course, gave I have my own ... "On November 6, E.A. Martynova writes from Moscow to the son of N. Martynov, which sorry for the missing letters sent with Lermontov, and (attention!) accuses Lermontov in the fact that these letters it seemed to printe and read. And on May 25, 1840, Martynova writes to Son Nicholas from Moscow, that Lermontov is still in the city and almost every day visits her daughters who are a great pleasure in his society, despite the fact that the Martynova of his visit is always (!) Unpleasant. Thus, N. Martynov's mother belonged to Lermontov dislikes, seeking her son to inspire hostility to the poet.
In 1841, Lermontov's enemies in Pyatigorsk, playing on the feelings of Martynov, raised him to a duel with a poet. Apparently, the prince of Vasilchikov, the father of which was close to Nicholas I, insulted by the silence and epigram on him, Lermontov, strawberry on the poet Martynov. Nowadays, anonymous, written from the hand of printed (!) Letters, mockedly-offensive epigram on Lermontov, belonging to the pre-deeter period, was found on the page of one book. On her hand, Lermontov was written by a pencil two words: "Scounded Marty", that is, Martynov. So, the appearance of Lermontov epigram tied with the name of Martynova, and this fact was very hidden a poet. Most likely, Martynov "knocked" the enemies of Lermontov on this epigram, and, although the authorship of Martynov was not proven, the epigram reached its goal, causing irritation of the poet. On Martynov, even his surroundings, and Lermontov called him "Highland with a big dagger". Martynov after a duel with Lermontov showed at the court that "this duel was completely random" and that he was "malice ... he never fell to Lermontov, therefore, I had no need to have a pretext to quarrel with him."
After years, Martynov explained that he called Lermontov for a duel for the fact that the poet in 1837 insulted his family and sister, to open and reading the letter sent to him by his sister Natalia to learn her opinion about him. What did Martynov silent almost 4 years before Lermontov's call on Duel July 13, 1841?! Of course, Martynov came up with an excuse for the murder of the Great Poet, because E. Mididel testified that, indeed, in October 1837, Lermontov came to Stavropol at all without things that he had been stolen dear, and therefore he appeared to the authorities not immediately upon arrival in The city, and when the uniforms and other things were cooked, for which he received a reprimand, because in the headquarters found that he had to appear at once.
Interestingly, in 1870, Martynov wrote a poem "Decembristians", in which he admired their feat, without understanding his essence. I repeat that the reasons for Duele Lermontov with Martynov a lot, but a specific, explicit reason for the duel is not yet clarified. By the way, Lermontov was already going to leave to his regiment from Pyatigorsk and even on July 12, 1841 (a day before the call to a duel!) Putting him to Pyatigorsk Commander's Office of his hedgehog to the departure to Temir-Khan-Shur. It's not meant to be!
We emphasize that Lermontov represented Martynov with his acquaintances in Pyatigorsk not only as a long-time comrade, but also as his friend! So, in the evening of July 13, 1841, several people were in the hall of the House of Verville. On the sofa sat and lively leather Lermontov, the daughter of the mistress Emilia Aleksandrovna and Lev Sergeevich Pushkin (!) - The younger brother of the great poet. The piano on which the prince of S. Trubetskaya was played, stood in the northeast corner of the Big Hall. Nadezhda Petrovna Verzilin and Martynov in his Caucasian outfit were stood around the piano - before the quarrel. Lermontov, turning to the interlocutor and meaning Martynov, told her jokingly to be careful with this dangerous "Highland with a big dagger", which can kill. Unfortunately, at that moment, Trubetskaya stopped playing the piano and the words of Lermontov clearly sounded in a large hall.
Everything that Martynov has copied in the soul, against the appeal to Lermontov, all that Martynov thoroughly hid in himself, came out. Yes, and his mother constantly inspired her son hostility towards Lermontov. Martynov's pride of Martynov was leaning a poet over him in the presence of the ladies. Martynov "exploded" and sharply declared that he had long tolerate insults of Mr. Lermontov and tolerate them no longer intend. In the circumstances of the quarrels of the quarrels may be some inaccuracies, but the essence of the reasons for the quarrel is true. I will allow myself based on indirect evidence, assume that Martynov was not indifferent to one of those present by the ladies, behind which he worked, and Martynov brought Martynov over him in her presence. By the way, according to E.A. Shang-Gary, the witnesses of quarrel, at her comment to the poet after this quarrel, but even before the challenge for a duel: "My tongue is my enemy," Lermontov answered calmly: "It's nothing, tomorrow we will be good friends." Lermontov did not perceive this quarrel seriously, not thinking about her possible consequences.
But after that evening, a conversation on elevated tones took place on the stairs of the house of Verzilina between Lermontov and Martynov. Of course, Lermontov, without giving a serious meaning of a quarrel, did not seek to apologize to Martynov and calm him, and the excited conversation ended with the challenge of Lermontov on a duel.
It turns out that Lermontov himself provoked this duel and its main reason became a stingy, praying character of the poet and, specifically, his sharp tongue. After all, Martynov knew about Duele Lermontov with de Barantom, and knew that Lermontov was a good arrows and a brave person. How not the hero of Martynov, besides later, who announced that he almost did not know how to shoot a pistol, decided to call Lermontov for a duel?! What pushed him on the challenge: the collapse of a military career, mockery over him Lermontov and others, incitement the enemies of the poet, insult to the lady to which he was not indifferent, and finally despair? Or was he just sure that Lermontov shoot him will not? Be that as it may, the duel has become inevitable.
Duel Pushkin with Dantes

