History of Adygea. Brief description of the history of the Republic of Adygea

They were also engaged in fishing and hunting. Local handicraft production, primarily ceramic, developed. Trade relations were maintained with the countries of the Ancient East and the ancient world. The main population of the Kuban and Azov regions in the first millennium BC. NS. was in the stage of decomposition of the primitive communal system, but the Meotian tribes did not reach the formation of a state. The level of development among the Sindi tribes was significantly higher, which already in ancient times were going through the process of the formation of class relations. The offensive policy of the slave-owning Bosporus kingdom led in the IV century. BC NS. to the loss of independence by the Sindi and their subordination to the Bosporus. In the first centuries A.D. NS. the largest tribe, occupying a significant territory of the Black Sea coast, were the Zikhs.

In the III-X centuries. ancient tribal names in the Northwest Caucasus are gradually disappearing. Already in n. NS. Circassians become known under the name "zikhi". The formation process of the Adyghe people was complicated by numerous ethnic mixes and external cultural influences. In ancient times, a well-known role in the formation of the Adyghe people was played by the Scythians, and in the early Middle Ages - by the Alans. The invasion of the Huns, who defeated the Bosporus, delayed the development of the tribes of the Kuban region.

During the VI-X centuries. Byzantium spreads its political influence over the Circassians and spreads Christianity among them. The Adygs entered into early communication with the Slavs.

In the 10th century, the Circassians occupied vast territories from the Taman Peninsula in the west to Abkhazia in the south. It was at this time that they entered into trade and economic relations with Russia through Tmutarakan. It was the closest and most important trade center. However, these connections were broken at the beginning of the 13th century. Tatar-Mongol invasion. The Adygs became part of the Golden Horde, although they did not completely obey it, and fought stubbornly against the Tatar conquerors.

In Russian chronicles they are known under the name "kosogov". The Adygs were in the squad of the Chernigov-Tmutarakan prince Mstislav and took part in campaigns (XI century). In the early Middle Ages, the Adygs and Abkhazians even had their own episcopal sees and dioceses. In the spread of Christianity among the Circassians, in addition to Tmutarakan, Georgia also played a significant role. As a result of the fall of Byzantium and the Georgian feudal kingdom of the Bagratids, as a result of the expansionist policy of Turkey and its vassal of the Crimean Khanate, Christianity in the Western Caucasus fell into complete decline. Tatar-Mongol invasion in the 13th century slowed down the formation of the Adyghe people. Starting from about the XIII century. to the XIV century. among the Circassians there is a process of formation of early feudal relations. Among a number of Adyghe tribes, the princely elite "pshi" stood out, which sought to turn free peasants into dependence. Since the XIV century. in the Russian chronicles there appears the name of the Circassians, borrowed, apparently through the Tatars, from the Georgians, which later took the form of "Circassians". This word probably comes from the name of one of the ancient tribes - the Kerkets.

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The exhausting centuries-old struggle with the Golden Horde, and later with the Crimean Khanate and Turkey, had a heavy impact on the economic and cultural development of the Circassians. From historical sources, legends, songs it is clear that the Turkish sultan and the Crimean khans for more than two centuries waged a war of conquest against the Circassians. As a result of this war, some tribes, for example, the Khagaki, were completely exterminated, while others, such as the Tapsevians, constituted only an insignificant tribe among the Shapsugs.

A new stage in the relationship between the Circassians and Russia begins in the middle of the 16th century. during the time of Ivan the Terrible during the period when the Russian centralized state was taking shape. Some Adyghe tribes have repeatedly turned to Moscow for support against the Crimean khans. At the end of the 18th century. The Crimean Khanate was destroyed. On the right bank of the middle course of the Kuban River, Cossacks, natives of the Don, settled. In 1791 - 1793 the right bank of the lower course of the Kuban River was occupied by immigrants from Zaporozhye, who received the name of the Black Sea Cossacks. The Russian-Ukrainian population turned out to be a direct neighbor of the Circassians. The Russian cultural influence on the Circassians in the field of economy and life has greatly increased.

In the XVI century. and the first half of the 19th century. Adygea was a country with a semi-feudal, semi-patriarchal way of life. The economic system of society was already determined by the dominance of feudal relations. These relations did not lead to the unification of the scattered Adygeyan lands into a single state whole, but they contributed to the development of external relations, raising the internal economy, especially agriculture. Its leading industry was meat and dairy cattle breeding. As before, the second place after cattle breeding was occupied by the Circassians. The most ancient grain crops of the Circassians were millet and barley.

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Attaching great importance to the Russian-Adyghe ties in the interests of strengthening the southern borders of the Russian state, Ivan IV in 1561 married the daughter of the Kabardian prince Temryuk Idarov Kucheny. In Moscow, she was baptized and became the Russian Tsarina Maria. Repeatedly by diplomatic and military measures, Russia has provided assistance to the Circassians in the fight against enemies.

In the 18th and first half of the 19th centuries. Adygs made up the main population of two territorial-political formations of the Caucasus - Circassia and Kabarda. Circassia covered a vast area of ​​land from the North-Western tip of the Main Caucasian ridge to the middle course of the Urup River. In the north, the border ran along the Kuban River from the very mouth to the confluence of the Laba River. The southwestern border of Circassia stretches along the Black Sea coast from Tamanidoreka Shah. Kabarda in the first half of the 19th century. located in the basin of the Terek River, approximately from the Malka River in the west and northwest to the Sunzha River in the east, and was divided into Bolshaya and Malaya. In the 18th century, its borders reached the upper reaches of the river in the west. Kuban.

At that time, the Adygs were divided into a number of ethnic groups, the largest of which were Shapsugs, Abadzekhs, Natukhais, Temirgoevs, Bzhedugs, Kabardians, Besleneis, Khatukais, Makhoshevs, Jaegerukhais and Zheneis. The total number of Adygs reached 700-750 thousand people. Agriculture and animal husbandry remained the leading branches of the Circassian economy. The ratio of their specific gravity was also determined by geographic and soil-climatic conditions.

Since 1717, the Islamization of the Caucasus mountaineers was elevated to the rank of state policy of the Ottoman Empire, carried out by Davlet-Girsem and Kyzy-Girey. The penetration of the new religion into the Circassian milieu was associated with considerable difficulties. Only at the end of the 18th century. Islam has taken deep roots in the North Caucasus. In 1735, on the instructions of the Sultan, the Crimean army again invaded Kabarda, which marked the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war. The peace treaty signed by Russia and the Ottoman Empire in Iasi at the end of 1791 confirmed the terms of the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi treaty.

