Rules for writing non-union complex sentences. Dash in a non-union compound sentence

Quite often the question arises which punctuation mark is better to use between parts of a complex non-union sentence - a full stop, a colon, or, without further ado, limit it to a comma. And there are many rules on this subject, and it would be good to keep them all in memory if you often deal with writing complex sentences.

Let's start with a dash.

A dash in a non-union complex sentence that splits into two parts is placed in the following cases.

1. If the second part contains an indication of a quick change of events (between both parts you can insert a union and ).

Examples.

Ivan Ivanovich went to the gate, rattled the latch– a dog barking rose from within (N. Gogol).

Suddenly the closet door swung open quickly– all the servants immediately rolled head over heels down the stairs (I. Turgenev).

Ignat pulled the trigger– the gun misfired(A. Chekhov).

A ray of sun will fall on the grass– (M. Gorky).

The blizzard was already very close to the fire– suddenly a horse neigh rang out in the darkness (A. Fadeev).

Another shot– the coachman dropped the reins and quietly slid under the wheels (V. Shukshin).

2. If the second part expresses opposition in relation to the content of the first part (you can insert a union between the parts but or and ).

Examples.

It's been a week, a month– he did not return to his home (A. Pushkin).

Until ten o'clock we dived through the reeds and through the forest– no beast (M. Lermontov).

He painfully ran his eyes across the ceiling, wanted to get off the spot, run– legs did not obey (I. Goncharov).

At that time, you already meet in France a class of people who, with a general loss, gains: the nobility is deprived of rights– they aggravate theirs; people are dying of hunger– they are fed, the people are arming and going to smash the enemies– they profitably supply cloth, food (A. Herzen).

Summer heat was burning in the yard– the house was cool and the peaceful smell of naphthalene mixed with coolness (I. Bunin).

In Andersen's tales, not only flowers, winds, trees are speechless– the home world of things and toys comes to life in them (M. Paustovsky).

The brave win– the cowardly perish (proverb).

3. If the second part contains a consequence or conclusion from what is said in the first part (between parts you can insert words therefore, then ).

Examples.

I'm dying– I have nothing to lie to (I. Turgenev).

There was no way to go unnoticed– he went out openly, as if walking into the yard, and darted into the garden (A. Fadeev).

Note. In the works of classic writers, and occasionally in modern fiction, instead of a dash, in this case, a colon is found.

Examples.

There was nothing to do : Marya Ivanovna got into the carriage and went to the palace ... (A. Pushkin).

We were driving behind : nobody saw (M. Lermontov).

Light rain sows in the morning : impossible to get out (I. Turgenev).

Volodin's horse was limping : dad ordered to saddle for him a hunting (L. Tolstoy).

Worries, griefs, failures tormented the poor priest to the extreme : he became distrustful, bitter ... (F. Dostoevsky).

4. If the first part indicates the time of the performance of the action referred to in the second part when )

Examples.

Drove here– the rye was beginning to turn yellow. Now I'm leaving back– people eat this rye (M. Prishvin).

The weathered face is on fire, and you close your eyes– the whole earth will float under your feet (I. Bunin).

Ahead made his way ahead, gave the command with a careful movement of his hand: raise his hand above his head– all at once stopped and froze; stretches his arm to the side with an inclination to the ground– all at the same second quickly and noiselessly lay down; wave his hand forward– everyone moved forward; show back– everyone slowly backed away (V. Kataev).

Arable land is plowed– don't wave their hands (proverb).

5. If the first part denotes the condition for the performance of the action referred to in the second part (at the beginning of the first part, you can add a union if, when in meaning "if".

Examples.

It will rain– there will be fungi; there will be fungi– there will be a body (A. Pushkin).

What will be needed– tell Pavel or Tatiana (I. Turgenev).

Lost you completely– we won't cry for you (A. Chekhov).

A ray of sun will fall on the grass– the grass will burst into emerald and pearls (M. Gorky).

