Prepare with additional materials. Ways to strengthen natural and artificial soil

The base of the construction site is an array of soil that lies under the foundation, steadily takes the entire load of the structure on itself. Soils that serve as the basis are divided into two types: natural, or natural and artificial.

thirdly, the soils should be without heaving qualities, when freezing, any such soils expand, while thawing they decrease, which leads to a violation of the correct shrinkage of the structure and the formation of deformative cracks, gaps;

fourthly, soils must have the ability to withstand all sorts of effects of groundwater and liquids.

They have the following building classification:

1. rocky - actually not compressible, absolutely not heaving, very waterproof (the best base). For example, Manhattan in New York.
2. coarse, that is, pieces of a rock type (about 50 percent with a volume of over two millimeters): gravel and crushed stone (a fairly good base);
3. sands - and the larger the particles, the greater their possibilities for construction. The sand is gravelly (large particles) under loads are significantly compacted, they do not show heaving (a fairly good base). And small, almost dusty particles, when moisture gets in, begin to heave;
4. clayey take on significant loads in dry form, however, in the process of moistening, their carrying capacity is significantly reduced, they become heaving;
5. loesslike, that is, macroporous, usually have good strength, however, in the process of moistening, they often give significant subsidence, they can be used provided they are strengthened;
6. bulk - are formed when filling pits, garbage dumps, canals. Have a disproportionate compressibility (require hardening);
7. alluvial - are formed as a result of the purification of a dried-up river or lake. Not a bad soil base;
8. quicksand - formed by fine particles of sand with silty mixtures. They are not suitable for natural substrates.

Strengthening methods:

firstly, seal... Ordinary pneumatic ramming or ramming with special plates, in some cases crushed stone is added. On large areas, rollers are used;

secondly, pillow device... In cases where it is difficult to strengthen the soil, the layer of unreliable soil is removed and replaced with a more stable one (for example, sand or gravel). The thickness of such a pillow is usually 10 centimeters or more;

third, silicatization - used for fine dusty sand. In such cases, mixtures of liquid glass with various chemical additives should be injected into the soil. After the soil hardens, it will acquire a good bearing capacity;
fourthly, cementation, that is, the supply of a cement mixture under the base in liquid form or a liquid mixture of cement with sand;

fifth, burning, that is, the thermal method, combustion of various combustible materials in the depths of wells. Used for loess soil types. Thus, the foundation of the soil will be reliable if all these requirements and conditions are observed during construction.

The density of the bearing soil underneath and is critical for their safe and long lasting. In our country, cases when buildings, structures and roads are erected on dense continental soils that do not require additional strengthening are relatively rare, most often it is necessary to carry out a number of measures to strengthen the soil, and most of them have a volume and final cost comparable to all subsequent construction.

There are only three ways to strengthen the soil, both natural and artificially poured. It:

1. Complete replacement of natural soil with low bearing capacity.
2. Physical compaction of natural soils.
3. Strengthening with additional materials

Complete replacement of natural soil with low bearing capacity can be done in two ways.

First: excavation (usually fine-grained, dusty sands, water-saturated gley soils in the place of former swamps) to the mainland base (usually gravel), followed by backfilling the pit with gravel, crushed stone or pouring a solid concrete slab. Gravel and crushed stone are compacted with vibratory rammers or heavy equipment, for example, road rollers weighing 10-15 tons.

Second: frequent driving of piles into the upper layer of fragile soil to the mainland foundation. Currently they are used exclusively, although history knows other examples, for example, oak piles were used in the construction of St. Petersburg.

Strengthening soils with additional materials has become possible in recent years with the advent of geotextiles, better known as non-woven synthetic materials. It combines several useful properties and forms a solid, non-decaying, water-permeable base on the soil surface. It can be used to strengthen the slopes of embankments or canals, to make a foundation for footpaths and even highways. It is used both independently and as a topcoat of gravel or crushed stone.

Physical compaction of bulk and natural soils is carried out in any case to form a denser "cushion". For such a process, only materials with a structure of medium discreteness are suitable - gravel, crushed stone (sand with natural stones), in rare cases it is used. Depending on the volume of work and the size of material fractions, both light tools (vibratory rammers) and heavy equipment are used.

