Basic compositional and subordinate unions. Constructive and subordinate unions

Subordinate unions and union words are the link between the main and dependent clauses in a complex clause (SPS). Here is a list of allied words and subordinate unions, depending on which subordinate clause in meaning they attach.

Submissive unions

Unlike unions, words of the service part of speech, they perform the role of a union and at the same time remain full members of the sentence.

I was asked who I was, first in Portuguese, then in Spanish, then in French, but I did not know any of these languages \u200b\u200b(Daniel Defoe. Robinson Crusoe).

• (Who?) i is the subject;
• (what is said about me?) who it - compound nominal predicate.

Let's list the union words - pronouns:

• who;
• what;
• what;
• what;
• which;
• whose;
• how much (how much).

Examples of sentences with union words - pronouns

Let me ask you who has the honor to be first? (Arthur Conan Doyle. The Dog of the Baskervilles).

Berlioz looked around sadly, not understanding what had frightened him (MN Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita).

Sometimes the gentleman, no matter how angry he was, would calm down in her presence and talk to me graciously (A. Pushkin. Belkin's Tales).

There was no answer, except for that general answer that life gives to all the most difficult and insoluble questions (Leo Tolstoy. Anna Karenina).

But what this period was, I did not know and could not find out (Anatoly Rybakov. Children of the Arbat).

Is he doomed to death, this young man with a beautiful strong body, a young man whose voice sounds like the call of a bugle and the clang of weapons? (Jack London. Iron Heel).

But go on, how much is still unspoiled, childish in it (Boris Pasternak. Doctor Zhivago).

But he had already gone into such a rage that he did not notice how futile his efforts were (Jack London. Hearts of Three).

Common words are pronominal adverbs:

• where;
• what for;
• as;
• when;
• where to;
• from where;
• why;
• why;
• how much.

Examples of sentences with union words - adverbs

A rich collection of pistols was the only luxury of the poor hut where he lived (A. Pushkin. Belkin's Tales).

They guessed why the tsar called to the palace (Alexei Tolstoy. Peter the First).

It is not known how he did it, but only his nose sounded like a trumpet (N. V. Gogol. Dead Souls).

And when he opened them, he saw that everything was over, the haze dissolved, the checkered one disappeared, and at the same time a blunt needle jumped out of the heart (MN Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita).

He did not understand where he was walking, spreading his legs wide, but his legs knew perfectly well where they were carrying him (Boris Pasternak. Doctor Zhivago).

Two of them were already driving forward to the place from which they were supposed to let (Lev Tolstoy. Anna Karenina).

Maud released his hand, causing his fingers to unclench slightly and the pencil fell out (Jack London. Sea Wolf).

Then he lost patience and began to grumble why he was always forced to do what he did not want (Mark Twain. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer).

Yura understood how much he owed his uncle the general properties of his character (Boris Pasternak. Doctor Zhivago).

How to distinguish conjunctions from allied words

Subordinate unions are not members of the subordinate clause, but serve only to attach clauses to the main or another clause.

For example:

It is bitter to think that life will pass without sorrow and without happiness, in the bustle of daily worries. (I. Bunin.)

Let's compare:

My father guessed what was in my soul (Daniel Defoe. Robinson Crusoe).

Allied words not only attach subordinate clauses to the main (or other subordinate clause), but also are members of subordinate clauses.

For example:

In autumn, birds fly away to places where it is always warm.

I don't know why he did it.

In these sentences, union words "Where" and "what for" are the circumstances.

According to syntactic properties, conjunctions are divided into compositional
and subordinates.

Constructive unions connect homogeneous members of a simple
sentences and parts of a compound sentence. Formal
a feature of the writing union is that, located between
waiting for the connected components, it is not included in the syntactic
structure of none of them. While the subordinate union belongs to
lives of the subordinate part, together with which it can occupy different positions

tions in relation to the main offer: When the detachment entered the city
family, the sun was setting -\u003e The sun was setting when the squad entered the city -\u003e
The sun was setting when the detachment entered the city.

