Natural linen - history and properties of fabric. Flax in the Russian tradition
A brief history of flax
Fragments of linen yarn and fibers, some of which were dyed, are considered the first known textile product, found by archaeologists in September 2009 in a mountain cave in Georgia. The age of the find is 36,000 BC. e.
In ancient Egypt, during the era of the pharaohs (3000 BC), flax played a key economic role. A variety of textiles were made from it, including fine linen - the thinnest, almost transparent, but at the same time durable white linen fabric for clothing, which provided comfort in the heat and was pleasant to wear.
Linen was massively used to wrap the body during burial and to "accompany" the soul of the deceased into eternity.
The next triumph of flax was the Phoenicians (12th-8th century BC) - great navigators and the first exporters of linen fabrics and linen. They bought flax from Egypt and transported it to Greece, Rome, Brittany, England, Ireland and Spain. Canals dug along the Nile to the Red Sea around 1700 BC e., made it possible to establish a new fine linen transport route: by ships from Tire to India, and then to China.
Julius Caesar, having defeated and conquered the Gauls (50 BC), was amazed at the high-quality linen fabrics produced in Flanders (a historical region on the territory of modern Belgium and France) The population of this country called itself "Bel" ch ", which in Celtic language meant “linen.” And the priests - Druids, who wore white linen linen, were also called “Belek.” In this connection, Julius Caesar began to call the inhabitants of Flanders “Belgi”.
Charlemagne in 789 (8th century AD) gave impetus to the production of bedding by issuing a special decree. His Capitulaires (the first book of laws that are grouped by chapter) states that every family in France must have the equipment needed to make linen fabrics.
William the Conqueror (1027-1087), Duke of Normandy, claimed the English crown in 1066 (11th century AD). His wife, Queen Matilda, embroiders the epic account of this event on the famous tapestry from Bayeux: a 70-meter canvas from which one can judge what life was like at that time.
In the early 13th century A.D. A weaver named Baptiste, from a village near Cambrai (France), is perfecting the technique of weaving linen. The fabric is successful and begins to be exported to Flanders, Holland, Italy, Spain and England. Linen fabric of cambric weave, or cambric, became the "fabric of kings" and was used to make handkerchiefs, table and underwear ...
During the time of Louis XIV, special attention was paid to the cut and decoration of clothing. At this time, exquisitely embroidered and lace trimming of day or night underwear, which is visible from under the top dress, comes into fashion. The appearance of the word "linge", or linen, meaning "thin linen undershirt", also dates back to this time.
Unfortunately, the 17th century A.D. marked by a sad event. The repeal of the Edict of Nantes (1685) forced 6,000 Protestant weavers and lacemakers to leave France for Holland, Switzerland, Germany, England and Ireland.
In the 18th century, during the reign of Louis XVI (1754-1793), the crinoline appeared. It was necessary to lift skirts and give the wearer of this product fullness and stoutness (these features testified to the health and ability to give birth to an heir). Crinoline was made from horsehair and flax.
Linen is also added to velvet to increase the strength of the fabric. It is thanks to the presence of linen threads that so many velvet clothes, furniture, table and other linen from this period have been preserved in good condition to this day.
Until now, one of the most expensive fabrics - brocade is made by hand. But in 1806, the French Weaver from Lyon, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, created a machine that automatically lifts the threads during weaving and produces an analog of brocade. So with the beginning of the industrial revolution in the 19th century, jacquard fabric appeared.
Napoleon I, in order to stimulate the development of the French linen textile industry, offered a reward of one million francs in gold to the inventor of the flax spinning machine. The decree was published in the newspaper Gazeta.
Two months later, Philippe de Girard came up with a solution, and on June 12, 1810, applied for a patent. He was so confident that he would win the award that he borrowed money and built two textile factories in Paris in 1811. Unfortunately, as a result of the fall of the empire and the change of the regime, he became bankrupt and went to prison for debts.
In the 20th century, 90% of European linen fabrics were destined for the textile market (60% for clothing, 15% for bedding, 15% for furniture and interior design).
Currently (21st century), due to technical capabilities, 10% of flax is used in ECO-construction (in the form of chipboard, building blocks, sound and heat insulation materials) and in the production of composite materials used in the manufacture of window frames (for resistance and insulation ), sports equipment and equipment (mountain bikes, helmets, skis, sketboards, snowboards, tennis rackets that absorb vibration), cars (rear-view mirrors and door mounts - for lightness and rigidity), stationery, medical supplies.
The unique properties of flax have made it one of the most popular crops. It will be about fiber flax and the creation of fabric from it. Almost 30% of the stem is fiber, which is valued by needlewomen of all times and peoples.
Russia loved linen. Depending on the dressing, it could be used for the finest clothing of the upper classes, and for the manufacture of sails. The flax plantations were so large that in 907 they were able to equip the two thousandth armada of Prophetic Oleg. Due to the many trade routes, it was possible to sell flax abroad, as a result, more and more of it was planted. A brief historical footnote will allow you to verify this:
- XIII century: chronicles and letters have preserved information about the expansion of the cultivated areas for flax;
- XVI century: the first factory production of ropes was launched; in the same century, through Narva and Arkhangelsk, they began to export products for the Western European consumer;
- XVII century: supplies of flax abroad reach such a significant scale that a monopoly on the export of flax products is introduced in the country;
- 18th century: a royal decree is issued ordering an increase in the number of factories. Fiber and threads exported to Western Europe are becoming one of the main financial flows directed to the treasury.
