Synthetic detergents wikipedia chemistry. Cleaning products for home. Means for washing dishes
), multicomponent compositions used in aqueous solutions to intensify the removal of contaminants from decomp. solid materials, fibers, metals, glass, ceramics. In a narrower sense, under S. m. usually understand household means for washing linen and clothes.
By commodity form S. m. divided into loose (powdery, flocculent), pasty, liquid and lumpy; by appointment, for domestic and technical. destination; according to the scope and specificity of the substrate to be washed, universal detergents for washing, detergents for machine washing heavily soiled laundry, washing products from thin fabrics that are sensitive to damage and shrinkage, washing and bleaching with boiling, for pre-washing, soaking, Wed -wa with enzymes for low-temperature washing, a medium with anti-shrink, emollient, anti-static, refreshing color or other effect, special S. m. for baby underwear, etc.
Synthetic detergents and soaps. Synthetic detergents have been developed to replace cleaning soaps in order to overcome some of the disadvantages of soap. This included the inability to pour soap into a solid or acidic environment, it depends on fats and oils. Synthetic detergents are made from the petrochemical industry. There are three main classes of detergents: anionic, cationic and nonionic.
Sample Technical Description
Soap consists of a long tail of hydrocarbons with a short negatively charged head of carboxylate. Soap anions precipitate with calcium and magnesium ions, forming a grayish waste that is stored on clothing. This reduces the amount of soap molecules available and reduces its ability to clean.
S. m. usually include micelle forming surfactants (Surfactants) with detergent, wetting and anti-static. action, decomp. , complexones providing antiresorb. action (prevent re-deposition of pollution particles), perfume. perfume masking specific the smell of the composition and fragrance, as well as all kinds of specials. additives: opt. and peroxide bleaches, activators and, retarders, corrosion inhibitors, preservatives, antifoam agents, dyes, antioxidants, fillers, binders (in lumpy S. m. s.), etc.
Structure and chemical composition
They are mainly used in personal care. Anionic detergents consist of a long tail of hydrocarbons and a negatively charged head group. However, they differ from soap in that the head is a different carboxylate ion. Common anionic detergents include alkyl phosphates, where the heads are benzenesulfonate or phosphate ions, respectively.
These foams in solid water are good, with the exception of alkyl sulfates and alkyl phosphates. However, they do not form sludge in low pH water. Instead, they form soluble complexes, so their effectiveness is somewhat reduced, as some surfactants are “bound”.
Basis of many S. of m. - anionic surfactants, e.g. alkylbenzene sulfonates (predominantly linear, with good biodegradability), alkyl sulfates, alkylethoxysulfa, soaps, alkanesulfonates,sodium a-olefinsulfonates.
In connection with the worldwide tendency to reduce washing production and the use of S. m. with enzymes and cationic anti-static emollients increased the role of nonionic surfactants -oxyethylated alcohols, hydroxyethylated alkylphenols, hydroxyethylated alkylamines. As an auxiliary. Surfactants that enhance this or that effect and mitigate the unwanted dermatologic. action, in S. m. can be introduced in small amounts of alkyl and alkyl ethoxyphosphates, taurates, sulfosuccinates, a-sulfocarboxylic acid, ether carboxylates, fatty acid hydroxyalkylamides and their ethoxylates, tertiary N-oxides, alkylene oxide block copolymers, amphoteric derivatives of amino acids, imidazoline and betaine. Some distribution (especially in the USA) received S. of m. based on anionic and (or) nonionic surfactants with the addition of cationic surfactants or polymers, capable of rinsing due to adsorption on fibers to reduce electrostatic. charge and shrinkage of the fabric, as well as improve its neck. Examples of such cationic surfactants are dialkyl dimethylammonium chloride, 1- (2-alkylamidoethyl) -2-alkyl-3-methylimidazolinium methyl sulfate, a cationic derivative of hydroxyethyl cellulose. Opt. detergents at 25-35 ° C are usually possessed by surfactants with a C 12 -C 14 alkyl chain; with an increase in washing temperature, the optimum is observed among C 14 -C 16 homologues.
Use and relation to properties
They are used for general cleaning, especially in washing machines and dishwashers. They are effective in removing fats and stains from natural fibers and are great for cleaning glass. They are not used in personal hygiene because they are too strong and remove a lot of oil from the skin and hair.
Storage and packaging of finished products
These detergents consist of a long tail hydrocarbon with a positively charged head, which is usually a quaternary ammonium group. There may be one or two long alkyl chains attached to nitrogen with two or three methyl groups. Sometimes the positive head is a pyridium group.
