By the middle of the 19th century, the international situation in Europe remained extremely tense: on the border with Russia, Austria and Prussia continued to concentrate their troops, England and France, with blood and sword, asserted their colonial power. In this situation, a war broke out between Russia and Turkey, which went down in history as the Crimean War of 1853-1856.

Causes of the military conflict

By the 50s of the XIX century, the Ottoman Empire finally lost its power. The Russian state, on the contrary, after the suppression of revolutions in European countries, rose to prominence. Emperor Nicholas I decided to further strengthen the power of Russia. First of all, he wanted the straits of the Black Sea, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles, to become free for the Russian fleet. This led to hostilities between the Russian and Turkish empires. Besides, the main reasons were :

• Turkey had the right to let the fleet of the allied powers through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles in case of hostilities.
• Russia openly supported the Orthodox peoples under the yoke of the Ottoman Empire. The Turkish government has repeatedly expressed its indignation at Russia's interference in the internal politics of the Turkish state.
• The Turkish government, headed by Abdul-Majid, yearned for revenge for the defeat in two wars with Russia in 1806-1812 and 1828-1829.

Nicholas I, preparing for the war with Turkey, counted on the non-interference of the Western powers in the military conflict. However, the Russian emperor was cruelly mistaken - the Western countries, incited by Great Britain, came out openly on the side of Turkey. English policy has traditionally been to root out the slightest gain of any country by all means.

The beginning of hostilities

The reason for the war was a dispute between the Orthodox and Catholic Churches over the right to possession of the holy lands in Palestine. In addition, Russia demanded that the Black Sea straits be recognized as free for the Russian navy. The Turkish Sultan Abdul-Majid, encouraged by the support of England, declared war on the Russian Empire.

If we talk briefly about the Crimean War, then it can be broken down into two main stages:

TOP-5 articleswho read along with this

• First step lasted from October 16, 1853 to March 27, 1854. The first six months of hostilities on three fronts - the Black Sea, Danube and Caucasian, Russian troops invariably defeated the Ottoman Turks.
• Second phase lasted from March 27, 1854 to February 1856. The number of participants in the Crimean War of 1853-1856 grew due to the entry into the war of England and France. A radical change is taking place in the war.

Military campaign progress

By the fall of 1853, events on the Danube Front were sluggish and indecisive for both sides.

• The Russian group of forces was commanded only by Gorchakov, who thought only about the defense of the Danube bridgehead. Omer Pasha's Turkish troops, after vain attempts to go on the offensive on the Wallachian border, also went over to a passive defense.
• Events in the Caucasus developed much more rapidly: on October 16, 1854, a detachment of 5 thousand Turks attacked the Russian border outpost between Batum and Poti. The Turkish commander Abdi Pasha hoped to crush the Russian troops in the Transcaucasus and unite with the Chechen imam Shamil. But the Russian general Bebutov thwarted the plans of the Turks, defeating them near the village of Bashkadyklar in November 1853.
• But the loudest victory was won at sea by Admiral Nakhimov on November 30, 1853. The Russian squadron completely destroyed the Turkish fleet located in the Sinop Bay. The commander of the Turkish fleet, Osman Pasha, was captured by the Russian sailors. This was the last battle in the history of the sailing fleet.

• The crushing victories of the Russian army and navy were not to the liking of England and France. The governments of Queen Victoria of England and French Emperor Napoleon III demanded that Russian troops be withdrawn from the mouth of the Danube. Nicholas I refused. In response, on March 27, 1854, England declared war on Russia. Due to the concentration of the Austrian armed forces and the ultimatum of the Austrian government, Nicholas I was forced to agree to the withdrawal of Russian troops from the Danube principalities.

The following table presents the main events of the second period of the Crimean War with dates and a summary of each of the events:

date	Event	Content
March 27, 1854	England declared war on Russia	The declaration of war was the result of Russia's disobedience to the requirements of the British Queen Victoria
April 22, 1854	An attempt by the Anglo-French fleet to besiege Odessa	The Anglo-French squadron subjected Odessa to a long bombardment of 360 guns. However, all attempts by the British and French to land troops failed.
Spring 1854	Attempts to penetrate the British and French on the coast of the Baltic and White Seas	An Anglo-French landing captured the Russian fortress Bomarzund on the Aland Islands. The attacks of the British squadron on the Solovetsky monastery and on the city of Kalu located on the coast of Murmansk were repulsed.
Summer 1854	Allies are preparing a landing in the Crimea	The commander of the Russian troops in the Crimea A.S. Menshikov was an unusually mediocre commander-in-chief. He did not interfere with the landing of the Anglo-French landing in Evpatoria, although he had about 36 thousand soldiers at hand.
September 20, 1854	Fight on the Alma River	Menshikov tried to stop the detachments of the landed allies (66 thousand in total), but in the end he was defeated and retreated to Bakhchisarai, leaving Sevastopol completely defenseless.
October 5, 1854	The allies began shelling Sevastopol	After the withdrawal of the Russian troops to Bakhchisarai, the allies could take Sevastopol outright, but they decided to storm the city later. Taking advantage of the indecision of the British and French, the engineer Totleben began to fortify the city.
October 17, 1854 - September 5, 1855	Defense of Sevastopol	The defense of Sevastopol forever entered the history of Russia as one of its most heroic, symbolic and tragic pages. The remarkable commanders Istomin, Nakhimov and Kornilov fell on the bastions of Sevastopol.
October 25, 1854	Battle of Balaklava	Menshikov tried with all his might to draw off the forces of the allies from Sevastopol. Russian troops failed to achieve this goal and defeat the British camp near Balaklava. However, the allies, due to heavy losses, temporarily abandoned the assault on Sevastopol.
November 5, 1854	Inkerman battle	Menshikov made another attempt to remove or at least weaken the siege of Sevastopol. However, this attempt also ended in failure. The reason for the next defeat of the Russian army was the complete inconsistency in command actions, as well as the fact that the British and French had rifled rifles (fittings), which mowed down whole rows of Russian soldiers on distant approaches.
August 16, 1855	Battle of the Black River	The largest battle of the Crimean War. Another attempt by the new commander-in-chief M.D. Gorchakov to lift the siege, ended in disaster for the Russian army and the death of thousands of soldiers.
October 2, 1855	The fall of the Turkish fortress Kars	If in the Crimea the Russian army was pursued by setbacks, then in the Caucasus parts of the Russian troops successfully pressed the Turks. The most powerful Turkish fortress Kars fell on October 2, 1855, but this event could no longer influence the further course of the war.

Many peasants tried to avoid conscription in order not to get into the army. This did not indicate their cowardice, it was just that many peasants were trying to avoid recruiting because of their families, which needed to be fed. During the Crimean War of 1853-1856, on the contrary, there was a surge in patriotic sentiments among the population of Russia. Moreover, people of various classes were recorded in the militia.

The end of the war and its consequences

The new Russian sovereign Alexander II, who replaced the suddenly deceased Nicholas I on the throne, directly visited the theater of military operations. After that, he decided to do everything in his power to end the Crimean War. The end of the war came at the beginning of 1856.

In early 1856, a congress of European diplomats was convened in Paris to conclude peace. The most difficult condition put forward by the Western powers of Russia was the prohibition of the maintenance of the Russian fleet in the Black Sea.