Duel Pushkin with Dantez-Hecker on January 27, 1837 Fig. Caverznev,
Gerasimov engraving.
The circumstances of the duel are widely known, and I only briefly mention them, adding little details. Duel took place on January 27, 1837 on a black river about 5 hours of day. On January 26, the Balu at the Council of the Razumovskaya Pushkin offered an advisor to the English embassy of Magenis, who knew as a decent person, to become his second, but he refused. On January 27, after noon, Pushkin met at K. Danzas, his lyceum comrade on the street, and he agreed to become His Secundant.
The compiled conditions of the duel with barriers in 10 steps (7 m) were almost fatal. Pushkin himself was eager to kill Dantes, and he understood that he needed to kill Pushkin, otherwise the duel could be resumed. Both were excellent arrows. Bullets from duelle pistols with a diameter of 12 mm applied life-threatening wounds. Everything was according to the rules. Sing Dantes was the Viscount D "Ashiac. In the deep snow drowned the tracks for the fight, the sinels of the seconds laid the barriers. Lieutenant Colonel Danzas waved his hat, and Pushkin, quickly approaching the barrier, aimed to shoot for sure. But Dantes shot before, without reaching the steps before the barrier Pushkin fell on the Dzinel Danzas, mortally wounded into the right half of the abdomen. He found the strength to lie down to aim and shoot. Dantes stood right sideways, bent the right hand in the elbow, closing his chest and a discharged gun - head. It saved him. The bullet broke through the right forearm and flattened (smashing?) On the button of Mundar. Dantes fell, Pushkin shouted: "Bravo!" - But Dantes quickly rose: the injury was not dangerous.
Pushkin has developed strong bleeding, and the doctor was not, and there was nothing to impose a bandage on the wound. According to M. Underman, Pushkin lost 2 liters of blood. He was brought to the curfew dacha, where Dantes suggested Danzas to transport the wounded carriage, which he sent heckker. Beautiful gesture! If Pushkin knew whose carriage, he, of course, refused, but Danzas said that he hired a carriage. Pushkin delivered home. All the time before the death he was conscious. The bullet struck the intestine of the poet in several places and, cutting part of the sacral bone, stuck near her. Pushkin kept courageously, but there was a moment when he, without preparing painful pain, wanted to shoot. Danzas managed to take a gun from him, already hidden under the blanket, saying: "No need, cricket" (Lyceum nickname Pushkin).
The king acted decently, sent a note with the forgiveness of the poet, and most importantly, with the promise to take care of his wife and children. Suffering, Pushkin rushed death. The best doctors treated him correctly, but the position of the poet was hopeless. He developed peritonitis, and 46 hours after the injury, Pushkin passed away at 2 hours 45 minutes of the day on January 29, 1837. Danzas was arrested, without giving him the opportunity to hold the body of a friend to the Svyatogorsk Monastery for burial next to his mother.
Can I save Pushkina in our time? Such an opportunity was analyzed. In compliance with all medical conditions by conducting an operation and applying the latest methods, medical devices, antibiotics, Pushkin could be saved today. But even at the same time, the chances of a prosperous outcome would not exceed 50-60 percent. By the way, the writer Andrei Sabol, heavily surviving the death, his friend Sergey Yesenin, on June 7, 1926, a shot from Nagana at the monument to Pushkin in Moscow intentionally inflicted his wound like a wound of Pushkin, shot in the belly on the right. In twenty minutes it was already operated on, and, although the wound was applied to a conical bullet, and not a round, which produces heavier damage, sable died just three hours after surgery. And in Pushkin in 1837, there was no chance to survive at the level of the level of medicine. I will add that the wounded Pushkin said: "When you choose, start first." But for the same thing, only one duel could be an insult.
Duel Lermontov with Martynov