The cuckoo has baked - it's time to sow flax
Sowing was carried out from the second half of May to early June, when the earth was warmed up and generously watered with spring rains. At this time, omens, beliefs and rituals were given due. What are the only eggs in the seeder, which were placed on the seeds, ostensibly for the greater whiteness of future fibers? And moreover, they certainly had to be eaten without leaving the field when the seeder was empty. And so that the fiber flax pleases with long and strong fibers, before eating the eggs were thrown up as far as they could, and they said: "Grow, flax, higher than the standing forest!" Considering the scale of production, the rite apparently worked.Flax did not require super-complicated care: it was enough to weed. But at the same time, if you imagine hectares of blue flowers generously flavored with weeds, then the prospect is not the most rosy. I don't think that men took an active part in this process, so we can only envy the endurance of our women.
The beginning of September gave a start to the harvest. The process was called "pulling": the light yellow stems were pulled out from the roots and tied into small sheaves with a diameter of 20-30 cm. The harvest time played a very important role: if you overexpose the flax or remove it ahead of time, then the quality of the fiber was not the right one, significantly differing for the worse. Leaves were a good measure of maturity: when they began to dry out a little, then it was time to start harvesting. They were pulled out in small bunches, at the same time removing weed residues, tied up and placed in the field. There were several options for arranging for drying, but the most "running" was drying on poles, hanging, or in parallel rows, when the tops of the sheaves of one row rested on the tops of the neighboring one.
At the next stage, seeds were upholstered. This was done right on the field, with special sticks with a thickening at the end - kichigami. Moreover, this was done with an accompanying improvement in the characteristics of the planting material: seeds were taken only from long stems.
Maturing and soaking
A very important process was lying, or lobe. The result should be an easy separation of the fire (hard part) from the soft fibers used in handicrafts; but in different provinces the process took place differently.Take, for example, the Vologda province: there the dried sheaves were spread in the fields. The ideal condition for lying down was the alternation of good weather and rain, and if there was also dew in the morning, then very good.
In the Petrozavodsk district they acted differently. There they chose a reservoir with a quiet current, in which soaking was carried out. Whatever river does not fit - there were secrets:
- peeing in the lake bleached the fibers;
- if the flax was beaten by frost, then the red tint was hidden by soaking in a river with dark water;
- if plants containing tannins grew on the shore, then in such places the flax was not soaked - the fibers acquired unnecessary rigidity;
- did not soak flax next to conifers.
The sheaves were pressed with reliable oppression (poles, twigs, logs), and left to soak.
Both lying down and urinating lasted from a week to a month, depending on the weather. The readiness was checked on a handful of raw materials: a small amount of flax was crumpled and ruffled, checking how the fire was leaving. Before mashing, the soaked flax was rinsed from the putrid odor, squeezed out a little water and hung out in bunches to dry.
If the soaking or lying down due to the weather fell in late autumn, then the sheaves were often dried up in the barn or the bath, seating the sheaves on the poles. High-quality drying was very important: overdried flax turned into tow. The process took 10-12 hours, very rarely a day.
Crumpled, scuffed and scratched
Special devices were used for crushing and scutching. The crush was a log with a longitudinal groove cut out, to one side of which was attached a long wooden knife. The process looked like this: the stalks of flax were put in a groove, and a knife was forcefully lowered onto them, thus grinding the fire. Sometimes the crush alone was not enough, and the procedure was repeated with thinner instruments operating on the same principle. Myalitsa were installed on the street. The process itself took place in cold weather, but, despite this, one woman could process up to two poods of stems a day.The purpose of the scutching was to separate the particles of the fire from the fiber and distribute it. It was possible to simply beat a bundle of fibers on a pole, but more often they took a special ruffle: a knife-shaped plate. Whether it would be heavy or light, it depended on the quality of the flax: strong, healthy fibers required a more weighty flap, and vice versa. The bundle was taken by one end, and the second was beaten with a ruffle. Then the process was repeated with the other end, and finally they turned the bundle inside out and beat the core in the same way. It remained to sort the fibers by quality and color. The remnants of the fire and scraps of fiber were either burned or caulked with them. Thick coarse ropes could be twisted from the rags for bandaging the same flax.
The combing had common features, but in individual provinces the tool and the duration of the process differed:
- - the middle part of Russia: the fiber was combed twice: with a wooden comb and a brush;
- - northeast: three and four times brushing.
The combing was entrusted only to the mother of the family, or to an experienced craftswoman. Depending on the amount, the carding yielded fiber for a variety of purposes, from a coarse row cloth to the finest towel threads. The word "flax" was used to describe only those fibers that remained on the ridge after prolonged repeated combing.
Towards the end of autumn, women showed each other their first frayed linen. The girls especially tried to show off their skills, because their future mother-in-law could be on the "bride".
Spinning and weaving
The spinning season lasted five long months. A spinning wheel decorated with carvings and patterns, often a family treasure or a gift from the groom, as well as a spindle are the companions of the spinning wheel. They spun everything, young and old: young girls had their own lesson - to strain enough for marriage to be enough for sewing a dowry. Hand spinning is a very long and painstaking process: an experienced craftswoman could stretch only 300 m of yarn from morning to night. For 1 sq.m. canvases took up to four days.The spinning wheel itself could be conditionally divided into two parts: the one to which the tow is attached, and the one on which the spinner sat. From the tow, she pulled a thread with her left hand, which she wound on a spindle in her right. And such an L-shaped design of the self-spinning wheel, which appeared in the 19th century, could not be replaced: the quality of the thread was much higher. After spinning, the finished material was sorted: the threads made by small spinners went to the weft, and the thin and strong ones were intended for sewing.