The main conditions of the Paris Treaty:

• Russia pledged to return the Kars fortress to Turkey in exchange for Sevastopol;
• Russia was forbidden to have a fleet in the Black Sea;
• Russia lost part of the territories in the Danube Delta. Navigation along the Danube was declared free;
• Russia was forbidden to have military fortifications on the Aland Islands.

Rice. 3. Paris Congress of 1856.

The Russian Empire suffered a serious defeat. A powerful blow was dealt to the country's international prestige. The Crimean War exposed the rottenness of the existing system and the backwardness of industry from the leading world powers. The lack of rifled weapons in the Russian army, a modern navy and the lack of railways could not but affect the hostilities.

Nevertheless, such key moments of the Crimean War as the Battle of Sinop, the defense of Sevastopol, the capture of Kars or the defense of the Bomarzund fortress, remained in history as a sacrificial and majestic feat of Russian soldiers and the Russian people.

During the Crimean War, the government of Nicholas I introduced the most severe censorship. It was forbidden to touch upon military topics, both in books and in periodicals. Publications that wrote enthusiastically about the course of hostilities were also not allowed to print.

What have we learned?

Crimean War of 1853-1856 discovered serious shortcomings in the foreign and domestic policy of the Russian Empire. The article "Crimean War" tells about what kind of war it was, why Russia was defeated, as well as about the significance of the Crimean War and its consequences.

Test by topic

Assessment of the report

Average rating: 4.7. Total ratings received: 274.

Sun, 12/07/2014 - 19:30 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

"Visitor" - a traveler close has access to the last step to the "highest" and can bring evil to the attention. But is it not known? .. By this, is it time to deal with the treatment of this gangrene! The whole result can be: harm to one, two, three persons, without any benefit to society! The deputies, even if they plant the saints, will soon begin to do the same ...

IN AND. Steingeil - to G.S. Batenkov. Feb 25 [ala 18] 54

Sun, 12/07/2014 - 20:08 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

Finally, here is the manifesto on the war with Franz [ia-] England 4 sadly reminiscent of the 12th year: I could not read without a strong heart movement; but God's will be done! The hope for the gentlemen, it seems, is expressed from the depths of the soul - and will not be deceived! Judging by the newspaper articles, the Turks' defenders themselves are not at all happy that they have gone far. In the Moscow [ovskaya] gas [ete] there is a very sensible article by an Englishman, Bachelor of Rights J. Moseli. God help him to reason with his compatriots!

Sun, 12/11/2016 - 17:02 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

CONSTANTINOPOL'S UNION TREATY of 1854 - was concluded on 12. III by Great Britain, France and Turkey against Russia after the end of the military preparations of the Western powers. This treaty is one of the most important diplomatic acts that determined the balance of power in the Crimean War. Under his terms, both Western powers "agreed to provide his Imperial Majesty the Sultan with the assistance he asked for," and recognized it necessary to preserve the "independence" of his throne and the former borders of Turkey.

Constantinople Treaty of Union of 1854, March 12

Sun, 12/11/2016 - 17:04 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

THE CONSTANTINOPOL UNION TREATY of 1854 - an agreement on the military alliance of Great Britain, France and Turkey against Russia; signed in Constantinople on March 12 after the completion of the preparations of the Western powers to enter the Crimean War of 1853-1856. The treaty consisted of a preamble and 5 articles.

Tyutcheva A.F. Diary. March 17 .

Mon, 06/03/2013 - 13:17 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

March 17

It is said that an English ship covered in ice was seen near Reval. The sovereign says that if we capture him, he will send him back to the British, since he does not want to use the dishonest methods (mauvais procedes) of our only ally - the bad climate. This, of course, is very chivalrous, but I doubt whether the British gentlemen would have done this.

Tyutcheva A.F. Diary. 18th of March .

Mon, 06/03/2013 - 13:54 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

The Tsarevich is unwell; Therefore, we were not invited for evening tea, and I went to Ekaterina [Nikolaevna] Meshcherskaya. Her brother Andrei Karamzin left for the Danube in the morning. Poor Sophie was gloomy and depressed. The revolving tables, which predicted war for her, also told her that Andrew would not return. The rest of the family is still holding on to the same range of fervent patriotism. Mrs. Kalerji was right there, white and smiling, and with her rhythmic and soft voice uttered the most horrific political heresies that made poor Ekaterina Nikolaevna jump up in rage. My father, Mikhail Golitsyn and Mukhanov discussed the secret correspondence published by the British government that took place between him and our government shortly before the war. At that time, both governments were going to share the skin of the bear without killing it, but, just like in a fable, they could not agree with each other ...

Tyutcheva A.F. Diary. 21 March .

Mon, 06/03/2013 - 13:55 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

21 March

Yesterday hell "Jutant Mirbach came from the Danube and brought the news that our troops crossed the river in three places: in Tulcea, Machin and Galati, and that the losses were not particularly great. 1) ... A prayer service was held this morning in the palace church on this first success of our troops.

Engels Friedrich. Kronstadt fortress.

Thu, 09/26/2013 - 21:35 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

Ever since Sir Charles Napier sailed to the Baltic Sea, having received from the First Lord of the Admiralty "unconditional permission to declare war," a more optimistic part of English society never ceases to hope that soon there will be a message about the bombing of Kronstadt, the seizure of the approaches to St. Petersburg. and maybe (who knows?) even about the planting of the British state flag on the sparkling spire of the Russian Admiralty.

London Treaty of April 10, 1854

Thu, 11/13/2014 - 15:45 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

THE LONDON TREATY of 1854 was signed on April 10 in London between Great Britain and France on the alliance and assistance to Turkey during the Crimean War of 1853-1856.

The treaty was supplemented by the Treaty of Constantinople of 1854. England and France undertook to send troops to help Turkey, the required number of which was established in a supplementary agreement. It was envisaged to coordinate all their actions and not enter into separate negotiations with Russia.

Treaty of London 1854, April 10 (SEE, 1965)

Thu, 08/18/2016 - 15:33 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

THE LONDON Pact of 1854 - an agreement between Great Britain, France and Turkey on a defensive and offensive alliance against Russia; signed on April 10, 1854, during the Crimean War of 1853-1856, shortly after the declaration of war on Russia by Great Britain and France (March 15-16, 1854). The London Treaty supplemented and expanded the Treaty of Constantinople of 1854. Under the London Treaty, Britain and France pledged to provide assistance to Turkey and send a sufficient number of their troops to both the European and Asian theaters of war.

London Treaty of 1854, April 10 (Vyshinsky, 1948)

Thu, 08/18/2016 - 15:32 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

LONDON TREATY of 1854 - between England, France and Turkey on a defensive and offensive alliance against Russia; signed on 10. IV, that is, after England and France declared war on Russia (at the end of March). The London Treaty supplemented and expanded the Treaty of Constantinople (see), signed by these powers 12. III, even before the declaration of war on Russia.

Tyutcheva A.F. Diary. 20 April .

Mon, 06/03/2013 - 14:03 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

20 April

We read this evening at the crown princess's interesting article by an American who pays tribute to Emperor Nicholas and Russia; he says that the loneliness of Russia and a real warrior for us is the best guarantee of glory and greatness. In general, the whole tone of the American press towards us is a complete contrast to the abuse and lies that the European press pours out on us ...