The circumstances of this duel are so contradictory and confused, according to the testimony of Martynov and Secundants M.Glebova and A. Vasilchikov, which is still interpreted in different ways. Secondants in collusion with Martynov gave distorted testimony to the court to alleviate their fate. Lermontov not only did not want to kill Martynov, but he did not want this duel itself. He perfectly understood that he was still insulted, although in a joke, Martynova, not expecting such consequences as a challenge for a duel. Moreover, Lermontov clearly realized that if the duel would be held, then even with a bloodless outcome, his future will become tragic and all the dreams of resigning and literary activities are collapsed: Nicholas I hate him will put a cross on it.
Therefore, Lermontov, seeking to prevent a duel, stated after challenged Martynov that he refuses his shot. But Martynov, pushed by their surroundings, was already blinded by the accumulated angry to Lermontov and categorically refused reconciliation. He was afraid that, taking a call back, he would be a stitching for a total of Pyatigorsk. Lermontov himself in 1832, entering the military school, the prophetically wrote: "To die with a lead bullet in the heart stands slow agony." The drawing of Lermontov of the same time, depicting two deuel standing nearby, is preserved, one of whom fired at the other, and he swung with a gun in his hand at the belt, for some reason aimed at the side.
In the morning of the duel, on July 15, 1841, his friends came to Lermontov to Zheleznovodsk, including Lion Pushkin, Poet's brother. Lermontov was cheerful, joked, and no one even suspected about the upcoming duel, but, remaining together with his cousin Katya Bykhov, he was terribly sad. Lermontov understood perfectly well that, without shooting in Martynov, he puts his own life on the card.
As for the seconds, with them an amazing story. Many years later, Vasilchikov said that the seconds for duels were Stolypin (relative of the poet), Glebov, Trubetskaya (friend of the poet) and he, cornflowers. On the investigation it was said that Glebov was the second of Martynov, and Vasilchikov (!) - Lermontov. The presence of Trubetskoy was hidden because he came to Pyatigorsk without a vacation, and the presence of Stolypin was hidden because he had already been involved in Duele Lermontov with de Barant and both of them would have been waiting for a serious punishment.
Duel took place on July 15, 1841 between 6 and 7 pm. It used to be believed that she had occurred at the foot of Mashuk near Pyatigorsk, and on the spot of a duel in 1915, Obelisk was installed, created by the Mikeshin sculptor, but in Soviet times it was established that in fact the duel was elsewhere - from the Perkalskaya Rock. The conditions of the duel were cruel: shoot up to 3 times (!) With barriers of 15 steps (10.5 meters). But such conditions could only be with the grave insult! Sometimes they write that the distance between the barriers was in 6 (!) Steps (4.2 meters)! This is not serious, although exceptional duels happened even with barriers at 3 (!) Step! Once Lermontov refused to advance his shot, then, in fact, it was not a fight, but murder.
Now - Attention! According to the famous Lermontovda E. Gernstein, when the storm began in front of the duel, then, apparently, Stolypin, Trubetskoy, and maybe Dorokhov did not have time for some minutes to drive up to the place of duel before it began. Stolypin and Trubetskoy, friends and seconds of the poet, did not think that the fight would begin with a thunderstorm and pouring rain, especially before their arrival. But Martynov Topied Lermontov, and he accepted a duel at two seconds. It so happened that Glebov and Vasilechors became simultaneously seconds and Lermontov, and Martynov. I emphasize that Glebov Lermontov trusted. Lermontov, probably, did not fully believe that Martynov would shoot him, would strive to kill him. By giving up his shot at cruel conditions to shoot up to 3 times, Lermontov, in fact, received as a suicide, giving his life to the will of Rock or case.
Now - important fact. The fact is that Martynov, who called Lermontov for a duel, did not have the right to shoot in the air, since then the fight would be considered invalid, farce, because both were not dangerous. And if Martynov shot clearly not aiming, past Lermontov, he would be a mixture. So it was nowhere to retreat Martynov.
