Memo for students.

How to learn to write social studies essays.

Essay - this is a kind of essay, in which the main role is played not by the reproduction of the fact, but by the image of impressions, thoughts of associations. The author's position, attitude (especially in the main part) should be clearly traced.

Write down the subject of your essay.

Do not forget what you write social studies essay , so just write on the draft social science terms, quotes, examples, factsacceptable for the disclosure of this topic.

Identify the problem ... A problem is a complex practical or theoretical issue that needs to be addressed.Examples of some types of problems corresponding to sections of the course

social studies:

Types of problems

Examples of problems

1.Philosophical

The meaning of life, moral choice, knowledge of the world, good and evil, the truth of scientific knowledge, the moral and moral dimension of the individual, human needs, etc.

2. Cultural

Modern culture, the values \u200b\u200bof the culture of the past, the truth of scientific knowledge, the infinity of scientific knowledge, ethics of science, the relationship between science and religion, the essence of religion and its meaning, etc.

3. Economic

Tax payments, competition, property, globalization, the role of the state in a market economy, rational consumption, the value of money, the relationship between economics and politics, etc.

4. Social

Wealth and poverty, demographic, interethnic relations, social stability, inconsistency of the modern world, social progress, marginality, social security, etc.

5. Political

Power, the relationship between the government and the people, the separation of branches of government, the role of political parties, the essence of democracy, political role, political status, democracy, political participation, etc.

6. Legal

Rights and justice, justice and law, the ratio of morality and law, the value of contractual relations in society, equality of citizens before the law, the needs of law, etc.

Essay structure.

Identified the problem i.e. a problem requiring solution, formulate the thesis - the author's thought on a particular problem. The author's thought is expressed in the form thesis (T). But the thought must be supported by evidence, arguments of a scientific or everyday nature. Therefore, the thesis is followed by arguments (A)... Arguments are facts, phenomena of social life, events, life situations and life experience, literary situations, scientific evidence, etc. It is better (but not necessary) to give two arguments in favor of this or that thesis, since one may not be convincing, three arguments may be overwhelming (essays are still “small genre”!).

Thus, a circular essay composition is obtained:

Introduction (B), problem (P), thesis (T), arguments (A), conclusion (B).

6. Essay outline:

I. IN

II. P

III. T

A1

A2

IV. IN

The logic of the presentation of the material and its structuring contribute paragraph highlighting and red line... Each paragraph - the previous and the next - should be linked.

The essay should be "Emotionally charged" but it is important to show external restraint in the narrative. Expressiveness is achieved through short, simple sentences, varied in intonation and skillful use of the most "modern" of all punctuation marks - dash. The dash introduces a special intonation into the sentence, so necessary for expressing one's opinion.

Use of cliches is appropriate... For example:

1. For me, this phrase is the key to understanding ...

   This phrase opens up amazing scope for thoughts.

   I cannot subscribe to this statement and will try to substantiate my position.

   Expressing disagreement with the opinion of the author, we will answer the questions: so what is ...

   I completely agree with the position of the author.

   …has a beneficial effect ...

   The problem presented in this statement is relevant and topical for ...

   On the one hand, I agree, because ... On the other, no, because ...

   That is why I agree with the author.

   I am very impressed by the phrase ...

   Let us illustrate this position with examples.

   Let's consider several approaches.

   Firstly Secondly,..

Algorithm for writing an essay

1. Carefully read all topics (statements) proposed for writing an essay;

What to avoid when writing an essay.

1. Misunderstanding of the essence of the stated topic.

2. Lack of structured presentation.

3. Inability to adhere to the answer to the main question (lengthy distractions from the topic).

4. Using rhetoric (statements) instead of argumentation (evidence).

5. Careless data manipulation, including over-generalization.

6. Too extensive descriptive part, not supported by analytical material.

7. Statements of other points of view without references to the authors of these ideas and without expressing their own position.

8. Repetitions unnecessarily.

Algorithm for writing an essay.

1. carefully read all the topics (statements) proposed for writing an essay;

2. choose the one that will meet several requirements: a) you are interested in; b) you understand the meaning of this statement; c) you have something to say on this topic (you know the terms, you can give examples, have personal experience, etc.);

3. Determine the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe statement (what is it about?), For this, use the method of periphery (say the same thing, but in your own words);

4. Sketch the arguments "for" and / or "against" this statement (if you type in the arguments and "for" and "against" aphorism taken as a topic, your essay may be polemical in nature);

5. For each argument, select examples, facts, situations from life, personal experience, etc .;

6. think about what literary techniques you will use to make the language of your essay more interesting, lively (comparisons, analogies, epithets, etc.);

7. arrange the selected arguments and / or counterarguments in sequence (this will be your conditional plan);

8. come up with an introduction to the reasoning (in it you can write why you chose this statement, immediately determine your position, ask your question to the author of the quote, etc.);

9. state your point of view in the sequence that you have outlined;

10. Formulate the general conclusion of the work and, if necessary, edit it.

Editing involves checking the work in the following areas:

structure (check if there is a logical connection between the parts of the essay);

sincerity of tone (avoid too emotional, expressive definitions);

unity of style (in work one should not jump from scientific style to journalistic, colloquial and vice versa);

the volume of the essay (the work should be short, cut everything unnecessary);

the attractiveness of the work, its individuality (is there anything special about the work).