The spun yarns were used for weaving. In the huts, a cross was installed - a weaving machine, which was a U-shaped crossbar, to which the warp threads were attached and subsequently the finished fabric was wound. Another crossbar was installed in the lower part of the frame: its role is the distribution of the warp threads, even at the top, odd at the bottom (and vice versa). The free ends were tied, and a weight was suspended from them to tension the base. The cross was placed at a slight slope so that there was a gap between the threads. The back threads were attached to another crossbar. If it lay on the cross, then there was a natural distance for passing the weft between the threads, and if the weaver pulled it over herself, then an artificial gap was formed, into which the weft was again pulled; in this case, the front threads were pulled back. Using colored thread and alternating colors and weaving techniques, craftswomen created beautiful geometric patterns.
Bleaching and dyeing
If the threads were not dyed, then the canvas turned out to be gray. In this form, it was used only in extreme cases. Bleached canvas was usually used for sewing:- before the weaving of the linen, a thread coiled into balls was whitewashed;
- the finished fabric was bleached in lye for 15 hours and left in the open air for several days, after which it was again boiled in lye and washed.
Fairy tales, stories in pictures, riddles, songs, proverbs, calls about flax. Entertaining about the world around!
In this article you will find:
- Story for children in pictures about the cultivation and processing of flax.
- Video for babies "How the shirt has grown in the field."
- A video about Russian flax cultivation traditions.
- Fairy tale G.Kh. Andersen "Linen".
- Russian folk song about growing flax “We sowed, sowed flax”.
- Calls, riddles, sentences about flax.
- Presentation for classes with children "How the shirt grew in the field: growing flax".
Linen grown for over a thousand years. It takes an entire year for flax to turn into canvas, from harvest to sowing. Linen is used to make not only fabric, but also sacking, ropes, ropes, sails, fishing nets, and healthy linseed oil is made from seeds.
Flax is not easy to grow. There is even a proverb - "Len loves bowing."
Flax was considered a healing plant in Russia. It was flax that was laid for the newlyweds so that no illness would be terrible for them. It was in linen that newborns were taken. Wounds were bandaged with flax. Even now, there is a belief that if flax seeds are sewn into clothes, this will protect them from the evil eye.
What the clothes are made of: how the shirt grew in the field. Materials for lessons with children.
How is flax grown?
How the shirt grew in the field - video for kids.
What are the clothes made of? Ragged, crumpled, ragged (based on the story of A. Ivich). For children 6-10 years old.
1.What is the difference between linen and cotton?
Ask for a linen towel or a piece of canvas at home. Probably there will be. Pull it on and look through the fabric. Almost nothing is visible: the fabric is dense, even, no gaps. And through the cotton fabric, which is made of cotton, you will see all the furniture in the room. There are gaps in the tissue: in some places it is denser, in some places less often.
You know what flax is: a plant, like cotton. It does not grow in the south, but in the north in a temperate climate. Linen is not as capricious as cotton. He doesn't need much sun. He can wait for the rain to fall — he doesn't need to supply water for his morning breakfast.
2.What is bast, or what are the fibers for linen threads made of?
We sowed flax, grew stems with panicles at the top. A thin flax stalk has the same structure as the trunk of a large tree: on top - bark, and under the bark - what? Lub!
Do you know what a bast is? This is the softest and most flexible part of the barrel. Their birch barks make baskets for mushrooms, from the linden bark they used to make bast shoes.
In the flax stem, the bast consists of strong, long and very fine fibers. Threads are spun from these fibers.
3. How are flax seeds harvested?
If you sow bread, everything is clear: the harvest must be removed when the grains, the seeds are ripe. And with flax, you can't wait until the seeds ripen - the fiber will become coarse and the threads from it will turn out to be bad.
But what about without seeds? After all, then next year there will be nothing to sow! And not only for sowing flaxseeds are needed - oil is squeezed out of them.
Here's what they came up with: they harvest flax before the seeds are ripe, and then leave the flax to lie for two weeks in the field. During this time, the seeds will mature and the fiber will not deteriorate.
4.How is flax fiber harvested? What machines help people in their work?
Rye and wheat are cut. And the flax is pulled out of the ground by the roots so that the entire stem is preserved. It is called "Fiddle with flax". Pulling with your hands is a long and difficult job. Now we have machines - flax pickers. Interesting name, isn't it? Why are they called that? Because they help a person - they pull flax!
First, the teamed flax is laid in the field - on "Stlische" (from the word "lay", "lay"). The seeds are ripening. But not only for this they put linen on the table. The fact is that the fibers of the bast are very tightly glued together, and the entire bast is firmly glued to the wood, to the inside of the stem. Therefore, it is not at all easy to get stem fibers. While the flax lies in the field, tiny fungi grow in the stem, which destroy the glue. They soften it. But they cannot remove all the glue.
When the seeds are ripe flax is threshed - grains are knocked out of the panicles. And straw - flax stalks - dipped into the river or again put in the field, under the autumn rains.
Living things - bacteria - grow in wet stems. They are so tiny that they can only be seen under a microscope. These bacteria feed on the glue that holds the fibers together. While the flax gets wet, bacteria “eat” all the glue.
There has already been a lot of work with flax: they fiddled with it, piled it, threshed and soaked it. But that is not all!