Constructive unions connect components as functionally
equal: when writing, one cannot single out either the main or the dependent
my part. At the same time, the homogeneity, expressed by the compositional union
som, is not the same. It can be at the syntactic level -
the union connects the same members of the sentence: i will have a cat and a parrot;

can be lexico-semantic - the union connects different forms
with their general or the same type of reference orientation: say
with poets and about poets (V. 3. Sannikov); as well as communicative - co-
yuz connects functionally different members of a sentence: It's raining,
and strong; She will return, but not soon - adjective and adverb, ad-
connected by a compositional union to the sentence, read
also as suggestion) 106.

Writing unions are divided into: 1) connecting, 2) divided
corporeal, 3) adversary, in which gradation is especially distinguished,
4) connecting and 5) explanatory.

Note. This classification is traditional. She (with not-
significant variations) is represented in many grammars
Russian language. V. 3. Sannikov proposed a breakdown of
unions not on the basis of syntactic relations, but on the basis of
range. He identified connecting, separating and substitution
solid unions. Connecting unions connect parts, each of
which denotes a real / unreal fact. On the basis of re-
the opposite modality also includes adverse
conjunctions (and also, obviously, should be attributed and explanatory
unions). Separating conjunctions are associated with the modality of possible-
the fact. Substitutive unions are classified as not ... ah, which
indicate that only the second part of the syntactic
structure denotes a real fact: Petya does not sleep, but reads (Peter,
instead of sleeping, he reads) 107.

Connecting unions and, no ... no, yes (in the meaning of m), like ... so and,
«... and. These conjunctions express a connection that is not complicated by an additional
meanings, they are often used to denote the enumerated
niya: And my Matryona became neither a pava nor a crow (Krylov); And a sling
both an arrow and a crafty dagger spare the winner for years (Pushkin). The most
abstraction from connecting unions is the union and, which, according to
in the words of A. M. Peshkovsky, expresses the "pure idea of \u200b\u200bconnection." Union
and is used for more than just enumeration and join expressions.

For more on this see: V. 3. Sannikov. Russian creative constructions. Semanty
ka. Pragmatics. Syntax. M., 1989.S. 13-25.

V. 3. Sannikov. Decree op. S. 92-97.

Based on adverbs, particles, modal words (and then, and therefore,
and therefore, and therefore, and still, and still, and nonetheless), and
the meaning of the combined parts, it can convey temporary, causes
but-investigative, concessive, conditional, adversarial and adherent
dignificant values.

Separation Unions or, either, then ... then. not that ... not that, or ... or,
either ... or, or ... or, or then, or that express two main syn-
tax relations: 1) the meaning of mutual exclusion: Whether she -
telegram - fell into a snowdrift and now lies deep under the snow, or
she fell on the path and was pulled by a passer-by ... (Gaidar), 2) know
priority order: Now it rains, then hail, then snow, like white fluff, then the sun,
glitter, azure and waterfalls ... (Bunin); The storm covers the sky with darkness. Whirlwinds of snow
ny twisting: The way it will scream the beast, It will cry like a child (Pushkin).

Note. V. 3. Sannikov noted the use in separating
the meaning of the union and; to this value he cites an example from
knight "Pushkin: The Baron is healthy. God willing - ten, twenty years,
and twenty five. and he will live thirty sh.

Adversary alliances but, however, yes (meaning but) are
polysemous, the context can modify their content; os-
the new meaning of the union is a comparative: The snow is still white in the fields
and the waters are noisy in spring (Tyutchev), unions but, however, yes - against-
body: She approaches - and in tears She looked at the noisy waters. Hit,
sobbing in the chest, In the waves she decided to drown - However, she did not jump into the water
And she continued on her way (Pushkin).

Gradation unions (they are also called double comparative
unions) not only but. not only ... but and, not only not ... but, not
as much ... as much, not even that and others express juxtaposition or
contrast in terms of significance: He is not only handsome, but
and talented.

Connecting unions and, and then, (and) moreover, (and) moreover,
too, also express additional information to the above: Water
there was a lot, and, moreover, it was not spoiled.

