Who wrote the work of the Ceremaker. Alexander Stepanovich Yakovlev "Cereal
Glukhari.
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We bring the story of the wonderful Russian writer Ivan Sergeevich Sokolova-Mikitova "Glukhary". The story of "Glukhari", like other literary writer's writers, except for a high art level, and practical interest for the hunt for a grouse. The haggards are described, hunting for a muchahar.
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Only a few hunters were to hunt in the spring on the grouse currents. I remember, Mikhail Mikhailovich Privhanin told me that he could never be on a deep stream. I was lucky in this respect. I hunted a lot on degrades, knew abundant current. Such currents I saw under Leningrad, in Kingisepp district. I saw and listened to them in the Ural and in the Kola Peninsula. I started to hunt a delay in a junior age. In a long story, my "Glushaki" describes my first hunting. My teacher and conductor was a rustic hunter tit. In the morning, after overnight in the forest, he led me to breathable spirits. The first time I shot on the herself under the severity of the pluhary fir branch. Tit shook my finger and came out of his gun shot in the darkness of the muchahar. Since then, I have been hunted a lot on deep dermal currents and gladly met every spring, preparing for an interesting hunt, the cartridges stuck in advance. I never experienced a greedy hunter and even at the most abundant currents did not kill more than two birds. When I stopped shooting, Forest Nature was approaching me. I loved to be on the dermal currents in full solitude. The extra hunter here only interferes. I one night at the fire in the forest, listened to the night quiet sounds. These forest nights were for me the highest joy. I remember one such hunting well. Someone told me that in a far village, in which I never had never been, there are good degradio places. In the spring, when the snow lay, I went to this village. It was necessary to go through a lot of miles. I stopped and rested in the village, began to ask the men about the muffuhari places. Hunters in that village then was not. I was told that they saw delay in the big forest, and showed the road. I remember how in the evening I went to the forest. On the edge of the village carpenters, the men finished some kind of building. With axes in their hands, they sat on the logs, looked at an unfamiliar man with surprise. Soon I entered the forest. I remember the high, standing on the edge of the forest of a Christmas tree, similar to a green bell tower. I walked along the winter, laid by the roads. I got to wide seeks. No signs of degradine current found. On the broad cross, I stopped spending the night. After having fling up with an ax, two dry wood, I made some of them. Not in a hurry, arranged from fir branches in the snow bed. All night I heard a familiar wolves, driving for a bridge on the swamp. In the morning I moved a large burned swamp. It was necessary to leaving themselves again through the trunks of the trees, fed by fire. Moving the swamp, in the pine forest I found signs of a deep tank. Under some pines lay on the snow, a delachairs of small "game" litter. After reading the place, I stayed until the evening on the sublliers expect degraders. Sitting under the pine, in the evening twilight I heard how to fly on the shohahari current. Near me, a deaf with a pine tree. Under his weight, the green bitter was cast. Having waited for the night, I quietly stepped aside and, having spent around the fire, I returned to the current before the dawn, shot one singers. In the evening the next day went small spring rain, and I had to leave the current. I went through a wide field, hoping to find the road to the village. I remember, I got lost in the dark, I came across a thick juniper bush. Without removing the guns and hunting bags, fell on it, like a soft spring bed. My God, what blessed dreams to me dreams! I saw my writing desk, a kerosene lamp under a green lampshade, my village cozy room with log walls and a huddled stove. I read something and wrote, and I was calm in my soul.
Subsequently, I knew a lot of deep currents. It happened, I closely approached the shuffers. With friends, rustic hunters, more than once spent the night in the forest and there were many stories. Glukhary sang on pines and on high naked aspen. You need to listen to the skill and approach singing down. His song does not look like any sound in nature. It begins a quiet and rare click, goes into a small fraction and ends with strange, mysterious grinding. Who knows, maybe such mysterious sounds were heard in those times when there was no man on earth. Undoubtedly, the coarse is one of the oldest birds on Earth. This is evidenced by the image of his life and its appearance. Glukhary usually live in deaf pine forests and swamps. In winter, they feed the rigid pine cheese. Apparently, they lived in those distant times when there were no deciduous forests on earth.
