Solar battery for your home. Solar energy in his home: how to make a battery with your own hands

Content:

Providing comfortable living conditions in modern apartments and private houses can not do without electrical energy, the need for which is constantly increasing. However, the prices for this energy carrier increase with sufficient regularity. Accordingly, the total costs of housing content increase. Therefore, the solar battery is becoming increasingly relevant for a private house, along with other alternative sources of electricity. This method makes it possible to make an object non-volatile in the conditions of constant increase in the price and disconnection of electricity.

The effectiveness of solar batteries

The problem of autonomous power supply to devices and equipment in private houses is already considered for a long time. One of the options for alternative food has become solar energy, which in modern conditions has been widely used in practice. The only factor of doubts and disputes is the effectiveness of solar cells, which does not always justify the imposed hopes.

The operation of solar batteries directly depends on the amount of solar energy. Thus, the batteries will be most effective in the regions where sunny days are dominated. Even in the very perfect version, the effectiveness of the batteries is only 40%, and in real conditions this indicator is much lower. Another condition of normal functioning is the presence of significant areas for the installation of autonomous solar systems. If for a country house it is not a serious problem, then the owners of apartments have to solve many additional technical tasks.

Device and principle of operation

The basis of the operation of solar cells is the ability of photocells to perform the conversion of solar energy into electric. All together they are collected in the form of a multi-character field combined into a common system. The effect of solar energy turns each cell into an electric current source collecting and accumulating in batteries. The dimensions of the total area of \u200b\u200bsuch a field directly affect the power of the entire device. That is, with an increase in the number of photocells, respectively increases the number of electricity generated.

This does not mean that the required amount of electricity can be produced only on very large areas. There are many small household appliances using solar energy - calculators, lanterns and other devices.

In modern country houses, lighting devices are becoming increasingly popular. With these simple and economical devices, garden paths, terraces and other necessary places are illuminated. In the dark, electricity is used, accumulated during the day when the sun shines. The use of economical lamps allows you to spend accumulated electricity for a long time. The solution of the main objectives of the power supply is carried out with the help of other, more powerful systems that allow you to produce a sufficient amount of electricity.

Main types of solar panels

Before proceeding with the personnel manufacture of solar panels, it is recommended to familiarize yourself with their main types to choose for yourself the most suitable option.

All solar energy converters are divided into film and flint, in accordance with their device and constructive features. The first option is replicated by thin-film batteries, where the transducers are made in the form of a film made according to special technology. These designs are also known as polymeric. They can be installed in any available places, however, they require a lot of space and have a low efficiency. Even the average cloudiness can reduce the effectiveness of film devices at once by 20%.

Silicon batteries are represented by three types:

• . The design consists of numerous cells with built-in flint converters. They are connected to one whole and filled with silicone. They differ simplicity of operation, ease, flexibility, waterproof. But to ensure the efficient operation of such batteries, direct sunlight is required. Despite the relatively high efficiency - up to 22%, when clouded, electricity generation can significantly reduce or stop completely.
• . Compared to single crystal, they have more converters placed in cells. Their installation is made in different directions, which significantly increases the efficiency of work even with weak light. These batteries received the greatest distribution, especially in urban conditions.
• Amorphous. Possess low efficiency - only 6%. However, they are considered very promising, due to the ability to absorb the light flux many times more than the first two types.

All the considered types of solar panels are manufactured in the factory conditions, so their price remains very high yet. In this regard, you can try to make a sunny battery yourself, using inexpensive materials.

Choosing materials and parts for the manufacture of solar battery

Since the high cost of autonomous sources of solar energy makes them inaccessible for widespread, homemade masters can try to organize the manufacture of solar panels with their own hands from girlfriend. It should be remembered that in the manufacture of the battery it is impossible to do only with infirred materials. Be sure to buy factory details, even if not new.

The solar energy converter includes several main elements. First of all, this is a battery itself, which has already been discussed above. Next is the battery controller, which controls the level of charge of the battery with the resulting electric shock. The next element is batteries accumulating electricity. It will be necessary, which will be required, transforming permanent current into variable. Thus, all homemade household appliances designed for 220 volts will be able to work normally.

Each of these elements can be freely purchased in the electronics market. If there are certain theoretical knowledge and practical skills, most of them can be assembled independently according to typical schemes, including the Solar Battery Controller. In order to calculate the power of the converter, you need to know for what purpose it will be used. It can only be lighting or heating, as well as the complete provision of the needs of the object. In this regard, the materials and components will be selected.