Topics in the form of statements for writing essays on the five educational lines of social studies

Philosophy Essay Topics

1. "A person has freedom of choice, for otherwise advice, admonition, edification, reward and punishment would be meaningless."

F. Aquinas

2. "Nature creates man, but develops and forms his society."

V. Belinsky

3. "Sometimes in order to become immortal, you have to pay the price of a lifetime."

F. Nietzsche

4. "But if the inevitability of death is incompatible with true love, then immortality is completely incompatible with the emptiness of our life."

V. Soloviev

5. "Will and desire should not be confused ... I want an action that pulls in one direction, while my desire pulls in the other, just the opposite."

J. Locke

6. "Those doubts that theory does not resolve, practice will resolve for you."

L. Feuerbach

7. "Be attentive to your thoughts - they are the beginning of actions."

Lao Tzu

8. "The moral law, which a person must freely discover in himself, automatically gives his prescriptions, the same for all people and for all occasions."

N. Berdyaev

9. "Science is truth multiplied by doubt."

Valerie

10. "We must not allow anyone to remake historical truth."

N. Pirogov

11. "The beast never comes to such a terrible fall, to which a man comes."

I. Berdyaev

12. "Needs grow not so much from an urgent need as from capricious desires."

J.-J. Russo

13. "All knowledge originates from reason and comes from feelings."

F. Patrici

14. “Man is not a thing, but a living being, which can be understood only in a long process of development. At any moment of his life he is not yet what he can become and what he may still become. "

E. Fromm

15. "Without society, man would be pitiful, lacking the motivation to improve."

W. Godwin

16. “They say the world arose out of chaos. We must make sure that he doesn't end up where he started. "

V. Zhemchuzhnikov

17. "Everything was old, everything will happen again."

O. Mandelstam

18. "We don't have time to become ourselves."

A. Camus

19. "People are not born, but become who they are."

K. Helvetia

20. “Freedom comes with responsibility. That is why many are afraid of her. "

B. Shaw

21. "Activity is the only path to knowledge."

B. Shaw

22. "It is much easier to recognize a person in general than any person in particular."

F. La Rochefoucauld

Essay topics on economics.

1. "Trade has not yet ruined a single people."

B. Franklin

2. "Business is the art of extracting money from another person's pocket without resorting to violence."

M. Amsterdam

3. "Wealth is not in the possession of treasures, but in the ability to use them."

Napoleon

4. "Money is like manure: if you don't throw it around, it won't do any good."

F. Hayek

5. "Moderation is the wealth of the poor, greed is the poverty of the rich."

P. Cyr

6. "Even the most generous person tries to pay less for what is bought daily."

B. Shaw

7. "It is not the art of acquiring that one should learn, but the art of spending."

J. Droz

8. "Budgeting is the art of distributing disappointment evenly."

M. Stins

9. “Least of all, the economy can create a new person. Economics is about means, not about the ends of life. "

N. Berdyaev

10. "Economics is the art of satisfying unlimited needs with limited resources."

L. Peter

11. "If money does not serve you, it will dominate you."

F. Bacon

12. "The main goal of capital is not to raise as much money as possible, but to ensure that money leads to a better life."

G. Ford

13. "Dishonest profit makes dishonorable nature easier."

Pyriandre

14. "There are no free breakfasts."

B. Crane

15. "All the advantage of having money is the ability to use it."

B. Franklin

16. "All commerce is an attempt to foresee the future."

S. Butler

17. "An equal division of estates and lands would lead to general poverty."

P. Buast

18. "Taxes are money levied by the authorities from a part of society in the interests of the whole."

S. Johnson

19. "Inflation provides everyone with the opportunity to feel like a millionaire."

A. Rogov

Sociology essay topics

1. "Nations are the wealth of mankind, these are its generalized personalities: the smallest of them bears special colors."

A. Solzhenitsyn

2. "If there is agreement, small things grow into big ones, and if there is disagreement, big things fall apart."

Sallust

3. "Inequality is as good a law of nature as any other."

I. Sherr

4. “Due to the difference in climates, minds, energies, tastes, age, eyesight, equality among people is never possible. Inequality must therefore be regarded as an immutable law of nature. But we can make inequality irreplaceable ... ”.

A. Chekhov

5. "Isn't there a union with tens, a separation with thousands and millions."

L. Tolstoy

6. "Laws owe their power to morals."