Now flax need dry, and after drying, divide the bast into fibers.This is done in the car. It crumples flax. What do you think, what is it called? (Try with your child to come up with different options, praise him for word-creation, and then tell how people agreed to call this machine. It is called a “crush.” Why? Because it crumples flax). Linseed straw is passed between round shafts. The bast is separated from the bark and wood in the crushing machine.
And then the bast is sent to another machine, which will ruffle the flax. Ask the child what such a machine can be called. Yes, it's called a bobber! Very interesting and accurate name! Ruffling linen means knocking out the remnants of wood, glue from the bast and separating the bast into individual fibers. The work of a beater is like knocking dust out of clothes.
Now, the ripped, soaked, dried, crumpled, shabby flax can be sent to the factory.
The factory will spinning flax fibersthat's why such a factory is called ... what do you think, how? Spinning mill, because they spin on it! At a spinning mill, threads will be twisted from fine flax fibers.
Then at a weaving factory, a fabric will be woven from threads. Linen is not only used for clothing fabrics. Linen is very dense, so even sails are made from it!
And then at a sewing factory from fabric will sew beautiful clothes, bed linen, curtains, tablecloths, napkins.
And from short flax fibers, which were not useful for yarn, they will make tow. What is it for tow? They caulk her - plug the cracks.
From the remains of flax stalks, which is called "Bonfire" will make fuel and paper. By the way, the name of the month “October” in some languages \u200b\u200b(for example, Belarusian or Lithuanian) derives from the name “fire”, because October is the time for processing spinning plants. In the Belarusian language, this month is called "kastrychnik".
This is how long it takes linen from the field to the store where we buy beautiful linen items. Therefore, they say that the shirt has grown in the field!
In one of the schools in the Kargopol District of the Arkhangelsk Region, children and teachers have completely restored the entire flax cultivation cycle. You will learn about Russian traditions from this video - TV show "Craft". Be sure to watch her entry. At the end of the video you will see all the tools that were previously used to process flax, see how they work, how people used them.
Video: Growing and processing flax. Russian traditions.
Project in kindergarten "How the shirt grew in the field"
And in one of the kindergartens, the teacher with the children decided to learn from their own experience how flax grows and how a shirt is made from it. You can learn about their research project in this video. Unfortunately, the author of the video did not indicate either the number of the kindergarten, or the city, or the surname, name and patronymic of the teacher.
The whole process of growing flax is very well conveyed in the Russian folk round dance song "We have sowed, sowed flax", which can be learned even with preschool children and which they sing with pleasure.
Songs, poems, riddles, chants and fairy tales about flax.
Russian folk song of the spring ritual cycle "And we sowed, sowed flax"
In a round dance, movements are depicted - sowing and processing of flax.
Initially, in the tradition, only girls performed it, boys did not participate.
- The girls stand in two lines and opposite each other and walk in rows.
- The first two lines of each verse show the movements according to the words of the song (sowing, flying, tearing, etc.).
- On the words "they nailed them with chebots," they tap them with their feet and dance to the words "My white strap."
- On the words of the chorus "My flax, flax" one of the lines goes 4 steps forward to the other line,
- On the words "White linen" this line takes 4 steps back - returns to its place.
- On the words "To the right on the mountain," another line takes 4 steps forward.
- On the words "Left on the steep", this line comes back.
- At the words "Green flax" everyone stands out of place and, as it were, points to the flax with their hands.
You will find an audio recording of this song in our Vkontakte group "Child development from birth to school" (see the section of the group "Community audio recordings").
Already we sowed, sowed flax,
and we, sowing, sentenced
they nailed the chebots:
You succeed, succeed, Lenok,
you succeed, my white kuzh (a) lok,
Chorus. My linen, linen, white linen,
On the right on the mountain, on the left on the steep, my green flax.
And we weeded, weeded flax,
We weeded, we said,
they nailed the chebots:
You succeed, succeed, Lenok,
The chorus is repeated.
So we tore, tore flax,
and we tore, sentenced,
they nailed the chebots:
You succeed, succeed, Lenok,
you succeed, my white strap,The chorus is repeated.
And we laid, laid linen,
and we laid down, sentenced,
they nailed the chebots:
You succeed, succeed, Lenok,
you succeed, my white strap,The chorus is repeated.
And we soaked, soaked the flax,
and we soaked, sentenced,
they nailed the chebots:
You succeed, succeed, Lenok,
you succeed, my white strap,The chorus is repeated.
We dried, dried flax,
and we dried, sentenced,
they nailed the chebots:
You succeed, succeed, Lenok,
you succeed, my white strap,The chorus is repeated.
And we crumpled, crumpled flax,
and we crumpled, sentenced,
they nailed the chebots:
You succeed, succeed, Lenok,
you succeed, my white strap,The chorus is repeated: "My flax, flax", etc.
And we ruffled, ruffled flax,
and we ruffled, sentenced,
they nailed the chebots:
You succeed, succeed, Lenok,
you succeed, my white strap,Chorus.
And we scratched, scratched flax,
and we scratched, sentenced,
they nailed the chebots:
You succeed, succeed, Lenok,
you succeed, my white strap,Chorus.
And we spun, spun flax,
and we spun, sentenced,
they nailed the chebots:
You succeed, succeed, Lenok,
you succeed, my white strap,Chorus.
And we weaved, weaved linen,
and we weaved, sentenced,
they nailed the chebots:
You are running, running, lenok,
you are worn, my white strap,The chorus is repeated.
And we sewed, we sewed lenok.