Samarkand is a contemporary of Ancient Rome: the age of its cultural lower layers dates back to the 1st millennium BC.
At the turn of the XIV - XV centuries, a new heyday of Samarkand began. This happened during the reign of the great conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), who decided to make Samarkand the capital of his empire. Timur wanted to make his capital unattainably beautiful and grandiose, surpassing all other cities in the world. Therefore, the villages around Samarkand received new names and henceforth were called like this: Baghdad, Damascus, Cairo - the greatest cities in the world should have seemed like villages in comparison with the new capital of Timur. Thirteen gardens were rustling around Samarkand, the largest of them was so vast that once (as the ancient chronicles tell) the architect's horse got lost there and they were looking for it for a whole month.
The architectural ensemble of Samarkand, stretching from the Iron Gate to the east in the form of a street, was built on the sides with ceremonial tombs and religious buildings. On the outskirts of Samarkand, on the slope of the Afrasiab hill, there are the Shahi-Zinda mausoleums. Nobody planned or designed this magical street, the ensemble arose by itself, and it was built for hundreds of years - one mausoleum after another. "Shahi-Zinda" means "living king", whose cult existed long before the arrival of Islam.
Timur had many wives, but only one favorite - the beautiful Bibi-khanym. The great ruler was on a long campaign when she gathered the best architects of Samarkand, who at the hour indicated by the stars began to build a mosque.
The mosque was built by a young architect who, captivated by the beauty of Bibi-khanim, became a victim of insane and unrequited love. The slender walls of the mosque already shine with beautiful glaze, its dome already competes with the vault of heaven, it remains only to close the portal arch. But the loving architect hesitates, because the completion of the work means separation from Bibi-khanim.
Timur himself is buried in the Gur-Emir mausoleum, which is located near a small pond in Registan Square. At first, Gur-Emir was intended for the burial of Mohamed Sultan, Timur's beloved grandson, but now Timur himself, his sons and another grandson, the great medieval scientist Ulugbek, are buried here, under whom the mausoleum turned into the family tomb of the Timurids. The blue ribbed dome of the mausoleum rises to a height of 40 meters, wooden doors inlaid with ivory lead to the ceremonial hall ... The sun's rays, breaking through the marble lattices, fall in stripes on eight tombstones, the graves themselves are below - in the underground.
The central square of old Samarkand is Registan, with streets approaching from all sides, radially crossing the territory of the Old City. In ancient times, a powerful canal flowed through the area, leaving a mass of sandy deposits. The sandy deposits, probably, gave the name to this place, since "Registan" literally means "place of sand", "sandy field".
Until the 15th century, the Registan was a large trade and craft area, but then its importance as a marketplace receded into the background. Under Khan Ulugbek, who was the ruler of Samarkand from 1409 to 1447, Registan became an official square: solemn reviews of troops began to take place here, khan's decrees were announced, etc.
At the time of Ulugbek, Samarkand was the center of the scientific life of Central Asia, famous mathematicians, astronomers, historians came here ... In the madrasah, for which Ulugbek personally selected teachers, and his observatory, scientists touched the secrets of science. Merchants and artisans, pilgrims and poets, wanderers and diplomats - all aspired here, all roads led to the "precious pearl of the world" - the sparkling city of Samarkand.

Sections: History and social studies

The range of problems relevant to the current stage of development of improving the educational and educational system "museum - school" is great. In this sense, the museum has been entrusted with serious tasks. The nature of interest in the museum has changed significantly - the museum is becoming one of the most powerful means of education, since the museum today is not a collection of exhibits, but a complex unity of architecture, science and art. Constantly developing and improving, the “museum - school” system requires both teachers and museum workers to have appropriate professional knowledge and skills. Obviously, in order to activate contacts between the school and the museum, methodological recommendations are extremely important both for the teacher who wants to use the museum in the educational and educational process, and for the museum's researcher, who is interested in using the experience of colleagues as widely as possible in his work. It is the fact of the merger of some sections of pedagogy and museology that has become a platform for the creation of "museum pedagogy", the need to use which in the work of a general education school and a modern museum is dictated by time itself.

Some teachers believe that a guided tour or lecture in a museum can replace a lesson. But visiting the museum should not repeat, but enrich the lesson. The museum's assistance to the school is not in duplicating the lesson, but in expanding the children's understanding of the world around them, in the formation of aesthetic taste (Appendix 1). The museum exposition contributes to a special perception of the topic, a reliable assessment of the historical authenticity of an event or object. It is the object that is the object of comprehensive study by the museum, it is through the object as a monument of human culture that the museum communicates with the visitor. Therefore, one of the tasks of museum pedagogy is to create the prerequisites and conditions for the activation of museum visitors, in particular for improving contacts with museum objects, for organizing the perception of information embedded in them.