Like to draw – draw for health, no one forbids (V. Panova).

This rule is very relevant for proverbs:

He called himself a load– climb into the back.
Do you like to ride– love to carry sleds.
Let the fire go– will not extinguish.
Took up the tug– do not say you are not hefty.
To be afraid of wolves– do not go to the forest.
The forest is cut– chips fly.
You will regret the mark– give back the strap.
To be afraid of death– not to live in the world.

6. If the second part contains a comparison with what is said in the first part (before the second part, you can add unions like, like ).

Examples.

Says the word– nightingale sings (M. Lermontov).

... will look– will give (N. Nekrasov).

7. If the second part (often an incomplete sentence) has an explanatory meaning (before it you can insert the union what), and the first part does not contain an intonation warning about the subsequent presentation of any fact.

Examples.

The sheep says– she slept all night (I. Krylov).

The silence was so complete and gloomy, and the sky was so stuffy that the boy felt– hear at least one sharp sound– and something terrible will happen in nature: tornado, hurricane, earthquake (V. Kataev).

Yesterday at the neighboring winter hut they told– man's bear lifted up (A. Arbuzov).

8. If the second part is an adjoining sentence and you can insert the word before it this is, which may be in the sentence itself.

Examples.

Not a single image on the wall– bad sign (M. Lermontov).

Inga was excited, Levshin watched her too closely– this is caught Klebe's eyes (K. Fedin).

The second part can begin with pronouns so, so, so, eg: Crooked streets, small wooden houses– such was Moscow at the beginning of the century.

The Russian intelligentsia grew and developed in conditions of absolutely brutal , – this is undeniable (M. Gorky).

If you find it disgusting, boring to write, do not write , – this is it will still turn out badly, fake (A. N. Tolstoy).

The wide entrance was completely empty , - this is seemed strange to me (V. Kaverin).

9. Dash in complex sentences.

With intonation underlining, explanatory subordinate clauses, less often conditional and concessive ones, standing in front of the main sentence, can be separated from it not by a comma, but by a dash.

Examples.

Who will ask about what– be quiet ... (A. Pushkin).

How did he get here– he could not understand this in any way(N. Gogol).

That she is honest nature– it's clear to me ... (I. Turgenev).

Let them tyrannize as they want, let them at least remove the skin from the living– I will not give up my will(M. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

Will I look into the distance, will I look at you– and some kind of light will light up in my heart (A. Fet).

Who is cheerful– he laughs who wants– he will achieve who seeks– he will always find! (V. Lebedev-Kumach)

Some books were sent to me, but which ones– I do not know.

Unionless compound sentence - one of the two main structural types of a complex sentence in the Russian language, which is distinguished by a formal criterion.

Asyndeton - this is not just the absence of a union, it is the mobilization of other means of communication of predicative parts: intonation, the ratio of species-temporal verb forms, lexical indicators, etc. This is the use of the structure of a simple sentence as a structural element in a complex one.

For example:

The rod bent into an arc, the line whistled into the input(Paust.) - the connection of the predicative parts and the expression of the relations between them is carried out through the intonation of the enumeration, the ratio of the species-temporal forms (sequence), as well as the parallel structure of the parts.

The task:

Compare:

Grass grows over the graves- pain is overgrowing(Ш.) - juxtaposition relations are conveyed by intonation (the dash sign indicates its structure), parallel structure of parts and lexical repetition (the verb overgrownused in different meanings, but in the same form)

A unionless complex sentence is characterized by its own structural qualities: expressions of various types of relations by various indicators, the number of parts, the openness / closeness of the structure; clear punctuation is very important.

Equivalence relations are passed as an enumeration.

For instance:

The woodpecker knocked on the tree, pecked the thrush on the mountain ash(Prishv.);

FROM the roofs were leaking, the sound of drops did not let you sleep(Paust.)

or matching: Anxious autumn night sometimes- the dawn is even more disturbing and noisier(B.)