And we sewed, sentenced,
They nailed the chebots.
That's a success, a success, Lenok!
Here is my white strap.Chorus.
KD Ushinsky "How the shirt grew in the field" (text from the book "Native Word")
Tanya saw how her father scattered small shiny grains across the field in handfuls, and asked: "What are you, daddy, doing?" - "And here I am sowing lenok, daughter: the shirt will grow for you and Vasyutka."
Tanya thought: she had never seen shirts grow in the field.
Two weeks later, a strip of green silky grass was covered, and Tanya thought: "It would be good if I had such a shirt!" Once or twice Tanya's mother and sisters came to weed a strip and each time they said to the girl: "You will have a nice shirt!"A few more weeks passed: the grass on the strip rose, and blue flowers appeared on it. "Brother Vasya has such eyes," thought Tanya, "but I have never seen such shirts on anyone."
When the flowers fell off, green heads appeared in their place. When the heads became brown and dry, Tanya's mother and sisters pulled out all the flax by the roots, imposed sheaves and put them on the field to dry.
When the flax dried out, they began to cut off its heads; and then they sunk the headless beams in the river and piled them with a stone on top so that they would not float.
Tanya watched sadly as her shirt was drowned; and the sisters here again told her: "Nice, Tanya, you will have a shirt!"About two weeks later, they took out the flax from the river, dried it and began to beat it first with a board in the threshing floor, then ruffled it in the yard, so that a boon flew from the poor flax in all directions.
Having frayed, they began to scratch the flax with an iron comb until it became soft and silky. "You will have a nice shirt!" - Tanya's sisters again said. But Tanya thought: “Where is the shirt? It looks like Vasya's hair, not a shirt. "
Long winter evenings came. Tanya's sisters put linen on the combs and began to spin threads from it. “These are threads! - Tanya thinks. - And where is the shirt? "
Winter, spring and summer have passed, autumn has come. My father installed a cross in the hut, pulled the warp over them and began to weave. The shuttle quickly ran between the threads, and then Tanya herself saw the canvas coming out of the threads.When the canvas was ready, they began to freeze it in the cold, spread it over the snow; and in the spring they spread it on the grass in the sun and sprinkled it with water. The canvas turned from gray to white like boiling water.
Winter has come again. Mother cut shirts out of canvas; the sisters began to sew shirts and for Christmas they put on Tanya and Vasya new shirts, white as snow.
Linen. The tale of G. H. Andersen
Flax bloomed with wonderful blue flowers, soft and tender, like the wings of moths, even more tender! The sun caressed him, the rain watered him, and it was just as useful and pleasant for flax as for small children, when the mother first washed them and then kissed them, the children look prettier from this, and the flax became prettier.
- Everyone says that I was ugly! - said flax. - They say that I will still stretch, and then a great piece of canvas will come out of me! Oh, how happy I am! Indeed, I am the happiest of all! It's so nice that I will be useful for something! The sun makes me laugh and revives, the rain nourishes and refreshes! Oh, I'm so happy, so happy! I am the happiest of all!
- Yes Yes Yes! - said the stakes of the fence, - You don't know the world yet, but we know so - see how knotty we are! And they creaked piteously:
You won't have time to look back
How the end of the song!- It's not the end! - said flax. - And tomorrow the sun will be warming again, it will rain again! I feel like I'm growing and blooming! I am happier than anyone in the world!
But once people came, grabbed the flax by the top of the head and pulled it out by the roots. It hurt! Then they put him in water, as if they were going to drown him, and after that they held him over the fire, as if they wanted to fry him. What a horror!
- We do not live forever for our pleasure! - said flax. - We have to be patient. But you'll get smarter!
But flax was doing very badly. Something they did not do with him: they crumpled, and squeezed, and ruffled, and scratched - but you just can't remember everything! Finally, he found himself on a spinning wheel. Lzhzh! At this point, against my will, all my thoughts went wild!
“I've been incredibly happy for so long! - he thought during these torments. - Well, we must be grateful for the good that fell to our lot! Yes, we must, we must! .. 0x! "
And he repeated the same, even when he got to the loom. But at last a large piece of magnificent canvas came out of it. All the flax, down to the last stalk, went to this piece.
- But this is incomparable! I never thought, I never wondered! How lucky I am, however! And the stakes kept repeating: "You won't have time to look around, the song is over!" They understood a lot, there is nothing to say! The song is not at all the end! It is only now beginning. Here is happiness! Yes, if I had to suffer a little, but now something came out of me. No, I'm happier than anyone in the world! How strong, soft, white and long I am now! This is probably better than just growing or even blooming in the field! No one looked after me there, I could only see the water in the rain, and now a servant was assigned to me, every morning they turn me on the other side, every evening they pour it from a watering can! The pastor herself kept a speech over me and said that there was no better piece in the whole neighborhood! Well, can you be happier than me!
The canvas was taken into the house, and it fell under the scissors. Well. he got it! He was cut, and cut, and pricked with needles - yes, yes! This is not to say that it was pleasant! But twelve pairs came out of the canvas ... of such toilet accessories that are not customarily named in society, but which everyone needs. As many as twelve pairs!
- So that's when something came out of me! That was my purpose! Why, this is just grace! Now I also bring benefit to the world, and this is the whole point, this is the whole joy of life! We are twelve pairs, but still we are one whole, we are a dozen! That's so happiness!
Years passed and the linen was worn out.
- Everything in the world comes to an end! It said. - I would be glad to serve again, but the impossible is impossible!