Crimea and Kabarda were recognized as the possessions of Russia. In the 30s. XIX century. Tsarist Russia began to create military posts on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, which in 1839 were united into a coastline. The Black Sea coastline brought terrible disasters to the Circassians. In October 1853, the Crimean War began, in which Russia was opposed by England, France, the Ottoman Empire and Sardinia. The eviction of the highlanders to the Ottoman Empire is the last page of the chronicle of the Caucasian War. Hundreds of thousands of highlanders, who became victims of the cold political calculation of tsarist Russia and the Ottoman Empire, left their homeland. In May 1864, the last centers of resistance of the mountaineers on the Black Sea coast were eliminated. The bloody war is over. The Caucasian war cost the mountaineers tens of thousands of dead, hundreds of thousands of people excommunicated from their homeland.

In 1864, the Trans-Kuban Adygs were included in the administrative-political system of the Russian Empire.

The path to the proclamation of the Republic of Adygea within the Russian Federation was difficult and difficult. On April 8, 1920, a special section for Muslim affairs was created under the sub-department for national affairs of the department of the Office of the Kuban region. The section was faced with the task of mediating between the authorities and the population, carrying out explanatory work among the mountain population, in particular, among the highlanders-Circassians of the Maikop, Yekaterinodar, Batalpashinsky departments and the Tuapse district, where more than 100 thousand people of the indigenous population lived. On July 21, 1920, the Military Council of the IX Red Army and the Kuban-Black Sea Revolutionary Committee issued an order on the formation of a temporary mountain section under the administration department of the Kubcherrevkom, which did a lot of organizational work to convene the first congress of the highlanders of the Kuban and Black Sea region. At this congress, the Gorsk Executive Committee was created from representatives of the working people of the Adygs of the Kuban and the Black Sea region on rights equal to the provincial executive committees for the management of the mountain population, subordinating it horizontally to the regional executive committee and vertically to the People's Commissariat of National Education. The III Mountain Congress (December 7-12) in Krasnodar made a decision to create the Mountain District Executive Committee of the Kuban and the Black Sea Region and instructed it to work out the issue of separating the highlanders of the Kuban and Black Sea Region into an autonomous region. On July 27, 1922, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee passed a resolution on the formation of the Circassian (Adyghe) Autonomous Region. On August 24, 1922, it was then renamed into the Adyghe (Circassian) Autonomous Region. From that time on, the Kuban Circassians began to be officially called the Adyghe.

The proclamation of the autonomy of Adygea made it possible for the Adyghe people to create their own national-state formation, to exercise their right to national self-determination, contributed to the strengthening of economic and political ties with more economically developed regions of the country, and developed the economic and cultural life of the people.

December 7-10, 1922 in a. Khakurinokhabl held the 1st regional congress of the Soviets of Adygea, at which the executive committee of the Adyghe (Circassian) Autonomous Region was elected. Shakhan-Girey Hakurate became its chairman.

At the request of this congress, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR in May 1923 approved the conclusion of the commission on the establishment of the borders of the Adyghe Autonomous Region. So, according to this conclusion, the Adyghe region was divided into two districts: Psekunsky and Farsky. After that, the boundaries of the region changed several times. In 1924, five districts were created as part of Adygea. The regional center was Krasnodar. On April 10, 1936, by the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Maikop became the center of the Adyghe Autonomous Region. By the same decree, the Giaginsky district and the Khansky village council were included in Adygea. However, according to the Constitution of the RSFSR, the Adyghe Autonomous Region, like other such national-autonomous formations, was part of the territory (in this case, ~ - Krasnodar).

On July 3, 1991, at a joint meeting of the Russian Parliament, the Law on the transformation of the Adyghe Autonomous Region into a republic that is part of the RSFSR was adopted.

In the modern socio-political and economic situation, an increase in the state and legal status of the Adyghe Autonomous Region contributes to the implementation of not only the national needs of the people, whose name is associated with the creation of autonomy, but also the economic and cultural potential of the republic for the benefit of all peoples living on its territory. Life has shown that the region cannot develop further without having independent vital management structures. This began to be especially felt in the context of the transition to market relations.

Thus, the Republic of Adygea today is one of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, that is, it entered voluntarily into the Russian Federation on the basis of the signing of the Federal Treaty. According to article 3 of the Constitution of the Republic of Adygea, the sovereignty of the republic extends to its entire territory. It possesses the entirety of state power, except for the rights that it voluntarily delegates to Russia on the basis of concluded treaties. Adygea became a republic (within the Russian Federation) in 1991. The President of the Republic was elected, the State Council - Khase, the Cabinet of Ministers was formed. The first President of the republic is Aslan Alievich Dzharimov.

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Archaeological culture Language

Circassian (Kabardian)

Religion Racial type Origin There are also people with the surname "Circassian". More details.

Currently abroad ethnonym Circassian continues to be used in relation to the descendants of the Circassian muhajirs, as well as the descendants of the Circassian Mamluks living in the Adyghe diaspora. Sometimes the ethnonym "Circassians" designates not only the Circassians, but also representatives of all North Caucasian peoples, who were also expelled or resettled abroad during and after the end of the Caucasian War.

Currently in Russia the term Circassians(self-name: adyge) in addition to the above meaning is the designation of the Adygs living in Karachay-Cherkessia, Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria (Russia). Circassians have a population of 73.2 thousand people, including in Karachay-Cherkessia - 56.5 thousand people (trans. 2010). They live in 17 villages of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic.

This article is about the "Circassians" in the administrative-territorial sense of the term, and not about the Circassian (Adyghe) people in general.

History

Ethnonym

Circassians in the USSR

In 1921, the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed in the North Caucasus as part of the USSR. In January 1922, the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region was formed within the USSR. It included part of the lands of the Kabardians and the land of the Besleneis in the upper reaches of the Kuban. The Circassians who inhabited this republic (self-name) retained their other name as Circassians.

On April 26, 1926, the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous District was divided into the Karachay Autonomous District and the Cherkess National District (since 1928, the Autonomous Region). According to the 1926 census, 65,270 Circassians were recorded in the USSR, and according to the 1959 census, their number dropped to 30,453 people.

Since 1957 - again the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous District as part of the Stavropol Territory. Since 1992 - the Karachay-Cherkess Republic. The 1970 census recorded 39,785 Circassians, and according to the 1989 census, the number of the Circassian population in the USSR had grown to 52,363 people.