In the manufacture of the solar battery with your own hands, you need to decide not only with a power, but also with the working voltage of the network. The fact is that the networks on solar energy can work on a constant or alternating current. The last option is considered to be more preferable, as it allows you to distribute electricity to consumers for over 15 meters. When using polycrystalline batteries, from one square meter can be obtained, on average, in one hour about 120 W. That is, to obtain 300 kW per month, solar panels with a total area of \u200b\u200b20 m2 will be required. It is so much that the usual family consumes in 3-4 people.

In private houses and dachas use solar panels, each of which includes 36 elements. The power of one panel is about 65 W. In a small private house or in the country, 15 panels are quite enough, capable of producing electrical power up to 5 kW per hour. After performing preliminary calculations, you can acquire transformative plates. It is allowed to purchase damaged elements with minor defects that only affect the appearance of the battery. In working condition, each element is able to issue about 19 V.

Manufacturing of solar panels

After all the materials and details are prepared, you can start an assembly of converters. When soldering elements, it is necessary to provide a gap to the extension between them within 5 mm. Washa should be very carefully and carefully. For example, in the absence of wiring at the plates, they will need to attack manually. To work, you will need a soldering iron on 60 watts, to which a convex incandescent lamp is connected to 100 W.

All plates are soldered sequentially among themselves. Plates are characterized by increased fragility, so their soldering is recommended to be performed using a frame. During the decay in the scheme together with photoflasts, diodes are inserted, protecting the photocells from the discharge when the level of illumination or the occurrence of complete darkness is reduced. To this end, the half of the panel is combined in a common bus, which in turn is displayed on the terminal bar, due to which the average point is created. The same diodes protect rechargeable batteries from discharge at night.

One of the main conditions for the effective work of the batteries is high-quality soldering of all points and nodes. Before installing the substrate, these places are necessarily tested. For the output of the current, it is recommended to use the conductors with a small cross section, for example, an acoustic cable in silicone insulation. All wires are fixed using sealant. After that, the material is selected for the surface to which the plates will be attached. Glass has the most suitable characteristics, a much better transmitting light stream than carbonate or plexiglass.

In the manufacture of the solar battery from the primary means, you must take care of the box. Usually the box is made of a wooden bar or an aluminum corner, after which the glass is placed onto the sealant. The sealant must fill all the irregularities, and then dry completely. Due to this, the dust will not fall inside, and the photographic plastic will not be contaminated during operation.

Next, a sheet with soldered photocells is installed on the glass. It can be fixed in different ways, however, the most optimal variants are transparent epoxy resin or sealant. The epoxy resin is evenly covered with the entire surface of the glass, then converters are installed on it. When using the sealant, the mount is carried out by points in the center of each element. By the end of the assembly, a hermetic case should be obtained, inside which is located solar battery. The finished device will issue about 18-19 volts, which is quite enough to charge the battery by 12 volts.

Possibility of home heating

After the self-made solar battery is collected, each owner will surely want to check it in action. The most important problem is the heating of the house, therefore, first of all, the possibilities of heating due to solar energy are checked.

Helicollectors are used for heating. With the help of a vacuum collector, sunlight turns into heat. Thin glass tubes are filled with a liquid that heats up from the Sun and transfers heat to water placed in the tank drive. In our case, this method is not suitable because it comes exclusively on the transformation of solar energy into electrical.

It all depends on the power of the device used. In any case, a large part of the resulting energy will be drilled on the heating of water in the boiler. If 100 liters of water heat up to 70-80 degrees, you will need about 4 hours of time. Electricity consumption by water boiler with Tanni for 2 kW will be 8 kW. When generating electricity 5 kW per hour, there will be no problems. However, with a battery area of \u200b\u200bless than 10 m2, the heating of a private house with their help becomes impossible.

As a rule, such a battery consists of three photocells. Sometimes there are more them. Elements need to be removed, and so to save the connecting, soldered to the element or fixed on it using the clips. This will greatly facilitate installation. For the manufacture of a self-made source of energy, a sensitive measuring device is also very useful - for example, a multimeter. Separately taken element issues the following amount of electricity from 1 kV. See Square:

Current up to 24 mA;
- Voltage 0.5 V.