And then the linen was torn into rags. They already thought that they were completely finished, so they began to chop, crush, cook, squeeze ... But, lo and behold - they turned into thin white paper!
- No, here's a surprise so surprise! - said the paper. - Now I am thinner than before, and you can write on me. What will they not write on me! What happiness!
And they wrote the most wonderful stories on it. Listening to them, people became kinder and smarter - they were written so well and cleverly. What a blessing that people were able to read them!
- Well, I never dreamed of that even in a dream, when I bloomed with blue flowers in the field! Said the paper. - And could I at that time think that it will be my lot, happiness to bring people joy and knowledge! I still can't come to my senses with happiness! I don't believe myself! But this is so! God knows that I myself have nothing to do with it, I tried only to the extent of my weak forces, not for nothing to take a place! And so he leads me from one joy and honor to another! Every time I think: “Well, this is the end of the song” - this is where a new, even higher, better life begins for me! Now I think to go on a journey, to go around the whole world so that all people can read what is written on me! This is how it should be! Before I had blue flowers, now every flower bloomed with the most beautiful thought! There is no one in the world happier than me!
But the paper did not go on a journey, but ended up in a printing house, and everything that was written on it was reprinted into a book, and not into one, but into hundreds, thousands of books. They could benefit and please infinitely more people than the one paper on which the stories were written: running around the world, it would have frayed halfway.
“Yes, of course, this will be more true! - thought the scribbled paper. - It never entered my head! I will stay at home to rest, and they will respect me like an old grandmother! After all, everything is written on me, the words flowed from the pen straight to me! I will stay, and the books will run around the world! This is the case! No, how happy I am, how happy I am! ”
Then all the individual sheets of paper were collected, tied together and put on the shelf.
- Well, now you can rest on your laurels! - said the paper. - It does not interfere, too, collecting thoughts and focus! Now only I understood properly what is in me! And knowing yourself is a big step forward. But what will happen to me then? One thing I know is that I will certainly move forward! Everything in the world is constantly moving forward towards perfection.
One fine day they took the paper and shoved it into the stove; They decided to burn it, since it could not be sold to a small shop for a wrapper for butter and sugar.
Children surrounded the slab; they wanted to see how the paper flared up and how then playful, shiny sparks would start to run across the ash and go out one after another! Just like the kids are running home from school! After all, the teacher comes out - this is the last spark. But sometimes they think that he has already left - but no! It comes out long after the very last student!
And now the fire engulfed the paper. How she flared up!
- Phew! - she said, and at the same moment turned into a column of flame, which soared into the air high, high, flax could never raise its blue flower heads so high, and the flame shone with such a dazzling brilliance that the white canvas never shone. The letters written on the paper blushed in an instant, and all words and thoughts turned into flames!
- Now I will fly straight to the sun! - said the flame, as if in thousands of voices at once, and soared into the pipe. And in the air tiny invisible creatures fluttered, lighter, of the air flame from which they were born. There were as many of them as there were once flowers on flax. When the flame was extinguished, they once again danced over the black ash, leaving on it shiny traces in the form of golden sparks. The children ran out of the school, followed by the teacher; it was nice to look at them! And the children sang over the dead ash:
You won't have time to look back
How the end of the song!But invisible tiny creatures said:
- The song never ends - that's the most wonderful thing! We know this, and therefore we are the happiest of all!
But the children did not hear a single word, and if they did, they would not understand. And don't! Children do not know everything!
Proverbs about flax
Ask the children why they say so about flax?
- Len loves to bow.
- Flax loves handles.
- Sow flax - reap gold.
- Flax will succeed - so silk. And if flax fails - so teeth snap.
- The longer the flax (i.e. longer), the greater the income.
- A lot of flax - bins' money.
- Whoever is dressed in linen will live to be a hundred years old.
- Flax will exhaust - flax and gilded.
- Think flax share, fiber will be more.
Flax riddles
Why is it said about flax in the riddle: how did he “go to the damp earth”? What “blue hat did he find”?
- Little babies, I went into the ground, found a blue hat.
- They beat me, beat me, promoted me to all ranks, and made me sit on the throne with the king.
Sentences and exclamations about flax
- Laying out the flax on the field, they said: “Lie down, the flax is white as snow, soft as silk”.
- In gloomy rainy weather they said:
Khmarina - gloom,
Not beyo flax yes yar.
Hit harder -
Reed and burr!
- Walking next to the field where flax was sown, the children said - they wished:
Be ugly, white lenok,
Slim, long and high!
Up - heady,
Down - rooted
With a blue flower
With a golden root!
After introducing the children to how “the shirt grew in the field”, show your child the beautiful linen things that you or your grandmother have at home, in the store. Remember, together with the children, how long linen has gone from a seed to a sewn linen tablecloth or linen towel.
That is why you need to be very careful with things, because the work of a large number of people has been invested in their creation. And without this work we would not have such beautiful and useful things!
I hope that the materials in this article will help you in your studies with children at home, in kindergarten, in the children's center, at school.
Presentation "How the shirt grew in the field: growing flax"
A presentation with all the pictures of the article, available for editing and convenient for classes with children, can be downloaded:
- here at this link,
- in our Vkontakte group "Child development from birth to school" (see the section "Documents" under the group's videos).
In it you will find high quality pictures from this article for viewing with children and other useful materials.
A fairy tale for younger preschoolers about flax "How Krotik got his pants" (dubbed filmstrip)
Many other useful and interesting materials for classes with children to familiarize themselves with the outside world You will find in the heading
Russian traditions, songs, lullabies, pestushki, folk games for children You will find in the heading
Until next time on the site "Native Path"!