Language

The emergence of most of the modern auls of Circassia dates back to the 2nd half of the 19th century. In the XIX - early XX centuries. 12 auls were founded, in the 20s of the XX century - 5. The estate was surrounded by a fence. Living quarters were usually built with a facade to the south. The dwelling had wicker walls on a pillar frame, plastered with clay, a two- or four-pitched wattle roof covered with thatch, an adobe floor. Consisted of one or several rooms (according to the number of married couples in the family), adjoining in a row to each other, the doors of each room overlooked the courtyard. One of the rooms or a separate building served as Kunatskaya. An open hearth with a wicker smoker was arranged near the wall between the door and the window, inside which a crossbar was installed for hanging the boiler. Outbuildings were also made of wattle fence, often round or oval in shape. Modern Circassians are building square multi-room houses.

clothing

File: Tsey zepyl.jpg

Traditional men's costume - Circassian ( tsey) a single-breasted caftan with an open chest, just below the knee length, with wide sleeves. Young men at the age of a warrior wore short-sleeved Circassians - so that they would not hamper their movements in battle. Gazyrs were sewn on both sides of the chest (Adyghe hyazir- ready-made) - narrow pockets sewn with braid for special sealed pencil cases, more often bone ones. The pencil case contained a measure of gunpowder and a bullet wrapped in a rag, molded to the size of the owner's gun. The pencil case made it possible to quickly load the gun at full gallop. The extreme pockets, located almost under the armpits, were used to store dry chips for kindling. Later, with the advent of guns, where the gunpowder was ignited not with a wick or silicon, but with a primer, the extreme pockets began to be used for storing primers. the Circassian was strictly different for men according to the class belonging to the color - white for the princes ( pshchy), red among the nobles ( Werke), gray, brown and black among peasants (blue, green and other colors were usually not used). Beshmet ( ceptlal) in cut resembled a Circassian, but had a closed chest and a standing collar, narrow sleeves, its length was just above the knee, was sewn as a rule from a light and thinner material, often the beshmet was quilted on a wadded or woolen basis. Pants ( guenshadzh, guanchadzh) narrowed down with a wide step. Papakha ( dust) was sewn from sheepskin, white, black or brown, the height varied. Also among the Circassians felt hats were widespread in everyday life ( upshle dust). Bashlyk ( shkhyarykhuen, shkhyarykhon) were sewn from thin home cloth or purchased material, decorated with trimmings, rarely with embroidery, more often white, but there were also dark shades. Burka ( shlaklue, claklue) - a long, felt cloak, black, rarely white. Typesetting belt. His buckle was used as a chaise to carve fire. Shoes - chuvyaki ( wake) were made of red morocco, as a rule, they were among the upper class, peasants wore chuvyaki made of rawhide or felt. Legs ( lei) - of thin leather or morocco, decorated with braids with garters under the knee with silver buckles. The dagger and saber were compulsory items in a man's costume. Dagger ( kame) - the handle and scabbard were richly decorated with silver, as a rule, blackened - so as not to unmask the owner, as well as the handle of the checker ( sashhue), but the scabbard of the checker was decorated with galloon and gold embroidery (young girls of the highlanders were engaged in this work). Now only a few have a complete set of national costume and appear in it on holidays.

The Adygs (Circassians) wore daggers of the Kama (dagger) type, or of the Bebut type, which, among other things, had the functions of a talisman, were used to perform various customs and rituals. The eastern dagger of the Jambia type was widespread among the Ubykhs and Shapsugs. Of the sabers, depending on the wealth of the owner, the Mamluk type saber was preferred, either Kilich (Turkish saber), or Gaddare (Iranian saber).

Even a bow (weapon) with a quiver for arrows was considered an element of the rider's clothing.

Adygs (Circassians) always had a small knife with them ( jean), which could be used for domestic purposes, but which was not visible and therefore was not an element of clothing.

Food

In the summer season, mainly dairy products and vegetable dishes are consumed; in winter and spring, flour and meat dishes prevail. The most popular is puff bread made from unleavened dough, which is consumed with Kalmyk tea (green tea with salt and cream). Yeast bread is also baked. Corn flour and cereals are widely used. National dish, libzha (shyps) - chicken or turkey with sauce seasoned with crushed garlic and paprika. This dish is also national among the Abaza, but is called dzyrdza. Waterfowl meat is consumed only fried. Lamb and beef are served boiled, usually with sour milk seasoning with crushed garlic and salt (bzhynykh shyps). After boiled meat, be sure to serve broth, after fried - sour milk. Bekhsyme (mekhsyme) (national low-alcohol drink) is prepared from millet and corn flour with honey for weddings and on major holidays. On holidays, halva is made (from fried millet or wheat flour in syrup), pies and pies are baked (lekum, delen, hyalive, khyrshyn).

Medicine

According to the data of the French agent of the Swedish king Charles XII Abri de la Motre, long before 1711 in Circassia they possessed the skills of mass vaccination. Abri de la Motre left a detailed description of the smallpox vaccination procedure among the Circassians in the village of Degliad: “... a little girl of four or five years old was vaccinated ... Let us recall that only on May 14, 1796, the English pharmacist and surgeon Jenner inoculated 8-year-old James Phipps with cowpox.

Culture and Religion

In the ancient culture of the Circassians, the central place is occupied by the moral, ethical and philosophical code "Adyghe Khabze", formed under the influence of the ancient religious system of the Circassians and brought to perfection by the centuries-old history of the people.

In folklore, the central place is occupied by the Nart epic, whose positive heroes serve as an example of adherence to the Adyghe Khabze code.

The art of storytellers and songwriters (jaguaklue) has been developed. Crying songs are common ( gybze), work and comic songs. Traditional musical instruments - shyklepshine (violin), bzhemi (flute), pkhetslych (rattle), various tambourines played with hands and sticks. At the end of the 18th century, the harmonica became widespread.

Circassian sayings: "Shapsug does not like to burn gunpowder", "the death of a rider in battle is crying in his house, and the loss of a weapon is crying in the whole people", "a real educated horseman should leave the feast so that he could immediately be present again the same treat "and others.

Forgotten custom

It is known from history that in ancient times the Circassians used to have the Rite of air burial (the rite has not been performed for more than 150 years).