Tyutcheva A.F. Diary. The 21st of April .

Mon, 06/03/2013 - 14:04 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

Today I have passed 25 years. I was at mass in the palace church, where the funeral service was held for the daughter of Emperor Nicholas, Alexandra, who died after a year of marriage to the Duke of Hesse-Kassel, and for the daughter of the Tsarevich, who also bore the name of Alexandra and died seven years from the effects of measles. This was the first child from the marriage of the crown prince and the crown princess, and the crown prince loved her exclusively; she was also passionately attached to him, so that when she was still very little she cried bitterly when her father was away. Tsesarevna told me that the Grand Duke never played with other children as much as with this child; he was her friend and constantly carried her in his arms. He became so attached to her because her birth was some disappointment for the rest of the family, especially for Emperor Nicholas, who expected to immediately have an heir to the throne and therefore remained dissatisfied with the birth of the girl. The kind and gentle fatherly heart felt the need to reward the child with increased affection for the coldness that first manifested itself to the newborn, for which, however, a year later, the heir appeared.

IN AND. Steingeil - to I. I. Pushchin. 2nd May 54

Sun, 12/07/2014 - 21:46 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

There is news from Irkutsk here. They already write that Nick [olay] Nick [olayevich] will go down the Amur 5 ... Koritsky tells Colin the story of N [Ikolaj] N [Ikolaevi] cha, as if the sovereign, at the last meeting with Seymour 6 , said to him: “Tell your queen that I have one and a half million bayonets; if I want, there will be two; I ask - there will be three; and if I myself mount a horse, all fifty will follow me. " Se non e vero, e ben trovato ***, the Italians say ...

Tyutcheva A.F. Diary. May 4th .

Mon, 06/03/2013 - 15:25 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

May 4th

Today the Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna left for Stuttgardt. She said goodbye to us after the prayer service. She was sad and cried a lot ...

Tyutcheva A.F. At the court of two emperors. Memories. Diary, 1853-1855. (Translation by E.V., Gorye. Introductory article and notes by S.V. Bakhrushin. Edited by S.V.Bakhrushin and M.A.Tsyavlovsky). M., 1990, 138.

IN AND. Steingeil - to I. I. Pushchin. May 4, 54

Mon, 12/08/2014 - 13:34 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

If you write to Nick [olay] Yves [anovi] chu 5 , ask him, if he has acquaintances at the Academy of Art [s], to petition for the approval of the drawings of Vysotsky, a free-determined drawing teacher in the Tarskoe uezdn [th] uezdn [oe] teach. The same story that you had with Panaev 6 ... This Vysotsky, the son of a deceased political [esky] criminal, is the only support of his mother and young brothers and sisters ...

Tyutcheva A.F. Diary. June 8 .

Mon, 06/03/2013 - 15:30 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

The Tsarevich and the Tsarevna traveled to Kronstadt to inspect the forts, which are being fortified due to the approach of the English and French fleets. Little grand dukes accompanied their parents; Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna also joined them. It was a wonderful day. Both the sky and the sea were permeated with a warm blue light, in contrast to the gray and misty haze that they are usually shrouded in in our sad and harsh climate. The Kronstadt roadstead had a festive look; beautiful ships of the line swayed at anchor, but there was not a single merchant ship in the port: the British scared everyone away. We went down to the Pavlovsky ravelin, the most forward from the sea, walked along all the fortifications, went down into the casemates. One of them serves as a church: with amazement you see the throne, icons, the gospel between two cannons, symbols of peace, love and prayer among the instruments of destruction and death. Nearby there are casemates designed to accommodate the wounded ...

Tyutcheva A.F. Diary. June 10th .

Mon, 06/03/2013 - 15:31 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

June 10th

The weather is wonderful. We often take a boat ride in the bay in the evenings with the Tsarevich and the Tsarevnaya. Conducted. book Maria Nikolaevna usually takes part in these walks. They say that the English fleet is very close, but our life has not changed at all from this. All the same little pleasures, the same petty worries, petty coquetry and petty gossip, without the slightest thought of great events looming ahead.

IN AND. Steingeil - to G.S. Batenkov. June 16, 54

Mon, 12/08/2014 - 13:47 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

Beloved brother and faithful friend! Here's Agafya, a kind, hard-working woman who washed my clothes, always clean, beautiful, true. Now, with her husband, a carpenter, she goes to your notorious Tomsk - to look for business. There is a lot of your jelly there: help her in her search; you will give me great pleasure.

IN AND. Steingeil - to I. I. Pushchin. 18th June 54

Mon, 12/08/2014 - 14:42 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

From the reasoning that is beginning to appear in Germany, it is clear that there is a direction to reason: this is already the beginning of the reaction. It can easily be successful if the English ministry fails. However, who can now say for certain what will pour out of this boiling mountain of passions, when it will pour out and in what form it will pour out. Two incidents of rashness on the Danube are extremely regrettable; it’s good that they don’t hide: this will support the power of attorney to success. Whoever remembers or knows the 12th year, that failure and the very losses are not terrible ...

Tyutcheva A.F. Diary. June 26.

Mon, 06/03/2013 - 15:38 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

My father brought me today several manuscripts of Pogodin, a Moscow history professor and an outstanding Slavophile 1) ... In these notes on our foreign policy from the beginning of this century, he proves, by simply stating the facts and their consequences, to what extent this policy was contrary to the national interests of Russia. After the twelfth year (1812) and the success of our weapons in Europe after the expulsion of Napoleon from Russian territory, Emperor Alexander was completely blinded by his role as a savior, peacemaker and benefactor of Europe.

IN AND. Steingeil - to I. I. Pushchin. June 27th 54

Mon, 12/08/2014 - 16:54 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

The most unpleasant thing: mutual disagreement between the Volk [onsky] and Trubetskoy families. This is something like the Pavlutskys and Rezanovs of Tobolsk. Sad and sorry. As for Molchanov], he says that he has retired, that N [Ikolaj] Nik [Oolaevich] no longer accepted him and that he was supposedly demanded in P [eter] burg. The high cost is terrible, the extortions are terrible, but N [Ikolaj] N [Ikolaevi] cha praises, haet oprichnyu. The result is that it is bad and bad. There is no rumor about Artsimovich. Kazimirsky 5 16 left Tomsk and should already be in Omsk. That's all...

Tyutcheva A.F. Diary. 27th of June .

Mon, 06/03/2013 - 15:39 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

I still cannot understand the character of my companion in the service of Alexandra Dolgoruka. At first she attracted me very much. In her mind and even in her appearance there is something graceful and captivating, insinuating and at the same time proud, affectionate she combines with a passion for witty and original ridicule. She has impulses of insane fun, followed by moments of gloomy and sullen despondency, a series of opposite moods that constantly arouse attention and curiosity towards her. One thing is certain: she is extremely secretive and on her mind.

Tyutcheva A.F. Diary. July 16 .