Preparing for winter, Glukhary flies on the banks of the rivers and lakes, feed the zagon with small round pebbles. These pebbles help mufflers to stick a rigid pine chew in the goobahs. I noticed that I'm not sculpted with Musthary Havoy. They choose individual pines for some reason. Pine, which is flying out to feed in winter Musthary, seems completely naked. As far as I know, the pine needles is the only silence food in winter. The degree of dermaria begins the earliest spring. The deep drifts in the forest are in the forest, on which beginners to shook the muffuhari by loose wings draw the drawing patterns. Hearing the Songhahar's spring song, never forget it. However, not every hunter knows how to hear a deep-hearth song. I knew urban hunters who did not know how to hunt deeply. One of these hunters, I remember the wide "ears" from the cardboard. But these "ears" did not help him hear the Songhahar song. I remember, we asked him to push the cardboard "ears" and laughed at him for a long time.
Glukhari unusually sensitive to the change of weather. They prepire the fog and rain. Going in the evening at the current, in bad weather in the morning they do not sing at all. More than once I had to observe the fights of dedication males. They fight on the ground under the trees, flapping with wings and sharply sharpening, friend in friend. Far of the slamming of their powerful wings, their hoarse voices. Observing a fight of delay, I could never understand why one throat launched a nurse, and the other, pursuing him, continued to click and grind. It happened, the toxic deaf ruled at my very my legs. To do this, it was necessary to stand completely motionless, clinging to the tree trunk.
On the grouse currents, I happened to approach at all close to the toxic birds. Sometimes they sat on the lower bumps of trees, and it came to mind to catch the live shuffer, tied to a stick with a hair or wire loop, which can be put on it to an elongated neck. Such a hunt, I did not bother to do, but every hunt on a deep-deep duck delivered me a big and joyful pleasure. I closedly observed rare birds, listened to their singing and, as if I merged with the forest nature around me.
Under Leningrad, in Kingiseppsky district, I once knew rich alpoharic currents and each spring went back to hunt for many days. There I walked a lot, watched and listened. Good night in the spring awakened forest. Mysterious sounds of sounds. On one of the grouse currents stood a small house. This house once put a rich landowner, a lover of deep hunting. I was told that he sometimes came to the current, went out on the porch, drank coffee and listened to the singing of dermaria. The old uncleant house of this corrected my big friend Sergey Nikolayevich, headed by hunting economy. The city hunters, except for me, did not come to the far-deep deep chumchairs. In the forest house I was a complete and all-to-know owner. In the afternoon I slept on the horses, and the night spent at the table made from the house under the trees. Here I drank tea boiled on a fire, listened to forest mysterious voices. Sometimes the spring nights were so quiet that the flame candles standing on the table almost did not hesitate. Wrought, tea, before dawn, I went hunting. Once a mysterious adventure happened to me. Going to the current, I left an empty mug on the table. I walked for a long time on the current, listened to the singing of dermaria and returned along the ditch filled with bike water in the hut, when the sun rose over the forest. To my greatest surprise, I saw that a mug from which I drank tea at night, stood filled with water. I could not allow a riddle for a long time.
Squad - Kuro-shaped
Family - Tether
Rod / View - Tetrao urogallus.
Basic data:
Dimensions
Length: 60 cm, male male (see photo) more females.
Wingspan: 87-135 cm.
Weight: up to 6.5 kg.
Reproduction
Pallet maturation: Male from 3 years old, female before.
Nesting period: April June.
Carrying: 1 per season.
Number of eggs: 7-9.
Incubation: 26-28 days.
Chicks become on the wing: Aged 2-3 weeks.
LIFESTYLE
Habits: In winter, live by flocks.
Food: Plants, insects.
Sounds: "Taking" and "sharpness".
Life expectancy: up to 10 years
Related species
The nearest relative of the Gluhahar is field aunt.
The Ceremaker is the largest representative from the Tetherov family. Despite his greater mass, this bird feeds on the trees. In the Multi-Surprise Wipes, the Glukhari are clogged into snow chambers at night. In winter, birds feed the jewelery of pines or cedars.