K. Helvetia

7. "An ancient custom has the force of law."

V. Maxim

8. "The brighter the individuality manifests itself, the more it strives for unity with all that exists."

R. Tagore

9. "Alcoholism causes more devastation than the three historical scourges combined: famine, plague and war."

W. Gladstone

10. "For others we create rules, for ourselves - exceptions."

Sh. Lemel

11. "Take the place and position that befits you, and everyone will recognize it."

R. Emerson

12. "A nation does not need cruelty to be resilient."

F. Roosevelt

13. "I am too proud of my country to be a nationalist."

J. Wolfrom

14. "Agreements Prevent Conflict."

X. McKay

15. "The family is more sacred than the state."

Pius XI

16. “The nationalism of small peoples is a manifestation of isolation and complacency. The nationalism of large nations is imperialist expansion. "

N. Berdyaev

17. "A society without stratification with real equality of all its members is a myth that has never become a reality in the entire history of mankind."

P. Sorokin

18. "A nation is a collection of people, different in character, tastes and views, but connected with each other by strong, deep and all-embracing spiritual bonds."

D. Gibran

19. "The greatness of a people is not at all calculated by its number, just as the greatness of a person is not measured by its growth."

V. Hugo

20. "Youth is happy that it has a future."

N. Gogol

21. "The rich are harmful not because they are rich, but because they make the poor feel their poverty."

V. Klyuchevsky

Political Science Essay Topics

1. "Politics requires from the people involved in it, great flexibility of mind: it does not know the invariable, once and for all given rules ...".

V. Klyuchevsky

2. "Politics should be nothing more and nothing less than an applied history."

V. Klyuchevsky

3. "Good politics is no different from good morality."

G. Mably

4. "The leader must consider in advance the possibility of both success and failure."

P. Cyr

5. "The true equality of citizens is that they are all equally subject to the laws."

J. D'Alembert

6. "There will be no freedom if the judiciary is not separated from the legislative and executive powers."

C. Montesquieu

7. "Big politics is just common sense applied to big things."

Napoleon I

8. "When a tyrant rules, the people are silent, and the laws do not work."

Saadi

9. "Dexterous vote-pickers become rulers."

K. Pobedonostsev

10. "Morality is useless without politics, politics without morality is inglorious."

A. Sumarokov

11. "Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely."

J. Acton

12. "Someone will be called the true ruler, if he is in control of himself and does not serve vile desires."

Izbornik, 1076

13. "There is a minimum level of education and awareness beyond which voting becomes its own caricature."

I. Ilyin

14. "Democracy is a bad form of government, but mankind has not come up with anything better."

W. Churchill

15. "Power based on a false idea is doomed to perish from its own arbitrariness."

V. Korolenko

16. "Only a strong state provides freedom to its citizens."

J.-J. Russo

17. "Democracy is a mechanism to ensure that we are no better governed than we deserve."

B. Shaw

18. "Man by nature is a political being."

Aristotle

19. "Only a few can make politics, but everyone can judge it."

Pericles

20. “The goal of politics is the common good; people and authorities must obey the law. "

Aristotle

21. "Any policy boils down to making life bearable for as many people as possible."

F. Nietzsche

Essay topics by law.

1. "The essence of law lies in the balance of two moral interests: personal freedom and the common good."

V. Soloviev

2. "We must become slaves to the laws in order to become free."

Cicero

3. “A country devoid of laws and freedom is not a kingdom, but a prison; in it the captives are the nations. "

F. Glinka

4. "The multiplicity of laws is not in favor of morals, and the multiplicity of processes is not in favor of laws."

P. Buast

5. "When laws and decrees multiply, robberies and robberies grow."

Lao Tzu

6. "The severity of the laws prevents their observance."

O. Bismarck

7. "The true equality of citizens is that they are all equally subject to the laws."

J. D'Alembert

8. "Where a cruel law reigns, people dream of lawlessness."

S. Lec

9. "He who exercises his right does not violate anyone's right."

The principle of Roman law

10. "Laws for everyone should have the same meaning."

C. Montesquieu

11. "Justice without strength is useless, strength without justice is despotic."

Latin dictum

12. "Conceived even if unrealized crime is still a crime."

Seneca

13. "Freedom is the right to do everything that is permitted by law."

C. Montesquieu

14. "Freedom is to depend only on laws." Voltaire

15. "Extreme observance of the rule of law can turn out to be extreme lawlessness." Terence

16. "The state finds order in law, and law in the state - the power that it asserts."

A. Kenenov

17. "The most sworn enemy of law is privilege." M. Ebner-Eschenbach

18. "The judge is the speaking law, and the law is the dumb judge." Cicero

19. "To be free, you must obey the laws." Antique aphorism

20. "Not everything that the law permits, the conscience allows." Plato

21. "The biggest crime is impunity." B. Shaw

22. "Your duty is to keep the laws, to ignore the faces of the strong." G. Derzhavin

23. "Make only a few laws, but make sure they are followed." J. Locke

24. "Duty without right is slavery, right without duty is anarchy."