Mon, 06/03/2013 - 15:45 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

July 16

The Grand Duke read to us today a report received from the White Sea about the bombardment of the Solovetsky Monastery by English ships; the bombardment lasted nine hours, without causing the slightest harm to the monastery: not a single monk was injured, and even the nests of the swallows, sheltering under the teeth of the outer fence, were not damaged. The enemy was forced to retire without achieving any success. It is unknown if the attack has since been resumed 1) .

IN AND. Steingeil - to I. I. Pushchin. July 22 [18] 54

Mon, 12/08/2014 - 19:32 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

Now I will talk about the circumstances that actually concern me. My wife's brother, on a private matter, came to P [eter] b [urg] 12 years later, saw his sister, happily hugged his two sons, one of whom came out as a candidate from the university - this is the one who undertook the publication of portraits of university professors , another from the Kad [etskiy] Arakch [Yeevskiy] corps, and - fell into the insatiable jaws of cholera. This news was extremely sad to me. He was an honest and kind person and he loved me as his benefactor, because I put him on the road “in time”. And he was already, however, an old man at 63; but it's all a pity, although I hope not to see him for a long time, or - but this is under the impenetrable veil of Isis ...

Tyutcheva A.F. Diary. July 22.

Mon, 06/03/2013 - 15:48 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

Today is the birthday of the crown princess. Yesterday evening we went to the farm to bring her our congratulations, since it is customary at court to congratulate on the eve of the day itself. The Tsesarevna showed us the wonderful gifts she received, and among other things, the icon of the Mother of God with the Savior, painted by Neff, which delighted me. The expressions on both faces are divine and beautiful to perfection. The little grand dukes Nikolai and Alexander presented their mother with views of the farm, drawn by them themselves, and the pretty Vladimir, who still does not know how to draw, brought her a basket of eggs laid by his own chickens. The royal family all gathered in Sergievka for tea at the Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna, who is also a birthday girl. The evening was wonderful, and the palace in Sergievka, with its terraces decorated with exotic plants, statues and vases of the most exquisite taste, had an absolutely magical appearance. However, for my part, I hardly enjoy this kind of views ...

IN AND. Steingeil - to I. I. Pushchin. 26 August 54

Mon, 12/08/2014 - 19:53 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

In Petersburg, with me, with my relatives, that is, according to the latest news, from July, however, everything is all right; but the son-in-law was dying: for ambition, the situation was the most disadvantageous. Vladimir did not go on a campaign: canceled. Probably, after settling with the Austrian diplomacy, never as now - the Jew, through the Prussian - Biederman ...

IN AND. Steingeil - to I. I. Pushchin. August 31, 54

Tue, 12/09/2014 - 12:54 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

Now from work and found your nice lines on my pulnet. Shemyakin promised to deliver the book tomorrow morning; but alas! the stenographer is gone: will he have a job in the next world; this, in turn, we will find out. He passed away yesterday at 11 p.m. 1 ... I was in the evening at the litiya. And then at the Reverend's, who, at parting, blessed me with a huge prosphora and then went to the deceased, without z [o] wu, to give, as he put it, the Christian duty - to serve the litiya. Today he is leaving and going to Turinsk, where he intends to serve on Sunday; and on the way back near Tyumen he will consecrate the church; from where to you, then to Ishim and back to Tobolsk ...

IN AND. Steingeil - to I. I. Pushchin. September 5th 54.

Tue, 12/09/2014 - 13:10 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

Yesterday morning I went to visit our kind Ferdinand Bogdanovich, who was desperately ill and went to see Dm [ytriy] Iv [anovi] chu. I found him shaving and already completing the operation. He was going to go to the Council. I noticed something strange about him. "Look," he said, "I think my cheek is swollen." - "Yes, it is noticeable." He finished and, without releasing his razor, repeated the same question. I added: “Yes, you speak as if you have something behind your cheek. True, they caught a cold; rub it well with salted vodka and rinse it with water "...

Tyutcheva A.F. Diary. September 7.

Mon, 06/03/2013 - 15:52 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

September 7th

My thoughts are longingly carried away to the Crimea. According to foreign newspapers, enemy fleets and landings have been standing in front of Sevastopol for several days, but there is still no exact information on this matter. 1) .

1) 1/13 September, the allies occupied Evpatoria with a small detachment. On September 2/14, the allied troops landed between Yevpatoria and the village of Kaptugai.

IN AND. Steingeil - to G.S. Batenkov. 13 Sept [Nov 18] 54

Tue, 12/09/2014 - 13:23 - Vyacheslav Rumyantsev

Phew! What a burden on your conscience, my dear brother! How many - a whole lot of draft, Irtysh and Tobol together, carried away to the Northern Ocean, and part, perhaps, now in raindrops again falls on us to return to the Irtysh, and your three letters lie before our eyes - without an answer! Just having confidence in your trust in my feelings can ease this burden. Your second letter, containing the most pleasant heartfelt conversation, gave me special consolation, I wanted to answer also cordially - and, according to this desire, it was postponed until a free state of mind; but where can you wait for him in depressing circumstances. I will somehow make use of the rainy clock, which has held up in its modest corner ...

Home Encyclopedia History of wars Read more

Sevastopol Defense (September 1854 - August 1855)

Reflection of the bombing of the Anglo-French fleet from the side of the Alexandrovskaya battery on October 5, 1854. Artist F. A. Roubaud. 1905 g.

During the events of the Crimean (Eastern) War of 1853 - 1856. the main place is occupied by the heroic defense of Sevastopol. For more than 11 months, Russian soldiers and sailors in the fight against a numerically superior enemy defended Sevastopol, showing heroism, courage and courage.

After Turkey declared war on Russia on October 4 (16), 1853, active operations were carried out on land and at sea. On the Danube, Russian troops unsuccessfully conducted battles at Oltenitsa on October 23 (November 4), but repulsed the Turks on December 25, 1853 (January 6, 1854) at Chetati. In the Caucasus, in the battle near Akhaltsikh on November 14 (26), 1853, the 7,000th garrison of General I.M. Andronikov threw off the 15,000th army of Ali Pasha; Bebutov defeated the 36,000-strong army of Akhmet Pasha.

The fighting at sea was going well. A particularly heavy blow to Turkey was inflicted in the Battle of Sinop, where on November 18 (30), 1853, a squadron under the command of a vice admiral of 8 ships during the Battle of Sinop destroyed the Turkish Osman Pasha squadron of 16 ships.

The defeat of Turkey was accelerated by the entry into the war of Great Britain and France. On December 23, 1853 (January 4, 1854), the Anglo-French fleet entered the Black Sea. On February 9 (21), Russia declared war on Great Britain and France. On March 11 (23), 1854, Russian troops crossed the Danube near Brailov, Galats and Izmail and concentrated in Northern Dobrudja. On April 10 (22), the Anglo-French squadron bombarded Odessa. In June - July, the Anglo-French troops landed in Varna, and the superior forces of the Anglo-French-Turkish fleet (34 battleships and 55 frigates, including most of the steam) blocked the Russian fleet (14 sailing battleships, 6 frigates and 6 steamboats) frigates) in Sevastopol.

At the end of August, the combined fleet of England and France, consisting of 89 warships and 300 transports, approached Evpatoria. On September 1 (13), the Allies began unhindered disembarkation of an expeditionary corps of 28 thousand French, 24 thousand English, 7 thousand Turks with 122 guns. The disembarkation lasted 6 days.