Notes (edit)

1. 2002 All-Russian Population Census. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
2. Official site of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census. Information materials on the final results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census
3. Conclusion of the Russian Academy of Sciences about the ethnonym Circassian and the toponym Circassia
4. // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
5. On the problem of the origin of Koban culture and its local variants
6. All-Union Population Census of 1926. National composition of the population in the republics of the USSR. "Demoscope". Archived
7. All-Union Population Census of 1959. National composition of the population in the republics of the USSR. "Demoscope". Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
8. 1970 All-Union Population Census. National composition of the population in the republics of the USSR. "Demoscope". Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
9. 1989 All-Union Population Census. National composition of the population in the republics of the USSR. "Demoscope". Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.

Links

Literature

• Kaziev Shapi, Karpeev Igor. Everyday life of the highlanders of the North Caucasus in the 19th century.
• Circassians // Peoples of Russia. Atlas of Cultures and Religions. - M .: Design. Information. Cartography, 2010 .-- 320 p. - ISBN 978-5-287-00718-8
• Peoples of Russia: a pictorial album, St. Petersburg, printing house of the Public Benefit Partnership, December 3, 1877, art. 354
• Adyghe (Circassian) encyclopedia.

see also

• Circassian muhadzhirism and Circassian day of mourning
• Circassians-Franks

Ethnonyms and subethnos of the Abkhaz-Adyghe peoples
Obsolete ethnonyms	Geniochi | Zikhi (Zigi, Zyukhi, Dzhiki) | Helmets | Kasogi | Circassians (Cherkasy) | Meots (Dandarii | Sindhs | Doschi, Torets (or Toreats) | Agras | Arrehi Tarpets | Obidiaken | Sittaken | Aspurgians) | Kerkets
Subethnos

Budaev N.M. "Essays on the political history of the peoples of the North Caucasus in the 16th - 20th centuries." (The origin of the ethnonym Circassian) 06/25/2008 15:50 VIII The origin of the ethnonym Circassian. MG Volkova writes: “The emergence of the term“ Circassian ”, the ethnic nature of which is indicated with the Turkic environment, was associated with certain political events of the 13th century.

In the Mongolian chronicle "The Secret Legend" it is recorded in the form - SARKAS (UT), SERKES (UT).
(NOTE: F. Jamalov / SAR - ancient Iranian, Aryan: king, ruler, head, chief. KAS - ancient Iranian, Aryan: man. SARKAS (Circassian) royal man, king's man, warrior, warrior.
Similarly: CAUCASUS (CAF-KAS) - ancient Iranian, Aryan: CAF - world mountain in the mythology of the Aryan peoples; KAS - ancient Iranian, Aryan: man)

Subsequently, the name Circassian appears in all historical sources: in the middle of the XIII century. - in Arabic, Persian and Western European writings - from the end of the XIII century. in Russian chronicles, “History of Armenia” already in the XIII century, the name of the Circassians is recorded in the list of Caucasian peoples ”(MG Volkova“ Ethnonyms and tribal names of the North Caucasus ”, M., 1974, p.21,23)

In Russian chronicles, the ethnonym Cherkasy is associated only with the Turkic tribes who served in the appanage principalities. They are better known under the name: "black hoods", "berendei", "kovui". Later, the term "Cherkassy" was fixed as one of the ethnonyms of the Zaporozhye Cossacks. It should be noted that the primary nucleus of this people was made up of the chronicle "black hoods". According to N.M. Karamzin, N.I. Berezin, P.P. Ivanova, I.A. The selfish "black hoods" are called "Circassians". Consequently, this ethnonym was used as a general name for the medieval Pechenezh-Oguz tribes: Torks, Uzov, Pechenegs, Black Klobuk, Berendey, Kovuy and Polovtsian.

Prof. ON. Aristov wrote: "One can suspect that the ethnonym" Circassian "itself was brought to the foothills of the Caucasus by the union of the Turkic clans." In our opinion, the ethnonym "Circassian" is of rather ancient origin, its distribution area is quite wide from Altai to the Danube, where the Adyghe peoples did not live at all. The antiquity and deep connection of the ethnonym "Circassian" with the Turkic peoples are confirmed by excerpts from the works of famous scientists K.Y. Grot and D. Ilovaisky. K.Ya. Groth believed that "... the Khazars and Avars belonged to the same Circassian tribe, and that this tribe, in conjunction with the Ugrians, operated in southern Russia and on the Danube .." D. Ilovaisky also notes that "... on different grounds The "katsirs" or "kazirs" (kozars - NB) were one of the Circassian tribes, or the Circassian people of the Khazars. "

As for the appearance of the ethnonym "Circassian", "Jarkas", "Sherkes" in Persian and Arab sources, it is associated with the Mamluks. New studies have shown that the Adyghe peoples have nothing to do with the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria. During their 400-year reign, the Mamluks left behind many written documents. These are, first of all, the Arab-Mamluk dictionaries, which were published in the XII, XIII, XIV, XV and XVI centuries, in addition, a treatise on the art of war and many poetry was published. The Mamluks established close diplomatic relations with the khans of the Golden Horde, exchanged embassies, etc. It is especially worth noting that by order of the last Mamluk sultan, Kansukhguri, "Shah name" was translated into the Turkic language of the Mamluks. The language in which these works are written is closest to the language of the Karachai-Balkars, Kumyks and Nogais. Moreover, all the well-known names of the Mamluks are mostly Turkic or Arab, and the medieval Arabs themselves considered them Turkic. IF Blamberg wrote back in 1834: "Circassians ... whom the Europeans call incorrectly, they call themselves Adyghe, or Adyhe" . Ethnographer L. Ya. Lulier once noted: “I don’t know why, but we are used to calling all the tribes inhabiting the northern slope of the Caucasus Mountains Circassians.” This was also noted by G.Yu. and “kesmek” - to cut off. ”Summing up these facts, it is quite obvious that the Turkic tribe of Circassians (Western Kazakhs) took part in the ethnogenesis of the Kabardians, who later became feudal lords of the Kabardians. T. Lapinsky wrote about this:“ In this brief review of the history of the Circassians I want to refute a misconception that is prevalent throughout Europe. It is completely wrong when the peoples of the Caucasus, the Abazes (Adygs), as well as the Dagestan tribes, are designated by the name of the Circassians.