When listed, the structure is open, the number of predicative parts is not limited; relations are formed using intonation (a uniform increase in tone towards the end of each part, the same position of the phrasal stress), the ratio of verb forms, the parallel structure of the parts. In writing, commas are used.

For instance:

It was raining, snow was falling, frost crackled, a blizzard was howling and whistling(M.G.);

The dawns became foggy, the mornings are brooding, the days are anxiously sensitive, the gloomy nights(Bump.);

Icicles were dripping from the roof, silvering, traces of water that had once flowed black on the cornice(Sh.);

The smoke of a blizzard turned blue in the courtyard, snowdrifts poured above the roof, blocked up the gate and the gate(B.)

When enumerating, the meaning of similarity is supported by the same type of structure of the predicative parts.

For instance:

Thick dew lay on the crumpled grass, heavy drops fell from the lime leaves(A. T.);

The gates are tightly locked, the evening is black, the wind is quiet(Ahm.)

As in a compound sentence with enumeration relations, when using perfect verbs, shades of result, effect can be added to the meaning of the sequence of actions, events.

For instance:

The clouds began to take down, the moon appeared(A. T.);

AND the sky cleared from the sunset, the sun came out(Shuksh.)

When matched, the structure is closed (two parts). The central intonation component of opposition is the large pitch difference between the parts. Comparison relationships are reinforced by the use of antonymous vocabulary or affirmation / denial contrast. The main punctuation mark on the letter is a dash.

For instance:

Summer heat was burning in the yard- it was cool in the house(B.);

But now there is no house, no boy, no cat- plant stands in a field(Hyde.);

Half of the yard is in the shade, half is illuminated(B.);

My soul is killed- left to kill the body(Acute);

Everything around quickly turned black and subsided- some quails screamed occasionally(T.)

Inequality relations are manifested in the fact that one part of the sentence explains the other in one way or another; closed structure (two parts). The most characteristic relationships are explanatory, conditional, causal.

The explanation affects the semantics of the first part of the sentence as a whole or individual words (verbs, pronouns); relationships are conveyed by a special, "warning" intonation. In writing, the main punctuation mark is the colon.

For instance:

So, you were not mistaken: three treasures in this life were to me, joy(P.);

Each blockhouse was sitting separately, by itself: neither the fence around nor the gate was noticed(T.);

The room was cramped and strange: it looked like an antique dealer's pantry(Paust.);

Labor has been divided since ancient times: soldiers surrender cities, generals take them(Tv.)

Conditional relationships are expressed by intonation: the contrast of parts of the sentence in pitch (a very high melodic peak in the first part). The main punctuation mark on the letter is a dash.

For instance:

Go ahead- hair do not regret(Last)

Causal relationships (base - in the second part of the sentence) are based on intonation (similar to explanatory). In writing, the main punctuation mark is a colon, possibly a dash.

For instance:

Only during the day was it quiet in the garden: restless birds flew south(Paust.);

It's better not to go fishing with an envious person- he still won't peck(Paust.);

But I went to this room rarely and reluctantly: for some reason, my breath was stifling there.(T.);

Only one Stepan Astakhov did not cry- there was no one(Sh.)

A special type of relationship is connecting; they are characterized by being extra; parts of a sentence are autonomous, have complete semantics and structure. In the system of non-union complex sentences, this type of sentences occupies a special place - as it were, intermediate between similar and non-similar ones. As a rule, they do not allow the "insertion" of either a compositional or a subordinate union. The punctuation of these sentences is determined by two rules: the semicolon emphasizes the independence, autonomy of the first part, and the colon - incompleteness, the need for the development of the message.

For instance:

Wartime dragged on for a long time; it seemed there would be no end to him(Paust.);

Litvinov entered his room: the letter on the table caught his eye(T.)

How to explain the placement of commas and colons in writing and how to determine their location? Every educated person should know the answers to such questions, which is why so much time is devoted to this topic in the learning process. For the correct placement in writing, one of the main topics in the school curriculum for the Russian language is union and non-union sentences.