The commander-in-chief of the Russian troops in the Crimea, Prince A.S. Menshikov, decided to give battle to the enemy army at a pre-selected position on the Alma River - on the way from Evpatoria to Sevastopol. Up to 30 thousand Russian troops with 96 guns were concentrated near the Alma River. On September 8 (20), a battle took place, which the Russians lost.

Having suffered defeat on the Alma, Menshikov with his army at first retreated to Sevastopol, but then, fearing that the enemy would cut it off from the central regions of Russia, and also with the aim of freedom of maneuver and the ability to threaten the flank and rear of the enemy, on September 12 (24) withdrew the troops to Bakhchisarai ... Almost simultaneously, the allies undertook a flank march to Balaklava, from where they intended to attack Sevastopol.

By the evening of September 12 (24), the allied army approached the Belbek River and from here the next day began a flank movement to the southern side of the city. On the morning of September 14 (26), the French took up positions on the Fedyukhin Heights, and the British took Balaklava. The Allied fleet entered Balaklava harbor.

With the departure of Menshikov's army from Sevastopol, a formidable danger loomed over the city. Sevastopol sailors, led by Kornilov and Nakhimov, left without the support of the army in the face of a possible strike from the enemy's army and fleet at any moment, began preparing the defense of the city with their own forces.

Sevastopol is located on both sides of the Big Bay (roadstead). Three bays protrude into the southern coast: Artillery, South, on both sides of which the city is spread, and Kilen-bay. The southern part of the city is divided by the South Bay into the city side, lying to the west of the bay, and the ship side to the east of it. The area located south of the Big Bay and the city is known as the Chersonesos Peninsula. It ends with steep cliffs of Sapun Mountain. There are three dominant points here: the Malakhov kurgan, the kurgan in front of it and the Mikryukov height. In the western part of the Chersonesos peninsula, there is the Karantinnaya gully, to the west of which the Kamyshevaya gully extends. To the northeast of the Big Bay, a ridge stretches, which forms an almost impregnable position, facing the front towards the Baydarskaya Valley and Balaklava, where the Mekenziev Heights rise towards the Big Bay (named after Rear Admiral Mekenzi, the founder of Sevastopol), and even further - the Inkerman Heights heights.

Sevastopol fortress plan. "Atlas of Fortresses of the Russian Empire"

View of Sevastopol. Album "Eastern War". Florence, 1856

Between the Balaklava mountains, the position on the Mekenziev and Inkerman heights and the cliffs of the Sapun mountain lies the valley of the Black River. The Fedyukhin heights adjoin the left bank of the Black River, and above, up to the Sapun Mountain, there is a ridge called the Semyakin and Gasfortovy heights.

The terrain on which Sevastopol is located is convenient for organizing a strong defense from the sea and inconvenient for defense from land.

For the defense of the northern side of the city and the roadstead, it was built in 1818. The northern fortification, which looked like an octagonal fort, with 4 small bastions. The fort had 50 guns.

The defense of the Sevastopol roadstead from the sea consisted of 8 strong stone and earth batteries. By the spring of 1854, the coastal defense was strengthened. She had 14 batteries with 610 guns, including 28 bombs. Regarding the defense of Sevastopol from land, there was an opinion that it was impossible to land a large landing and, consequently, it was impossible to attack Sevastopol with large forces from land. On the south side, Sevastopol was weakly fortified. On the southern defensive position, instead of the planned 6 bastions with 12 guns each, only the 6th bastion was actually ready. In total, on the southern defensive line, 7 km long, there were only 145 guns installed in unfinished fortifications.

Taking advantage of the fact that the Anglo-French command did not dare to attack Sevastopol on the move, urgent measures were taken to strengthen the defense of the city. On September 11 (23), in order to prevent enemy ships from breaking through to the inner Sevastopol roadstead, it was decided to flood 5 sailing battleships and 2 frigates across the entrance to the bay. Other sailing ships, all steamships and steamship-frigates were left for the defense of Sevastopol and taken to the bay under the protection of batteries. From them, artillery and ship crews (about 18 thousand people) were removed ashore, of which 22 battalions were formed.

On September 13 (25), 1854, a state of siege was declared in Sevastopol. The defense of the city was led by a vice admiral, who was officially considered the chief of defense staff. His closest assistants were the squadron commander, Vice-Admiral Nakhimov, appointed head of the South Side, and the Rear Admiral (head of the defense of the Malakhov Kurgan). The general management of engineering work was carried out by a colonel engineer. The garrison of Sevastopol after the departure of the field army to Bakhchisarai, together with naval officers and sailors written off to the shore, totaled more than 16 thousand people.

The leaders of the defense encouraged the soldiers and sailors of Sevastopol, the entire population of the city to resist the enemy. An ardent patriot of his homeland, Kornilov put all his soul, all knowledge and energy, his outstanding organizational skills into the defense of Sevastopol. Strict and demanding in business, but caring and fair in relations with subordinates, he enjoyed universal respect and love. According to his contemporaries, Kornilov was the creator of that military spirit, enthusiasm, courage and dedication that did not leave the defenders of Sevastopol until the last days of the siege.

On September 15 (27), Kornilov made a speech in front of the Sevastopol garrison: “Comrades, we have the honor of defending Sevastopol, defending our native fleet! Let's fight to the last! We have nowhere to retreat, behind us is the sea. I forbid all the chiefs of the units to beat the retreat, the drummers must forget this fight! ... ".

The defenders of Sevastopol, including women and children, worked tirelessly day and night. Kornilov himself supervised the construction of fortifications on the northern approaches to the city. Everything that could be used was brought ashore from the ships. In his letters dated September 14 (26) and 16 (28), Kornilov wrote: “We have been fortifying the city all day ... The work is in full swing on the fortifications; we know neither sleep nor fatigue; even the prisoners are zealous ... Meanwhile, the enemy is approaching Sevastopol ... We are not discouraged here, we are strengthening as we can, as the means allow. The chain of redoubts, bastions and all sorts of batteries will soon present an unbroken line of cannon fire. " On the southern side of the city, the work was supervised by Vice Admiral Nakhimov.

People worked in three shifts, even at night by the light of lanterns. Every morning from 5 to 6 thousand people went to work, in the evening they were replaced by others.

Gallery of the underground war. Defense of Sevastopol

Men pounded the rocky ground, and women carried the earth from afar in baskets and sacks. A battery appeared in Sevastopol, which was erected by some women. She began to be called - "Maiden". As a result of the selfless work of the defenders of Sevastopol, the city was prepared to repel enemy attacks. "... We have done more in a week than we have done in a year," Kornilov wrote about this feat of the Sevastopol residents in his diary.

Fortification defense at Sevastopol consisted of 4 positions. 3 positions were equipped on the South side and one on the North.

