Reinforcement of the floor slab in the garage above the cellar. How to make a ceiling in a cellar - three options

You can easily make a cellar in the garage with your own hands to store a variety of jams and pickles in it. The garage basement is a very useful utility room, so it makes sense to start building and arranging it competently.

Types of cellars - what are they?

Basements in garages differ from each other in terms of their burial into the ground. The most common option is a cellar with a depth of 1.6 to 3 m. This type of "garage pit" is called completely buried. In it you can store any stocks prepared for the winter by zealous housewives.

Semi-buried basements are built a little less often. They are deepened into the ground by no more than a meter. If you wish, you can also make a so-called ground cellar - dig a small hole on the garage floor and place some kind of plastic container in it.

When choosing the type of garage basement, one should take into account the depth of the soil water in a particular area. Experts advise building cellars, the bases of which are at least 0.5 m away from the source of moisture.

Recessed storage facilities are usually built under capital garages with relatively large areas. The sizes of such basements, in principle, can be any. In practice, they dig holes no more than 2.5 m wide and about 2 m deep. All work is carried out according to a pre-drawn up plan (construction drawings, thermal and waterproofing schemes, a set of materials used, and so on).

Recessed basements are best done simultaneously with the construction of the garage itself. But it is quite possible to build a cellar in a finished structure - the technology for performing construction activities will be the same. It's just that it will not be possible to use special equipment for digging a foundation pit in an already operated garage. The work will have to be done with a shovel and other tool, not relying on the help of machines.

A few important tips to help you build your own basement in your garage:

If the soil on your land plot is very wet or the groundwater rises high, the pit needs to be built of monolithic concrete, which has a high density and moisture resistance.
When building a garage and a basement at the same time, it is best to make a strip foundation - it will "replace" part of the walls of the cellar.
In dry soils, it is allowed to build lightweight basement walls from asbestos-cement roofing slate.

Principles for arranging a floor base in a garage basement

After the pit has been dug, it is necessary to carefully align its bottom and then tamp it. The bottom level is always taken 25-30 cm less than the mark on which the future floor covering will be located.

A pillow is laid on the tamped floor. Several layers are made in such a way that the thickness of the sandy layer is at least 20 cm. Each part of the pillow should be tamped, using water if necessary. Professionals, in addition, recommend equipping an additional gravel layer of similar thickness.

After that, select the type of floor that we want to build. It can be concrete, soil or clay. When laying a concrete base, it is imperative to use reinforcing bars. Metal products will provide the surface with high strength. Rebar floors are practically not afraid of ground movements. The rods are poured with concrete, the surface thickness should be about 7.5 cm.

Then the concrete layer is waterproofed with roofing material (it is advisable to make two-layer products by gluing two sheets of material with molten bitumen). The insulation is made so that the edges of the roofing material protrude 12-14 centimeters beyond the foundation.

Instead of a concrete solution, when arranging the bottom of the cellar, it is allowed to use ready-made reinforced concrete slabs. In this case, you have to very accurately level the base of the pit using a laser or ordinary building level. The slabs are placed on a 15 cm layer of crushed stone and 5 cm of sand.

It is not recommended to make ground bases. It is reasonable to lean towards this option only when the soil water on the site is located at a low level. Soil bases are settled on a gravel-sand cushion. They must be protected from moisture.

The most economical and at the same time environmentally friendly is the clay base. It is made of two layers. First, one layer of clay is laid (it must be thick enough), then a roofing material, which will act as a waterproofing agent, and again a clay layer on it. In most cases, wooden boards are subsequently mounted on such a base. Their installation is carried out after the clay is completely dry.

Basement walls - how to make them secure?

For the construction of wall surfaces in the cellar, it is prohibited to use light building materials - chipboard, plywood sheets, and so on. Strong and reliable products must be used. Walls can be built from concrete, well-fired red solid bricks, or from foam blocks popular today.

When using bricks, you have to spend a lot. This material is quite expensive. After installing brick walls, their surface, in addition, will need to be well plastered. It is much easier to work with foam concrete products. Their advantage is that there is no need to carry out waterproofing measures on the resulting surfaces.

Most often, the walls of the cellar are made of concrete. Step by step, this process looks like this:

We put the reinforcement mesh on the walls. It is made from scraps of pipes that have served their time or from thick metal rods, which are fastened together with annealed wire. The reinforcement must not be welded, as concrete will crack during temperature fluctuations.
We build formwork from pieces of plywood, thick slats or other wood material. The formwork is equipped with separate (40 cm in height) sections, which are filled in layers with concrete mortar. The individual structural elements are connected with ordinary nails.
We knead the concrete (it is recommended to use the material marked M400) and fill it in layers of 25-30 cm into the formwork.

As you can see, the instructions for building concrete walls for the basement are simple. There are no special wisdoms in it. Any home craftsman can cope with such work. Please note that it is undesirable to dry the finished concrete walls with hair dryers and other thermal devices. It will be correct to wait until they dry naturally.

Ceiling overlap is a really important stage of work

If you decide to make a very small basement, it is perfectly acceptable to make its floor from wooden boards. You just need to insulate it from the inside using available materials. In other cases, the overlap should be made reliable and massive. Do not forget that it will have to support the weight of your car in the garage.

A solid floor is usually made of a concrete slab. In this case, you need to use a special reinforcing "skeleton" for it. Equipped with double lid hatch. It is not difficult to acquire such a hatch of any required size. With a strong desire, you can do it yourself. The hatch is installed in the hole to be made in the concrete slab. In this place you will have the entrance to the cellar. Choose its size yourself.

The overlap from the inside is always treated with hot bitumen and insulated after the bitumen mixture has cooled. Glass wool or more expensive (but, note, more effective) expanded polystyrene in plates is usually used as an insulating material. Its marking is PSB-S-25. With such expanded polystyrene, you can insulate not only the ceiling, but also the walls and outer parts of the basement foundation.

Fresh air for the cellar - we equip ventilation

The preservation of fruits and vegetables in the basement for a long time is ensured by the competent organization of its ventilation system. It can be made natural or forced.

The natural supply of fresh air is easy to set up:

One pipe (called the supply pipe) is mounted from the cellar floor at a height of about 25 cm and led out into the street. The outer part of the supply pipe is protected with a metal cap.
The second pipe (exhaust) is installed 25 cm below the cellar ceiling, where the most humid and warmest air masses are always present, which must be constantly removed to ensure the required microclimate in the basement. It is taken out above the roof of the garage by about 50 cm.