What is a union?

In order to understand this topic, first you need to familiarize yourself with the definition of such a part of speech as union. This is an official part used to connect words in separate phrases, as well as several grammatical foundations of the Union, like prepositions, does not answer questions, does not denote an object, its action or sign, and if this part of speech is used to connect words or then it is called allied. If this connection is transmitted only with the help of intonation and meaning, then we are faced with non-union sentences. Examples of this semantic dependence can be found in any utterance. Both the one and the other connection in the letter is highlighted by certain punctuation marks, depending on the arrangement of the parts of the sentence.

Varieties and classification

By their structure, unions are of several types.

• Compound - consisting of two or more words. For example: because, in order to, because how.
• Simple - consisting of one word. For example: a, and, but, however.
• Derivatives - which were formed on the basis of other parts of speech. For example: also, where, which.
• Single or non-repeating unions. They can only be used once per sentence.
• Paired or double - having pairs. For example: if ... then, because ... how.

It should be noted that the same union in structure can refer to several points at once. For example: “and” is simple, non-derivative and single.

According to the method of connection of parts of the sentence or its homogeneous members, unions are divided into subordinate and compositional. These two groups, in turn, are divided into several varieties.

• connecting, serving for semantic communication when listing (yes, and, not only ... but others);
• used to contrast the qualities and attributes of an object;
• dividing - serve solely to dilute the text, breaking up a number of enumerations.

The second group is subordinate conjunctions, which are used to connect words and parts of complex sentences.

• Explanatory, expressive explanations. These include the words: what, so that, as if.
• Contingencies linking complex combinations of a sentence with an indication of place, time, purpose, effect, condition, concession, comparison and reason. These include such unions: where, from where, to, so that, as if, although, despite.

What are non-union proposals?

Examples of non-union communication between several in the Russian language are very common. The essence of such combinations lies in its name. In other words, alliances in conversation are replaced with intonation, and in writing they are separated by the same punctuation marks as when using them. It should be noted that a complex sentence is called only when it has several grammatical bases. A unionless sentence with a comma looks something like this:

• The sun was setting over the horizon, the wind rose. - Such a connection is separated by a pause when reading, and by a comma in writing.

The same sentence can be written using the union:

• The sun was setting below the horizon and the wind rose. - In this example, the conjunction "and" is used to link two grammatical bases.

In addition to the comma, parts of the sentence can be separated by a semicolon and a dash.

Punctuation and communication options in a sentence

How to determine which ones should be used when writing them? First, you need to figure out what is the semantic connection between all the grammatical foundations, which makes the statement a single whole.

In conversation, an intonation connection is usually used, which is divided into three types.

• Enumeration. For instance: It was raining, the wet asphalt darkened, and a delicate scent emanated from the wet dust.
• Contrast. For instance: If it will rain, there will be mushrooms.
• Explanation. For instance: I say definitely: you have talent.

It is on the basis of the intonation of the statement that it is very often easy to determine what the author wants to express, and, accordingly, write down all the words with the correct punctuation marks.

Comma and non-union sentences

Examples of sentences with a non-union connection using a comma can be found in almost any text. As already mentioned, this punctuation mark is used in writing complex sentences with several grammatical bases, which are closely related in meaning and sound like an enumeration. That is, when there is a connecting connection between all the foundations, where the relationship between them is built in such a way that the union "and" would harmoniously fit between them. In this case, grammatical bases with all parts of speech attached to them are highlighted with commas. In conversation, they are distinguished by intonation with notes of enumeration and pauses.

When to use a semicolon?

As a rule, the objects of writing semicolons are sentences with a non-union connection. This sign is often found in literary works and is used in several cases:

• When there is no close semantic connection between the parts of the sentence. Or they are diluted with a large number of other terms with a comma between them.
• In the event that a complex non-union sentence has several groups that are distant from each other in meaning.
• When both semantic and allied connection is observed in the sentence. In this case, a semicolon is placed on the border of the parts, and only a comma in front of the union.