Explanatory conjunctions namely, that is, or, somehow express the
clarification and clarification: They drank as usual, that is, a lot (Push-
kin); Anna spent the whole day at home, that is, at the Oblonskys ... (L. Tolstoy);

Pets, namely cats, have a calming effect on a person.
vividly; She is called that, that is, her nickname is Manilovka, and Zamanilovka
not here at all (Gogol).

Note. In some works, explanatory conjunctions are delimited
are derived from the compositional ones and are recognized as lexemes that form

a special type of syntactic relationship, intermediate between
submissive and subordinate relationships.

Submissive unions

Subordinate unions attach subordinate clauses to the main
parts of a complex sentence. Some subordinate
solid conjunctions are also used to construct a simple sentence.
So the union as can be placed before the nominal part of the compound sk-
zoomable: House as a courtyard or enter into the circumstance of the image
actions: Dreams dissipated like smoke (Lermontov), \u200b\u200bunion so that can
attach the circumstance of the goal, expressed by the infinitive:

Gathered to discuss an action plan.Wed: Gathered to discuss the plan
action.

Subordinate unions are usually divided into semantic and ase-
mantic. The latter include unions that attach subordinate clauses
ny explanatory sentences: what, how, to, if. They are usually
compared with grammatical cases, since with the help of an explanation
natural conjunctions are often replaced by such syntactic places,
in which there may be grammatical case (The sound of the wind is heard
It is heard that 1 is like 1 as if the wind is making noise; Spring is dreaming. Dreaming like
Spring; I remembered what had happened. I remembered what happened). Like gram-
explanatory conjunctions express syntactic
relations predetermined (given) by the semantics of that word (or
word forms) to which the subordinate clause belongs. Explanation
noun union does not form the syntactic meaning of a complex pre-
position, but only expresses it.

However, it would be wrong to think that in terms of content
explanatory conjunctions are empty words. Explanatory Unions
differ from each other by modal value components. Union
so that expresses the desired modality (tell me to come)
as if - uncertainty (I see that someone is standing) that and as connected
us with real modality.

Semantic subordinate unions have their own meaning
niya. They define syntactic relations in the structure of a complex
offers.

Semantic unions are divided into groups by meaning: 1) tense
new unions when, before, after, barely ... how, once,
just barely 2) causal because, because, because, because, because
which, moreover, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to
what, due to the fact that. due to the fact that, due to the fact that;

3) conditional if. if ... then if, if, provided
what if and etc.; 3) concessive despite the fact that, although, despite

on the fact that, despite the fact that, with all that, regardless of
what; 4) consequences so, as a result; 5) goals in order to
to, in order to, in order to, in order to; 6) comparative
like, like, like, like, just like, like, like
as, as if; 7) comparative unions coinciding with subordinate
unions on a formal basis, but in meaning not against
assigned to creative unions if ... then, while, inter-
do that how, whereas, as, than ... that. For example, Fathers
did not go to each other, she had not yet seen Alexei, while
(= a) young neighbors only talked about him (Pushkin).

Notes. 1. Comparative unions, due to the fact that they do not express
there are syntactic inequalities, sometimes they are included in
writing, especially in cases where it is possible to replace
union a 109. 2. Among comparative unions, it should be especially noted
union as, used in the structure of a simple sentence
in a function synonymous with the preposition as (We know him as a teacher
1 as teacher). The specificity of the corresponding design
tions is that the union adds a noun, case
whose form is selected on the basis of agreement: he (I. p.)
like a poet (I. p.), we help him (D. p.) as a poet (D. p.), price
him him (V. p.) as a poet (V. p.), interested him (Ect.) what is it in-
this (T. etc.), I'll tell you about it (P. p.) as a poet (P. p.) 110.

Allied words

Union words (or relative pronouns) are the place-
nominal words of various parts of speech used in construction
a complex sentence as a subordinate union.
Submission, formalized by the union word, is usually called relative
bodily.

The following lexemes are used in the role of union words: who what,
what, who, what, whose, where, where, from where, when, how, why, why,
why, how much.