An example of writing an essay.

Essay on the theme of the statement of N.A. Berdyaev: "The beast never reaches such a terrible fall, to which a man reaches"

I agree with the statement of the Russian existentialist philosopher N. Berdyaev. The meaning of the statement is that a person in some of his base deeds can be more terrible than a beast. But before speaking about a base person, I would like to say about a tall person. Man is the highest stage in the development of the animal kingdom on Earth. Man is fundamentally different from animals in his intelligence, thinking, transformative activity. He has high moral qualities, values \u200b\u200band ideals. All of the above is the dignity and advantage of a person over animals, and makes a person follow his high purpose in actions and activities.

But sometimes people commit such monstrous acts that one involuntarily ponders how deep a person can fall, how low he can be, barbarously rude and cruel. In order to see how low a person can fall, he can be compared to an animal. Any animal takes care of its offspring. It is ready to protect its young from anyone who tries to encroach on their lives. And how many examples can be cited to prove that not every person can do the same as animals do. Very often on the radio and television you can hear how some unreasonable mother abandoned her child, or even sold him for a bottle of vodka, or beat him severely, or even killed him just because he shouted too loudly and thereby annoyed him. " resting "mother. I am amazed at the massive examples of girls and young women performing abortions with extraordinary ease, and at the same time they do not even think that they are committing the most serious and unforgivable crime before God - infanticide.

Going for an abortion becomes as commonplace as going to the dentist to remove a tooth. They try to justify their crime by the difficulties of material life. What animal can get rid of a baby in this way, referring to the difficulties of living in a harsh natural environment?

We all know a vivid example of misanthropy from the history of the 18th century. It concerns the landowner Daria Saltykova. “Saltychikha, harboring hatred for her serfs, systematically mocked them, applying the most monstrous tortures to them. In doing so, she tortured more than a hundred people to death. Ultimately, the authorities ceased to turn a blind eye to her atrocities, and she was placed in a monastery, where she spent the rest of her days. And even when she, dying, appeared before God, there was no strength in her to repent for her countless crimes.

You will say that this is a typical example of a mental anomaly, and there are many such examples. Good. Then how can you understand the following example. The two businessmen have been friends since childhood. They played in the same yard, studied in the same class, graduated from school and eventually became successful entrepreneurs. It seemed that their friendship would be eternal. But one day one of them, having hired a hitman, eliminates his partner and takes over a share of his business. What prompted him to such an inhuman act? Greed, self-interest, desire for unrestrained acquisitiveness? Yes of course. This behavior can certainly be explained by similar motives. But I would like to say something else. Each person strives for material well-being, wants to become successful and self-sufficient. But any person has the right to choose as to the means to achieve this goal. A person's choice of means of achieving a goal directly depends on the degree of moral education. It is the moral qualities related to the superconsciousness that distinguish us from animals. To overstep a Man in oneself, to overstep a moral one, and means to become like a beast. Having become like a beast, a person loses control and censorship over his own behavior, he loses such qualities as love, friendship, pity, compassion, sympathy, attention.

Deprived of these qualities, he turns into a real beast in the literal sense of the word.

Man is always a mystery. Nobody knows what he will do at any given moment. He can accomplish a feat, and maybe a base deed. And the fact that he often shows an animal grin suggests that he is not only a social being, but also a natural one. All his life there is a struggle between the natural and the social. Therefore, the better a society will influence a person in the process of socialization and education, the less room there will be for the manifestation of bestial cruelty. And this means that the world will not be saved by beauty, but by education.

Sometimes, in order to become immortal, you have to pay with the cost of a lifetime. "

4. "But if the inevitability of death is incompatible with true love, then immortality is completely incompatible with the emptiness of our life."

V. Soloviev

5. "Will and desire should not be confused ... I want an action that pulls in one direction, while my desire pulls in the other, just the opposite."

6. "Those doubts that theory does not resolve, practice will resolve for you."

L. Feuerbach

7. "Be attentive to your thoughts - they are the beginning of actions."

Lao Tzu

8. "The moral law, which a person must freely discover in himself, automatically gives his prescriptions, the same for all people and for all occasions."

N. Berdyaev

9. "Science is truth multiplied by doubt."

Valerie

10. "We must not allow anyone to remake historical truth."

N. Pirogov

The beast never comes to such a terrible fall, to which a man comes. "

I. Berdyaev

12. "Needs grow not so much from an urgent need as from capricious desires."

J.-J. Russo

13. "All knowledge originates from reason and comes from feelings."

F. Patrici

14. “Man is not a thing, but a living being, which can be understood only in a long process of development. At any moment of his life he is not yet what he can become and what he may still become. "

15. "Without society, man would be pitiful, lacking the incentive to improve."