The fortifications of the land (southern) front were (from east to west): 1st, 2nd bastions, Malakhov Kurgan (Kornilov Bastion), 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 bastions. This was the main line of defense. During the siege, a number of fortifications (forward and intermediate) were built, reinforcing this main line. The most important of them were: in front of the 2nd bastion - the Selenginsky and Volynsky redoubts, in front of the Malakhov kurgan - the Kamchatka lunette, between the Malakhov kurgan and the 3rd bastion - the Gervais battery, and between the 3rd and 4th bastions - the Schwartz redoubt.
Redoubts and bastions of the main defensive line were connected by trenches. For the first time in history, a zone of continuous artillery and rifle fire (200 m deep) was created in front of the main defensive line, which made it possible to conduct concentrated fire in given directions. The fire system was supplemented by a system of engineering barriers (ditches, mines, land mines, wolf pits).

Behind the main defensive line was the second line, which served to withdraw troops during the artillery shelling. The third line, which ran partly within the city, consisted of houses adapted for strong points and served to shelter the main reserves.

In the second position, as well as in the main one, bastions and redoubts were erected to support the actions of individual artillery batteries.

During the first 3 weeks of the Sevastopol defense under the leadership of E.I. Totleben, V.P. Polzikov, A.V. Melnikov and other military engineers, the defenders of the city built over 20 fortifications (batteries), and the number of artillery only on the South side was brought to 341 guns (including 118 heavy) versus 144 available to the enemy. In Sevastopol, in a short time, a deeply echeloned defense was created, which was based on the ideas of the outstanding Russian theoretician of fortification A.Z. Telyakovsky. However, the Sevastopol residents, creatively approaching Telyakovsky's provisions, developed them further. The defense they created made it possible to effectively use all forces and means, including naval and coastal artillery. The bastions were the basis of the defense.

The defense created near Sevastopol was the best example of field fortification of that time. She fully met the terrain and tactical requirements.

On September 18 (30), the Anglo - Franco - Turkish troops (67 thousand people, including 41 thousand French, 20 thousand British, 6 thousand Turks) came to the approaches to Sevastopol from the south. The enemy fleet consisted of 34 ships of the line and 55 frigates, including 4 ships of the line and 50 frigates.

The garrison of Sevastopol by this time numbered 36,600 people. The increase in the number of troops stationed in Sevastopol was due to the fact that Menshikov and his army had gone from Bakhchisarai to Sevastopol. At the same time, part of the forces was allocated to strengthen the defense of the city. On the Sevastopol roadstead there were 16 sailing battleships, 6 steam and 4 frigates. In total, 3904 guns, 1 million shells and 325 thousand gunpowder charges were concentrated in Sevastopol.

On October 3 (15), Kornilov gave his last order. It said: “From the first day of the imposition of an excellent enemy on Sevastopol, the troops intended to defend it expressed a resolute readiness to die, but not to surrender the city ... Within a short time, by the tireless activity of everyone - both officers and lower ranks - strong fortifications grew out of the earth and the cannons of the old ships are placed on these formidable strongholds. "

5 (17) October 1854 at 6 o'clock 30 minutes. the first bombardment of the fortress began. The enemy opened fire on all defensive structures from 126 heavy guns, and by noon they were joined by another 1,340 ship guns. He hoped to destroy the land fortifications of the fortress with a powerful bombardment from the sea and land and take it by storm.

The Sevastopol residents responded with powerful artillery fire from 250 guns. Here is what his direct participant from the Sevastopol Slavoni writes about this battle: “A terrible battle began to boil: the ground groaned, the surrounding mountains trembled, the sea began to seethe ... and at the same time, hellish fire burst out from our batteries. Hostile ships and steamers fired volleys at our batteries; bombs, hot cannonballs, buckshot, brandkugels ... rained down like hail; crackling and explosions were widespread; all this merged into a terrible and wild rumble; it was impossible to distinguish between shots, only one wild and terrifying bubbling was heard; the earth seemed to be reeling under the weight of the fighting ... And this fierce battle did not stop for a minute, lasted exactly 12 hours and stopped only when it was completely dark. " The defenders of the city managed to achieve close fire interaction between naval and fortress artillery.

The defenders of Sevastopol showed great stamina and courage. So, for example, on the 3rd bastion, the gun servant changed three times, but people continued to fulfill their duty. About the 10th battery in just one day, October 5 (17), 2,700 nuclei and unexploded bombs were collected, but it continued to fire. The Russian artillerymen, despite their wounds, did not leave the battlefield. On this day, many defenders of Sevastopol were killed, among them the talented organizer and leader of the city's defense, Admiral Kornilov. At the place where he was killed, the sailors made a cross from the cannonballs.

The sailors and the population of the city spent the whole night from 5 (17) to 6 (18) October in hard work to correct the damage. To the amazement of the enemy, by the morning of October 6 (18), the Sevastopol fortifications were restored and ready to repel new enemy attacks.

Defense of Sevastopol. Artist F. A. Roubaud. 1904 g.

Defense of Sevastopol 1854 - 1855

The enemy's first attempt to seize Sevastopol failed. The plan of the Anglo-French command was thwarted by the heroic defense of the Russian troops.

After the death of Kornilov, the defense of Sevastopol was headed by Vice Admiral Nakhimov. Under his direct leadership, work was carried out to strengthen the defensive lines, to build additional coastal batteries and protect them, combat battalions were formed from sailors. He knew everything that was done on the bastions: who needed shells, where reinforcements needed to be sent, and he always provided assistance on time. He spent the night where he had to, slept, often without undressing. I gave my apartment to the hospital. The admiral enjoyed great prestige and love among the defenders of Sevastopol. Nakhimov was everywhere and everywhere, inspired by his example, helped in word and deed. The hero of Sinop, the favorite of the sailors and the entire population of Sevastopol, an ardent patriot of his Motherland, he was the soul of the heroic defense of Sevastopol.

The bombardment of the city from the land by siege batteries continued for several more days, but to no avail: the Sevastopol people managed to fix everything that was broken in a day in one night. Thanks to the tireless work of the talented Russian engineer Polzikov and Rear Admiral Istomin, who led the defense of the Malakhov Kurgan, it was turned into a powerful fortification, which until the end remained the main stronghold of the Sevastopol defense.

The stubborn resistance of the garrison forced the British commander-in-chief Raglan and the French general Canrober to postpone the assault and go on to a slow siege. The allied command planned to begin a new assault on Sevastopol in two weeks.

The enemy was preparing for a new assault on Sevastopol, moving closer and closer to the line of its fortifications. After the won battle on the Black River on August 4 (16), 1855, the allied forces began to actively prepare for the general assault on Sevastopol. The Anglo-French command represented by generals J.-J. Pelissier and J. Simpson conducted another bombardment of the city with 800 guns, which was conducted from 5 (17) to 8 (20) August. During this time, the enemy fired 56,500 shells, and the Russians - 29,400. The next, sixth, most powerful bombardment of Sevastopol from 807 guns, including 300 mortars, was carried out from 24 to 27 August (5 to 8 September). Up to 150 thousand shells were fired at the city. The Malakhov Kurgan was subjected to a particularly heavy bombardment, against which 110 guns acted, 40 of them mortars. This incredible cannonade, shaking and crushing the Russian fortifications, showered their defenders with a hail of bombs, grenade canister and bullets. In addition to ordinary shells, the enemy fired rockets and threw barrels filled with gunpowder. Everything that science, art and experience of centuries created and discovered was destructive - everything was exhausted to the bottom, for the destruction of the Sevastopol fortifications and for the death of their defenders.