Reproduction
The males and females of the Gluhahar are holding separately each other all year, meeting only during the marriage season. At the beginning of the nesting period, the males are collected by groups on the currents, where they compete with each other: they boasted by fan-shaped and decomposed tails, the fiber on the ground of the wings and pull the neck with the disheveled feathers, while issuing climbing sounds.
Early in the morning, the Glukhary sing, sitting on separate trees. The song of the Malchahar is divided into two parts and consists of "camping" and "sharpening". "Taking" ornithologists transmit as "TE-KE ... TE-KE ... TE-KE ...". The cooler loses his hearing during the execution of the second part of the song, the so-called "sharpening". After sunrise, the coarse fell on the ground and accelerates competitors. Females are watching the shocking and fights of males, sitting on the trees, and then mate with the winner.
All the troubles about the future chicks lie on the shoulders of the muchahar. At the base of the tree trunk, the female digs a shallow pit that wipes his cheese, moss, grass or heather and postponing from seven to nine eggs. A pedestrian bird shares the masonry, well hidden from the eyes of predators. Newborn chicks are covered with brown fluff, dyed specks and stripes. After a few hours, they come out of the nest, and at the age of 10 days already can fly.
Where dwells
Glukhary live in the forests of Eurasia. They are found in the territory from the Scandinavian Peninsula to Siberia. In Central Europe, the number of this species is reduced annually. Favorite places of settlement of dermaria are old coniferous forests with big blueberry glades, whose berries and leaves it feeds the whole year. This bird benefits the neighborhood with an anthill, which gives the chicks rich in protein food. Ceremaker is a very buggy bird. In the summer he flies little, hiding on the thickets of blueberries and in the undergrowth. His well a hidden nest deucharge also builds on Earth.
In winter, the bird spends a lot of time on the trees. In those regions where many snow falls, the wooder survives due to the thick subcutaneous fat layer, which performs the function of insulating material and energy storage. In winter, Glukhary gather in flocks, numbering from 5 to 25 birds. The males most often keep separately from females.
What is food
In the summer, Glukhary feed the green parts of dwarf shrubs, insects and their larvae, as well as leaves, young escapes, blueberries, lingonberries and water, four, swamp rod, moss and blackberry leaves. Glukhary are looking for insects and larvae in the soil, raking her legs and beak. The bird's beak is also broken from the plants leaves and kidneys. In winter, Glukhary live in coniferous or mixed forests, in which trees of coniferous breeds prevail. In Central Europe, Glukhari chose juniper and pine trees. In the cold season, birds eat a mustache and young cones. The females of chickens of chicks lead to anthills, since the nutritional larvae of these insects is optimally suitable for the rapid development of young bird organisms. Later, the chicks begin to hunt other insects and spiders.
Monchal observations
The legs of the male coarse up to the most fingers cover feathers. The color of the feathers of this bird is from afar seems gray-black, but close to the greenish shade of the chest and brown wings with white spots near the elbow joints.
The female carries a fiber opament with dark dots and stripes. Short, with rounded ends, coarse wings are best suited for maneuver flights between trees. The wooder comes out of the forest only in exceptional cases. Bird can walk on the branches of trees.
DESCRIPTION
With cold winter nights, the Glukhary fell into the snow, and in severe frosts almost all day are sitting in snow nora.
Ceremaker - Big Bird. The males reach the size and weight of 4 kg. The females are somewhat less, the size of the chicken. Live in forests of various types, but prefer coniferous. Food depth berries, seeds, young shoots, cedar nuts. In early spring, during the reproduction period, the pleahari are going to the current that occur in one place for decades. Males are so keen on singing, which cease to hear, they say, become in different poses, and sometimes they are satisfied with fights. The whole concern about the offspring lies on the "shoulders" of females - they are equipped on the ground of the nest, postponing 5-8 eggs, cause them and raise the kids. Glukhari is a valuable type of game.
- The cooler during a token loses his hearing and vision - and this reminds a man in love. The similarity of the physiological state inherent in a certain period of life and degrada, and a person, noted in proverbs of many nations. So, for example, in the German folklore, we find such a proverb: "Love makes Glukhar blind, but a man - a child."
- It happens that adhesive females sometimes mate with the males of TETEREV - as a result, fruitless hybrid individuals appear on the light.