Natural ventilation is not efficient. In summer, it often simply does not function (the air outside and in the basement has the same temperature), and in winter the system can become clogged with frost and snow, from which the ventilation must be constantly cleaned.

Forced air exchange systems are many times more modern and efficient. But their installation requires financial costs for the purchase of special fans powered by a household power supply. These devices are mounted in ventilation pipes, which are installed in the same way as when organizing natural ventilation. A scheme using one double-leaf pipe is also possible.

Forced systems are almost independent of climatic conditions. They guarantee an optimal microclimate in the cellar. If you want to create the most reliable ventilation in your basement, buy a special monoblock, controlled by a mini-computer. Such a technique will itself calculate the required amount of fresh air supplied to the cellar, as well as draw out the required amount of moist and warm flows from it.

And don't forget to make a staircase to your garage cellar. It can be the simplest - attached, and stationary, made of metal, durable wood or concrete.

The basement in the garage has a number of advantages. This is an additional storage place for the necessary things, household items, etc. If you try and ensure the correct microclimate, then you can even store vegetables and fruits here. Today it is a fairly popular addition to the garage. It is best, of course, to think over the cellar and indicate it in the drawings during the construction phase of the garage. Let's look at this question of how to dig and build a basement in more detail.

Benefits of placing a basement in a garage

The financial side when building a garage is a very important part. Naturally, when building it with a cellar, cash costs increase significantly. Indeed, in order to equip the latter, additional costs for building materials are required. And it takes much more time to build. But the game is worth the candle. In the construction of a garage with a cellar, there are a number of advantages that more than cover the disadvantages.

The cellar in the garage is an additional place where you can store winter preparations. Many are engaged in rolling pickles, preserves, compotes. Some have their own dacha and vegetable garden, and some purchase ingredients from the market. The basement is an optimal and convenient place for their preservation, because there you can create certain temperature conditions for this.
Our own workshop is the place of almost every motorist. The basement might be a great place for her equipment. Indeed, directly in the garage itself there is not always a lot of space for full-fledged repair work. The lack of space causes a lot of inconvenience. But in the basement there is enough space in order to place all the tools and equip your workplace.
In the basement of the garage, you can leave things that you do not always use, but from time to time. For example, seasonal amenities such as a children's sled, which you only use in winter, or a bicycle, which you only need in summer. In order not to clutter up the balcony or pantry, you can leave it all in the basement.
If you are going to sell a garage, then the presence of a basement in it will significantly increase its value. The same goes for renting it out.

How to build a capital cellar - instructions

The basement is also a kind of building that requires preliminary planning. In the diagram, it is necessary to clearly indicate the dimensions of each element: height, thickness, width of the floor, ceiling, walls, etc. It is necessary to clearly calculate how much thermal insulation you need, how many bricks, concrete, materials for interior cladding, etc.

Be sure to check before starting construction work if it is possible to build a basement in your chosen location. And suddenly it is here that underground communications (gas or water supply) pass.

If you are building a cellar at the stage of building a garage, then it would be preferable to choose a strip base for the structure. Thus, the walls of the base will become part of the walls of the cellar, and the basement ceiling will play the role of the ceiling of the underground room.

In the case of a close location of groundwater to the surface, give preference to monolithic concrete slabs for the construction of a garage basement. If you are lucky, and your soil is dry and not heaving, then you can use lightweight materials for building walls. For example, asbestos-cement roofing slate sheets, which need to be laid out in several layers (usually from two to four) and fastened to a wooden crate. The sheets are glued together using bitumen mastic or a mixture of casein glue and cement no worse than M400.

First of all, it is necessary to mark the perimeter of the future basement. Step back from the walls of the garage inward by 300 millimeters so that the garage does not sit in the basement.
Dig a hole of the required size (250-350 centimeters).
The walls and bottom of the pit must be made as flat as possible.
Cover the bottom with sheets of roofing material with an overlap of 150 millimeters on top of each other and crawling onto the walls of the pit by 200 millimeters. To strengthen the waterproofing, you can lay the roofing material in two layers. In this case, the joints of the lower layer should not overlap with the joints of the upper layer.
The next stage is a reinforced concrete screed.
Then the basement walls are erected. To do this, you can use bricks, asbestos sheets, concrete or another material that suits you. Leave a small gap between the ground and the outside of the wall, where the external waterproofing will fit. To do this, use bituminous or other special mastic. It is applied using a roller or spatula, put on a long handle. If the gap is large enough, then a roll of insulation can be additionally glued to the mastic.
Naturally, it is impossible to use a ready-made concrete slab for overlapping, since the height and width of the garage are not enough to install it (of course, if it is a regular garage for one car). Therefore, you can make an overlap of boards. They are stacked side-by-side horizontally and a hatch hole is left. Lay waterproofing material on the boards, make a frame of reinforcement and formwork, fill everything with cement mortar with a layer of 300-400 millimeters. The thinner concrete may not be able to handle the weight of the vehicle.

We build the floor

In order for the floor of the garage cellar to be dry and as warm as possible, it is important to think carefully about its device at the planning stage.

When you dig a pit, you need to increase its depth by 300-400 millimeters in order to build a drainage cushion. The bottom of the pit is well leveled and compacted. A layer of sand of 150 millimeters is poured on top. The sand must be moistened with water and compacted well. Then a layer of crushed stone is poured in 150 millimeters. This is done so that the groundwater cannot approach the waterproofing material too tightly and spoil it. In addition, sedimentary water can quickly leave through a layer of gravel and sand. Thus, the liquid will not linger in the basement space.

After the layer of rubble is laid and tamped, it is necessary to cover the rolled waterproofing material with several layers. Alternatively, liquid bitumen can be used.

Then a reinforced concrete screed is constructed, the thickness of which should be 200-300 millimeters. After its final hardening, it is advised to treat the concrete with a waterproofing primer with deep penetration.

This floor option is the most optimal.

You can make a clay floor if the groundwater level allows it. For this, the clay is laid in two layers, and a layer of roofing tar is placed between them. The first layer of clay should be 250 millimeters, and the second 400-600 millimeters. Plank flooring can be put on the clay.