Flax in Russia has long been considered the subject of national craft and trade. Along with furs, honey, wax, products from it were sold at the auction, sold abroad. The first linen products appeared on the territory of the Volga region, and then spread everywhere. Flax is cultivated in the Leningrad, Ivanovsk, Kirov, Vologda and other regions of Russia, including Udmurtia. Flax is an ancient, noble and beautiful culture. During flowering, a gentle blue blue develops across the field.
In Russia, two main varieties are grown - fiber flax and curl. In Udmurtia, more preference is given to spinning fiber flax. In 2007, Udmurtia became the leader in Russia in terms of flax sowing areas. The flax harvester simultaneously pulls the flax and separates its heads, and then spreads the straw itself. Seeds ripen in the inflorescences, which are widely used for various needs. In the historical chronicles of 1849, it is mentioned that "Vyatsky flax" was considered one of the best in Russia. Vyatka flax fiber, seeds and canvas, were sold to different provinces and cities of Russia
Flax seeds are used to make the most valuable linseed oil. They are used to produce high-quality drying oils and varnishes. Fibers for the manufacture of fabrics are obtained from the stem of a plant, such fibers are called bast fibers. Stem length reaches cm.
Various clothing options are made from linen fabrics. Linen fabrics are strongly wrinkled, but this factor is not a disadvantage, since wrinkled linen products are a fashionable attribute today. Linen fabrics are strongly wrinkled, but this factor is not a disadvantage, since wrinkled linen products are a fashionable attribute today.
Under the motto "Linen Rhapsody" in 2009, a collection of clothing models, made by students of the group of garment workers PU 12, took part in the XVII International competition of designers and fashion designers "Textile Salon" with the participation of M. Razina's model agency "Business Woman Club", the president of which is artist of Russia, laureate of the State Prize of the Russian Federation Academician Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Zaitsev.
Laboratory and practical work If the sail turns white over a silvery wave, If a girl in a cambric dress, If the ship's tackle does not break in a storm, This is flax, these are our gifts for your happiness. If airplanes rush like an arrow in the sky, If you see a tablecloth of the finest work, If the hostess's house has delicious sweets: This is flax, these are our gifts for your happiness.
Choose the correct answer 1) To obtain linen fabrics use fibers: 1) To obtain linen fabrics use fibers: a) animal origin a) animal origin b) vegetable origin. b) vegetable origin. 2) For the production of linen fabric use: 2) For the production of linen fabric use: a) stem, a) stem, b) fruit, b) fruit, c) root. c) root. 3) Which of the following qualities does flax lack? 3) Which of the following qualities does flax lack? a) absorbs moisture well a) absorbs moisture well b) retains heat well b) retains heat well c) keeps its shape well c) keeps its shape well d) moisture evaporates quickly from the fabric d) moisture quickly evaporates from the fabric e) resists decay e) resists decay f) durable f) durable g) cool g) cool h) little wrinkle h) little wrinkle 4) Oil, drying oil, varnishes are made from: 4) Oil, drying oil, varnishes are made from: a) stem, a) stem, b) seed part, b) seed part, c) root part. c) the root part. 5) In primary processing, for what purpose is linseed straw first wetted and then dried and crumpled? 5) In primary processing, for what purpose is linseed straw first wetted, and then dried and crumpled? a) so that the color changes a) so that the color changes b) so that the adhesive substances collapse b) so that the adhesive substances collapse c) so that the fiber is better separated from the wood. c) so that the fiber is better separated from the wood .. Why are flax fibers called bast, and not seed ?. Why are flax fibers called bast fibers and not seed fibers? 7. What properties does linen fabric have, if it is recommended to make tablecloths, towels, napkins from it to a greater extent. Linen fabric washes well and keeps its shape, absorbs moisture. 7. What properties does linen fabric have, if it is recommended to make tablecloths, towels, napkins from it to a greater extent. Linen fabric washes well and keeps its shape, absorbs moisture. 8. Is it considered the homeland of flax? India 8. Is it considered the homeland of flax? India 9. In which regions of Russia is flax grown? Leningrad, Kirov, Vologda, Udmurtia, etc., 9. In which regions of Russia is flax grown? Leningrad, Kirov, Vologda, Udmurtia, etc.,
Blue, blue, lilac, sometimes pink and white flowers on long stems, evenly covering the fields - the fantastic beauty of the gentlest play of flowering flax can be seen only until noon, flowers fold or crumble under the hot sun. Flax blooms for only a few days. But the beauty that people learned to create from it turned out to be extremely durable, reliable and durable!
The history of flax cultivation is more than ten thousand years old. The Egyptian priests wore linen clothes, the mummies of the pharaohs were wrapped in the finest linen fabrics that have survived to this day. In the 7th century BC, the "Linen Book" of the ancient Etruscans was written on this fabric.
“How different the Thracian men were in the rule of their Fast ships, so different were their wives Were in weaving: their goddess Athena herself taught all handicraft arts, revealing to them a lot of tricks ...”, - Homer sang weaving, who dressed youths in linen clothes and the virgins of the Iliad. There is a version that the very campaign of the Argonauts for the "golden fleece" was a campaign for the secret of creating the finest yarn from flax, which was worth its weight in gold.
In the future, mankind was carried away by the industrial production of artificial and synthetic fabrics - in pursuit of cheapness and speed of production, missing the most valuable qualities of natural materials that preserve human health, and not thinking about the colossal harm to the Earth that is caused by the extraction of raw materials, their processing and disposal of such products.