Unlike unions, union words are members of a sentence
notion, a semantic question can be posed to them, and, what is important, they enter
are divided into subordinate clauses based on syntactic connection with other
components. For example, in the sentence The most amazing thing was
how quickly did they agree (Fadeev) word as forms a word combination
adverbial fast, in which the value of the degree is expressed, and
that cannot be considered a union. Similarly, the union word what -

109 Modern Russian language. Part 2 / Ed. E. I. Dibrova. S. 148-149.

110 For more on this, see p. A.F. Priyatkina. The union "how" means "as". Vladivo
stock, 1975.

it is always or strongly controlled V. p. (Remember what you said ut-
rum), or I. p. Subject (It's hard to understand what's going on.)

The conjugate function of relative pronouns is based on the
their properties. 1. When registering clauses
sentences pronouns implement their interrogative semantics
and are selected depending on what the question is aimed at: Us
asked who arrives, what happened, when the cold weather sets in, why
planes do not fly, what summer is expected etc.

Note. Lexeme when is a union if it adds an attachment
exact time.

2. If the subordinate clause refers to a noun
or relative pronoun, then in the union word it is realized
its ability to be used anaphorically: most often it introduces
in the subordinate clause the component mentioned in the main part:

tell about the letter you received; I am who you are waiting for; we were
wherever you go; on the birch that grows under my window, jackdaws twisted
nest.

Note. Relative pronouns-adjectives in the design-
nii of constitutive subordinate clauses in gender and number are consistent with
the noun in the main part to which they refer, and the form
ma case is determined by their place in the structure of the relative clause
zheniya. Cm. The places they passed through could not be named
picturesque (Turgenev) - prepositional-case form by which
predefined by the syntactic link with the verb passed (where
drove through? - drove through ...), and the number is determined by agreement
with word form places.

Submissive unions by meaning they are divided into two groups: functional-syntactic and semantic.

Functional syntactic unions indicate the syntactic dependence of the subordinate clause on the main, without specifying the nature of this dependence. Valgina N.S. emphasizes that this is with indefinite semantics, that is, they can be used in various types of subordinate clauses, they include unions what, so that, as .

• He did not hear
• how a greedy shaft rose. (Subordinate clause.)
• (A.S. Pushkin)
• Why do you need your arap
• Mlada loves Desdemon,
• how the month loves the darkness of the night? (Comparative clause.)
• (A.S. Pushkin)
• His deserted corner
• I leased it out as the deadline has expired. (Subordinate tense.)
• (A.S. Pushkin)

Semantic unions serve not only for the formal attachment of the subordinate clause to the main one, but also for the expression of certain semantic relations.

Semantic subordinate unions are divided into the following groups:

1. Temporary alliances: as, when, barely, until, only, only, as soon as, before, after, since. Express the temporal relationship of two events, situations.

• Pleasantly, when there are people in the world who want to help.
• (P.A.Pavlenko)
• When in a hurry, the road always seems longer.
• (D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak)
• As soon as I entered the edge of the forest, as immediately bumped into wild boars ...
• (V.K.Arseniev)

2. Explanatory Unions: what, so that, as, as if. Expresses an explanatory relationship.

• I told the boys what got lost, and sat down with them.
• (I.S.Turgenev)
• I want to,
• so that to the bayonet
• equated the feather.
• (V.V. Mayakovsky)
• Children feel who loves them.

Galkina-Fedoruk E.M., Raspopov I.P. and Lomov A.M. do not classify explanatory unions as semantic (Rosenthal D.E. and Telenkova M.A. are among the semantic ones).

3. Target alliances: so that, if only, if only, so that (outdated), to, so as to, with the aim of. Convey the target relationship. The clause explains the content of the main part of a complex sentence.

• To to love music, you must first of all listen to it.
• (D. D. Shostakovich)
• Everyone was silent so that hear the rustle of flowers.

4. Causal conjunctions: as (then), because, for, because the, due to the fact that, thanks to, due to the fact that, due to, due to the fact that, because of, because of, because of. Express a causal relationship. The basis or motive is indicated in the subordinate clause, in the main - the effect.