The work of any museum is based on a subject. He is a carrier of social and natural scientific information - an authentic source of knowledge and emotions, cultural and historical value - part of the national heritage. An important feature of a museum object that distinguishes it from other sources is the ability of the object to influence the emotional sphere of a person. It is no coincidence that all researchers, along with other properties of a museum object, such as informativeness, representativeness (reflection of reality), call the following: - expressiveness - the ability to influence a person through their characteristics, attractiveness - attracting attention, associativity - a sense of belonging, empathy (1, 89.). In addition, each item is a sign of its time, a reflection of the peculiarities of a particular era.

One of the main properties of an object is information content. The use of various objects as visual material in the lesson is widespread and the power of a methodological technique. The main difference between a museum object and an ordinary visual aid is in its authenticity, the function of historical memory that stores the experience of past generations. A museum item should be the primary source of social information, be authentic, and be stored for a long time. The moral, aesthetic, memorial value of the object is no less important - everything that makes the object a cultural value.

Working on the basis of the museum allows you to collect in one space a wide variety of sources: written monuments, material relics, visual materials, photographs, archaeological, numismatics, bonistics, philately, ethnography and many other materials. All this allows not only to show the diversity of sources, but also to teach children the language of museum items, to give them the basics of independent research work with sources. In modern families, there are few things that belonged to their ancestors that would personify the "connection of generations". Before visiting the museum, many children have never had the experience of studying ancient objects. Therefore, one of the tasks is not only to draw attention to the museum object, but also to reveal its character, features, properties. This attention to the historical source is realized through a system of classes, one or another subject becomes the main character.

One of the main forms of museum educational work is an excursion. The basis of the excursion is the presence of two elements: the show and the story. The excursion is the golden mean, where the guide needs a stable balance between showing visual objects and telling about them and the events associated with them. A show is the observation of an object under the guidance of a qualified guide. When shown, a person perceives not only the appearance of an object, a monument, but also with the help of a guide distinguishes between individual parts in it, takes part in their analysis, with the help of additional materials: auxiliary visual aids. The story during the tour is an addition to the analysis of the visual range, it is especially necessary in those cases when the visual material is poorly preserved or completely lost. But stories cannot be abused. As a rule, everything that is discussed in the excursion should be presented in the visual range, which the tourists observe. If there are no objects that reveal the topic, there can be no excursion itself. (2.14)

An attempt to prepare an excursion along the street on which the student lives, or any other street, microdistrict, or settlement is an excellent final task for consolidating a large amount of information received at the museum lessons at once. As an option and result of the integrated lesson of local history and informatics using museum technologies - a virtual tour in multimedia performance.

Another way to show the result of a student's research, local history activities through museum technologies is to organize an exhibition on a given topic, make changes to the exposition of the school museum, update and supplement it. This work, like the preparation of the excursion, requires extensive preparatory research work and in practice consolidates the knowledge gained, in addition, it contributes to the development of aesthetic skills in children, artistic taste.

Currently, the issue of local history work at school is relevant. We are considering the solution of this issue from the point of view of integration of local history with general education disciplines (historical local history, geographical and natural history, literary, etc.). The use of the main museum technologies will make it possible to effectively organize the educational process for many teachers in a new way. Non-standard forms and methods of studying school discipline, creative control tasks, of course, will contribute to the activation of the student's mental activity, the development of his creative abilities, aesthetic perception and artistic taste. But most importantly, the combination of these innovations helps the teachers of the school and the museum to solve one of the primary tasks of pedagogy - fostering a sense of patriotism, which is achieved through knowledge of the history of the native land.

Extracurricular forms of work should not be overlooked. Local history circles and sections, organization and maintenance of the school museum, active participation in local history competitions and olympiads is one of the important ways of carrying out meaningful and interesting work with students, the main way of transferring knowledge and skills not provided for in the school curriculum. The strict framework of the lesson does not always allow answering many questions of interest to children; it does not always provide an opportunity to help the child learn additional techniques and skills necessary for the success of the student's educational process. In this case, extracurricular activities come to the rescue, in which students acquire the necessary knowledge.