Colon in sentences

Very often, to convey the intonation of a statement in writing with a certain dependence of its parts, non-union sentences are used. Examples of the use of a colon in such cases are quite common, and this sign should be put in such cases:

• The second part reveals or explains the meaning of the first, and both the one and the other can consist of several grammatical bases. As a rule, between them it is easy to substitute the union "namely".
• The first part contains a verb that warns about the subsequent description or statement of the fact. In this case, the union “what” can be easily inserted between the parts.
• If the second part indicates the reason or the basis for the action described in the first part. It is easy to supplement such a connection with the unions "as", "as", "because".
• In the case when the second part is a direct question.

When to dash

The main object of writing a dash is non-union sentences. Examples of its setting in complex sentences show that this sign is used in several cases:

• When the second part unexpectedly joins the first, where the dash is easy to replace with the conjunction "and". In this case, it is very important not to confuse a close semantic connection with an unexpected turn of the statement.
• When there is an opposition of one grammatical basis of a complex sentence to another, where it is easy to substitute the conjunction "but" or "a".
• If the second part of the sentence is a consequence of the first or a conclusion proceeding from the first part. This connection can be easily verified by substituting the conjunctions "therefore" and "then" in the sentence.
• In the case of specifying the time, condition or comparison of an ongoing event described in the second part of a complex sentence.
• If between the grammatical bases you can put the word "this".

The use makes it possible to convey semantic and intonational connections in writing. And also allows you to focus on the dependence of simple grammatical foundations, combined into a complex or subordinate non-union sentence. It is such signs as comma, semicolon, dash and colon that allow you to write down and then correctly read the emotions expressed by the author.

Unionless proposal is a kind of complex sentence in which the connection between predicative parts is expressed without the participation of conjunctions or union words. Communication in a non-union sentence is carried out using punctuation marks, intonation and meaning, which depends on the context.

The teacher fell ill, the lecture was postponed until tomorrow.

This sentence has the meaning of a sequence of actions.

The lecture was postponed until tomorrow: the teacher fell ill.

Explanation.

The teacher fell ill - the lecture was postponed until tomorrow.

Causal relationship between sentences.

For ease of use, it is customary to use the abbreviation SBP.

Types of complex non-union sentences.

The most widespread classification of types of non-union sentences by lexical meaning. In accordance with this, the following SBPs are distinguished:

- explanatory SBPs:

Something incomprehensible was happening on the street: suddenly an incredible noise was heard.

- SBP with sequence value:

The spring sun peeped out from behind the clouds, quickly warmed up.

- additional UPS:

He decided to go to work: he had to go out instead of a sick partner.

- SBP with condition value:

When I come back home, I’ll drive everyone out.

- UPS with reason value:

There was a noise of the opening door: Vika returned from school.

- SBP with time value:

The sun rose - the birds chirped merrily.

- SBP with matching value:

Business is time - fun is an hour.

- SBP with the meaning of the consequence:

The TV is broken: a power surge has occurred.

Scheme for parsing a complex non-union sentence.

1. Type of proposal (Complex non-union proposal).

2. The number of predicative parts in the SBP (Two, three or more. Select grammatical bases).

3. The type of semantic connection between parts of a complex non-union sentence.

4. Explain the setting of the chosen sign in the sentence.

5. Draw a diagram of the UPS.

A generalizing word for homogeneous members of a sentence. A generalizing word is a word that is general in relation to homogeneous members of a sentence. Homogeneous members of the sentence clarify, concretize the generalizing word. A generalizing word can be attributive pronouns and adverbs (everything, always, everywhere, everywhere), as well as other members of the sentence and whole phrases. Generalizing words are the same member of the sentence as homogeneous members. Depending on the position, there are three types of structures (with examples): ... generalizing words (OS): Ο, Ο, Ο. Arbuzov liked everything about him: his cheerful character, generosity, refined delicacy. Ο, Ο, Ο - wasps ... Cheerful character, generosity, refined delicacy - everything about him pleased Arbuzov. os: Ο, Ο, Ο -… Everything: cheerful character, generosity, refined delicacy - Arbuzov liked him.