W. Godwin

16. “They say the world arose out of chaos. We must make sure that he doesn't end up where he started. "

V. Zhemchuzhnikov

17. "Everything was old, everything will happen again."

O. Mandelstam

18. "We don't have time to become ourselves."

A. Camus

People are not born, but become who they are. "

K. Helvetia

20. “Freedom comes with responsibility. That is why many are afraid of her. "

B. Shaw

21. "Activity is the only path to knowledge."

B. Shaw

22. "It is much easier to recognize a person in general than any person in particular."

F. La Rochefoucauld

Economics Essay Topics

1. "Trade has not yet ruined a single people."

B. Franklin

2. "Business is the art of extracting money from another person's pocket without resorting to violence."

M. Amsterdam

3. "Wealth is not in the possession of treasures, but in the ability to use them."

Napoleon

4. "Money is like manure: if you don't throw it around, it won't do any good."

F. Hayek

5. "Moderation is the wealth of the poor, greed is the poverty of the rich."

P. Cyr

6. "Even the most generous person tries to pay less for what is bought daily."

B. Shaw

7. "It is not the art of acquiring that one should learn, but the art of spending."

J. Droz

8. "Budgeting is the art of distributing disappointment evenly."

M. Stins

9. “Least of all, the economy can create a new person. Economics is about means, not about the ends of life. "

N. Berdyaev

10. "Economics is the art of satisfying limitless needs with limited resources."

L. Peter

11. "If money does not serve you, it will dominate you."

F. Bacon

12. "The main goal of capital is not to raise as much money as possible, but to ensure that money leads to a better life."

G. Ford

13. "Dishonest profit makes dishonorable nature easier."

Pyriandre

14. "There are no free breakfasts."

B. Crane

15. "The advantage of having money is the ability to use it."

B. Franklin

16. "All commerce is an attempt to foresee the future."

S. Butler

17. "An equal division of estates and lands would lead to general poverty."

P. Buast

18. "Taxes are money levied by the authorities from a part of society in the interests of the whole."

S. Johnson

19. "Inflation provides everyone with the opportunity to feel like a millionaire."

A. Rogov

Sociology essay topics

1. "Nations are the wealth of mankind, these are its generalized personalities: the smallest of them bears special colors."

A. Solzhenitsyn

With agreement, small things grow into big ones, with disagreements and big ones fall apart. "

Sallust

3. "Inequality is as good a law of nature as any other."

I. Sherr

Due to the difference in climates, minds, energies, tastes, age, eyesight, equality among people is never possible. Inequality must therefore be regarded as an immutable law of nature. But we can make inequality irreplaceable ... ”.

5. "Isn't there a union with tens, a separation with thousands and millions."

L. Tolstoy

Laws owe their power to morals. "

K. Helvetia

7. "An ancient custom has the force of law."

V. Maxim

Let's turn to the views of some thinkers. According to J. Condorcet, the progress of society is directly related to the progress of the human mind. Hegel considered progress not only as a principle of reason, but also as a principle of world events. Karl Marx also believed that humanity is moving towards universal mastery of nature, the development of production and ... of man himself.

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Social studies essay writing technology

1) Carefully study the statement, understand its content

(parse the composition proposal)

2) Consider in what area the given statement is

3) Statement of the problem

4) Drawing up a presentation plan:

I ... Problem formulation

III ... Argumentation of your position (without "I believe")

IV ... Own position

V. conclusions

Cliché for determining your own position:

Analyzing the statement, it can be noted ...

This can be refuted by the fact that ...

Seems right at first glance ...

Refuted by the fact that ...

Student essays

"All the progress one can hope for is to make people a little less angry." G. Flaubert

In this statement of Flaubert, one can clearly trace the idea of \u200b\u200bthe role of progress for the person himself, or rather for the development of his humane qualities.

Let's turn to the views of some thinkers. According to J. Condorcet, the progress of society is directly related to the progress of the human mind. Hegel considered progress not only as the principle of reason, but also as the principle of world events. Karl Marx also believed that humanity is moving towards universal mastery of nature, the development of production and ... of man himself.

Using the concept of progress and the expression "to make people a little less evil", Flaubert means the fact that as a result of improving human living conditions, opportunities for the development of human qualities increase: reason, morality, creative powers.

In this one can agree with the author. Indeed, with the development of society, the possibilities and abilities of a person expand to test and realize oneself in a wide variety of activities. And the more multifaceted his activity becomes, the faster the growth of the human in man takes place.

Razmakhnina N. 10-a class.

“Not to be subject to any law means to be deprived of the most salvific protection, for laws should protect usnot only from others, but also from ourselves "(G. Heine)

Nature has endowed man with one very important instinct: the instinct of self-preservation. Society, on the other hand, puts a person in conditions in which this instinct alone is not enough to survive. That is why a person creates laws in order to protect himself and others.