Building basement walls

Depending on the physical characteristics of the soil at the construction site, it is necessary to choose the best material option for the construction of walls. If the soil is dry and not heaving, then solid red brick can be used. For other soils, the use of reliable and strong reinforced concrete is more suitable. After erection, brick walls are covered with concrete mix plaster.

If the walls are made of concrete, then the first is the construction of sectional plank formwork. One section in height should be between 350 and 400 millimeters. Reinforcing rods are installed in the formwork and concrete is poured there in a layer of 300 millimeters. After it has dried, the formwork section is set higher and the same is done. So, section by section, all the walls of the room are built. Attach the extended sections to each other using slats and nails.

To enhance the waterproofing properties, treat the walls with a special hydrophobic deep penetrating primer.

Waterproofing work - how to get rid of water

Many factors depend on the correct construction of a garage basement, such as its durability, conditions for storing food, and others.

Very important! The issue of waterproofing the basement of the garage must be approached with great responsibility. A cellar is a room located underground. That is why very high requirements are imposed on its protection.

At the construction stage, when the pit is being dug under the garage cellar, as soon as groundwater is found, it must be sealed with oily clay 500 millimeters deep.
The same clay is used to fill up the empty space that forms between the basement wall and the soil. The thickness of this layer should be at least 150 millimeters. Brick cladding must be laid out flush with the floor joists. After that, the upper part of the cellar must be covered with a reinforced concrete ceiling with a hatch.
If the soil at the basement construction site is low-moisture and inactive, that is, the groundwater lies deep enough, then for external waterproofing works, it is enough to treat the walls with hot bitumen. Otherwise, if the soil is wet, then it is necessary to make waterproofing using roofing material, which is based on bituminous mastic.
If the groundwater level is above the cellar floor, then it is necessary to make an underground waterproofing. For this, multi-layer ruberoid carpets are used. In addition, it is best in this case to make the base of the floor using greasy clay or gravel soaked in bitumen.
To prevent dampness and mold from appearing in the garage cellar, it is necessary to provide good ventilation in the room. To do it, you need to build special holes in the basement walls. To maintain an average temperature in the room, you can lay a film, clay, clay salt or roofing material over the entire floor area. The layer thickness should be 200 millimeters. On it you need to pour a layer of earth of 300 millimeters.

Before placing vegetables, rolls and other products in the cellar, it is necessary to get rid of moisture and dry the room. To do this, cover the walls with lime and burn 12 tablets of dry fuel indoors. Such actions, in addition to drying the basement, relieve and prevent the appearance of putrefactive bacteria.

We make ventilation (hood) - table

A good ventilation system (hood), as mentioned earlier, is a guarantee of high-quality storage of vegetables, fruits and other food products in the garage cellar. Ventilation planning takes place at the very beginning of construction work on the construction of the garage. If this is not done, then the amount of air may not be enough.

Method of creating ventilation	Detailed description
Natural ventilation of the cellar	Refers to the easiest way to circulate air in a garage basement. For this, 2 pipes are used. The first works to draw air out of the room, and the second draws in fresh air. Mount the first under the ceiling. It rises through the entire garage and goes 50 centimeters above the roof. This allows warm air to escape from the garage cellar to the outside. The second pipe, responsible for the flow of fresh air, is installed 50 millimeters above the basement floor level. They take her out into the street. It should be located 30 centimeters above ground level on the street side. In order to prevent pests from entering the cellar through the pipe, it must be protected with a special mesh. In order to regulate the levels of incoming and outgoing air, it is necessary to build small caps or flaps on the pipes. A significant disadvantage of such ventilation is that in the cold winter season it can malfunction due to the fact that the pipes are clogged with frost. But thermal insulation and periodic cleaning of pipes from snow solves this problem. To make it easier to care for the ventilation pipes, experts advise making the upper pipe element removable. In summer, the temperature regimes of the street and the basement are almost identical and the ventilation stops functioning.
Forced ventilation of the cellar	It is a controlled ventilation method in the basement. It is achieved using electrical ventilation systems. Such ventilation is done using the same pipes as in the previous case, or using a bivalve pipe through which air is exchanged. This system works regardless of weather conditions. That is why it is more attractive than natural ventilation.
Mechanized cellar ventilation	The most modern and expensive method of ventilation in basements. A monoblock, which is controlled by software, is responsible for attracting and pulling air.

How to properly insulate the basement from the inside

This process is also very important when building a basement.

If the basement is not thermally insulated or the process is approached in bad faith, then the cellar will not function properly and all the work done will go down the drain.

Expanded polystyrene can be used as an insulating material. It does not decay, is waterproof and durable. Attach it to the outside of the basement when insulating your garage foundation.
The thickness of the expanded polystyrene should be 50 millimeters and the PSB-S-25 brand. Such an insulating material will perfectly maintain a stable basement temperature. Internal insulation leads to condensation at the joints.
Thermal insulation of the cellar ceiling is also a very important stage in the construction of this room. Otherwise, the warm air will be sharply cooled from the cold surface of the ceiling, due to which condensation will form.
If the garage floor is made of a reinforced concrete slab, which cannot be heated, the installation of a false ceiling in the basement, which is filled with heat-insulating material, saves.

Ceiling and cover thermal insulation

To insulate the ceiling and basement cover, you must adhere to the following scheme:

Reinforce pipes with a diameter of 2.5 centimeters under the ceiling of the garage cellar. They should be located 150 millimeters from the ceiling surface and installed 600 millimeters apart. They can be fixed both to the ceiling and to the walls from the inside of the basement.
It is necessary to install reinforcement rods to pipes with an angle of 90 °. Their diameter should be no more than 0.1 centimeter and there should be a distance of 300 millimeters between them. Then you need to form a single soft metal mesh.
Paint everything using waterproof paint.
Place plastic bags filled with straw and moss in the empty space between the ceiling and pipes. The ends of the bags are sealed and stacked tightly to each other so that there is not a single gap.
At the last stage, it is necessary to make condensate outlets using umbrellas made of galvanized iron, polyethylene or moisture resistant plywood. The condensate must drain into a previously prepared container.

Responsibly approach the arrangement of the basement, so that its functionality is not compromised, and you could leave food in it with peace of mind. Even minimal errors in work can ruin all the work done.

How to dig a cellar in an already finished garage?

Make a marking of the perimeter of the future garage cellar.
Dismantle the floor covering and dig a pit of the required size.
Walls and floors are made according to the principle described above.
Then comes the manufacture of supports for the ceiling.
Plank and reinforcement cage of the formwork is being constructed.
The floor of the garage is again filled with concrete.
Redo the manhole, install a hatch and a ladder.