The activities of the local history, museum circle are aimed at mastering by children the skills of independent search, research work in archives, libraries, museums, interviewing people of interest to a museum or researcher, etc. The cycle of classes should provide for an excursion visit to the above institutions, independent work to find the necessary information given by the teacher, its processing, analysis of the work done during the meetings of the circle, further planning of the study, definition of goals and objectives. Mastering the above skills forms a student's clear orientation in the information space, which in the future greatly facilitates the work on the preparation of various kinds of essays, regional studies, etc. In addition, the members of the circle provide practical assistance to the school museum, thereby, delving into the essence of its work, realize the importance and significance of the existence of the museum business, and become involved in its activities.

The most receptive audience is children, and it is on them, first of all, that the educational activities of museums are oriented; it is with children that the school works, providing education and raising worthy citizens of their country from the younger generation.

References:

1. Lebedeva P.G. The specifics of working with a museum object in the Children's Historical Museum // Museum of the XXI century: dream and reality .- SP: 1999.
2. Ivashina N.N. Methodology for preparing a field trip. // Belgorod Regional Studies Bulletin. - Belgorod, 2001.

The device of floors by combining floor coverings of various properties is one of the most popular design techniques used, as a rule, for space zoning. The combination of laminate and ceramic tile floors within the same room allows not only to diversify the interior, making it brighter and more expressive, but also gives a significant gain in strength, durability and other operational characteristics. Most often, such solutions are found in the design of living rooms, kitchens and hallways and serve to divide the room into living and working areas.

At the same time, joining laminate with tiles is a serious technical problem, which can be solved in various ways:

• without the use of additional materials;
• using construction foams, mastics and silicone sealants;
• using a cork condenser;
• with the help of transitional sills.

Without the use of additional materials

This method is used to design single-level joints of complex configuration and requires a lot of patience and accuracy. First, a careful cutting and cutting of materials is carried out according to pre-prepared templates.

Then they are fixed on the rough floor in compliance with the general rules of fastening and thorough grouting of the joint seams. Joining a laminate with a tile without the use of additional materials allows you to beautifully design any curved joint, no matter how complex it is.

Using joint foams and polymer sealants

Butt joints of any shape, width and depth can be elegantly decorated with construction foams, mastics and silicone sealants. For this, there is a huge assortment of improvised means and a rich selection of color combinations, but this solution has a significant drawback associated with the peculiarity of laying the laminate.

Since the laminate needs some space for expansion, during installation the boards are not attached to the base and can move, taking the optimal position for themselves. Building foams and sealants eventually solidify and seal the joints tightly, which can deform the floor.

With a cork expansion joint

High-quality joining of laminate with tiles with the formation of a neat seam is carried out using cork expansion joints. The cork shrinks perfectly and recovers on its own, so there is no need to worry about the arrangement of technological gaps.

In order for the cork to lay down beautifully, the edges of the laminate and tiles along the cut line must be perfectly flat, therefore, the use of cork expansion joints makes special demands on the quality of the cutting of the material.

A special tinting is used to give the cork condenser the desired shade.

With the help of transitional sills

Transitional sills not only allow you to beautifully dock materials of various textures, properties and colors, they greatly facilitate cleaning and increase the service life of floor coverings.

There are several types of lane:

• straight sills - used to design straight sections of single-level surfaces;
• leveling sills - allow you to connect floor coverings that are at different heights;
• trailing sills - used to decorate podiums, adjoining steps of stairs and edges of coatings.

Currently, the construction market offers a wide selection of transitional sills made of different materials:

• sills made of natural wood look very beautiful and are in perfect harmony with furniture and laminate, but they are quite expensive and need special care - grouting scratches, polishing, painting and varnishing;
• metal sills or moldings - more durable, unpretentious and inexpensive, usually made of aluminum, stainless steel and brass; to protect against moisture and give the necessary color, metal sills are covered with protective films with a decorative pattern;
• laminated sills - completely repeat the structure and color of the laminate, therefore they are ideally combined with it, however, their performance is highly dependent on the quality of the materials used and compliance with the manufacturing technology;
• plastic sills are the most common, inexpensive and technologically advanced type of design of butt joints, but rather short-lived.

The main disadvantage of transitional sills is that a small ledge is formed at the joints. At the same time, joining the laminate with tiles using transitional sills provides such advantages as:

• smooth transition;
• visual integrity of the coating;
• rich selection of colors and shades;
• the ability to design curved lines;
• quick and easy installation;
• good protection of the joint from moisture and debris entering it.

When installing sills, it is necessary to leave expansion gaps, not forgetting to take into account the dimensions of the fasteners, otherwise the coatings may deform and lose their attractiveness.

Video

This video will tell you about the transitions for joints.