He really wanted to kill Lermontov and this murder wanted to plug her mouth with all those who mocked him. Martynov was in a frenzy, blinded with hatred of Lermontov over the years of humiliation from him, was angry for the whole world after the collapse of his military career. In such a state, he, of course, could notice Lermontov to his feet to only hurt him. His goal was alone: \u200b\u200bkill Lermontov. I wonder what Martynov did 2 days before the duel? No, Martynov was not cool and judged during a duel, although he perfectly understood everything that was happening without thinking about the consequences. What is the nobility, the dignity of the officer, nobleman: Martynov is far from Dantes. There is information that in front of Duel Lermontov wanted to explain Martynov that he did not want to insult his dignity, but he didn't even listen to him, hurry to start a duel murder.
So, at the signal of seconds, the duel began at a thunderstorm and shower. Lermontov at the sight of a hurried to the barrier and a crucial to him from the pistol Martynov, not wanting to shoot and not touching out of place, pulled out her hand over her head with a gun up, contemptuously looking at Martynov. Sometimes they write that Martynov, beyond themselves, hung up by the calm Lermontov, shouted him to shoot him. But Lermontov shot into the air, and Martynov, reaching the barrier, ruthlessly shot motionless, unarmed Lermontov. The bullet pierced the poet's chest at the outlet, causing his instant death.
Martynov showed that Lermontov had no oxus of a pistol. So, Lermontov, who refused shot to the opponent, discharged his gun in the air. Martynov testified himself against himself. But Vasilchikov, apparently, did not agree with him and stated that Martynov fired, and Lermontov did not have time to shoot (meant in Martynov) and he, Vasilchikov, later, made a shot from Lermontov's pistol into the air. True, no one confirmed this fact. Heather Vasilchikov! After all, in this case it turns out that Martynov managed to shoot in armed Lermontov earlier than that in it. All according to the rules of the duel. And Martynov on this favorable lie is not enough for him. Without a doubt, even in this case, missed Martynov, and Lermontov would shoot the air. But duel up to 3 times! In Martynov, Lermontov shot (where?), And according to Vasilchikov, Lermontov's gun remained after a duel charged. Such a mysterious story.
You can, of course, to assume that by sending a blow of a gun up, Lermontov did not have time to shoot into the air, but in his interest it was as quickly as possible, demonstrating unwillingness to fight. But still directed up the barrel of the pistol Lermontov Martynov saw, and he shot in a man who did not want to shoot him, that is, in fact, unarmed. And this is the murder, because Martynov knew that Lermontov would not shoot him. Apparently, Martynov no longer owned by themselves. And Glebov wrote after the arrest of Martynov: "I and Vasilechikov protect you everywhere and everyone, because I don't see anything wrong with your part in Lermontov." Amazing recognition, especially since Glebov Lermontov trusted. The meaning of the written one: justify us, because we justify you.
Once again it is emphasized that the exact circumstances of the duel are unknown so far. I think that if Stolypin and Trubetskoy attended a duel, then at least after years they told her about it, but this did not happen. Let's go back to the duel. Let me remind you that neither the doctor nor the wagon was. Shower stopped. One Glebov remained with the body of Lermontov, and Martynov and Vasilchikov went to Pyatigorsk behind the doctor and people. Late in the evening I arrived cornflowers with people, but without a doctor, and the poet's body was transported to Chilayev's house, where he lived with Stolypin. The next day, with a huge coherence, Lermontov was buried at the Pyatigorsky Cemetery, and later at the request of His grandmother E.A. Perseneva Nikolai I allowed to transport his body in the lead and pumped coffin in Tarkhan, where he was buried on April 23, 1842 in the family crypt Arsenyev , near the grave of his mother. I emphasize that Martynov in a duel with Lermontov, definitely, made a killer.