We do the finishing and lighting

To make it comfortable in the basement of the garage, it must be decorated with something and lighting. The latter will not cause any particular difficulties with the condition that there is lighting and electrical wiring directly in the garage itself. You just need to create a wiring from the electrical panel, which is located in the garage. Shaping the lighting and placing sockets and switches is a matter of technology.

At the final stage, it is necessary to cover the bare concrete walls of the basement, which do not look very aesthetically pleasing.

The easiest way to finish is plastering. Thus, the structure will appear monolithic. To do this, attach a metal mesh to the walls without blocking the ventilation holes. If you plan to further decorate the walls with ceramic tiles, then the layer of plaster should only minimally cover the network so that there is room for the tile adhesive. The material is applied with a trowel and smoothed out with a scraper.

You can, of course, resort to more complex and expensive cladding options, for example, tiles. But practice shows that garage cellars are most often done with simple plastering.

This is followed by the arrangement of various shelves and racks so that it is convenient to store homework or tools. Giving a complete look to the basement space forms all the little things together. At this stage, you are already free to dispose of your own needs. Each owner equips the basement for himself individually.

Video: basement arrangement

Video: do it yourself cellar under the garage

Now you can independently build a basement in your garage and equip there an additional roomy enough space for anything. In fact, there is nothing complicated in the process of work. But each stage is very important and you need to treat them very seriously and responsibly. Good luck!

A basement in the garage is the best option for storing pickles and vegetables. Also in such a room you can equip a workshop or a rest room.

Features:

Many people want to build a basement in the garage, as this place is ideal for storing vegetables and fruits. You can also equip the basement with shelves for conservation or install a workbench, tool shelves, turning the room into a convenient workshop. But the basement is suitable not only for household purposes - it is possible to equip a recreation area in it by adding a bar or billiards to the interior.

During the construction of the basement room in the garage, you should familiarize yourself with some of the features:

You will need to think about high-quality insulation of the basement from moisture. Groundwater should not penetrate into the room, therefore, you should take care of purchasing waterproofing materials.
In some cases, the waterproofing layer will not be enough, so you need to be prepared for the equipment of the drainage system.
There must be ventilation in the basement. It allows you to maintain the required temperature and creates an optimal indoor microclimate. If you abandon the ventilation system, during the further operation of the cellar, a fungus with mold will appear. It is not allowed to store preserved vegetables in such conditions.
If the basement in the garage is planned to be used as a workshop or recreation room, you need to insulate the walls with a ceiling and floor. This solution eliminates dampness and prevents fungus from appearing. Only fire-resistant materials should be used as finishing.

Getting rid of mold requires not only creating the right climate, but also disinfecting the room. This will require compliance with the following steps:

The basement must be freed from all pieces of furniture, jars of pickles.
The walls should be cleaned with a wire brush.
Shelves and other furniture must be dried in the fresh air and treated with special preparations. The best results are shown by a sulfuric checker. The room itself can be disinfected with slaked lime.
To prevent mold from reoccurring, you need to create a high-quality waterproofing layer in the room, and also every year to do prophylaxis against fungus.

The basement in the garage has the following positive qualities:

The structure can become an ideal place for storing food. With its help, you can unload the free area in the garage. The basement microclimate is considered optimal for the preservation of preservation, vegetables and fruits throughout the winter season.
With the help of special finishing materials in the basement, you can create a seating area.
For the equipment of the basement, it will not be necessary to allocate additional space on the territory, since the room will be the zero level in the garage itself.
A garage equipped with a cellar has a higher cost compared to buildings without a basement.
The basement is reliably protected by the garage from bad weather conditions and temperature changes.

Disadvantages include:

If you choose the wrong material for construction or waterproofing, the basement can become a breeding ground for mold and dampness. In the worst cases, this room can turn into a well with an accumulation of water.
A garage basement can only be created manually. Therefore, you will need help from friends or additional costs for the services of specialists.
If there is a high groundwater level on the site, a large amount of materials will be required to create a waterproofing layer, which indicates additional costs.

Projects

There are several options for equipping a basement in a garage. If we talk about the depth of the bookmark, the cellar can be semi-deep (depth - up to 1.5 meters) or deep (up to 3 meters). The last option differs in that the humidity and temperature indicators in it are always located at the same level, regardless of the season. Due to this quality, it is possible to store preservation in the room without fear.

There is a scheme according to which many garages are equipped with a viewing pit. Some users place cellars under the pit.

The device of semi-buried cellars is considered a necessary measure. As a rule, this option is resorted to if the soil does not make it possible to create a deeper depression or the groundwater is too close at a high freezing point without the possibility of high-quality waterproofing. In practice, ground-based variations of cellars are sometimes found, but such a structure cannot be created in the garage.

Recessed cellars under the garage will be reliable if the fundamental part is located higher than 70 cm from any water source. In this case, you can even create a cellar that will be larger than the garage area. Experts advise to develop a project in advance, to make all the calculations.

It is best to build a basement at the same time as building a garage. However, most people buy space for their car rather than building it from scratch. Therefore, basements have to be built under the finished structure.

Possible problems

When building a basement, many people may face some problems that need to be prepared for in advance.

First of all, you need to get rid of the water that is present in the cellar. Excess moisture leads to the formation of fungus. Mold is considered the main problem in the operation of cellars. It is formed due to a poor waterproofing layer, poor-quality ventilation, which cause an increased level of humidity in the room. Also, the fungus may appear due to a long stay in the cellar of spoiled products, the use of contaminated wood.

Some basement owners are faced with the fact that food in the room freezes. Therefore, special attention should be paid to insulation measures. Warming allows not only to exclude subzero temperatures, but also maintains an optimal microclimate in the room.

However, with simple insulation it is impossible to lower the moisture level. You will need to create high-quality ventilation, which will be responsible for controlling the level of water vapor in the cellar.

If the basement in the garage freezes over, you will need to buy insulating materials. On sale there is a wide range of special raw materials with which you can carry out insulation. Insulation must maintain its geometric shapes, have high-quality insulating properties and resistance to moisture and earth.

Most often, expanded clay, fiberglass, expanded clay concrete, mineral wool, red ceramic bricks, expanded polystyrene and cellulose insulation are used to insulate basements.