- Chicks in the first days of life threaten danger from predators and man.
Characteristic features of Gluhahar
Male: Spin black with blue tump, breast with green metal glitter, under the beak short beard. In flight on brown wings, white signs are visible; The belly and tail are also marked with white spots. During the toxization of the male wears the tail, unfolded in the form of a fan.
Eyebrows: During the shocking of males over the eyes, red leathery grows swell.
Beak: strong, ivory colors, with hooked curved end; serves to break the kidneys.
Carrying: It consists of approximately 7-9 egg or yellow-brown eggs with reddish spots.
Female: significantly less than male. The plumage is brown with a black and white pattern, the chest of redheads, most of the belly white. Felchak female called a tetor or copaluha.
Chicks: Covered by foam protective color. A few hours after birth, they go out of the nest and are already able to independently extract food, but chicks are very sensitive to cold and dampness.
- Habit Habit Area
Where dwells
The woodland inhabit the coniferous and mixed forests of Eurasia from Scandinavian countries and Scotland to Baikal, the French Mountains of Veges and Yura, and also leads in the Pyrenees and Alps.
Protection and preservation
The number of species is catastrophically reduced due to the development of the forest industry.
Toxic deaf. Video (00:00:41)
The muchahar's song is audible early spring in the morning when approaching the zoo. The toxic deaf is a fascinating spectacle. Few who manage to see it in nature. But every spring, the wooder gives the joy to employees and visitors of the Perm Zoo. Video shot by a zoologist of the Birds Department of Starova Olga.
Copper for current. Video (00:00:33)
Wild degrahar in the egg. Video (00:01:58)
The womb was fed with the leaves of a home apple tree, sometimes descended to the ground behind the leaves of clover. He drank water from the dishes for domestic ducks and calmly walked next to them. Sometimes he flew to the northern outskirts of the village, but after a while he returned to the former distance
Copper for current. Video (00:01:05)
Copper for current. Cereal. Current. Song of the Muhahar.
The coarse shocks on the tree. Video (00:01:33)
Ceremonic shocks on a tree
Ceremaker - Pachan Taiga. Video (00:04:41)
Ceremaker attacks man
http://nemcd.com/2014/02/gluxar-paxan-tajgi/
The Ceremaker is one of the largest birds living in the forests. Its mass reaches 5 kg. The ordinary degrahae has several popular names: Mokhovik, Deaf Tetra, Mosnik. This bird from the Pheasanov family (chiru-shaped detachment).
A little about the types of delay
The ordinary degrahar is a representative of one of the largest types of feathers. The form of a grouse of an ordinary is divided into 3 subspecies: the woodland of the Bellochius, inhabiting in the eastern and central regions of Russia; dark taiga living in the eastern and northern regions of the country; Western European Chernobughius (in the forests of Western territories of the country).
Credician ordinary: photo, description
The Ceremaker is the largest bird of aunt (subfamily).
From other representatives, it is characterized by a tail, strongly rounded, and unusual elongated on the throat feathers.
A plug of pluff is dark with a tinned metal, bright red eyebrows, feathers under the beak look like a "beard". Felhary female painted more than the Pestro (a mixture of rust-yellow, rusty-brown, rust-red and white colors). And her throat, part of the chest is the top and part of the wing have a color of rusty red.
Crediciary ordinary - a bird whose sizes in males and females are very different. The males reach 110 cm and more, their wings have a scope of 1.4 m. Females are much less - by 1/3. Head of male blacknaya. Neck on the back side of the ash gray with stains of black, with front - gray-black. Spin color black with stains gray and brown. The chest has a greenish-steel color, its lower side is covered with white and black spots. Tail black with white spots, brown wings. The beak has a white pink color.
Distribution, habitation
Obsivari usually lives in coniferous, mixed and deciduous forests of Eurasia.
Almost this bird leads but it happens that sometimes comes and nomads are seasonal.
A long time ago, the Glukhari was found in all the forests of Eurasia, in the east of Siberia to the Transbaikalia itself (Western part). In the 18-20th centuries, the duration and the habitat of the grouse strongly decreased, and in some places these birds even disappeared. By the middle of the 18th century in the UK, these feathers were completely exterminated. But afterwards, in 1837, the coarsely ordinary was again brought there from Sweden and knew perfectly.