In a flock of animals, there are certain traditions, prohibitions and a kind of hierarchy. Man arranges society according to the same principles as animals, but as a more highly organized being he creates it on a much higher level. The person himself is part of society, and therefore must obey its laws.

There are many different positions and opinions on this matter. The author of the statement, G. Heine, adhered to the following position: "Laws are created in order to fulfill them." In his opinion, in order to feel comfortable and safe in society, each person must conscientiously comply with all legal norms established by the state.

It is difficult to disagree with Heine's opinion. He calls laws "the most salutary protection," and indeed they are. After all, it has long been proven both by theory and practice that in a state governed by the rule of law, people feel more protected.

It would be unfair to ignore the second part of this statement. In it, the author says that laws protect us not only from others, but also from ourselves. And here he is absolutely right. It so often happens that by our rash actions we bring ourselves more harm. than other people. And it is the law that can hold us back and prevent a fatal mistake.

Yet laws limit our freedom. But everyone knows very well that there is no absolute freedom, and therefore it is better to obey the law and feel protected than to be independent but vulnerable.

Kolmakova Daria 10 A class.

"Every change paves the way for other changes."(J. Machiavelli)

Progress and regression. These concepts are directly related to human existence. They are the result of changes in any of the spheres of human activity. For example, if you look into the distant past, you can see how the detached thumb on the hand of a primitive man allowed him to pick up various objects, which later became his first tools of labor.

Discussing this topic, Machiavelli came to the following conclusion: "Every change paves the way for other changes." That is, by changing something, a person consciously or unconsciously takes a step towards new qualitative changes. Also, these changes can occur independently of the person himself.

Analyzing this statement, one cannot but agree with the opinion of the author. Even if one thinks not at the universal human level, but at the level of one individual, then in this case one can come to a similar conclusion. For example, a person who is depressed changes their image. This affects his mood, new forces appear, efficiency increases, as a result, career growth occurs. In our daily life, we often encounter a similar situation. By changing something in ourselves or in the world around us, we pave the way for other changes.

It should also be noted that even in the scientific field, this pattern operates. After all, when DI Mendeleev developed the periodic table of chemical elements, the properties of chemical elements became more accessible to many scientists. This made it possible to make new discoveries not only in the field of chemistry: now some settlements use electricity from nuclear power plants.

Summing up the work, I would like to say that there is no need to be afraid of change. A person always strives for a better life, but he will achieve his goal only when he can reshape his usual life.

Alexey Sidorov 10-A grade

“Needs grow not so much from an urgent need,how much from capricious desires. "(J.-J. Rousseau)

A person's whole life is made up of needs: food, sleep, money, communication. By and large, we live to satisfy our needs. We go to school - we satisfy our need for education, meet new people - we satisfy the need for communication, we go to work - we get money. And if we turn the pages of history back and turn to our ancestor - a humanoid monkey, we will see that in order to eat, the monkey descends from the branch and takes a stick in his hands, and in order to defend himself from wild animals, primitive man invents the first weapon.

But the more successfully a person copes with the satisfaction of his primary needs, the more other, sometimes even strange needs arise, without which he can easily do. "This is the conclusion that J.-J. Rousseau comes to. He says that it is our whims that are the engine of our desires and needs.

It would be foolish to refute his theory, since we find its confirmation not only in words, but also in practice, especially since this question is more relevant in our time than ever. It's hard to disagree. After all, with the development of market relations, social inequality has formed and oligarchs, oil magnates and billionaires appear all over the world. Their needs often shock us. For the sake of their whims, they buy islands, cottages and even people.

But it would be a mistake to think that there are only negative aspects to this issue. If you think about it, you can find positive and very important: satisfaction of needs is a kind of engine of progress. For example, a person wanted to move faster over long distances - an airplane appeared, a person wanted to quickly receive information from all corners of the earth - invented television, radio and the Internet. There are a lot of such examples, and I would like the needs to become not just human quirks, but to carry practical interest and benefit for society.

Khaletskaya Olga 10-A class

“Direct government intervention is more harmful thanhelps the market economy. "(L. Smith)

Market relations, throughout the history of mankind, have undergone many changes along the way of their formation and development. A person moved from a simple exchange of things to a professional trade, and the market became an integral part of his life. It has become a prerequisite for economic and, therefore, social progress.

Competition is the key to the successful development of market relations. It affects almost everything: prices, product quality, quantity, etc. But competition can exist only in conditions of free enterprise, that is, without direct government intervention.

A. Smith expressed his point of view regarding this problem. He says that the state should not directly intervene in the market economy, since this intervention is more harmful than beneficial.

Our country knows from its own bitter experience what such an intervention is worth, so it is difficult not to support the author's position. The Russian people, or rather the Soviet generation, are well aware of what a shortage of goods is, what huge queues in stores are, what it is, limited opportunities and unmet needs.