How to build?

The construction of the basement in the garage consists of several stages. Each step is an important event, without which a high-quality construction of a structure is impossible. To build a basement with your own hands, you should study the sequence of actions and step by step follow the work guide.

Preparation for construction

For the construction of a buried cellar, a major garage is required. To realize your idea, you need to make preliminary preparations. It consists of several stages:

Before construction work, you need to make sure that there is a technical feasibility for the basement equipment. There are a large number of communication lines in the soil of large cities, so making a hole of the required depth is quite difficult. To reduce cash investments and decide on the possibility of carrying out work, you can ask for help from a specialist or use the project documentation that was used to create the garage.
The foundation must be protected from groundwater. This step should be envisaged even at the stage of construction of the garage using a drainage system. If this issue has not been resolved in advance, thorough waterproofing of the basement will be required.

Purchase of the necessary materials

Building a basement will also require special tools and materials. For the construction of walls, you can use concrete slabs, cinder blocks, bricks or natural stones.

Concrete slabs are only suitable when building a garage from scratch. The arrangement of the cellar is carried out before the construction of walls and floors. You will also need the help of a professional installation team, which can install the plate using a lifting mechanism.

To fill the base, you will need ready-made concrete M-100 or a solution made by yourself. The solution is created from gravel, crushed stone, sand and M-400 cement. The resulting mortar is suitable for preparatory work before screed and wall decoration during plastering.

To create the formwork, you need an edged board. The required amount will depend on the size of the basement. Roofing material is used as waterproofing.

When building a cellar with your own hands, you do not need professional equipment. For this, the traditional list of tools that every home craftsman has at hand is suitable.

To work, you will need the following elements:

jackhammer;
scrap;
sledgehammers;
spatula with a trowel;
hacksaws;
electric drills;
screwdriver;
pliers;
construction shovel.

You also need to prepare measuring tools, without which no construction activity can do. You will need: a plumb line, a construction tape, a metal ruler and a level.

Step by step guide

Cellar planning should be done at the stage of building a garage. This will facilitate the work process. If the thoughts about getting a cellar appeared when buying a ready-made garage, you will need to dismantle the concrete floor. It is necessary to remove the screed from the area where the basement will be located. Work can be carried out using a jackhammer or sledgehammer.

First of all, you need to prepare the pit. The depth of the pit of the buried cellar is three meters. Other sizes are allowed, which should be selected individually depending on the planned dimensions of the basement. For a room measuring 8x12 meters, a depth of 3 meters will be sufficient.

Preparation of the base is carried out as follows:

First you need to dig a pit.
The floor with walls must be carefully leveled and tamped. This action ensures the flatness of the surfaces in the room.
At the bottom, you will need to fill in crushed stone and gravel in layers. Each layer also needs to be leveled and tamped.
The prepared surface is poured with concrete mortar of small thickness (8-9 cm).
After the concrete has hardened, you can proceed with the primary waterproofing measures. They consist in the laying of two layers of roofing material glued together with molten resins. The edges of the sheets should protrude 10 cm beyond the basement. Then you can install the formwork and pour the mortar.

The staircase is an important detail that connects the basement to the garage.

There are two types of designs:

A traditional ladder made of wood or metal.
Marching. Installation is carried out ready-made during construction work.

Several materials can be used to build a staircase:

Tree.Since the basement is a cold and damp room, the wood must be additionally treated with antiseptic agents. This will protect the material from attack by insects and bacteria.
Metal. If a used material is used in the work, it should be treated with abrasive materials. This action protects the future structure from the corrosion process. Then the metal should be wiped with detergents and rinsed with plain water. After installation, the steps are covered with oil paint or enamel.
Concretehigh strength rates are characteristic, but protection of the material is also necessary. The steps should be painted or tiled for floor surfaces.

When creating a metal structure, the following nuances should be observed:

Products with a width of 80-90 cm are allowed for operation.
The clearance of the stairs in the basement should be calculated from the bottom steps to the floor beams. In new cellars, this value should be more than two meters. Compliance with the dimensions minimizes the likelihood of a person hitting his head on the ceiling.
The slope of the product should be 22-75 degrees. If a ladder is being built, an angle of 45-75 degrees is allowed.
The width of the steps is 25-32 cm. If you make a wider tread, it will be uncomfortable to climb such a structure. Narrower steps make the descent dangerous.
The height of the steps should be kept within 12-22 cm.

The construction of a wooden staircase consists of several steps:

Initially, you will need to attach the bars to the supports, on which the steps will be mounted in the future. From the top point of support, you should count 26 cm and fix the bar. An angle of 60 degrees must be respected. The fixation of each bar is done with two nails or self-tapping screws.
The other support bars are fixed in 26 cm increments.
Then steps are attached to the bars. Nails or screws are used as fasteners.
Installation of the structure takes place with a slope of 30 degrees. So the steps will be able to take a horizontal position.

Basement walls are made of solid material only. The use of chipboard, plywood and other lightweight products is not allowed.

Most often brick is used in construction. During work, you will need to monitor the vertical arrangement of the masonry and its flat surface.

Some garage owners use monolithic concrete when building walls. For such work, the following sequence is required:

a wooden shield is knocked down for each wall, which will be used as a formwork;
metal pillars are driven along the perimeter of the room;
the formwork is fixed on the racks;
then you can start pouring the concrete solution.

Regardless of what material the walls are built with, you need to ensure that they are located strictly vertically. Each seam is trowelled with mortar. When the laying process is completed, the seams are painted with lime.

Most basements use reinforced concrete for flooring. Such a floor is created in the following sequence:

The first step is to level the surface. For this you need to use the building level.
Then a 15 cm layer of rubble is poured onto the base. It must be evenly distributed around the entire perimeter of the room.
A layer of sand is poured (5 cm). It also needs to be leveled and tamped.
Then you can start creating the floor itself. For this, a reinforced concrete slab or a strong metal mesh with a screed is used. For the second method, you will need to install reinforcing bars around the perimeter of the basement in 1 meter increments. A metal mesh is laid on the surface of the floor and filled with cement. The layer should be 3-5 cm.

Ventilation

A properly equipped hood helps to eliminate dampness and foreign odors from the cellar. It also provides long-term storage of preserves and vegetables.

Two types of ventilation are used for the cellar:

Natural.The best option for providing a room with fresh air.
Forced.This option uses a fan.