Our generation can already very clearly see what results this trend leads to. Therefore, we are again interested in the original and eternal purpose of flax - its contact with our body. Today, scientists are seriously engaged in the study of flax, finding out more and more amazing properties of it.
No fabric - neither wool, nor silk, nor cotton (not to mention artificial) can compete with linen. The advantages of linen products are determined by the peculiarities of the chemical composition and structure of flax fiber and provide excellent hygienic and consumer properties of fabrics: high hygroscopicity, easy washing, low electrification, resistance to aging (light weather), resistance to friction and multiple bends, which determine its durability (linen products are transferred inherited by grandchildren and great-grandchildren!).
Modern research confirms that linen fiber products also have a number of unique medico-biological properties.
ABILITY TO SUPPRESS MICROFLORA LIFE
Studies carried out in Russia have shown that pure tissue is capable of completely inhibiting the growth and reproduction of colonies of bacteria and fungi. In addition to the viability of microflora on the surface of linen fabric, the antimicrobial activity of dressings based on flax fiber was also assessed - it turned out that it was almost twice as high as that of cotton.
COMPATIBILITY WITH LIVING BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS
Biological studies on animals and extensive clinical trials (more than 700 surgical interventions, including those on the heart) have shown that the cleanliness surgical thread is absorbed and absorbed by the body within 2-3 months after healing of the suture without any allergic consequences. This is especially important in intracavitary operations, since even proteinaceous surgical sutures (silk) are encapsulated and require removal after the suture has healed.
ABILITY TO STOP BLEEDING.
It was actively used at the beginning of the last century in front-line hospitals, where linen dressings were used to stop bleeding. Modern clinical trials have confirmed that linen dressings stop blood faster, do not adhere to the wound surface, and there are no festerings under them, i.e. development of microflora.
ANTI-BEDDER EFFECT
A bedsore is a necrotic ulcerative process that develops in weakened patients on those areas of the body that are exposed to pressure. When a pressure sore comes into contact with a linen tissue, the surface is dried, the products of necrotic decomposition are pulled, the effort is reduced when the linen tissue is removed from the surface of the pressure sore - thus, the healing time of pressure sores and the appearance of fresh epithelium are halved.
FAVORABLE INFLUENCE ON THE THERMAL REGULATORY MECHANISM OF THE BODY
When working with medium severity, air humidity under a person's clothing after 10 minutes. increases to 100%, body temperature rises 1.5-3 C. At such loads, profuse sweating occurs. Air permeability and high thermal conductivity of linen materials create optimal thermal conditions for the body, cardiovascular activity (heart rate decreases by 20-40 beats per minute!) And respiration. In hot climates, when people walk fast in linen clothes, sweat loss per hour is 50-100 g less than in cotton clothes, and the skin temperature is 3-4 C.
POSITIVE EFFECTS ON THE STATE OF THE HUMAN MUSCULAR SYSTEM
“Muscles” are machines that convert chemical energy into mechanical work and heat. The figure shows the curves of measuring the frequency of contraction of the hand muscles of a person in linen and chemical fiber clothing. As you can see, in the first case, the state of the muscles is relaxed, and in the second, muscle fatigue is observed.
FAVORABLE EFFECTS ON HUMAN IMMUNITY AND SKIN
The requirements that buyers and manufacturers have made of material for clothing until recently are well known: it must be fashionable, keep its shape, be pleasant to wear, easy to maintain and, if possible, inexpensive. How harmful it is to humans, they thought about it last or not at all. But such a danger exists. And the point here is not only in the nature of the material, but also in the fact that under the influence of an unfavorable environmental situation, human immunity decreases. The results of modern research indicate a decrease in the negative environmental impact when using linen as bed linen - an increase in the content of immunoglobulin is recorded. Currently, about 5% of the European population suffers from neurodermatitis, from 15 to 25% - from atopic skin diathesis. Patients with neurodermatitis are allergic to wool, cotton, synthetic fibers. The irritant is not only the material itself, but also the chemicals that were used in its production and decoration. And here flax turns out to be the safest material.
THE ABILITY OF ABSORBING FREE RADICALS IS DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF AROMATIC NATURE LIGNIN IN LINEN FIBER
It is known that free radicals are usually formed as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation and cause premature aging and neoplastic diseases. The use of lignin-containing materials in the home to protect against ultraviolet radiation (especially in areas of ozone holes) contributes to the preservation of human health.
ABSORPTION OF SOFT IONIZING RADIATION
A completely unique property of textile linen-containing materials. It is due to the presence of a lignin-carbohydrate complex (2.5-5.5%) in flax fiber and impurities of rare metal salts. As studies in this direction have shown, a cloth made of coarse linen fiber is capable of weakening the intensity of weak ionizing radiation by 10-15%, and after special treatments almost completely suppress electromagnetic radiation. The reduction of static electricity has been verified by tests at the Russian Antarctic Station Vostok. When using linen fabrics in the interior, the static electricity potential decreased by 3-4 times.
These are the unique properties of flax. We have listed only a part of them, but that's enough to look at your wardrobe and fabric economy. Now this is happening, the world is experiencing another flax boom, its popularity, despite the fact that flax is not cheap - it is quite difficult to grow and process it - is growing rapidly. And there is a popular belief - if a person is tired, they need to put on linen and clothes made of linen, and strength will be restored, the mood will improve. Let's try !?