Under the load will be half the voltage, which is not completely insufficient for practical purposes. If you need more voltage or larger current, you need to connect several such elements with each other. This requires a common dielectric panel (for example, textolite). A serial connection (with mandatory observance of polarity) will provide an opportunity to increase the output voltage, but the internal resistance of the photocells is quite large. To reduce it (and increase the output power) it is useful to apply and parallel inclusion of individual elements. In parallel, you can connect both the chains of the connected battery elements and individual items to each other.

In any case, it is necessary to monitor the observance of polarity. If you managed to save the wires attached to the individual plates, it is quite easy to solder items, but it is necessary with the use of heat sink. But when you remove the photocells, it is not always possible to save wires. In this case, you can apply spring clips and even small springs from ballpoint balls. At exactly the same principle you can collect solar from selenium plates from old photoexponometers.

It is impossible to solder the element itself, because at home this will lead, most likely to break.

Old Radio or Unnecessary Computer Mice

Most often, it does not turn out to be ready-made photocells. In this case, you can take advantage of the available old radio components. For example, connecting sequentially 20 point diodes in a glass case (for example, D9, D2), you can get a voltage of 1.2V. Of course, the observance of polarity is necessary in this case. If the diode housing is covered with paint, it must be washed or scraped. Diodes are suitable any like silicon and Germany. An additional parallel connection of diodes and chains of diodes in the same way as in the first case helps to reduce the internal resistance of the battery. For the same purpose, photodiodes from the failed computer mice can be applied. It is possible to use LEDs that can also work as photocells.

Battery made of transistors

Instead of diodes, you can use transistors with metal housings. Here, for access light, it is necessary to remove the metal housing or its upper part. You can use the manifold transitions - base and emitter - base. In this case, both silicon and Germany transistors are suitable, transistors with a torn manifold or emitter, but it is desirable that they are the same type. The rules of the compound are the same as indicated in the first two ways. Useful use of additional reflective panels discarding the light on the solar panel.

The more powerful transistors, the larger current can be removed from the battery.

Some subtleties

Transistors, as in general, any photocells, it is advisable to protect against mechanical damage and dust. For this, the collected battery is best close from above. Fit transparent film or thin quartz glass. You can apply a subtle orgest. Ordinary window glass or, let's say, triplex are not suitable, as it delays ultraviolet rays.

It is important to correctly ensure the position of the battery regarding the Sun, since it depends on the effectiveness of its operation. The efficiency of solar panels made at home is rather low and does not exceed 10%. You can get electricity and not on a very sunny day, but the battery should not be in a strongly shaded place. Voltages are enough to charge the batteries somewhere in the country or hike. By the way, in such a way you can even illuminate a dark basement if you place the battery outside, and inside the LED.

Recently, solar panels have become particularly popular - instruments that allow to obtain energy from sunlight. Such elements allow us to save money to pay for accounts and are environmentally friendly sources of alternative energy, since no harmful emissions do not produce. You can charge a phone or another gadget in the field if you are far from the outlet. For those who take care of the environment or simply does not want to spend extra money, we offer an article on how to make a sunny battery with your own hands from girlfriend. Thanks to our advice, you will learn how to fully build a homemade prototype with a minimum cost.

Materials for manufacture

In order to make the device at home, you will need:

1. Thin copper sheet. Its average cost is about a hundred fifty rubles in 0.9 m2. It will be required somewhere 0.45 m2.
2. "Crocodiles" among two pieces.
3. Tester or micro ammeter. This device is needed to measure the current force and evaluating the efficiency of the energy source.
4. Electric powder, with a capacity of 1100 watts, it is necessary that the spiral in it gets to red.
5. Plastic bottle, which must be cut off the neck itself.
6. Normal salt. Several tablespoons.
7. Preheat water.
8. Small sandpaper (zero).

Step-by-step instruction

So, to make a sunny battery with your own hands, you must perform the following steps:

• Cut off the copper sheet a piece of this size so that we can arrange it on the spiral of the electric tile. A sliced \u200b\u200bpiece must be well cleaned from any contaminants using emery paper, if necessary, you can apply cleaning products. Any traces of fat will prevent oxidation, so they need to be removed and taking a clean sheet only by edges.

• Next, we place it on the spirals of the plates and turn on it so that it fuses to red. At the same time, be extremely accurate and follow the safety technique! Under the influence of chemical reactions, when heated, copper will become oxidized. That's when copper acquires black color, count another 30 minutes so that the black layer becomes fat.

• Then turn off the stove. Let a piece designed for the manufacture of the solar battery with their own hands cools to room temperature. Cooling, copper and copper oxide will become cool and shrink at different speeds. Then the separation of oxide will begin.