To create natural ventilation does not require significant costs. Such a system is easy to create on your own. This will require:

A hood is mounted under the ceiling. The pipe outlet should be located at a height of 0.5 meters from the roof. Heated air masses will come out through it.
At a distance of 10 cm from the floor surface, a supply pipe should be installed, which will be led outside the room. It will supply fresh air to the basement.
The outlets of both pipes should be covered with a special mesh that will provide protection from insects. Small covers are mounted on top.

During winter, natural ventilation may not function as both outlets are clogged with frost. To prevent blockage, the exits will need to be insulated and cleaned from snow in a timely manner. Some craftsmen create removable weekend pieces.

Forced ventilation differs from natural ventilation in that its design contains an improved hood. An electric fan is inserted into the cavity of the system, which creates a vortex flow and expels the spent air masses from the room. Fresh air flows into the basement through the upper pipe.

Some users use fully mechanized ventilation. To create, you will need to install a monoblock, which will be controlled by special software.

Warming

If you do not take care of high-quality insulation of the basement in the garage, it will be cold in the room. With the help of thermal insulation, you can protect the cellar from dampness. Most often, garage owners use polystyrene as insulation. The thermal insulation process involves working with walls, floors and ceilings. In addition to the foam, you can use another suitable material.

Ceiling insulation is as follows:

All cracks and crevices must be repaired.
Then you need to cover the surface with a vapor barrier material. For these purposes, you can use penofol, which provides high-quality thermal insulation.
Installation of suspensions for lathing is in progress. The distance between the parts must match the width of the insulation board.
The next layer of vapor barrier should be located at a distance of 4-5 cm from the previous level. This method is capable of providing micro-ventilation.

Floor insulation consists of several steps:

The rough base must be leveled using a building level.
Then a layer of waterproofing should be laid. Most often, foam is used for these purposes, the thickness of which is 5 cm.
Penofol is mounted on top of the insulation.
On the thermal insulation, you need to put a reinforced screed and a finishing base.
Since the cold enters the basement through the walls, insulation will be required to ensure a high-quality microclimate.

The process of wall insulation consists of several steps:

The first step is to lay the waterproofing layer. It will provide moisture protection. If the surface of the walls is uneven, you will need to level the base.
Then a layer of foam is laid. Any adhesive can be used for fixing.
The finish should be covered with a light layer of cement screed. The auxiliary reinforcement consists of reinforcement.
A cellar is a room with a high level of humidity. To minimize dampness, an additional waterproofing layer will be required.

Overlapping hatch

The choice of material for making the floor depends on the dimensions of the basement. If the basement area does not exceed the dimensions of a conventional inspection pit, the upper part is created from a forty board. For large cellars, you will need a reliable overlap that can cope with the impressive weight of the car. It is best to use a concrete slab and a reinforcing frame for these purposes.

The installation of a concrete slab is allowed only during the construction of the cellar before the construction of the garage. If construction work is carried out in a finished structure, the following steps will be required:

The supporting beams are being mounted. For these purposes, you can use railway rails, which are sold at metal collection points.
Then concrete is poured.
The created product will resemble a reinforced concrete slab. When the beams with reinforcement are laid, a section should be provided for the hatch.

The hatch is easy to make with your own hands from steel sheet. To work, you will need a list of tools and materials:

electric grinder;
welding machine;
steel sheets 5 mm;
metal corners;
polyurethane foam;
insulation material - expanded polystyrene or polystyrene foam;
tin;
screwdriver;
loops;
construction tape;
seals.

The hatch construction consists of several stages:

Cut out the steel sheet according to the hole dimensions.
Metal corners are welded along the edges of the sheet. To ensure optimal sliding between the sheet and the corner shelf, a small gap should be provided.
The inner part of the hatch is covered with insulation. The foam should fit snugly against the metal corner. Foam all gaps.
Tin is laid on top of the insulation. All corners should be bent. Tin has only a decorative component, so this step is optional.
Then you can start fixing the loops. A handle is attached if required.
The finished product is hung on the hinges.

Some people decorate the hatch under the floor surface. A wide range of finishing materials allows you to create a floor that is in harmony with the general style of the basement. The lid can be painted with any paint that is suitable for the decoration material.

How to decorate?

When the work on the thermal insulation of the walls is completed, you can start finishing the ceiling, walls and floor surface. Walls are most often faced with tiles and other similar materials. You can also use coloring agents, lime or plaster.

When finishing with plaster, the process consists of several steps:

A metal mesh should be fixed to the surface of the walls. Since there is high humidity in the basement, the plaster will not be able to stick only to the base. Dowels are required to secure the mesh. The ventilation does not need to be closed.
The solution is applied to the wall with a trowel, and then smoothed with a slicker.
If you plan to finish with tiles on top, the mortar should be thin.

To simplify the process of building a basement in a garage, you should read the recommendations of specialists:

Before building a cellar, you need to study the procedure for choosing materials that are suitable for the job. You should also think over the size of the future structure, familiarize yourself with the standard requirements that apply to the dimensions of basements.
The work begins with the development of a small scheme, which should include not only the location of the object, but also the dimensions. Using the sketch, you can calculate the required amount of materials.
When self-erecting a basement, you need to pay attention to the choice of a place for arranging a pit. The pit should be located at a sufficient distance from the supporting structures of the building.
The basement must have high-quality waterproofing and ventilation.
The best way to design the descent into the cellar is a ladder that will descend through the hatch.
A staircase equipped with concrete steps is suitable for a large basement.
The hatch cover should be made of lightweight materials so that no special force is applied when opening.

Most car owners prefer to have a garage with a basement made of concrete blocks. This garage can be used to store food, spare parts and equipment. In order to feel safe while in the garage, some fundamental conditions should be observed when constructing a cellar. When arranging a basement, the main attention should be paid to the structure of the cellar overlap. It can be varied and depend on the size of the garage, the size of the basement and the number of cars parked in the garage. It is best to provide a basement in the plan before starting the construction of the garage. Then, in the course of organizing the sequence of works, all design requirements can be optimally met. When arranging a cellar, after the garage is built, inconveniences arise that require time and effort.