Versions Duel Pushkin with Dantes
In 1959, in the USSR and in 1963 in France (!) There were many noise articles, which argued that Duel Pushkin with Dantes was actually in advance the murder of the Great Poet. The articles say that Dantes was capable of meanness and direct crime, so he behaved brazenly and unceremoniously during the weeks preceding the duel on January 27, 1837. The articles are explicitly referred to the presence of a duntex during a duel with a Pushkin Protective Adaptation: Either Kolchugi, which is tuned under the cavalga surp, or shell (bulletproof vest), as well as the supposedly at Dantes, the pistol had a ruling trunk, which reinforced the buoyant strength of the bullet. The authors of the articles doubt that the life of Dantes was saved by a button, from which the bullet bought his forearm before this, forgetting that Pushkin was lying lying, under an acute angle, and the bullet had to be chopped from a metal button, losing some of the slaughter power, When she (bullet) struck the forearm Dantes.
These supposedly "sensational" facts are easily refuted. Even if Dantes was put on the Museum Museum, he would have risked with Pushkin's bullet to get even injured by fragments of broken rings. As for the shell, it is sufficiently light and at the same time durable material from which today's body armor is manufactured, at that time it was not in risen. And the duel guns were smooth-tank and charged with spherical bullets, unsuitable for shooting out of the rifle weapons. Friend of Pushkin Danzas and D "Ashiac checked pistols and strictly observed the conditions of the duel, providing them with their honor. You can also give a lot of refutation by" sensational "facts. Pushkinists version about duel-killing are not taken into account at all. The duel was not in accurately compliance with the terms , signed seconds, and Dantes was not a coward. True above all, and the memory of Pushkin does not need lies.
Version Duel Lermontov with Martynov
In the 60s of the 20th century, a sensational article appeared, in which the expert authors nominated their version of Duele Lermontov with Martynov. They studied Lermontov's fatal injury and came to the conclusion that the bullet struck the side of the poet at a significant angle and went out through the other side. Death came instantly.
Since Lermontov and Martynov during the fight were on a flat platform, the authors argued that the bullet released from the Martynov pistol could not hit Lermontov under the angle of its direction. The authors suggested the version of the murder of Lermontov a strangers during a duel. Say, the hired killer hid with a rifle in the bushes on the side of Lermontov to the left or right, that is, an unknown shot Lermontov in side from above or below. The article even had a legend that many years later, one Cossack was told before his death that he was promised for the forgiveness for his crime, if he secretly shoots one person.
This version does not withstand criticism. First of all, as a result of Duele Martynov, knowing that Lermontov refused shot, counted him to kill or hard to hurt him. Yes, and if Lermontov began to shoot, they would be condemned for this duel, so it did not make sense to be sent to the killer. In addition, he had to shoot at the time of the shot Martynov, which is almost impossible. Otherwise, there would be two shots. Smoke after a shot of bushes would notice seconds. In the case of a hired killer, it was impossible to do without a collusion with Martynov.
How could the killer know where Lermontov arises? Yes, and the shooter should be experienced. Wounds from pistol and rifle bullets are different. In addition, where then the second wound from the bullet Martynov? Or his shot was idle? But the seconds checked the weapon. So hide the hired murder would not succeed. There are many similar inconsistencies in the article, and there is no reason to make the authors' arguments seriously.
Copyright
Not wanting to reconcile with the death of two great poets on ordinary duels, we forget that a duel according to the rules of two equal nobles, regardless of which of them is more important - this is a honest match, for compliance with the conditions of which dueling, and, Of course, Secundants. After all, the duelists protect their dignity. We have already found out that Dantes cannot be called a killer in the literal (criminal) sense of the word, but Martynov can be directly called the killer. In addition, it is impossible to forget that Pushkin more than once participated in duels and was an excellent shooter, and Lermontov was a brave man and a good shooter, being a military.
Unlike Lermontov, Pushkin, brought to the extreme nervous tension, protecting the honor of his wife and his dignity, passionately wished to kill Dantes, and he was well aware of all the danger of this fight, too, wanting to kill Pushkin. Dantes, as a foreigner, could not understand the magnitudes of Pushkin, as the first national poet, he saw in him first of all equal to his nobleman, who sent an extremely offensive letter in his address. And Martynov, with all its limitations, I understood that Lermontov is a huge talent, but the offended pride eclipsed sound sensitors, and Martynov, who remembered all the insults, saw in Lermontov not a famous poet and his classmate, but a stingy mockery that disgraced him in the presence of the ladies.
And Lermontov, not wanting a duel, due to their unevenness allowed himself offensive bugs, without thinking about the consequences. Yes, and Lermontov's unimportant health imposed a fingerprint on his actions. Calculation brazenly and demonstratively for the wife of Pushkin, "Li Dantess on a duel, did she want her? Pushkin insulted Dantes, wanting a duel, Lermontov insulted Martynov, not wanting a duel. No way do without a subjunctive inclination. We call Dantes and Martynov's killer, and if Pushkin killed Dantes or Lermontov killed Martynov, could you, dear reader, call Pushkin or Lermontov killer? Never! These are our mentality. It turns out that the Great Man "has the right to" kill Nelinsky, and that "has no right". But this is a pure murder! Before the law (Code), duels are all equal. And if Pushkin wanted to kill Dantes, then why Dantes, not wanting to be killed, was obliged (in our concept) not to shoot in Pushkin, but directly substitute his chest under his bullet? Not everything is so simple from the position of that time.
Today we see how a high official or a large businessman turns out to be more equally a simple person. The proverb is still true: "Don't fight with strong, do not judge with rich!" And although the law is for all one, the same thing is triggered by our mentality. It should always be remembered that the personality of man and the position occupied by him in society by the nature of their activities is completely different things, and although it is appreciated primarily by professionalism, but also the concept of "good person" is also important! Celebrities must submit an example in this. We all have time to get rid of ideological stereotypes of Soviet comprehensive class propaganda. The main thing is universal values.
Finally, let's compare the Persons of Dantes and Martynov in connection with these duels from the position of today. Who is a bigger scoundrel: Dantes or Martynov? Duel Pushkin with Dantes - a honest fight, Duel Lermontov with Martynov - dishonest duel from Martynov, because Lermontov refused the shot in advance, and Martynov shot him as a fixed and safe target. So, Dantes is not a killer, and Martynov is a killer and, therefore, a greater villain. Do not hurry with the conclusion. Dantes in his mental development and certain punching qualities was headed above Martynov and the remaining retired Major and a limited soldier. But Dantes, brazenly causing a married woman, let him feel sincere love, he himself, in love, fell in love with her young, loving enthusiastic adoration of her beauty, fonding, without thinking about the consequences, Natalie, disgraced Pushkin at the court, without taking it As a great poet, and, contributing to his nervous jealousy, brought to extremes.
And Martynov did not do anything bad Lermontov and even, recognizing his abilities and poetic talent, repeated his ridicule and knocked in his address, while Lermontov, without thinking about the consequences and not perceiving Martynov seriously, did not laugh at him during the ladies. It turns out that Dantes is much subject to Martynov. I finish this author's depths of the proverb: "Two boots - a pair." So is Dantes and Martynov, who killed two great poets of Russia, remained unpunished?! Is it really fair retribution not to overtake them?!