• A as upset mother was silent, then Chuck and Geek were silent too.
• (A.P. Gaidar)
• Because of the clouds almost touched the tops of the birches, the ground was quiet and warm.
• (K.G. Paustovsky)

5. Conditional conjunctions: if, if, if, time, if, when, how soon. The conditional relations indicated in the subordinate clause are conveyed, in the main one the result is shown.

• How well all people in the world could live, if would they only want if if only they understood!
• (A. A. Fadeev)
• When two people quarrel - always both are to blame.
• (L. N. Tolstoy)

6. Submissive unions - although, let, let it, otherwise, for nothing, meanwhile, despite the fact that , as well as pronoun-union combinations no matter how, no matter how - express concessional attitudes. The subordinate clause describes a situation or event in spite of which another event occurs.

• This morning in the steppe it was quiet, cloudy, despite the fact that the sun rose.
• (L. N. Tolstoy)
• No, you don't have enough for everyone
• Though what a general you are.
• (A. T. Tvardovsky)
• Though he looked no more diligently,
• But also traces of Tatyana's former
• Onegin could not find.
• (A.S. Pushkin)

7. Comparative Unions: as, than, as if, as if, like, exactly, rather than, as if, similar to. Comparative relationships are conveyed through a complex sentence, which describes the similarity of two events, situations - real and assumed.

• Similar to an impatient young man is waiting for the hour of the date, I was waiting for the hour in the morning.
• (M. A. Bulgakov)
• The cool summer has come
• As if a new life has begun.
• (A. A. Akhmatova)

8. Investigative unions: so that. In the subordinate part, relations are conveyed expressing the effect, result, conclusions, while the main part expresses the reason, the basis.

• The house stood on a slope so that the windows to the garden were very low from the ground ...
• (S. T. Aksakov)
• The rain stopped, so that we can go for a walk.

Many linguists are inclined to believe that investigative relations are transmitted only by a single union. so that (Lekant P.A.). Meanwhile, Babaytseva V.V., Maksimov L. Yu., Vinogradov V.V., the union is also included in this group before that .

• AND before that I suddenly felt ashamed what literally tears ran down my cheeks ...
• (F.M.Dostoevsky)

Before starting to study the topic "Writing Unions", consider in which section of the Russian language they are included. In the Russian language there are service parts of speech, where particles, prepositions, conjunctions and conjunctions are studied. They have no nominative function, i.e. do not name objects, signs, phenomena, but help to express the relationship between them. They are not members in the sentence and are used as a formal grammatical means of the language. They have no stress, they are unchangeable and morphologically indivisible.

Alliances

Conjunctions connect homogeneous members of simple sentences and parts of a complex sentence. They are compositional and subordinate.

Homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a complex sentence can link conjunctive conjunctions.

Unions and their groups

By value, these unions are divided into the following groups:

1. Connecting: and, yes (and), neither ... nor, and ... and. For example: Write and read in Russian. It rained all day andthe wind continued to whistle outside the window. And he listens to everything yesshakes his mustache. Neither wind, nor storm, nor thunder could not keep him from traveling. AND first, and second, and the third was served without delay.

2. Adverse: but, but, yes (but), but, however, the same. For example: Father told me, athe whole family listened attentively. Today is cloudy, but warmly. Small, yesremote. It was hard there but very interesting. The officer approached the building, however I was in no hurry to enter the entrance.

3. Separating: or, or… or, or, or… or, then… then, or… or, or, not that… not that. For example: Eitherthe sun, whether snow, whetherdo you love whether no. Be or not to be? Wet dogs wandered around orsat waiting for food. Or I had to go forward or stay and wait. Harsh gusts of wind then tore the leaves from the trees thenbending the branches to the ground.

4. Comparative: like ... so and; not only but). For example: Guests asunexpectedly arrived, so andsuddenly and left. They visited not only in Moscow, butand in Kiev.

5. Connecting: and, also, too. For example: We learn, adults learn also. He laughed, we alsoit became fun. We were praised for our work and yes for children too

Differ:

Single: but...