The main focus should be on the strength of the concrete slabs above the basement. Its strength is greatly influenced by the support of this floor. In a complex arrangement of a garage with a basement, standard concrete slabs are most often used as an overlap. In this version, the walls of the cellar turn out to be the supporting foundation for the entire garage and at the same time the support on which the ceiling is laid. During operation, horizontal forces from the surrounding soil begin to act on the walls of the basement. These forces tend to deform the basement walls. Therefore, the thickness of the walls should increase in proportion to the depth of the basement. The bottom of the excavated pit is covered with a layer of 10 cm of crushed stone and 5 cm of sand. Then a strip foundation is made. The garage will act on this foundation with all its weight, the walls of the cellar and the ceiling. Basement walls are best constructed from concrete blocks. But if it is expensive, then instead of concrete blocks, you can make the walls concrete using sliding formwork.

If everything is done properly, then you need to order survey work at the construction site. This will allow you to find out if there are underground utilities below, for example, an electric or telephone cable, or nearby groundwater. If the garage is located on soil saturated with moisture, then a circular drainage system must be made to remove moisture from the area adjacent to the garage. In any case, waterproofing of the foundation and basement blocks from the outside is needed. If the construction site is on dry ground, then it is enough to coat the blocks from the outside with hot bitumen in two layers. If the soil is wet, then it is required to glue the blocks with roofing material on bitumen mastic. A good insulating and at the same time waterproof material is expanded polystyrene. This material is highly resistant to mold and decay. Installation of such insulation is done by simply pasting the blocks from the outside. The size of the slabs must be carefully matched to each other. The joints are also glued.

Cellar in a built garage

If the basement is being built in a built garage, then standard concrete slabs cannot be used as a floor, because they are installed with a crane. The overlap is done by laying load-bearing beams. It is best to use I-beams. For this purpose, motorists use pieces of railroad rails purchased at scrap metal collection points. The mine rails for the structural beam will be weak. They can be used as cross members, laid perpendicular to the load-bearing beams. For the ends of the supporting beams, beds are provided on the walls of the basement. In general, the basement walls serve as the foundation for the entire garage. Reinforcement is placed in the space between the bearing beams. The lower formwork is installed on which concrete is laid. It turns out a homemade reinforced concrete slab.

If the size of the cellar in terms of plan is small, compared to the area of \u200b\u200bthe garage, then there may be another option. If the car is parked in a place where there is no basement, then only a viewing ditch is arranged at the place of its installation. The basement will be located in a place where there is no load from the weight of the car and the overlap can be made lightweight. In all cases, the overlap above the basement requires insulation. Warming ensures the absence of wet condensation and therefore directly affects the protection of metal structures from corrosion. The ventilation of the cellar and garage is of great importance for the absence of moisture. Warming and ventilation should be considered in more detail.

Insulation of ceilings, walls and blocks

It can be insulated in several ways. One of them is that pipes with a diameter of 25 mm are installed horizontally 15 cm from the ceiling with an attachment pitch of about 60 cm. These pipes can be attached to walls or to the ceiling. Reinforcing bars made of wire with a diameter of 8-10 mm are attached perpendicular to the pipes. They are fastened with soft wire. It is better to paint the entire structure with chromium oxide, red lead or other waterproof paint. Polyethylene bags are placed in the space between the ceiling and the resulting structure. Previously, forest moss or chopped straw is placed in the bags and sealed with an iron. The bags are stacked without a gap on top of each other and tightly together. On top are laid sheets of galvanized iron, waterproof plywood or plastic wrap. They are used as an umbrella from which condensate must drain into a bucket or some other container through pre-arranged grooves.

You can use a mortar with the addition of cement and sawdust to insulate the ceiling. The layer of such a solution can reach 20 cm. After complete drying, a plaster solution is applied after a few days. The same method can be used to insulate the basement walls. The floor is insulated with glass wool or other insulation, laid between the logs under the finishing coating. If the water table is high, then a drainage system should be arranged around the garage. The bottom of the cellar deepens 30 cm from the intended floor level. A layer of rubble about 10 cm is poured onto the leveled soil. Sand is poured onto the rubble in a layer of 5 cm. All layers are compacted. The cover of the basement entrance is made with a grate or mesh so that ventilation is better and small animals cannot enter. For winter, the lid is closed with insulation.

The best insulation for floors, walls and ceilings is polyurethane foam. It is applied by spraying directly onto the surface of the insulation. The entire inner surface of the basement is blown out with foam. Insulation fills all the cracks, penetrating into inaccessible places. With rapid hardening, a flat surface without seams and voids is formed. Polyurethane foam has a very low thermal conductivity. It is practically weightless, so it will not additionally load the supporting structures. With this method, the basement is insulated very quickly, and the only drawback is the high price of the material.

Space ventilation

Correct ventilation is a guarantee that moisture will not linger in the basement. With good ventilation, moisture will not damage your food supply. Knowing how dangerous garage exhaust fumes can be, ventilation should be at height and in the main garage. In most cases, natural ventilation is used, in which air movement is carried out due to the temperature difference between the incoming air and the one available inside. If the air change is done insufficiently, then it makes sense to install a fan. At such a time of the year, when the air temperature outside and inside the cellar is equalized, ventilation stops. There will be no ventilation even when the outside temperature is higher than in the basement. Artificial and natural ventilation can be carried out through one channel. Artificial ventilation can be with one hole.

Garage ventilation protects not only food and wall surfaces, but also the vehicle itself. When they put the car in the garage in winter, snow remains on the wheels and body. After thawing, the air becomes very humid, which increases the likelihood of corrosion of metal parts.

Working conditions

The opening of the supply pipe is arranged at a distance of 10-15 cm from the cellar floor. Above the ground, the suction opening should be at a height of 30-40 cm. It is equipped with a net to prevent the entry of small animals. The hole must be protected by a so-called deflector. This device consists of a sheet bent in an arc and attached in the form of a mushroom to the suction port. The deflector is designed to protect against precipitation.

For natural ventilation to work, there must be a difference in height between the suction and outlet openings in the ventilation pipes. The minimum value of such a difference, providing a pressure drop, is 3 meters.

The supply pipe should be positioned so that it is constantly exposed to the wind. The lack of natural ventilation manifests itself in severe frosts, when the chimney can be blocked by frost. To prevent this drawback, it is necessary to insulate the pipelines. The pipes should be periodically cleaned of snow and frost.