By the way, such a solar battery can give a few milliamper even without the sun, working as a battery! Of course, such a design is not capable of installing anything serious, it can be used as a demo version or a prototype, from which low-power LEDs can light up. We recommend immediately viewing a more serious use of alternative energy sources that we described in an article about!

Training video on how at home Create a charger

Charging the phone from the sun

Now we will tell you how to collect a solar battery, able to charge a mobile phone. A manufacturing battery consisting of separate parts based on single-crystal silicon is one of the most popular types of elements, problems are not excluded when they are soldered, associated with the fragility of the panels. If you are not sure that you can do everything yourself, it is better to choose already soldered modules. Well, if they consist of ten single-crystal elements and have a five volt output voltage.

Solar cells may also be present in calculators, lanterns, fed from the Sun, from where they can be pulled out. In these devices, they are mainly used amorphous elements, where the semiconductor layer is located on a small plate of glass. Given that the modules of this type are given about one and a half volts, we will need four pieces that need to be connected sequentially. Do not forget to the positive conclusion of the battery to fall a diode that will not give the battery to spend the charge through the solar panel. You can get a diode from the Lantern Board.

Extremely preferably after the solar battery install a simple linear stabilizer by 5 volt and USB connector. This is necessary to limit the voltage, since if you have incorrectly connected, you can spoil the charging device. You can purchase a stabilizer in any radio component store or drop out of the non-working board.

In order to our product, it served more reliably, fuel the thermoclaim transverse edges of modules to protect against mechanical damage.

Overview of a more complex model

So, in this article we suggested to you how to make a sunny battery with your own hands from girlfriend. Of all the options, namely: the manufacture of batteries from beer aluminum cans, silicon, foil, transistors, on some diodes, etc. We offered a simple assembly of copper plates, and also described a method where solar modules can be removed from the calculator or flashlight, and connectually connects, use to charge the phone.

Also read:

Solar battery is a device that allows you to generate electricity using special photocells. It helps to significantly reduce the cost of electricity and get an inexhaustible source. This installation can not only be used in the finished form, but also make it yourself. The solar panel for the house in the private sector will be an ideal solution that will help to avoid frequent interruptions with light.

General

Before making a solar panel at home, it is necessary to study its device in detail, the principle of operation, advantages and disadvantages. Owning this information, you can correctly choose the necessary components that will work for a long time and benefit.

Device and principle of operation

The designs of all types operate on the basis of the conversion of energy emitted by the nearest star, into electrical. This is due to special photocells that are combined into an array and form a common design. Semiconductor elements made from silicon are used as energy converters.

The principle of operation of the solar panel:

1. The light coming from the sun hits the photocells.
2. It knocks out free electrons from the last orbits of all silicon atoms.
3. Because of this, a large number of free electrons appear, which begin to move quickly and chaotically between the electrodes.
4. The consequence of this process becomes DC generation.
5. Then, it is quickly converted into a variable and enters the receiving device.
6. It distributes the resulting electricity throughout the house.

Advantages and disadvantages

Solar panels made by their own hands have a number of advantages over factory structures and other energy sources. Thanks to this, the devices are quickly gaining popularity and are used worldwide.

Among the positive sides of solar panels it should be selected as:

Despite the large number of advantages in solar panels there are disadvantages. They must be taken into account before the construction of the construction and its installation.

The disadvantages include the following:

In order for the finished design to fully perform its functions and provided people with a sufficient number of electricity, it is necessary to make it correctly. To do this, take into account many factors and choose only high-quality materials.

Primary requirements

Before making your own hands to make a sunny battery, you need to perform a number of preparatory activities and carefully examine all the requirements for the device. This will help get a running installation and simplify its installation process.

So that the solar panel worked at the maximum of its capabilities, it is necessary to comply with such requirements:

Materials and tools

Photo cells are considered the most important details of the device. Manufacturers offer customers only 2 of their varieties: from monocrystalline (efficiency up to 13%) and polycrystalline silicon (efficiency up to 9%).

The first option is only suitable for work in sunny weather, and the second is in any. Other important elements of the design are conductors. They are used to connect photocells with each other.

For the manufacture of the panel supports such materials and tools:

Procedure

In order to make the solar panel with your own hands at home, it is necessary to follow the sequence of actions. Only in this case can avoid errors and achieve the desired result.