Dagestan tribes are also designated by the name of the Circassians. The Circassian people no longer exist - their remnants in the Caucasus do not call themselves that anymore and disappear more and more day by day. With much greater right, one can call all the Cossacks of Russia, with the exception of the Zaporozhians of the Kuban, Circassians, since they are the descendants of these old robbers and among them the Circassian spirit has been preserved. " the race remained almost pure among them "(p. 101). Here is how Lapinsky describes the appearance of the Circassian prince and his son, with whom he was personally acquainted:" Burly with a silver beard, he was one of the most beautiful elders whom I saw when- or. His facial features had a clear imprint of a staid Tatar, and among 1000 Abaz (Adygs) he could be instantly recognized as a foreigner, as well as his son Karabatyr Ibrahim, who in appearance was a copy of his father ... The suite also consisted almost exclusively of Turks. , Tatars and several Circassian warks "(p. 289). Lapinsky has no particular sympathy for the Tatars and Circassians, for example:" Sefer Pasha and the entire Tatar-Circassian rabble, which, unfortunately for the country, rampaged and intrigued on behalf of the Port , send to Turkey "(p. 251). T. Lapinsky considered the Circassians unconditionally a Turkic tribe, dissolved in the Adyghe environment and badly influencing it." I always distinguish the Circassians, who in Abkhazia (Adygea) are looked upon as uninvited guests, and Abaz and Adygs, who are the owners of the country and form the bulk of the population ”(p. 163). Theophilus Lapinsky lived among the Circassians for a long time, but he considered the Circassians a Turkic alien tribe, dissolved in the Circassian environment: “I always distinguish the Circassians, whom they look at as uninvited guests in Abkhazia (Adygea), and the Circassians, who are the owners of the country and form the bulk population ". (Uk. R. p. 163, 100, 205.) It is important to note one detail - at a certain period, early enough, on the map of Constantine Porphyrogenitus in the 10th century. the coast of the Black and Azov Seas is designated as "Kasakhia". Pechenegs and Polovtsians lived there at that time, and on the maps of the 15th century. Circassia was located between the Don and Astrakhan. There is a connection between the ethononyms Cossack-Cherkassy, ​​Kazakh-Sherkes. Facts confirming our assumption are found in Kazakhstan, where part of the Kazakhs of the Younger Zhuz and Alabug Tatars, and now call themselves Circassians. We found convincing confirmation of this in the "Genealogy of the Turks, Kirghiz, Kazakhs and Khan dynasties" by the author Shakarim Kudaiberdi-ulu. He writes: "Sherkes are included in the Younger Zhuz of the Kazakh people." (uk. slave. p. 68). We found more accurate information in the work of the famous historian Acad. VV Radlova: "Sherkes is a subdivision of the Cossack-Kyrgyz of the Small Horde, the Alachin tribe." (uk. work. art. 75, 113, 287). This fact was also noted by T. Lapinsky in the 18th century, the genetic connection of the Circassians with the Kazakh people: "The Circassians is a tribe in the middle horde of the Kirghiz, which, during its winter nomadism, is usually located on the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea" (Ukr. P. 72 ). In the 18th century, Kazakhs were often called Kyrgyz. To what has been said should be added a quote from A. M. Bayramkulov: “The ancient Circassians were one of the largest Türko-Alanian tribes. The truth of what has been said is confirmed by a large number of new materials. These are the ethnonym Cherkessli in Turkmenistan, the ancient Kyrgyz tribe Cherkas, the Crimean Tatar proper name Cherkas, the Nogai Taucherkes. " In the Altai heroic epic, the name "Altyn-Charkas" is found. In the history of the Golden Horde, there is a case when one of the pretenders to the khan's throne was the prince, Chingizid Khadzhi-Cherkes. As you know, only Genghisids could claim the throne. (V.V. Pokhlebkin "Tatars and Russia", M., p.22, 2001) Bayramukov: “In our opinion, the Adyghe-speaking Circassian ethnos never existed, and it is not there now. If we mean the population living in the KChR and are now being written by the "Circassians", then historical documentary sources state

U. Bayramukov: “In our opinion, the Adyghe-speaking Circassian ethnos did not exist when, it is not there even now. If we mean the population living in the KChR and now being written by “Circassians”, then historical documentary sources claim that the fugitive Kabardians, part of the Beleneevites and Abaza who found shelter in the Kuban, were named with this ethnic term after the establishment of Soviet power in the 20-30s. Writes about this prof. VB Vinogradov “Some 150-200 years ago, in the words of a 19th century historian:“ Under the name “Circassians” there are many tribes that bear a variety of names, most of them moved to Turkey after the conquest of the Caucasus ”, further : “... in the period of the All-Union Peresy in 1926 and in the coming years, the people under the name“ Circassian ”were not recorded, although there were also“ Adygskaya ”and Cherkesskaya” autonomous regions. And only in the early 1930s. some representatives of the Adyghe intelligentsia began to define their nationality with the historical term "Circassian", and after some 10 years, on the eve of the Second World War, 80% of the Adyghe inhabitants of the ChAO in the Stavropol Territory called themselves Circassians "(VB Vinogradov" Middle Kuban: fellow countrymen and neighbors "Armavir, 1995, p. 118). G. D. Chesnokova:" At the beginning of the 20th century, the entire Adyghe population began to be called "Circassians ..." "(GD Chesnokova" Regional Caucasian Studies and Turkic Studies: Tradition and Modernity, Karachaevsk, 1998, p. 173) I.Kh. Kalmykov: "During the years of Soviet power, various Adyghe ethnic groups in Karachay-Cherkessia formed an independent" Circassian " a nationality that has its own language ... The modern “Circassian” nationality was formed in the XX ”(I.Kh. Kalmykov“ The Circassians ”, Cherkess, 1974, pp. 27-31).

Continuation: http://tourism-x.com/book24/page1.html

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Archaeological culture Language Religion Racial type Related peoples Origin

Adygi(or Circassians) - the general name of a single people in Russia and abroad, divided into Kabardians, Cherkesses, Ubykhs, Adygeis and Shapsugs.

Self-name - Adyghe.

Population and diaspora

According to the 2002 census, the total number of Circassians in the Russian Federation is 712 thousand people, they live on the territory of six subjects: Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, Krasnodar Territory, North Ossetia, Stavropol Territory. In three of them, the Adyghe peoples are one of the "titular" nations, the Circassians in Karachay-Cherkessia, the Adyghe in Adygea, the Kabardians in Kabardino-Balkaria.

Abroad, the largest Diaspora of the Circassians in Turkey, according to some estimates, the Turkish diaspora numbers from 2.5 to 3 million Circassians. The Israeli diaspora of the Circassians is 4 thousand people. There is the Syrian diaspora, the Libyan diaspora, the Egyptian diaspora, the Jordanian diaspora of the Circassians, they also live in the countries of Europe, the USA and in some other countries of the Middle East, but the statistics of most of these countries do not provide accurate data on their number of the Adyghe diasporas. The estimated number of Adygs (Circassians) in Syria is 80 thousand people.