In the Russian territories, due to the deforestation of numerous forests, the population of the muchahar began to retreat to the northern part of the country, and in some southern areas in their forest zones (Tula, Voronezh, Kursk, etc.) were completely disappeared by the birds. In addition to Russia and Sweden, Gluhahar can also be found in Greece, Spain, in the Alps, Carpathians, in Malaya Asia and in the Messenger Mountains.
Prefers the deaf with the deaf place in the forests.
It is typical for this bird to cool the spring, which is happening most of the trees. Many peculiar features have an unfortuniary ordinary.
Description of behavior and habits
In the summer period is observed in the delay of molt. At this time, they fly to particularly dense forest arrays.
In such a period, there are peculiar behavior in these birds: they periodically raise the tail and lower it, they also raise their heads and dropped, while slowly move along the branch.
Usually, the dehumarians at this time so enthusiastically sings that for a certain period it becomes deaf. Hence the name of His name: Ceremonary. The female, in turn, flies to the current, where the mating occurs, after which they together leave it and are arranged in the most deaf and impassable places of the forest, where their molting occurs.
Credician ordinary periodically appears in the forests of mixed and deciduous. They love these birds and which are rich in a variety of berries.
The bird flies hardly, noisy, often loudly flapping with wings, and basically makes small flights.
Daytime, the wooder holds on Earth, and on the branches of trees will spend the night. Sometimes it is excessively aggressive when other animals appear. There are cases that sometimes the deulicer tried to attack dogs and other home small animals (stories of residents of Norway).
The wigkey ordinary is pretty careful, has excellent rumors and good eyesight. Therefore, the hunt for it is considered complicated.
Offspring
The main concern for the offspring falls on the female. Neset it suits on Earth, more often under the shelter of bushes or fallen trees, where in the future and puts the eggs. Full masonry usually consists of approximately 5-16 eggs.
The female itself agitates eggs. She also continues to take care of the hatched chicks: heats up, protects against predators.
Food
The main type of coarse food in the spring and summer periods make up the shoots of plants, various flowers, wood kidneys, leaves, grass, forest berries, seeds and insects. At the autumn time, these birds feed on the mainly of the larch, and in the winter they attract firing and pine needles and kidneys. Picks have a special diet: spiders and insects.
Conclusion
The ordinary degrahar is one of the most valuable objects of fishery of hunters. In this regard, in many zones of both Russia and in other countries of the world, it has become a rather rare inhabitant, and somewhere disappeared, and now various measures are being taken to protect this species.
The cooler ordinary is listed in the Tula region. It must be remembered by everyone who is fond of hunting.
For further clarification of the number, concentration and status of this bird in Russia, detailed and long-term research is needed.
The cooler lived always with us. Places and food in Taiga enough. Frost he is not afraid. Sleeping in the snow. And sleep in the snow is warm warm, as a person in a good chum.
In the spring, many different birds flew in the warm side in Taiga. Tetra took with them. In Taiga, Tetherov met with a depuhare. Make friends. Lived summer. In the fall of the aunt gathered to fly back into a warm edge.
The coarse told him:
- You live far away. You will have to fly long. Do not suffer. Do not rub the corns under the wings. Stay here. We will live in a taiga.
- No, I will not stay in a taiga. I'm afraid of cold weather. In winter, I am frozen here and die with hunger. In winter there is nothing to eat. I will fly in warm edges.
The Ceremaker replies:
- When the cold come, I will teach you into the snow. In the snow sleep warm. I sleep and not marzen. With the hunger, you will not disappear either. We have enough food.
In winter, we will eat chew and buds of trees. In the spring, how snow will begin to melt, a lot of old lingonberries and tolokanyanka. Stay. Live here. Merry we will be in winter together. We will live together.
Tetrayev believed degrads and agreed to stay in the taiga to wintering.
Snow. There are large frosts. Tetherov began to freeze.
"I am a disappearance here from the cold," he said down. - Stay in Taiga one. I will fly.
- No, I will not let you go! .. We will live together - winter winter, eat.