But it would be a mistake to think that the state should not exert any influence on the market. It should, but within reasonable limits. Skillful government regulation and market mechanism - this is the golden mean, which is the most productive and efficient. These are features of a mixed economy. It follows from this that a mixed type of economic systems is the best option for the development and strengthening of the economic power of the state.

Reshetnikov Maxim 10-A class

"Isn't it surprising that people so often fight for religion and so rarely live by its prescriptions."

G. Lichtenberg

Probably, religion is the oldest and still much needed invention of man. First, pagan rituals and idols, then communion withlarger religious communities - all of this occupies its own niche in the history of mankind. Moreover, a more significant place in this storehouse of events and legends is occupied by conflicts that have grown up on religious grounds. Then the question arises, if the religious canons say that a person should live in harmony with himself and others, then how to assess all these wars and armed

Considering this problem, G. Lichtenberg revealed a very interesting paradox: people often fight for religion, but rarely live according to its prescriptions. He is amazed at the ease with which a person connects, closely intertwines such incompatible concepts as war and religion. After all, war is death, hunger, losses, homicide, violence. And certainly these concepts will not be synonymous with the word religion. Well, how can you notagree with the author!

It's not a secret for anyone that no one has the right to deprive someone of freedom, let alone life. And a believer, a God-fearing person will never commit such an act, because it is not just a crime, but a terrible sin, Butis faith in God and in his teachings sincere, if, hiding behind it, a person goes to murder. And to our great regret, history knows many such examples. Probably the most striking of these is the Crusades, whenthe Catholic Church tried to convert people to faith by violent methods.

Similar cataclysms have also happened in our country. For example, Nikon's church reforms inXVII century, when those who were called Old Believers suffered.

Today, in the context of global integration, there are fewer religious conflicts, but they still occur from time to time. I would like to hope that in the near future such militant elements will come to an agreement, because there is already a lot of evil in this world.

Shaidurov Denis 11th grade

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Task text

Sample Desh Angelina 11-BF-1 Report on the work on the essay Essay topic number 75 "Socrates: I know that I do not know anything, but everyone else does not even know this" Section of philosophy (revealing the problem of the chosen topic): epistemology (philosophical doctrine on cognition) - a section of philosophical knowledge, in which the possibility of a person's knowledge of the world, as well as a person's knowledge of himself, is investigated; explores the movement of knowledge from ignorance to knowledge; the nature of knowledge is investigated; explores the nature of knowledge in itself and in relation to the subjects that are reflected in this knowledge. Philosophical problem: the problem of knowledge and ignorance, the problem of limitations, incompleteness and variability of knowledge, the problem of acquiring new knowledge, the problem of achieving wisdom, methods of obtaining knowledge. Relevance of the topic: the chosen topic is quite relevant in our modern world, since in our life we \u200b\u200bare faced with a huge flow of information that we must comprehend, turning them into knowledge, or, conversely, discard as unnecessary. Basic philosophical concepts: Knowledge is the result of a person's spiritual mastery of the world and himself, expressed in language or in another sign form Ignorance is non-knowledge, lack of knowledge about the world and the person himself, the opposite, denial of knowledge, a special attitude to knowledge Wisdom is the highest, holistic, spiritual and practical knowledge, focused on comprehending the absolute meaning of being, higher knowledge in its value expression. Sense - content, meaning, comprehended by the mind. Cognition is a way of man's spiritual mastery of the world, development of himself as a spiritual being Truth is the concept of philosophy and culture, denoting the ideal of knowledge and the way to achieve it (substantiation), establishing the correspondence of knowledge with culture and social practice Dialogue - social and cultural interaction of man with man, through which is being understood Understanding is the process of comprehending or generating meaning Quotations: “Nothing has been found,” Pierre said to himself again, “nothing has been invented. We can only know that we know nothing. And this is the highest degree of human wisdom "(L. Tolstoy" War and Peace "" Whoever thinks that he has comprehended everything, he knows nothing "(Lao-Tzu)" To be in the dark about one's own ignorance is the disease of the ignorant "(Olcott)" He is doubly blind who does not see his own blindness; this is the difference between perspicacious-diligent people and ignorant sloths "(G. Bruno)" The fullness of knowledge "always means some understanding of the depth of our ignorance" (physicist R. Millikan) “It is quite logical to say that a scientific discovery reduces the area of \u200b\u200bthe unknown. But it is no less logical to assert that it increases at the same time. Through the fault of the very discovery and increases. When a person goes uphill, the horizon expands in front of him, but the lands lying beyond the horizon become more and more extended "(D. Granin)" Where is the wisdom we lost for the sake of knowledge? Where is the knowledge we lost for the sake of information ”(Thomas Sterese Eliot) Examples, associations: knowledge and ignorance - an association with an island and a huge ocean. Universal knowledge is the ocean, an island in the ocean is knowledge acquired by an individual, ignorance is the coastline of this island. A little about the methods of obtaining knowledge. Dialogue with yourself, with a person. An example of the advantages of dialogue over a dispute: a dispute between an employee who wants to get more and an employer who seeks to pay less will be replaced by dialogue. Make the employee's wages dependent on the quantity and quality of his labor, give him the opportunity to participate in the distribution of the enterprise's profits, and the conflict will disappear Personalities: Socrates, N. Kuzanskaya ("scientific ignorance"), I. Kant (boundaries of knowledge) Work plan: Introduction (theoretical and practical relevance of the problem, goals, objectives of the essay, methods of studying the problem, Main part Conclusion References: Aristophanes Oblaka // http: //www.lib.rus/ec/b/137552/read Golubintsev V.O., Dansev AA, Lyubchenko VS Philosophy for technical universities. Series "Higher education. - Rostov-on-Don: Publishing house" Phoenix ", 2004. - 640 pp. Xenophon" Memories of Socrates // http: / / www. ancientrome.ru/kcenoph/Socratic/kn01f.h Plato Peir.Dialogue //http://www.knigonosha.net Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1983. - 320 pp. Philosophical Online- dictionary http://www.philosophydic.ru/ http://www.newacropol.ru/Alexadria/philosophy/Philosophs/Plato/short_sokrat/ Sample