Dantez's fate

Dantes was kept in ordinary soldiers and as a foreigner was sent from Russia. It was the most prosperous outcome of a duel history for him. Following Dantes, he wanted to rush to take revenge on him, the younger brother Pushkin - Lion. I wanted to take revenge Dantesu and the son of the historian Karamzin - Alexander. But Dantes remained to live. His receptional father Baron Heckerna Nikolai I made it clear that his presence in St. Petersburg is more undesirable. Dantes himself later justified, saying that he did not know what the great poet was Pushkin. Dantes argued that he was aiming Pushkin to his feet, but accidentally fell into the stomach. Naive explanation at 10 steps from each other during a duel! However, Dantes was not at all an insignificant person. By the way, he was the grandson of Countess Elizabeth Fedorovna Warceryn, who was married to Alexander Semenovich Musin-Pushkin (1730-1817), and Musin Pushkin had a six-part (!) Music-Pushkin's Hope, which was a grandmother N. N. Pushkin, wife A.S. Pushkin. Like this!
Exhaled from Russia, Dantes went to France. Russians who lived in France did not let the killer of Pushkin to her threshold. But a career of a punchy, deft and unprincipled Dantess made. After death in 1843 wives of Ekaterina Goncharova, the older sister of Natalia Nikolaevna Pushkin (by the way, Catherine was almost 3 years older Dantes), Dantes took political activities.
By 1850, he became in Himself in Elsace by a person famous, elected to the Constituent Assembly. And in 1852, he is already known to the head of State Louis-Napoleon, Napoleon's nepolean, which sends Dantes to diplomatic informal negotiations, in particular with Nikolai I (!). Pushkin's killer, demolished and expelled from Russia king, leads negotiations with him! Truly, Dantes's arrogance has no boundaries. Nicholas I accepted former Kavaleargard in Potsdam and had a long conversation with him, having a half-way "Mr. Ambassador" with him. Although it was officially emphasized that the emperor accepts Dantes not as a representative of a foreign power, but as a former officer of his guard, convicted and pardoned.

Dantes successfully fulfilled the order and was appointed senator. This is a big takeoff in 40 years. However, he did not grow further, although there were always big connections. He became an excellent speaker, but he lacked the formation. In the Senate, he opposed Viktor Hugo, Garibaldi, called for the overthrow of the Paris commune in 1871. In a word, a well-known reactionary. Then he became the mayor of the town of Soulza in Alsace and a large lucky tender, remaining a petty man. Dantes lived 83 years old, died in 1895 and was buried in Soul, next to his wife and adoptive father Baron Hecker, dead

Postcard, end of the XIX century

The most powerful argument in the dispute sometimes turned this argument to the farce. Sometimes in comedy. More often - in the tragedy. "My Planet" tells about the most famous disputes of the recent past.

Since ancient times, duels were used as the best way to prove their rightness - rightly strong. The concept of "duel" arose about the XIV century and comes from Latin Duo - "Two". By the XVI century "Communication Fights" turned into a real headache for European monarchs. Traveling thousands of people, among whom were quite well-known and significant personalities. Below we will tell about the ten most famous duels in history.

Four Duel: Zavadovsky and Griboedov Against Sheremetyeva and Yakubovich

In 1817, due to the charming ballerina, the Avdoty of Eastinine, the queen of St. Petersburg, four men entered the battle.

By the time Avdota, two years was in connection with the SaVALGARD headquarters-Rothmistrome V.V. Sheremetev. Relationships were unstable, and after the next quarrel Intridiguned the Uhager. After a couple of days, one of her buddies is a beginner writer A.S. Griboedov - called an upset ballerina to her tea. However, at a party, she was also waiting for the new worker - the secular lion of Count Zavadovsky, who shot with a Griboeda apartment. Sheremetev came to rabies, having learned about the relationship of Zavadovsky with Istomine, and on the advice of a friend Alexander Yakubovich summoned a count on a duel. And Griboedov, who unwittingly acquired by the initiator of the acquaintance Istomine with the graph, caused Yakubovich himself.

On November 12, Sheremetev died as a result of a duel. Yakubovich, with Griboedov, they fought only a year later, during which Yakubovich remained unharmed, and the writer shot a little finger on his hand. Much later, this injury was helped to identify his corpse among those killed by religious fanatics in Tehran.

Unfortunate duel: Ivan Turgenev vs. Lion Tolstoy

Fortunately, the duel never took place

In the XIX century, the duel was distinguished on the soil, and the Lion Tolstoy, who had the character far from sugar. The young writer often conflicted with his surroundings, afraid of everyone, how to live. Turgenev was a complete opposite: a typical intellectual, creativity - in bloom, already written "Hunter's notes", "noble nest".