Unionless complex sentence. Parts of a non-union complex sentence are connected only with the help of intonation. There is NO UNION between grammatical bases. A semicolon, colon, dash can be used between parts of a non-union sentence.

The most common classification of non-union complex sentences is the classification by meaning.

BSP with sequence value:

A strong and harsh wind blew, the sky was overcast.

BSP with the meaning of the explanation:

Something incomprehensible is happening to me: I am anxious for no reason.

In such sentences, the union can be mentally substituted viz. The second sentence clarifies the first.

BSP with complement value:

I went into the house: it was clean and cool.

The second sentence complements the first by providing additional information.

BSP with reason value:

I took offense at him: he was guilty in front of me.

The second sentence gives the reason for the first. From the first sentence, one can ask why?

BSP with condition value:

If I want, everything will be my way.

The first clause contains the condition that the union can be substituted if.

BSP with the meaning of the investigation:

Freezing rain has passed - so many trees have been broken.

The second sentence contains a consequence of the events referred to in the first part. Unions can be added to the second sentence because of what or so.

BSP with time value:

The rain stopped - the children ran into the street.

In the first sentence, the union can be substituted when.

BSP with matching value:

Business is time - fun is an hour.

The union a can be substituted in the second sentence.

Examples of BSP schemes:

[…], […] Is a non-union complex sentence, for example:

Towards evening it got warmer / frogs croaking in the garden.

[…] - […] is a non-union complex sentence, for example:

I went up to the third floor and went to the door - / suddenly a desperate dog barking was heard from behind it.

[…]: […] Is a non-union complex sentence, for example:

Hearing the noise, I lowered my eyes: / a hedgehog ran right in front of me.

The task.

Closer to sunset, the frost stealthily returned: at night it was still the lord.

1) The generalizing word stands before the homogeneous members of the sentence.

2) The second part of the sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first. 3) The first part of the non-union sentence indicates the condition of what is said in the second part.

We find the grammatical basis: the frost was returning and he was the lord. The colon is between parts of a complex sentence. Answer option number 1. This option is omitted, since it characterizes the relationship between the generalizing word and homogeneous members of the sentence. Answer option number 2. The meaning of the reason is transmitted through the union why. We rework the sentence: Towards sunset, the frost stealthily returned, because at night he was still the lord. Union really fits. Answer options 3 and 4. They characterize a non-union sentence in which a dash is used between grammatical stems. Thus, the correct answer is # 2.

How to explain the use of the colon in this sentence?

Marina Tsvetaeva's legacy is great: the poetess has written seventeen poems, eight poetic dramas, memoir, historical-literary and philosophical-critical prose.

1) The first part of a non-union complex sentence indicates the condition of what is said in the second part.

2) The second part of the non-union complex sentence explains, reveals the content of the first part.

How to explain the use of the colon in this sentence? A special stage in the fate of Kazemir Malevich was 1905: on August 5 of this year, he applied for admission to the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture.

1) The second part of the non-union complex sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first part.

3) The second part of the non-union complex sentence contains an indication of the rapid change of events.

4) The first part of the non-union complex sentence indicates the condition of what is said in the second part.

How to explain the use of the colon in this sentence?

In the 20th and 21st centuries, Korean cities built in mountainous areas no longer followed the Chinese scheme: their streets were not straight, and the ensembles of palaces and temples, watch towers and fortifications fit into the surrounding landscape, making up a single whole with it.

1) The second part of the non-union complex sentence explains, reveals the content of the first part.

3) The generalizing word stands before the homogeneous members of the sentence.

4) The first part of the non-union complex sentence indicates the time of the accomplishment of what is said in the second part.