As a result of many days of fierce shelling, the 2nd and 3rd bastions and fortifications of the Malakhov Kurgan were destroyed. Russian losses amounted to 7,561 killed, 89 guns and 113 machine tools.

On August 27 (September 8) at 12 noon, 13 divisions and one enemy brigade began the last assault on Sevastopol. The enemy directed the main blow to the 2nd bastion and Malakhov Kurgan. 57,500 people were allocated for the assault. They were opposed by 40 thousand defenders of Sevastopol.

After artillery shelling, French troops (about 39 thousand bayonets) attacked the Ship Side (commanded by General Bosquet). The assault was carried out simultaneously along the entire defensive line of Sevastopol. 10 thousand Frenchmen suddenly attacked the Malakhov mound, on which there were only 1400 soldiers and 500 artillerymen. Meanwhile, the forces of the French were on the increase. Soon, all the commanders in the Russian regiments were killed or wounded, however, having lost control, the soldiers continued to fight. The defenders of the Malakhov Kurgan were forced to retreat after fierce battles under pressure from superior enemy forces.

All this time, enemy attacks continued on the 2nd bastion, where 7 thousand Russians fought with 18 thousand French. These enemy attacks were repelled three times by the defenders of the bastion until the fire from the enemy guns installed on the Malakhov Kurgan forced the defenders to retreat. The assault on the 3rd bastion was led by the British (11 thousand people). However, after the first unsuccessful attack, the British no longer renewed them. Also unsuccessfully for the enemy ended his offensive against the City side of Sevastopol, which began after the Malakhov Kurgan was taken.

Thus, the French managed to capture the Malakhov Kurgan and the second bastion. At other points, all attacks were repulsed. But with the loss of the Malakhov Kurgan and the 2nd bastion, the line of defense of Sevastopol was broken through exactly at the point on which its strength as a whole depended. The capture of the Malakhov Kurgan, which represented a key position in the defense system of Sevastopol, was a turning point in the siege.

Gorchakov, having familiarized himself with the state of affairs, decided to abandon the further struggle for the city and ordered the withdrawal of troops to the North Side. On August 27 (September 8), Russian troops, having blown up the warehouses and fortifications on the South Side, crossed partly by ships, partly along the constructed floating bridge to the North Side, and then joined up with Menshikov's army. Simultaneously with the crossing of the troops, the remaining ships of the Black Sea Fleet were sunk in the bay. The organized withdrawal of the entire Russian army with artillery and rear services during one night was a unique event in the history of wars.

Sevastopol. Monument to the lost ships. Sculptor A. G. Adamson, architect V. A. Feldman and military engineer F. O. Enberg. 1905 g.

Thus ended the heroic defense of Sevastopol. The allies did not succeed in his surrender. The Russian army in Crimea survived and was ready for further battles.

“Brave comrades! It is sad and hard to leave Sevastopol to our enemies, but remember what sacrifice we made to the altar of the fatherland in 1812. Moscow is Sevastopol! We left her after the immortal battle at Borodino. The 349-day defense of Sevastopol is superior to Borodino! " But not Moscow, the heap of stones and ash fell to the enemy in the fateful year 1812. So it was not Sevastopol that we left to our enemies, but only the flaming ruins of the city, which was set on fire by our own hand, keeping behind us a part of the defense, which our children and grandchildren will proudly pass on to distant offspring, ”- said in the order of the commander-in-chief dated August 3 (15), 1855 The Allies lost about 73 thousand people during the Sevastopol defense (not counting the sick and those who died from diseases). Russians - 102 thousand people. During the siege, the enemy fired 1,356 thousand artillery rounds. In addition, the French fired over 26 million rounds of ammunition. From the Russian side, 1,027 thousand shells were used up.

The heroic 349-day Sevastopol defense was an important stage in the development of military art. It became an example of a skillful organization of active defense based on joint actions of the ground forces and the navy in defending a seaside fortress. Despite the enemy's superiority in the number of troops, artillery and the quality of weapons, the in-depth defense that combined maneuver with fire and support on engineering structures, the adopted system of artillery and rifle fire, the conduct of mine warfare allowed the defenders to successfully repel enemy attacks. The combination of fire with a system of trenches marked the beginning of positional methods of warfare. Russian soldiers demonstrated high moral and combat qualities, wrote a glorious page in the military chronicle of the army and navy.

Cathedral of the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir in Sevastopol - an Orthodox church, the burial place of Russian admirals and naval officers - a monument of architecture and history.
Architects K. A. Ton and A. A. Avdeev

The soldiers of the Red Army during the days of the second Sevastopol defense of 1941-1942 became worthy successors and successors of the heroic deeds of the Sevastopol residents. They not only repeated the feat of those who fought on the bastions of the famous Russian city in 1854-1855, but also showed even greater staunchness and mass heroism in the struggle against the German fascist invaders.

Leaving Sevastopol, Gorchakov stationed his troops on the Inkerman and Mekenziev heights. Measures were urgently taken to strengthen the engineering defense of the Northern side. Together with the reserves that came up, Gorchakov had about 50 thousand people and was ready to continue the struggle.

Colonel Dmitry Vorobyov,
Deputy Head of the Research Department
Institute of Military History of the Military Academy of the General Staff
Of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

1854 year. March 27 (March 15 old style) England declares war on Russia. The next day, France does the same. The Crimean War begins.

Until that moment, only Russia and Turkey were fighting between themselves. The main reason for the war was the division of spheres of influence in the Balkans and control over the strategically important Black Sea straits, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles.

The weakened Ottoman Empire in the first half of the 19th century was on the verge of destruction and retained its integrity only thanks to the help of Russia and European countries. Russia was entrenched in the Black Sea, part of the Turkish territories came under its protectorate. Neither France nor England was profitable to strengthen the position of Russia in the south. England was especially concerned about Russia's conquests in the Caucasus and Central Asia, as she saw this as a threat to her influence in India and an obstacle to penetration into Persia and Afghanistan.

An influential British politician, Lord Palmerston, promoted more radical plans that eventually led to the war, and he himself was made prime minister. He argued that England needed more than just a weakening of Russia's role in the Balkans. According to Palmerston's project, the Aland Islands and Finland were to be returned to Sweden, the Baltic Territory was to move to Prussia, the Kingdom of Poland was to become formally independent and serve as a barrier between Russia and Germany, Moldova and Wallachia and the entire mouth of the Danube were to move away from Austria, and Lombardy and Venice from Austria - to the Sardinian kingdom. Crimea and the Caucasus were supposed to be taken away from Russia in favor of Turkey.

France also did not want Russia to be strengthened, although it did not have such grandiose plans for Russian territories. But the memory of the defeat in the war of 1812 was still alive. Therefore, in the conflict between the Russian Empire and Turkey, both of the strongest European powers took the side of the latter. In such conditions, a strong ally was needed, but the only countries on which Russia could rely - Austria and Prussia - were not interested in the conflict, so they preferred to conclude an alliance with each other and wait.

Prime Minister of England, Henry John Temple Palmerston

The pretext for the war was a dispute between the Orthodox and Catholic clergy in 1852 over the possession of "holy places" in Palestine. In February 1853, Nicholas I sent an extraordinary ambassador to Constantinople A.S. Menshikov, who ultimately demanded that the Orthodox subjects of the Turkish Sultan be placed under the special protection of the Russian Tsar.