At drawing up formulations S. m. often use combinations of 2-3 surfactants-synergists, differing in r-resistance, resistance to hardness salts and washing efficiency against solid, fatty and protein contaminants. Number of surfactants types in S. m. reaches 35% by weight.
Good anionic and nonionic surfactants are usually achieved in the alkaline pH region and on the day. decomp. electrolytes. Almost all powdery S. m. contain a miner. salt, from to-ryh naib. phosphates used: sodium tripolysphosphate, trisodium phosphate, tetra-lithium pyrophosphate, etc., capable of forming complexes with polyvalent cations. In liquid formulations, pre. trisodium phosphate, tripolyphosphate K and chlorinated trisodium phosphate are used (in disinfectant detergents for dishes), in enzyme-containing ones, there is a slight amount of Ca or Mg salts. Fully or partially f-tion of phosphates in S. of m of page. can perform complexones - Na-salts of nitrilotriacetic acid (Trilon A) and ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (Trilon B), salts of ethylidene diphosphonic and citric acid (see Complexones),and . Use of effective substitutes of phosphates in S. of m. very relevant in connection with the pollution of water bodies with nutrients. Number of complexing agents in S. m. up to 40% by weight.
These detergents bind very strongly to negatively charged surfaces if the pH is not higher. Thus, they find application in fabric softeners and hair conditioners, as they reduce static friction and tangling as they persist. They can also be used to create antistatic surfaces on glass, but are not used in dishwashers because of the greasy sensation they give out of glass. They can also be used to clean plastic efficiently and as flocculants.
Monoalkyl cationic detergents are biocides, and their antiseptic properties are useful in household disinfectors and sanitation. They are characterized by the presence of hydrophilic groups, rather than charged heads. They consist of a long tail of hydrocarbons and a group of polar alcohol ethoxylate.
As washing activating electrolytes, Na 2 SO 4, Na 2 CO 3 and Na 2 SiO 3 (or liquid glass) are introduced into the washing. The last two (in the amount of up to 10% by weight) provide an alkaline environment; Na 2 SiO 3 also inhibits the corrosive effect of the detergent composition.
Peroxide bleaches, e.g. peroxoborate (perborate) Na, is introduced only into powdery S. m. in the amount of 15-30%. When washing synthetic. brightly colored fabrics use bleach activators, e.g. tetraacetylethylenediamine, pentaacetylglucose. All of them, interacting in a solution with perborate, form peracetic acid, which is actually a low-temperature bleach. As an alternative to perborate, stabilizir is also used. commodity forms of diperoxydecane dicarboxylic acid, Mg peroxyphthalate hexahydrate, alkyldiperoxane-acid acid and others. The effectiveness of low-temperature whitening increases in the presence. bromides and iodides.
They produce less foam than other detergents. Thus, they find application in applications where low foam is required, for example, for washing dishes. They can be added to other detergents to provide greater stability. They are used in applications such as paints, adhesives, pesticides and cosmetics, since improved contact between polar and non-polar substances is required.
Describing synthetic detergents as the first major change in soap production in two millennia was hardly an exaggeration. It was based on synthetic compounds, not on natural products. It was a logical union, because both soap and candles used the same raw materials, fats and oils. Their origin was similar to both men who emigrated from the British Isles. Economic expansion in the United States has begun to change the production and distribution of goods such as soaps and candles.
Opt. (fluorescent) bleaches, widely used in all types of S. m. C., - Ch. arr. derivatives of bin style, pyrazolone, coumarin, benzimidazole. The number of such bleaches in the formulations of S. m. does not exceed 1%.
As antiresorbents in S. of m of page. usually use carboxymethyl cellulose, or copolymers of acrylic to-you in the amount of from 0.5 to 2% by weight.
Types of Household Cleaning Products
While the economy remained overwhelmingly rural and agrarian, there were small areas of urbanization and industrialization. With ready-made supplies of raw materials, two entrepreneurs set up their business by sending candles and soap on steamers along the Ohio River in Mississippi and New Orleans. Railways had many advantages along rivers and canals: the tracks did not freeze in winter, and trains were faster, more regular and cheaper than steamboats.
Railways also expanded distribution opportunities. Purchasing strained the company, forcing factories to work around the clock. But the company was faced with a crisis caused by a recession in one of its main sectors - candle production. This new soap was made from vegetable oils, not the fat, grease, or fat that the company has used for all of its soaps in the past. Ivory arose as a result of experiments aimed at the development of castile-like soap, which for a long time was considered a hallmark of pure soap.
Liquid S. m. From. may, in addition, contain up to 10-15% by weight of org. p-antibodies (lower, glycols, their esters, alkanolamines) and hydrotropes, to-ry reduce the point of cloudiness of solutions and improve the compatibility of components.