There are some in other CIS countries, in particular in Kazakhstan.

Modern languages ​​of the Circassians

At present, the Adyghe language has preserved two literary dialects, namely Adyghe and Kabardino-Circassian, which are part of the Abkhaz-Adyg group of the North Caucasian family of languages.

Since the 13th century, all these names have been supplanted by an exoethnonym - Circassians.

Modern ethnonymy

Currently, in addition to the general self-name, in relation to the Adyghe sub-ethnoses, the following names are used:

• Adyghe, which includes the following sub-ethnonyms: Abadzekhs, Adamis, Besleneis, Bzhedugs, Yegerukais, Mamkhegs, Makhoshevtsy, Temirgoevites (KIemguy), Natukhais, Shapsugs (including Khakuchi), Hatukais, Cheginesi, Zhane ), adale.

Ethnogenesis

Zikhs - so called in languages: common Greek and Latin, Tatars and Turks, called Circassians, call themselves - “ adiga».

History

Main article: History of the Circassians

Fight against the Crimean Khanate

Regular Moscow-Adyghe ties began to be established back in the period of Genoese trade in the Northern Black Sea region, which took place in the cities of Matrega (now Taman), Kopa (now Slavyansk-on-Kuban) and Kaffa (modern Feodosia), etc., in which significant part of the population was made up of the Circassians. At the end of the 15th century, caravans of Russian merchants constantly came along the Don Route to these Genoese cities, where Russian merchants made trade deals not only with the Genoese, but with the highlanders of the North Caucasus who lived in these cities.

Moscow expansion to the south I could not develop without the support of ethnic groups who considered the basin of the Black and Azov seas to be their ethnosphere. These were primarily the Cossacks, Don and Zaporozhye, whose religious and cultural tradition - Orthodoxy - brought them closer to the Russians. This rapprochement was carried out when it was beneficial to the Cossacks, especially since the prospect of plundering the Crimean and Ottoman possessions as Moscow's allies corresponded to their ethnocentric goals. On the side of the Russians, part of the Nogai, who had sworn allegiance to the Moscow state, could act. But, of course, the Russians were primarily interested in supporting the most powerful and strong West Caucasian ethnic group, the Adygs.

During the formation of the Moscow principality, the Crimean Khanate brought the Russians and the Adygs the same trouble. For example, there was a Crimean campaign against Moscow (1521), as a result of which the Khan's troops burned Moscow and captured more than 100 thousand Russians in captivity, for sale into slavery. The Khan's troops left Moscow only when Tsar Vasily officially confirmed that he was a tributary of the Khan and would continue to pay tribute.

Russian-Adyghe ties were not interrupted. Moreover, they took the form of joint combat cooperation. So, in 1552 the Circassians, together with the Russians, Cossacks, Mordovians, and others, took part in the capture of Kazan. The participation of the Circassians in this operation is quite natural, if we take into account the tendencies that manifested themselves by the middle of the 16th century among a part of the Circassians towards rapprochement with the young Russian ethnos, which was actively expanding its ethnosphere.

Therefore, the arrival in Moscow in November 1552 of the first embassy from some of the Adyghe subethnos was just the way for Ivan the Terrible, whose plans were in the direction of the advance of the Russians along the Volga to its mouth, to the Caspian Sea. Union with the most powerful ethnic group S.-Z. Moscow needed K. in its struggle against the Crimean Khanate.

In total, in the 1550s, three embassies visited Moscow from S.-Z. K., in 1552, 1555 and 1557. They consisted of representatives of the Western Adygs (Zhaneevites, Besleneevites, etc.), Eastern Adygs (Kabardians) and Abaza, who turned to Ivan IV with a request for protection. They needed patronage primarily to fight the Crimean Khanate. Delegations with S.-Z. K. met with a favorable reception and secured the patronage of the Russian tsar. From now on, they could count on military and diplomatic assistance from Moscow, and they themselves were obliged to appear in the service of the Grand Duke Tsar.

Also, under Ivan the Terrible, he had the second Crimean campaign against Moscow (1571), as a result of which the Khan's troops defeated the Russian troops and again burned Moscow and captured more than 60 thousand Russians (for sale into slavery).

Main article: Crimean campaign to Moscow (1572)

The third Crimean campaign to Moscow in 1572, with the financial and military support of the Ottoman Empire and the Commonwealth, as a result of the Molodino battle, ended with the complete physical destruction of the Tatar-Turkish army and the defeat of the Crimean Khanate http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Molodyakh

In the 70s, despite the unsuccessful Astrakhan expedition, the Crimeans and Ottomans managed to restore their influence in the region. Russians were supplanted from it for more than 100 years. True, they continued to consider the West Caucasian highlanders, Adygs and Abaza, their subjects, but this did not change the essence of the matter. The highlanders had no idea about this, just as at one time the Asian nomads did not suspect that China considered them its subjects.

The Russians left the North Caucasus, but settled in the Volga region.

Caucasian war

Patriotic War

List of Circassians (Circassians) - Heroes of the Soviet Union

The issue of the genocide of the Circassians

New time

The official registration of most of the modern Adyghe auls dates back to the 2nd half of the 19th century, that is, after the end of the Caucasian War. To improve the control of the territories, the new authorities were forced to resettle the Circassians, who founded 12 auls in new places, and in the 20s of the XX century - 5.

Religions of the Circassians

The culture

Adyg girl

The Adyg culture is a little-studied phenomenon, the result of a long period of time in the life of the people, during which the culture experienced various internal and external influences, including long-term contacts with the Greeks, Genoese and other peoples, long feudal civil strife, wars, mahajirism, social, political and cultural upheaval. The culture, while changing, has basically survived, and still demonstrates its openness to renewal and development. Doctor of Philosophy S. A. Razdolskiy, define it as “millennial worldview socially significant experience of the Adyghe ethnos”, which has its own empirical knowledge about the world around it and transfers this knowledge at the level of interpersonal communication in the form of the most significant values.

Moral and ethical code called Adygage, acts as a cultural core or the main value of the Adyghe culture; it includes humanity, reverence, intelligence, courage, and honor.

Adyghe etiquette occupies a special place in culture as a system of connections (or a channel of information flows), embodied in a symbolic form, through which the Circassians enter into relations with each other, store and transmit the experience of their culture. Moreover, the Circassians developed etiquette forms of behavior that helped to exist in the mountainous and foothill landscape.

Respectfulness has the status of a separate value, it is a borderline value of moral self-awareness and, as such, it manifests itself as the essence of true self-worth.