It turns out that natural ventilation can malfunction, not coping with the work all year round. Therefore, a fan can be inserted into the chimney. It pushes exhaust air into the pipe and creates conditions for the inflow of fresh air. The disadvantage is that during the cold season, the basement and garage can be hypothermic. There are systems with fans at the inlet and outlet, and a two-speed fan is installed at the outlet. The ventilation control system is equipped with temperature and gas level sensors. When the garage is full of exhaust gases, the second speed of the exhaust fan turns on. Modern systems in European garages are equipped with fans to calculate the need for an optimal climate in the garage. All fan switches and speeds are controlled by a computer program. We consider the simplest devices and the usual garage of our domestic motorist so that the owner of the garage has a good idea of \u200b\u200bthe effect of ventilation and takes timely measures to eliminate failures.

Implementation results

A garage with a cellar made of concrete blocks is a fairly reliable structure. No one denies the usefulness and functionality of such a structure. However, when arranging the overlap of the cellar in the garage, it is necessary to provide for all the nuances associated with the distribution of loads on the walls of concrete blocks, the influence of insulation and ventilation on the state of the structure and atmosphere of the garage. When planning, you need to organize the sequence of work in such a way as to provide maximum convenience for their implementation. It is best to design the garage entirely with a basement of concrete blocks to ensure the functionality of all devices. Neglect of insulation can damage the floor due to increased moisture condensation with subsequent corrosion of the supporting structures.

Ventilation is also important to avoid unnecessary condensation. Insufficient waterproofing of walls and foundations, as well as the absence of a circular drainage system, can lead to flooding of the basement. This garage will become a breeding ground for swamp-smelling mosquitoes.

The cellar under the garage is convenient in that it does not take up much space on the site. In winter, the basement of the garage is not covered with snow, and you can get into it at any time. This cellar does not require additional thermal insulation, since it is already inside the garage, and, if necessary, can be equipped with a viewing hole for self-repairing the car.

Before starting construction work, you need to take into account a number of important nuances, such as: length, depth, width.

In addition, the construction of such a basement requires much less money than for the construction of other types of cellars.

The nuances of building a basement under the garage

When building such a cellar, it is necessary to observe many important conditions, the main ones of which are effective ventilation and complete waterproofness. It is best to build a basement at the same time as building a garage.

The cellar is convenient because it can also be used as a viewing pit. To make this possible, a staircase is made with a slight slope, which runs along the entire length of the cellar. Due to the small angle of inclination, standing on the steps of the stairs, you can service the car. This option saves you a lot of money.

One of the most serious moments is the arrangement of the cellar walls.

They are an integral part of the garage foundation, so it is better not to skimp on their thickness. In addition, the thicker the walls in the basement of the garage, the easier it will be to insulate it. Typically, stone or brick is used to build basement walls. Red brick is preferred. However, if the groundwater level is high or your region has a humid climate, it is better to use monolithic reinforced concrete for building walls.

The floor in the cellar requires a high-quality waterproofing device, since it is through it that the greatest amount of moisture seeps. The best option for the base is a cushion of crushed stone about 10-15 cm thick with bitumen impregnation. Garage walls can also be insulated with bitumen, preferably in combination with burlap. It is very simple to make such insulation: the burlap is impregnated with bitumen, after which it is glued to the walls of the cellar. The walls of the garage basement must be plated and covered with lime whitewash. It is recommended to use this mixture for whitewashing, as it absorbs moisture well.

It can be made as part of a general ventilation system or separately. Good and proper ventilation will prevent the appearance of fungus. Typically, for this, ventilation windows and other ventilation devices are created in the walls of the basement.

The wiring in the basement of the garage is carried out by analogy with the arrangement of the rest of the power supply. If you have never worked with wiring before, it is best to have it done by a professional electrician. Due to the high humidity in the basement, special attention must be paid to the insulation of the contacts.

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Basement device under the garage: step by step instructions

As already mentioned, it is best at the same time with the construction of the garage. In this case, construction begins with a marking for the base, and at the same time a place for a viewing hole is also marked. However, in cases where the garage is bought ready-made and without a cellar, it must be done by hand.

First of all, prepare the tools that you may need for the job:

a hammer;
nails;
boards;
metal tank;
wooden box;
metal rods and holders;
polyethylene film;
sawdust;
mineral wool;
gravel;
table;
cement mixture;
fine mesh;
entrenching tool;
level;
roulette;
sand;
water.

Before starting construction work on arranging the cellar, you need to take into account a number of important nuances, such as:

the length of the inspection pit (usually it is made 0.5 m longer than the car);
depth - is determined individually (depending on the growth of the owner);
width - 700 mm plus the thickness of the pit walls.

In the walls of the pit, it is necessary to provide for the creation of auxiliary niches for placing tools, fixtures and other needs.

You need to evaluate the opportunity under your garage. To the greatest extent it depends on where it is located. The main obstacle that can nullify all plans is the high level of groundwater. built in such a place will be heated in spring. Check for utility lines under your garage. If it is located within the city, this is quite possible. If the listed obstacles are absent, you can start building a basement.

Dig a pit. Its dimensions should exceed the dimensions of the future basement by 50 cm on each side. Additional space is required for the convenience of concreting and waterproofing work. It is not recommended to expand the hole too much - this will increase the amount of work and complicate filling the sinuses.

The bottom of the dug pit is cleaned from the remnants of the earth and well compacted. A layer of rubble, gravel or coarse sand is poured onto the bottom. The backfill thickness should be about 10 cm. The filled layer is compacted and saturated with hot bitumen. After the bitumen hardens, it is necessary to cover the bottom with waterproof materials, for example, plastic wrap.

A basement floor is created on the prepared foundation. Monolithic concrete with a thickness of about 30 cm is best suited for this. The walls are made of brick or concrete reinforced with steel rods. The waterproofing of the cellar is carried out by coating with crumpled clay with a layer of about 10 cm. Another available option is to apply an inexpensive waterproofing coating (roofing material is well suited). The space between the walls of the pit and the walls of the basement is filled with soil, which is carefully compacted.

The inner surface of the walls is plastered with cement mortar and smoothed with a metal trowel. The thickness of the plaster layer is approximately 1 cm.

The overlap of the garage basement is made of reinforced concrete slabs. In one of the slabs, it is necessary to hollow out a hole with a size of 80 × 80 cm. Instead, you can simply leave a hole of the appropriate size between the slabs, covering it with a brick.

Make an entrance to the basement directly from the garage itself or from an extension to it. The manhole door is made double - so there will be an air gap between the flaps.