Liquid compositions with a high content of dissolved or suspension. electrolytes are used for intensive machine washing, usually with controlled foaming, achieved by the introduction of soap, silicone foam and (or) specially selected non-ionic surfactants, e.g. hydroxyethylated and hydroxypropylated alcohols. Liquid S. m. From. low in electrolytes used for hand washing fine fabrics; they foam well and, depending on the purpose, may additionally include water-soluble polymers, preservatives and other components.
Ivory was comparable in quality to expensive castile soap, but was inexpensive enough to be sold on the mass market. Ivory was white, it was easily bonded, but remained solid, and it lasted longer than other soaps. But ivory was still a traditional soap using readily available raw materials.
Duncan's confidant is due to the fact that during the First World War, when the Germans could not get soap and German chemists, he visited a small textile factory that used bile from dead cattle as a wetting agent in the dyeing process. The practice of using bile as a substitute for soap, which is also a wetting agent, "was a little old folklore." It has been described: Duncan bound, as a good wetting agent, a good detergent, not exposed to hard water, and resistant to acid.
In the table. the composition of certain industrial S. m. for washing.
Means for manual washing of dishes have approximately the same composition as S. m. for washing; however, surfactants are presented to surfactants introduced into such a medium. hygienic requirements - the absence of toxic and irritating effects. Wed-wa-for in-line automation. dishwashers contain, as a rule, low-foam nonionic surfactants with a high degreasing ability and, along with the usual set of electrolytes, disinfectants - chlorisocyanurates, chlorinated sodium tripolyphosphate (bulk materials), sodium hypochlorite, etc.
But it has also been described as complex, expensive, and with physical characteristics that would make it unsuitable for use with detergents at home. It was then that we came to his village, and he left 4. Duncan visited a factory that produced saturated fatty alcohols by catalytic hydrogenation. The company hoped to sell finished alkyl sulphate in the textile trade. Duncan was interested in German research because traditional soaps did not work well in hard water, where they besieged the remains of garbage or cottage cheese.
The effectiveness of low-temperature washing is enhanced by the introduction of S. m. alkaline protease enzymes or proteases in combination with amylase. Searches for economically affordable methods of obtaining and introducing into S. m. lipases that break down fatty contaminants. For powdered S. m. developed stabilizer. non-dusting commercial forms of enzymes, which are introduced into powders by dry mixing in the form of granules, agglomerates or capsules in water. Introduction of enzymes in liquid S. of m of page. encounters difficulties due to denaturation and the gradual loss of their activity.
Duncan understood that the properties that make a surface active agent theoretically an effective wetting agent should also become an effective detergent. Once this happens, water soluble soils can be washed away 6. Samples were provided for home testing as part of an informal consumer survey.
Both products found a niche in the market, but sales were relatively small. But the detergent did not clean heavily soiled clothes. But the “builders” left the clothes tough and tough because the chemicals reacted with the hardness of the water to form insoluble granular deposits that were not washed off.
S. m. for washing baby clothes are based in the main. on soaps from natures. fatty to. Lumpy detergents, unlike powder ones, contain more soap, and include binders.
The total production volume of S. m. in the USSR 1,400 thousand tons (1989).
Lit .: Shtupel G., Synthetic detergents and cleaning products, M., 1960; Nevolin F.V., Chemistry and technology of synthetic detergents, 2nd ed., M., 1971; Surface phenomena and surface-active h. Handbook, ed. A.A. Abramzon, E. D. Schukin, L., 1984, p. 302-34; Buchstab 3. I., Melnik A. P., Kovalev V. M., Technology of synthetic detergents, M., 1988; Waschmittelchemie: aktuelle Themen aus Forschung und Entwickhmg, Heidelberg, 1976; Davidsohn A., Milwidsky B. M., Synthetic detergents, 6 ed., L.-N. Y., 1978; Woollatt E., The manufacture of soaps, other detergents and glycerine, Chichester, 1985; Flick E.W., Institutional and industrial cleaning product formulations, N. Y., 1985; Surfactants in consumer products: theory, technology and application, ed. by J. Fable, B., 1987; JakobiG., LohrA., Detergents and textile washing. Principles and practice, Weinheim, 1987.
Due to its limitations, Draft without builders remained a useful product, but with a narrow market appeal - for thin fabrics and children's clothing. The terms soap and detergent are often used interchangeably, but there is a difference. The broadest definition of detergent is a compound or combination of compounds used for cleaning. Therefore, all soaps are detergents, but not all detergents are soaps.