Folklore

Per 85 years earlier, in 1711, Abri de la Motre (French agent of the Swedish king Charles XII) visited the Caucasus, Asia and Africa.

According to his official reports (reports), long before his travel, that is, before 1711, in Circassia they mastered the skills of mass vaccination of smallpox.

Abri de la Motre left a detailed description of the smallpox vaccination procedure among the Circassians in the village of Degliad:

The girl was taken to a little boy of three years old who was sick with this disease and whose pockmarks and pimples began to fester. The old woman performed the operation, since the oldest members of this sex have a reputation for being the most intelligent and knowledgeable, and they practice medicine just as the oldest of the other sex practice the priesthood. This woman took three needles tied together, with which she, firstly, injected a little girl in the spoon, secondly, into the left breast against the heart, thirdly, into the navel, fourthly, into the right palm, fifthly, into the ankle of her left leg, until blood began to flow, with which she mixed the pus extracted from the patient's pock marks. Then she applied dry barn leaves to the pricked and bleeding places, tying the drill two skins of newborn lambs, after which the mother wrapped her in one of the leather covers, of which, as already mentioned above, the Circassian bed consists, and thus she carried her wrapped to yourself. I was told that she had to be kept warm, fed only with porridge made from caraway meal, with two-thirds of water and one-third of sheep's milk, she was not allowed to drink anything except a cool decoction made from ox tongue (Plant), some licorice and a cowshed (plant), three things quite common in the country.

Traditional surgery and bone-setting

N.I. Pirogov wrote about Caucasian surgeons and bone-setters in 1849:

“Asian doctors in the Caucasus healed completely such external injuries (mainly the consequences of gunshot wounds), which, in the opinion of our doctors, required the removal of members (amputation), this is a fact confirmed by many observations; it is also known throughout the Caucasus that the removal of limbs, the excision of shattered bones is never undertaken by Asian doctors; of the bloody operations they carry out for the treatment of external injuries, only the cutting of bullets is known. "

Crafts among the Circassians

Blacksmithing among the Circassians

Professor, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Gadlo A.V., about the history of the Circassians in the 1st millennium AD NS. wrote -

The Adyg blacksmiths in the early Middle Ages, apparently, had not yet broken their ties with the community and did not stand out from it, however, within the community they already formed a separate professional group ... Blacksmith production during this period was focused mainly on meeting the economic needs of the community ( plowshares, scythes, sickles, axes, knives, overhead chains, skewers, sheep scissors, etc.) and its military organization (horse equipment - bits, stirrups, horseshoes, girth buckles; offensive weapons - spears, battle axes, swords, daggers, arrowheads; protective weapons - helmets, chain mail, shield parts, etc.). It is still difficult to determine what the raw material base of this production was, but, not excluding the presence of our own smelting of metal from local ores, we will point out two iron-ore regions, from where metallurgical raw materials (semi-finished products, krytsy) could be supplied to the Adyg blacksmiths. This is, firstly, the Kerch Peninsula and, secondly, the upper reaches of the Kuban, Zelenchuk and Urup, where clear traces of the ancient raw iron smelting.

Jewelcrafting among the Circassians

“Adyg jewelers mastered the skills of casting non-ferrous metals, brazing, stamping, making wire, engraving, etc. Unlike blacksmithing, their production did not require bulky equipment and large, difficult-to-transport stocks of raw materials. As shown by the burial of the jeweler in the burial ground on the river. Dyurso, metallurgists-jewelers could use not only ingots obtained from ore as raw materials, but also scrap metal. Together with their tools and raw materials, they freely moved from village to village, increasingly breaking away from their community and turning into artisans-migrants. "

Weaponry

Blacksmiths are very numerous in the country. They are almost everywhere weaponsmiths and silversmiths and are very skilled in their profession. It is almost incomprehensible how they, with their few and inadequate tools, could craft superior weapons. Gold and silver jewelry, which is admired by European gun lovers, is crafted with great patience and labor with scarce tools. Weaponsmiths are highly respected and well paid, of course, rarely in cash, but almost always in kind. A large number of families are exclusively engaged in the manufacture of gunpowder and receive significant profits from this. Gunpowder is the most expensive and most essential commodity, which no one can do without. Gunpowder is not particularly good and is inferior even to ordinary cannon powder. It is made in a crude and primitive way, therefore it is of low quality. There is no shortage of saltpeter, since saltpeter plants grow in large quantities in the country; on the contrary, there is little sulfur, which is mostly obtained from outside (from Turkey).

Agriculture among the Circassians, in the 1st millennium AD

Materials obtained in the study of the Adyghe settlements and burial grounds of the second half of the 1st millennium characterize the Adygs as sedentary farmers who have not lost their Meotian times plow farming skills. The main agricultural crops cultivated by the Circassians were soft wheat, barley, millet, rye, oats, from industrial crops - hemp and, possibly, flax. Numerous grain pits - storage facilities of the early medieval era - cut through the strata of early cultural strata on the fortified settlements of the Kuban region, and large red-clay pithos - vessels intended mainly for storing grain - constitute the main type of ceramic products that existed in the settlements of the Black Sea coast. In almost all settlements there are fragments of round rotary millstones or whole millstones used for crushing and grinding grain. Fragments of stone stupas and pushers were found. There are known finds of sickles (Sopino, Dyurso), which could be used both for harvesting grain and for mowing forage grasses for livestock.

Livestock raising among the Circassians, in the 1st millennium AD

Undoubtedly, cattle breeding also played a prominent role in the economy of the Circassians. Adygs bred cattle, sheep, goats, pigs. The burials of war horses or parts of horse equipment repeatedly found in burial grounds of this era indicate that horse breeding was the most important branch of their economy. The struggle for herds of cattle, herds of horses and fat flat pastures is a constant motive of heroic deeds in Adyghe folklore.

Livestock in the 19th century

Theophilus Lapinsky, who visited the lands of the Circassians in 1857, wrote the following in his work "The Highlanders of the Caucasus and their liberation struggle against the Russians":

Goats are numerically the most abundant pet in the country. The milk and meat of the goats are very good due to the excellent pastures; goat meat, which in some countries is considered almost inedible, tastes better here than lamb. Adygs keep numerous herds of goats, many families have several thousand of them, and it can be considered that these useful animals in the country are over one and a half million. The goat is only under a roof in winter, but even then it is driven out into the forest during the day and finds itself in the snow some food. There are many buffaloes and cows in the eastern plains of the country, donkeys and mules are found only in the southern mountains. Pigs used to be kept in large numbers, but since the introduction of Mohammedanism, the pig as a pet has disappeared. Of the birds, they keep chickens, ducks and geese, especially a lot of turkeys are bred, but the Adyg very rarely takes the trouble to take care of poultry, which feeds and reproduces at random.