On May 27, 1861, when both Marats stayed at Athanasius Feta, Tolstoy in the cast insulted Turgenev's daughter - Polina: Say, her charity regarding the poor wears the insincere and even theatrical shade. Rose Turgenev left the house Feta. Between the writers began writing clarification of relations in which they caused each other to duel. But since letters came with findings, Tolstoy and Turgenev in turn had time to cool down to the moment of receiving messages.

Fortunately, the duel did not take place, otherwise, perhaps, it would not have reached "Anna Karenina", "War and Peace" and other literary masterpieces would not reach. However, friendship writers resumed only after 17 years of boycott.

The most venue duel: Otto von Bismarck against Rudolf Virchova

The case is almost unique: rational man of science Rudolf Virhov has reached the influential Minister Otto Bismarck

The chairman of Prussia Otto von Bismarck, as the majority of politicians, had supporters, and opponents, the main of which was Rudolf Virchov, elected by the leader of the radical party. Virhov was a supporter of the revolution, which Bismarck wanted, on the contrary, to suppress.

Disagreements reached the climax during debates on May 30, 1865. Bismarck felt offended after Virchov's statements that the Military budget Prussia exorbitantly break through the fault of the minister, and the country was plunged into poverty. Without waiting apologies, Bismarck caused opponent to a duel.

However, Virhov was also a scientist. When the Bismarck Secundants came to him, he defended his right to choose a weapon for a duel and offered to fight on sausages. One of them was to be infected with toxins and to be fatal for the one who would eat it. Bismarck refused to be redeemed, withered that "heroes are not coming to death."

Man's duel with animals: Rishar de Maker against a dog

Chronist Olivier de la Marsh did not fail: when the body of the macker stopped twitching in the loop, the dog of the late de Mondidier immediately calmed down

At the end of the XIV century in France, two knights were served at the court of Charlem V - Aubisci de Mondidier and Richard de Maker. The obsection was more successful and often caused envy from the macker. Once the friends went hunting, but only Richard returned from it. The corpse of the knight was found in the forest, hidden under the leaves, a dog of obi. After the funeral, the dog, who found her friend from a friend of the murdered owner, having met Maker on the street, unexpectedly attacked him with wild lame, which caused a suspicion of those present. So happened whether the dog saw the knight. The phenomenon reached the king himself, who decided to personally conduct an investigation. According to his order, about 200 knights, including Macker, lined up the palace. Then they introduced a dog into the courtyard, which immediately rushed towards the suspect.

During the interrogation of King, the Mcker denied all the accusations. Then Karl decided to resort to the practice of God's Court, removing the role of the prosecutor of the dog. So on October 8, 1371, for the first time in history, a man's duel with animals took place. Maker was armed with a stick and shield, but they did not help him. As soon as the dog was launched from a leash, she attacked the enemy. The affected macker admitted that he killed the obi, and began to ask for mercy. However, by decision of His Majesty, the knight was sent to the gallows, and a cops who made a revenge on the owner erected a monument in the vicinity of Fontainebleau.

The most famous duel: "Duel Mighton"

Duel perceived by most courtesy as a meaningless slaughter

In this fight, six: three minions of the king Henry III and three from his opponent of the Duke de Giza. However, the reason was not at all in politics. One day one of the minions, Count de Celamus, accidentally found Baron d'antraga (a supporter of the Duke de Giza) from his beloved. In the day, the count deliberately joked about it publicly, saying that this lady was "more beautiful than virtuous." The challenge from Baron came instantly.

Duel passed in Park Tournel in Paris on April 27, 1578. In the battle, the first de Celamus and D'Bentrag entered the battle, but later they could not stand their seconds (although they did not have to interfere in the duel on the Duel Code). As a result, the seconds killed a friend of the arc, but the sweatmen of the duel remained alive. Baron got off the scratch on his hand, and de Celamus received about 19 injuries. The king highlighted a considerable amount for the treatment of his pet, and the restless graph even went on amendment, but he decided to ride a horse. Wounds opened, and Mignon died.

If everything described seems familiar to you, no wonder - the story of this duel entered the plot of Roman Alexander Duma-Father "Countess De Monsoro."

The most unusual duel: Monsieur de Grandpron against Monsieur Le Peik on a balloon

Dueltant and pilot driving a ball died

In 1808, a duel in the air took place in France. Two respectable Mr. - de Grandpre and Le Peak - fell in love with the same dancer of the Paris Opera, Mademoiselle Tyrevi. The rivals came to the conclusion that there is no better way to find out which of them is worthy of the heart of Primateonna, except to shoot. Because at the time among Paris, there was a fashion for balloons, the duelists decided to find out the relationship right in the sky.