Recurring: and ... and, or ... or, or ... either, neither ... nor ...

Double: like ... and, not only ... but also ...

Spelling of compositional conjunctions. Punctuation marks

A comma is placed before the union andwhen he connects parts of a complex sentence.

Before the union and no comma is put if it connects two members of the sentence.

When the union is repeated and a comma is placed after each member of the sentence that it connects.

Before opposing alliances but, but, yes (but) always put a comma: The sky was cloudy, but the rain was gone. We went to the commandant, a the son went into the room. Small spool, yes roads.

Unions are written together: also, also, but... To make sure that also, also, but unions, instead of too, also substitute an alliance andand instead of but - union but... If such a support is possible, then these are unions and they need to be written together.

1. I also wrote, but also in also (pronoun then and particle the same) while listening carefully.

2. Poet also sang well. They all same (adverb so and particle the same) every day they expect letters from children.

3. Hide for that (pretext per and demonstrative pronoun then) wood. Have worked a lot but all finished.

Conclusion

Sentences with compositional conjunctions are very widely used in the scientific, colloquial, official vocabulary of the Russian language. They make our speech rich and interesting.

Conjunctions, as an integral part of speech, represent the relationship between simple concepts of sentences and homogeneous members of a certain sentence in the middle of a complex sentence. There are several types of conjunctions, which are divided into blocks according to the structure of phrases and the meaning of phrases. In the article, we will analyze the compositional and subordinate conjunctions of the Russian language, and also show examples in the table.

The concept of creative unions

Constructive unions are called unions that are designed to combine members of a sentence. They answer the same question in a sentence and simple sentences of equal semantic meaning in writing a complex sentence.

Example: (Morning came and it started raining. I am not a ballerina and I can never become one.).

Constructive unions are divided into three blocks by definition of meaning:

• Connective - reflect the listing of homogeneous members. Such unions express the simultaneous action or sequence of events, phenomena (a-, yes-, too-, also-, but and-, not only-, as well-). Example: In the blue, clouds float and fly, and a miracle is created on the ground. But a strong hurricane destroyed everything and took away the clouds, and in the heavenly darkness it became empty.
• Adverse - reflect the opposition of actions, phenomena or delimitation (a-, no-, yes-). Example: To tell a sad story, but there is no time to be sad.
• Separating - give the sentence the sense of alternation, choice (or-, then... Then-, then-). Example: Behind the mountain the guitar sings, then dies down, then sings again. If it rains or tornadoes, you and I will run away.

In complex stable sentences, the separating comma is used between members of the sentence that are similar in meaning, which are connected by separating or connecting unions (and-, nor-, or-, or-).

Example: Both the sky and the sun sang. Either I look at the sky, or everything seems to me.

Where homogeneous members of a complex sentence are connected by unions with one word, the comma is not put, without exception.

Example: The carousel went up, down and took off.

In the case of splitting compound unions, a comma is placed between the parts of the union.

Example: Among forest trees, there are both huge and small old-timers. Either we were standing by the forest, or we were enveloped in fear.

Subordinate unions concept

Subordinate unions are those that logically combine simple sentences into complex sentences. In these complex lexical constructions from one simple sentence to the second simple sentence as part of a complex subordinate one, a question can be posed. Example: Notebooks are heavily stained with ink, (why?) Because little Ulyana likes to draw patterns. The stronger the rain, the larger the rainbow.

The essence of subordinate unions is subdivided by meaning into:

Participation in the offer in the detailed table

The difference between compositional unions and subordinate (unions) with respect to morphological analysis and syntactic is rather contradictory and not stable. Suppose a union - although - can reunite both homogeneous and simple sentences in the analysis of a complex one.

Examples of main and subordinate clauses

The functions of conjunctions for clarification can be pronouns, as part of speech, and adverbs, which, under such conditions, are called allied or relative words. When such words act as unions and combine several sentences, they play the role of an auxiliary part in a complex sentence.

Thus, we have sorted out what constituent and subordinate unions are, and also presented examples in the table.