Horse breeding

In the 19th century, about horse breeding of the Circassians (Kabardians, Circassians), Senator Phillipson, Grigory Ivanovich reported:

The highlanders of the western half of the Caucasus then had famous horse farms: Sholok, Tram, Yeseni, Loo, Bechkan. The horses did not have all the beauty of pure breeds, but they were extremely hardy, faithful in their legs, they were never shod, because their hooves, in the words of the Cossacks "in a glass", were strong as a bone. Some horses, like their riders, had great fame in the mountains. So for example the white horse of the plant Tram was almost as famous among the highlanders as his master Mohammed-Ash-Atadzhukin, a fugitive Kabardian and a famous predator.

Theophilus Lapinsky, who visited the lands of the Circassians in 1857, wrote the following in his work "The Highlanders of the Caucasus and their liberation struggle against the Russians":

Previously, there were many herds of horses in the possession of wealthy residents in the Labe and Malaya Kuban, now there are few families that have more than 12 - 15 horses. But on the other hand, there are few who do not have horses at all. In general, we can assume that on average there are 4 horses per yard, which will amount to about 200,000 heads for the whole country. On the plain, the number of horses is twice as much as in the mountains.

Dwellings and settlements of the Circassians in the 1st millennium AD

Numerous settlements, settlements and burial grounds found both on the coast and in the lowland-foothill part of the Trans-Kuban region testify to the intensive settlement of the indigenous Adyghe territory throughout the second half of the 1st millennium. The Adygs, who lived on the coast, as a rule, settled in unfortified villages located on elevated plateaus and mountain slopes far from the coast in the upper reaches of rivers and streams flowing into the sea. The settlements-marketplaces that arose in the antique period on the seashore did not lose their significance in the early Middle Ages, and some of them even turned into cities protected by fortresses (for example, Nikopsis at the mouth of the Nechepsukho River near the village of Novo-Mikhailovsky). The Adygs, who lived in the Trans-Kuban region, as a rule, settled on elevated capes overhanging the floodplain valley, at the mouths of rivers flowing into the Kuban from the south or at the mouths of their tributaries. Until the beginning of the VIII century. Here, fortified settlements prevailed, consisting of a citadel-fortified settlement and an adjoining settlement, sometimes also fenced off from the floor by a moat. Most of these settlements were located on the sites of old Meotian settlements, abandoned in the 3rd or 4th century. (for example, at the village of Krasny, at the villages of Gatlukai, Takhtamukai, Novo-Vochepshiy, at the village of Yastrebovsky, at the village of Krasny, etc.). At the beginning of the VIII century. The Kuban Adygs also begin to settle in unfortified open settlements, similar to the settlements of the Adygs on the coast.

The main occupations of the Circassians

Theophilus Lapinsky, in 1857, wrote the following:

The main occupation of the Circassians is agriculture, which gives him and his family the means of livelihood. Agricultural implements are still in a primitive state and, since iron is rare, are very expensive. The plow is heavy and awkward, but this is not only a peculiarity of the Caucasus; I recall seeing equally awkward agricultural implements in Silesia, which, however, belongs to the German Union; six to eight bulls are harnessed to the plow. The harrow is replaced by several tufts of sturdy thorns that somehow serve the same purpose. Their axes and hoes are pretty good. On the plains and on the less high mountains, large two-wheeled carts are used to transport hay and grain. In such a cart you will not find a nail or a piece of iron, but nevertheless they last a long time and can carry from eight to ten centners. On the plain, there is a cart for every two families; in the mountainous part, for every five families; in the high mountains, it is no longer found. All teams use only bulls, not horses.

Adyg literature, languages ​​and writing

The modern Adyghe language belongs to the Caucasian languages ​​of the western group of the Abkhaz-Adyg subgroup, Russian - to the Indo-European languages ​​of the Slavic group of the eastern subgroup. Despite the different language systems, the influence of Russian on Adyghe is manifested in a fairly large number of borrowed vocabulary.

• 1855 - Adyghe (Abadzekh) educator, linguist, scientist, writer, poet - fabulist, Bersei Umar Khapkhalovich - made a significant contribution to the formation of Adyghe literature and writing, compiling and publishing the first Circassian language primer(in the Arabic script), this day is considered the "Birthday of the modern Adyghe writing" served as an impetus for the Adyghe enlightenment.

• 1918 - the year of the creation of the Adyghe writing based on the Arabic script.
• 1927 - the Adyghe writing is translated into the Latin alphabet.
• 1938 - Adyghe writing is translated into Cyrillic.

Main article: Kabardino-Circassian writing

Links

see also

Notes (edit)

1. A. A. Maksidov
2. Türkiyedeki Kürtlerin Sayısı! (Turkish), Milliyet(June 6, 2008). Retrieved June 7, 2008.
3. National composition of the population // Population census of Russia 2002
4. Izrail site IzRus
5. Independent English Studies
6. Russian Caucasus. A book for politicians / Ed. V. A. Tishkova. - M .: FGNU "Rosinformagrotech", 2007. c. 241
7. A. A. Kamrakov. Features of the development of the Circassian diaspora in the Middle East // Medina Publishing House.
8. Art. Adygs, Meots in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
9. Skilak Kariandsky, Perippus of the Inhabited Sea, Translation and Commentary by F.V. Shelova-Kovedyaeva // Bulletin of ancient history. 1988, No. 1. P. 262; No. 2. P. 260-261)
10. J. Interiano Life and the country of zikhs called Circassians. Interesting storytelling
11. K. Yu.Nebezhev ADYGH-GENUEZ PRINCE ZAKHARIA DE GIZOLFI - OWNER OF THE CITY OF MATREGA IN THE XV CENTURY
12. Vladimir Gudakov. Russian way to the South (myths and reality
13. Hrono.ru
14. DECISION of the Supreme Council of the KBSSR of 07.02.1992 N 977-XII-B "ON CONDEMNING THE ADYGES (CHERKESOV) GENOCIDE IN THE YEARS OF THE RUSSIAN-CAUCASIAN WAR (Russian), RUSOUTH.info.
15. Diana b-Dadasheva... Adygs seek recognition of their genocide (Russian), Kommersant newspaper (13.10.2006).