List of sources used
Soaps, as a rule, are made from the reaction of animal or vegetable fat with a base, for example, found in wood ash, to obtain a salt of a long chain fatty acid. The long organic chain is hydrophobic, that is, it hates water, but dissolves fat, oil and dirt, while the salt end of the molecule is hydrophilic, that is, it likes water. The combination in one molecule gives soap its cleansing ability.
In every house, in the bathroom or in the kitchen, you will come across such things as shampoo, dishwashing detergent, soap, detergent for cleaning complex dirt, etc. However, few people ask themselves the question, how does he actually wash his hands, head, dishes or wash clothes?
What we are so accustomed to using every day in everyday life is called synthetic detergents (SMS). It is with their help that you can wash heavily soiled dishes, a pan stained with oil or grease, and remove the most corrosive stains on your favorite clothes. It’s convenient for us when it’s enough to simply pour the powder into the machine, and get a clean thing, you can do the same with dishes. In our article we will talk about the features of SMS, and what effect can they have on a person?
Detergents used here are compounds that have been specifically designed and synthesized with hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts, but they are not derived from animal or vegetable fats and have cleaning properties equal to or superior to any soap.
The invention of the tides: research and development
Researchers experimented with the problem of surfactants, trying to develop an alkyl sulfate-based detergent that cleans heavily soiled clothes without leaving them stiff and tough. They tried to create a surfactant with various chemicals; they added soaps to synthetic detergents; they mixed and matched formulas, tasted them like flakes, granules and liquids, but nothing worked satisfactorily. By the end of the decade, the company had almost abandoned the development of heavy-duty synthetic detergent, and management began to shift research to other projects.
The composition of synthetic detergents
All hygiene items for washing and cleanliness have a second name: detergents. The main components of their components are cationic, amphoteric (ampholytic) anionic synthetic detergents and, of course, surfactants (nonionic surfactants). Thanks to them, the dirt particles soften, grind, and remain in a soapy solution. That is why during washing, we often observe a large amount of foam, (air bubbles), which easily removes dirt from the surface.
By then, studies to increase the cleaning power of synthetic detergents were in the background. But Beyrle wanted to continue experimenting, using superphosphates as a builder. Beyrle's data showed that the construction of a surfactant with sodium pyrophosphate led to good cleaning. The question is, could Beyrle find a formula that would not leave the fabric stiff and rough? 14. Halberstadt repulsed a request from Byers to his boss Herb Coith, assistant director of the Chemical Department.
Halberstadt was apparently convincing because Cote agreed, adding: “Just don't get involved in any serious business.” Koyt did not object to Beyrle fiddling in his laboratory at the time, but he did not want Halberstadt and Beyrle to go to Bruce Strein, the process manager for detergents, and asked for “samples made on their pilot plant”. 15. Despite attacks, starts and constant stress, Beyrle made progress. All previous studies on soaps and detergents have shown that reducing the amount of builder in the formula gives a less severe product.
Properties of synthetic detergents
If you purchased a washing powder machine, and, during washing, do not observe a large amount of foam, this does not mean that you made an unsuccessful purchase, just this product contains low-foam surfactants, this means that the powder has excellent washing ability. A large amount of foam in synthetic detergents is necessary, as a rule, for hand washing, therefore, for washing machines you should purchase only a powder machine, otherwise you risk harming the equipment.
In addition, the well-known synthetic powdered detergents used by us for washing clothes are able to protect things from the so-called resorption, in other words, prevents the re-sedimentation of dirt on the surface of the fabric. As a rule, tableted, liquid, gels or pasty products are no less effective in controlling pollution than. Here the decisive factor is the convenience of applying detergent and packaging.
Nowadays, a huge assortment of synthetic detergents can be found on the market. Some have antistatic properties, and are able to remove the charge of statistical electricity after the products dry. Others contribute to the preservation of whiteness of fabrics, while others contribute to the elimination of yellowness on woolen and cotton products. It remains only to choose the most suitable remedy for yourself.
Advantages and disadvantages of SMS
Today, the use of synthetic detergents for us is a common thing. Agree, it’s hard to imagine a mistress who is without the usual Fairy, Gala, etc. 
And how can you wash your hair without shampoo, and your hands without soap? And so, the main advantage of SMS is convenience. We don’t have to boil things, scrub the stove for hours and wash the dishes with boiling water and sand.
However, such frequent use of chemicals, suggests their harm to health, because synthetic detergents, such as surfactants, dyes, perfumes, antistatic agents, can not give anything good to the human body. Some, after contact with them, notice allergic reactions, exacerbation of asthma, you must agree, this is not pleasant. The solution in this situation is individual protection, the use of SMS in smaller quantities, or even their extraction from the hostess’s combat arsenal.