The process of manufacturing the panel is simple and consists of the following steps:

1. A set of poly- or single-crystal photocells is taken and the details are collected in the overall design. Their number is determined on the basis of the requirements of the owners of the house.
2. The photocells are applied contours that are made of valuable conductors from tin. This operation is performed on a flat glass surface with a soldering iron.
3. According to a predetermined electrical circuit, all cells are connected to each other. At the same time, you must connect the shunt diodes. The ideal option for the solar battery will be the use of Schottky diodes that prevent panel discharge at night.
4. The design of the cells moves to open space and is tested for performance. In the absence of any problems, you can start the frame assembly.
5. For these purposes, special corners of aluminum are used, which are attached to the elements of the hull with hardware.
6. A thin layer of silicone sealant is applied to the inner parts of the rails.
7. A sheet of plexiglass or polycarbonate is put on top of it and is tightly pressed against the frame contour.
8. The design is left for several hours to complete silicone sealant drying.
9. As soon as this process ended, the transparent sheet is additionally attached to the housing using hardware.
10. Along the entire inside of the resulting surface, selected photocells with conductors are placed. It is important to leave a small distance (approximately 5 millimeters) between adjacent cells. To simplify this procedure, you can apply the necessary markup in advance.
11. The installed cells are securely fixed on the frame using a mounting silicone, and the panel is completely sealed. All this will help increase the service life of the solar battery.
12. The product is left to dry out the applied mixture and acquires its final appearance.

Manufactured materials

Solar battery can be assembled not only from expensive materials, but also from the booming. The finished design, although it is less effective, will allow you to save a little on electricity.

This is one of the easiest and most affordable options for making a homemade solar panel. The device is based on a small voltage diodes that are made in a glass case.

Battery is done in compliance with such a sequence of actions:

Copper foil

If you need to get a small amount of electricity, you can make it possible to make a solar battery from ordinary foil.

The finished design will have a low power, so it is possible to apply it only to feed small devices.

Step-by-step instruction:

Beer banks

This simple way to produce the battery does not require large financial costs. With it, you can get a small amount of electricity that will slightly reduce costs.

Procedure:

Self-made solar panel is a wonderful device that allows you to reduce the cost of electricity. With the right manufacturer and compliance with all recommendations, you can make a quality product that will work for many years.

For a long time, the solar panels were either bulky panels of satellites and space stations, or low-power photocells of pocket calculators. This was due to the primitiveness of the first single-crystal silicon photocells: they had not only low efficiency (no more than 25% in the theory, in practice - about 7%), but also noticeably lost efficiency when the angle of light drop from 90˚ is rejected. Given that in Europe in cloud weather, the specific power of solar radiation can fall below 100 W / m 2, to obtain any significant power required too large areas of solar panels. Therefore, the first solar power plants were built only in the conditions of maximum power of light flow and clear weather, that is, in the deserts near the equator.

A significant breakthrough in creating photocells returned interest in solar energy: so, the cheapest and affordable polycrystalline silicon elements, although they have a smaller efficiency than in single-crystal, but are less sensitive to the working conditions. The solar panel based on polycrystalline plates will give enough stable voltage with variable cloudiness. More modern photocells based on gallium arsenide have efficiency up to 40%, but too expensive for the manufacture of solar battery with their own hands.

On the video there is a story about the idea of \u200b\u200bthe construction of the solar battery and its implementation

Should I do?

In many cases, the solar battery it turns out very helpful: For example, the owner of a private house or dacha, located in the distance from the mains, can even be able to maintain his phone charged, connect low-power consumers like automotive refrigerators.

For this purpose, ready-made compact panels made in the form of rapidly foldable assemblies based on synthetic tissue are produced and sold. In the middle lane of Russia, such a panel of about 30x40 cm can provide power within 5 W at a voltage of 12 V.

A larger battery will be able to provide up to 100 W electrical power. It would seem that it's not so much, but it is worth remembering the principle of work of small: in them the entire load is powered through the pulse converter from battery batteries, which are charged from a low-power windmill. Thus, it becomes possible to use more powerful consumers.

The use of a similar principle when building a home solar power plant makes it more profitable compared to the windmill: in the summer the sun shines most of the day, unlike the non-permanent and often missing wind. For this reason, the batteries will be able to gain a charge for the day much faster, and the solar panel itself is much easier to install than that requires a high mast.

There is your meaning and in the use of solar battery solely as an emergency power source. For example, if in a private house there is a gas boiler with circulation pumps, when the power is turned off, it is possible to power them from batteries that are supported by the solar battery, while maintaining a system of heating system.

Television story on this topic