Having risen each at its bowl about 900 m, Monsieur stopped at this height and shot each other. Bulle de Grandpri fell into the balloon Le peak, after which he caught fire and fell to the ground along with the duelist and the pilot.

The winner stated his rights to the heart of Mademoiselle Tyrevi. However, Priaudonna did not appreciate the courage shown in the sweep, preferred a completely different man.

The most famous ladies duel

Russian women knew a sense in duels. Moreover, in Russia, this type of clarification of relations was actively cultivated.

Do you think the duels were exclusively male fun? By no means. In Europe, in the XVII century, fashion futures literally covered cute ladies. Female battles were still tougher male and more often ended with death. You can read more about the most famous ladies duels and their stories, but still tell me where it all started.

June 1744th. German Princess Sofia Frederick Augustus Anhalt-CrebrStskaya receives a challenge to a duel from his secondary sister, the princesses of Anna Ludwig Anhalt. Dueltoks for 15 years! Non-sharing some trifle princesses were locked in the bedroom and fought on the swords. Fortunately, both stopped in time, otherwise the world history would not know Ekaterina Great.

After the Eden, the empress literally introduced fashion for women's duels in Russia. So, in 1765, 20 fights took place, on eight of which she even performed a second. However, being an opponent of fatal outcomes, Catherine introduced the slogan: "To the first blood!" Thanks to this, during its reign, there were only three cases of women's death on duels.

The most curious duel: Sasaki Codziro vs Miyamoto Musasi

The master was enough of two rapid ships on the samurai tothat kill

In the Japanese culture, Dueles occupied a special place and passed otherwise than in Europe and Russia. No pistols, no sword. In the east there was other weapons - swords. There was another tactic: the opponents first drove each other before each other, then circled, looking for a moment to strike, which he subsequently solved everything. Such scenes can often be seen in Japanese films.

One of the most famous duels among samurai calls the battle in 1612 of two famous fencers - Miyamoto Musasi and Codziro Sasaki. It is believed that the cause of the fight was their different views on, actually, the art of fencing. While Sasaki, who was a real master of the sword and the author of the crown reception "Swallow's lunge", was Grezden and self-confident, Musashi was a comic sight, appeared in place with an oars, rushed under the sword. Sasaki relaxed in advance and considered a duel won, however, Musasi managed to deviate from the blow and kill the enemy with just one clear blow to the head in the head. It remains only to add: weapon - nothing, appliances - everything!

The most tragic duel: Alexander Pushkin against Georges de Geckerna (Dantes)

Dantes shot the first and wounded Pushkin in the stomach. Falling into the snow, the poet soon raised and fired, easily wounding the offender in hand

Pushkin's creativity is recognized as national heritage. The cult of the poet has developed in his life, but the popularity has always a reverse side.

In 1835, the young attractive officer Dantes Heckern met Natalia Pushkin, the poet's wife, and fell in love. In the secular circles of St. Petersburg, rumors immediately crawled, including the reciprocity of Natalia's feelings. Pushkin, despite the slight excitement, kept confidence and tenderness to the spouse, while in November 1836 he did not receive an anonymous writing, in which he was painted by a cuckold and hinted his wife with Dantes.

And would be a duel then, but Dantes married. And not on someone, but on the sister Natalia - Ekaterina Goncharova. However, after the wedding, Georges continued to care for Natalia, which gave the society a reason for new sharpness. Having lost patience, in 1837 the poet sends a letter to the receptionist Dantes Louis Geckerna, where both refuse to house. Duel is inevitable.

On February 8, 1837, Pushkin was mortally wounded in the stomach, and Dantes got off with a small injury. Two days later, the country lost his genius. People came crowd to say goodbye. Vasily Zhukovsky, striking the peaceful expression of the face of a deceased friend, called the sculptor, and he took a posthumous mask. After it was separated in copies among the closest friends, but now there is almost almost every Pushkin Museum. Who else was filmed for posthumous masks, read.

Bloomless duels

Now bloodless duels are sometimes called the prototype of paintball

At the beginning of the 20th century, finally thought about the values \u200b\u200bof human life and invented a relatively safe alternative - bloodless duels. Rivals shot with 20 meters of pistols with wax bullets. Such an original weapon came up with the French doctor de Viller in 1905. After he conducted training sessions in the elite Paris school of the fight, and among their visitors was even an ex-president of France - Casimir Pernier.

Wax bullets were unable to mortal injury, in addition, long canvas rains and steel masks were used to protect. Thus, bloodless duels were more like a sport, looked spectacular and quickly gained popularity. On one of the fights in 1906, New York Times wrote: Two wealthy Americans in leather raincoats and protective masks shot at a team in a certain male club. There was a duel of a draw, but his portion of adrenaline received both participants and the public. Now bloodless duels are sometimes called the prototype of paintball.