We remind you: there are time limits on the social studies exam that affect the writing of an essay. Therefore, it is advisable to consider structureyour mini-essay, which will allow you to express and argue your own point of view.

1. Understanding the statementclear and distinct. You should not repeat this statement word for word. It is important to reveal its main idea in such a way that the context that determines its content and essence becomes obvious.

2. Defining a personal positionaccording to the selected statement: “I agree with this opinion”, “I cannot join this statement”, “This statement contains what I agree with and what seems to me to be controversial.”

3. Main partan essay is a detailed statement of one's own opinion on the problem posed. The following should be presented here:

Judgments (arguments), definition of key social science concepts that help to reveal the topic;

Evidence, i.e. facts and examples that support a judgment, point of view;

Consideration and refutation of counterarguments.

Each thesis must be argued using facts and examples from public life and personal social experience. Arguments are facts, phenomena of social life, events, life situations and life experience, scientific evidence, references to the opinion of scientists, etc. It is better not to overload the work with countless arguments, while of course one must remember that one argument seems unconvincing.

4. Conclusion, briefly summarizing the reflections and reasoning. The conclusion may contain a repetition of the main judgment, opinion; a brief overview of the argumentation for the main finding.

The most critical parts of the job are the introduction and conclusion. The introduction focuses the problems of the essay, raises key questions, points out contradictions, and reveals the social science aspects of the topic. The conclusion should be the brightest thought that summarizes, summarizes the reasoning.

What should be done when working with an essay?

When completing the proposed assignment for writing a mini-essay (essay), you must:

1) analyze the statement, having understood its meaning;

2) identify the key thesis and determine your position in relation to it.

3) determine what theoretical concepts, terms, scientific theories will help to reveal the essence of the thesis and one's own position;

4) formulate the thoughts and ideas that have arisen and formalize them in writing;

5) analyze the content of what was written, check the style and literacy, compositional structure, consistency and consistency of presentation.

The main approaches to writing an essay can be presented in the following constructor:

Criterion	Phrases to use in essays
K1 Understanding the meaning of the statement	The meaning of this statement is that ...
It's good to add confirmation of the relevance of the raised issue
K2 Formulation of own position (with explanation!)	You can only agree with the first part of the statement, after all… On the one hand, we can agree with the author, as…
K3 Multidimensional analysis of statements (1 point)	The statement can be analyzed from different angles ... Let's consider the statement in different aspects ... This statement is multidimensional: on the one hand ... The statement can be viewed in two senses ... Both direct and figurative meaning can be distinguished in the statement ... The statement can be analyzed both in a broad and in a narrow sense ... This statement is ambiguous. It can be interpreted as ...
K3 Theoretical level of argumentation (1 point)	Let's consider the statement from the point of view of economic (political, sociological ...) theory ... Let's turn to the theoretical meaning of the statement ... In economic (...) theory, this statement has its grounds ... This statement has a deep theoretical basis ... To substantiate this statement from a theoretical standpoint ...
K3 Empirical level of argumentation: A) reliance on the facts of public life B) reliance on personal experience (1 point)	A) Let's give examples from public life, confirming my idea ... Let's look at examples from history ... What the facts of social life tell us ... Numerous examples from public life refute the author's thought ... Many examples from our life confirm the author's thought ... I can confirm my thought with examples from my own life ... My personal experience and the experience of my parents suggest otherwise ...
It's good to end the essay with a conclusion.