The coarse was clung to the paws in the tail and held so tightly that the tether was wrapped on the side of the tail feathers.
Teterev could not escape. He stayed in a taiga, but so crying about his land, that his eyebrows blushed from his tears. Look at his eyebrows - they are now red.
That was it.
The Ceremaker is the largest bird of a family of Tetherovin, which lives in our country. It lives almost throughout Russia. Prefers to settle in deaf coniferous forests, near the swamps, sometimes this bird is located in the mixed forest. The coarse carries a settling lifestyle. But sometimes it can fly from one forest to another.
The destructive has a very beautiful plumage. Males are brighter than females. The back of them is black and gray with blonde specks, greenish breasts with a metal tint. Color wings gray. In addition, by the spring they swell their eyebrows, which are painted in red during the current.
Macoma muchahar "dressed" more modestly, and very similar on the female Tetherova .
It feeds on only vegetable food and insects. The grass, flowers, berries, leaves of trees, beetles, grasshoppers and other insects prevail in their summer diet.
The Ceremaker does not often use his wings for its intended purpose - he flies rarely. And if it will fly somewhere, then as a rule, it rises not above the trees.
The current for dermaria is probably an interesting occupation in their lives. They can shock at any time of the year, but the marriage occurs only in spring. Males-Glukhary in the spring flowed into the glades or meadows, which year after year do not change and serve them by the so-called current. On the currents of Glukhari, singing attracts females, males fight with each other, find out which of them the strongest. The "melody" of the shock males is almost always the same: first the wooder makes it up, and then sound, something similar to hiss. At the same time, he spreads the wings slightly, spreads the tail and pulls her neck. After some time, female arrive at the current. For each female, especially if there are few of them, there are serious fights, in which the weaker can even die from the Russian Academy of Sciences.
The current in the deputy begins early in the morning, in a few hours before dawn. But some males are so awaiting this event, which will fly to the current day before it starts.
But female Gluhacha also can also feel the lack of "cavaliers" due to poaching, diseases, etc. Then the females are forced to fly on a current to the aunt and mate with it. As a result of these links, a mixture of TETIREV and Gluhahar appears - internya. Internyatakes can be similar to delay, and on Tetherov. It all depends on who the female was. If the female was Glutchak, then the internet looks like a muchahar. The interzooms live in the same way as the other aunt, just can't give offspring because of, so to speak, bleeding. As well as a mix hare Rusak with Belyak , the hare-tumak does not have the ability to reproduce. But despite this, internet skates still arrive at the current, but only in order to fight, as well as to interfere with the pairing pairs. Therefore, in some sense, the internyabe is harmful animals.
If the mating has passed successfully, the female begins to build a nest. Typically, the nests of the troops are located close to the current (1-1.5 km). The nest is a small hole, which is lined with twigs, grass, moss, feathers. The nest is very well masked and protected from rain. After some time in the nest appears from 6 to 12 eggs of yellow-red color with small dark specks, which female demolides within a few days. Singing eggs lasts from 3 to 4 weeks.
The males in the hatching of chicks do not participate, as they occur the period of molts. At this time, they are afraid of all and hide in the darkest deaf forest places.
The hatched chicks are developing very quickly. The female takes them into a safe place almost immediately after they appear on the light. If the first days of life they are near the mother, fleeing from rain and cold with her under the wing, then in a few days they can already disguise in the grass. They hide so that not everyone hunting dog Can detect them.
The mother heroically protects her offspring, and often deceives lovers to bare chicks (kunits, foxes, etc.), pretending to be wounded. While she distracts attention to himself, the chicks will already have time to hide. But despite all the efforts of the mother, some of the little dedication still dies, without having lived to autumn. They become victims of predators or diseases.
About two weeks after birth, the chicks can fly for short distances. And in a month, they fly as well as adults.
By the fall, the brood decays, all males leave the mother, and females still remain with it for a while.
In severe frosts, they do not get out of their "Berorg" with whole days, only except for a few minutes fly away to have lunch. Despite their good rumor, often Glukhary in their snowyluffs become a victim of foxes, predators of the Kunih family and others. But they usually hear the approach of animals and take off for a tree in advance.