In June 1853, Russia broke off diplomatic relations with Turkey and occupied the Danube principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. In response, Turkey declares war on Russia, hoping for the support of Britain and France. The Russian army, having crossed the Danube, pushed the Turkish troops back from the right bank and laid siege to the fortress of Silistria. In the Caucasus, on December 1, 1853, the Russians won a victory near Bashkadyklyar, which stopped the offensive of the Turks in the Transcaucasus. At sea, a flotilla under the command of Admiral P.S. Nakhimov on November 18, 1853, destroyed the Turkish squadron in the Sinop Bay.

Nikolay Krasovsky. Return to Sevastopol of the Black Sea Fleet squadron after the Battle of Sinop.

After receiving news of the Battle of Sinop, the British and French squadrons, together with a division of the Ottoman fleet, entered the Black Sea on January 4, 1854. The Russian authorities were advised that the squadrons would shield Turkish ships and ports from possible attacks. In addition, Britain and France announced that they would impede the free movement of Russian ships. On January 29, the French emperor presented an ultimatum to Russia: withdraw troops from the Danube principalities and begin negotiations with Turkey. On February 21, Russia rejected the ultimatum and announced the severance of diplomatic relations with Britain and France.

At the same time, Nicholas I turned to Austria and Prussia for support. Both countries renounced both an alliance with Russia and an alliance with England and France, and entered into an agreement between themselves. A special article of this treaty provided for the transition to offensive actions in the event that Russia did not withdraw from the Danube principalities, or in the event of an attempt to annex the principalities to Russia, or in the event that the Russians moved beyond the Balkans. Thus, Russia found itself in a war face to face with almost all of Europe. On April 11, 1854, Russia accepts the challenge and in response declares war on England and France.

This war was in many ways the first. During the war years, the last battle of sailing fleets and the first battle between steam ships took place, the largest landing operation before the start of the First World War took place. The first sisters of mercy appeared in the Crimean campaign, and the famous N.I. Pirogov laid the foundations for military field surgery. The first military photo reports were made in Sevastopol and minefields were used for the first time. The Crimean War was the first trench warfare in Europe, anticipating the events of the First World War by half a century. To one degree or another, all the leading powers of that time took part in the war. In terms of geographical scope for the middle of the 19th century, it had no equal: the war was fought in the Crimea and the Transcaucasus, the Anglo-French fleet blocked Kronstadt, landed troops in Finland, Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka and the Amur estuary were attacked in the Far East, from the Arctic Ocean attacks were made on the Kola Bay, the Solovetsky Monastery and Arkhangelsk.

History in faces

Napoleon III, from a letter to Nicholas I:

Until now, we have been merely interested observers of the struggle, when the Sinop cause forced us to take a more definite position. France and England did not consider it necessary to send landing troops to help Turkey. Their banner was not affected by the clashes that took place on land, but at sea it was quite different. At the entrance to the Bosphorus there were three thousand guns, the presence of which loudly enough told Turkey that the first two naval powers would not allow her to attack her at sea. The Sinop event was as offensive to us as it was unexpected. For it does not matter whether the Turks wanted or did not want to transport ammunition to Russian territory. In fact, Russian ships attacked Turkish ships in Turkish waters while they were calmly anchored in the Turkish harbor. They were destroyed, despite assurances that an offensive war would not be launched, despite the proximity of our squadrons. Here it was not our foreign policy that received a blow, but our military honor. The cannon shots at Sinope echoed painfully in the hearts of all those who, in England and France, have a living sense of national dignity. There was a general cry: wherever our guns can reach, our allies must be respected.

Fyodor Nikolaevich Glinka, Russian poet: And so it's not a fairy tale already, That an Englishman and a Frenchman Have you entered the service of Mohammed? That, having entered into an alliance with the Turk, Two Christian nations For the consolation of demons, Follow the trail of Iscariot Betray Christ to his enemies? Shame on you wretched peoples World Guardians, Defenders of someone else's freedom And at home - the servants of Satan! Are not your ancestors in Palestine Was blood shed for the Holy Sepulcher? Why do you want now To trample on the deeds of your fathers? You, the enlighteners of Europe, Civilized people Anthropologists, philanthropists And various damned rabble! You've already tarnished enough Pages in its history, When they were executed and tormented Innocent and honest people! What else do you want now? Why did you interfere in our dispute? No matter how you judge it, And the Turk is talking nonsense to you! We know it's not about Turk, Turk is just an excuse for you. No, you are tired of Russia, It's in your throat! Well, what then? So be it! Really Are we going to break our hats? We do not know, we are not needed for you, And we don't need you at all! We don't need foreign wines: We, thanks to the Lord, We will be able to drink and Russian foam Health of the Russian Tsar! We don't need your springs, And all the cars, nonsense: The French were beaten by our women Where just with a stick, where with a stick! We don't need your greatcoats, Coats, cloaks - for trouble They somehow warmed you badly In our twelfth year. And in the expulsion of the French spirits We do not ask for your services: Europe sniffed at Russians National strong spirit. And so let's share Let everyone be with him. We will not come to bow to you, God willing, we can live without you. But no, we can clearly see now That every speech we speak to you is Voice in the wilderness: So let God and the sword judge us!

Eastern War 1853-1856 - War with England, France, Austria, Prussia, Turkey and Sardinia.
The named states appeared only at the end of the 19th century. In the form of the conquests of the French Revolution. Likewise, after the French Revolution, along with the emerging states, nationalities and new national languages ​​appeared in the former unified empire. Under a new sign in the old Russian counties. We tried especially in this.
But even this - hidden - from us, “The Eastern (Petersburg) war of 1853-1856, was just a part of the entire First World Great Patriotic War of Independence between Russia and Germany in 1853-1871.

I believe that it was this Petersburg war of 1853-1856. Count from literature Leo Tolstoy and issued 12 years for the war, in his essay for a social order: "War and Peace".
Although, Leo Tolstoy was lying here too. I will remind you of the 1352 shift of the calendars. And then the war of 12 years will be a war: 512 + 1352 = 1864. War over the Alexander Column.

Eastern War - Unknown Great World War of the 19th century

Petersburg war of 1854

Of this entire Eastern War of 1853-1856, we were presented with only one episode: the defense of Sevastopol. The so-called: "Crimean War". But they don't tell us about the fact that it was not the "Crimean War", but the real Great Patriotic War of 1853-1856.
Nor do they say that the epicenter of this war of 1853-1856. Petersburg was modern to us.

The very fact that the Petersburg War of 1854 is a real event of the recent past is practically not covered on the Internet. There is nothing to say about the media and print media in general - a completely taboo topic.

The fall of Sevastopol. The defeat of the Russian (which one?) Army

In general, they prove to us that the French revolution did not touch Petersburg in any way. All over the world the French Revolution is raging, somewhere far away on the Black Sea there is a small Crimean War and only in St. Petersburg there is a stagnant swamp: peace and quiet and God's grace. Although in reality, it was the War with Russia, on the Death of Russia and the Partitions of Russia. And Petersburg is the Capital of Russia. The Fallen Capital of Fallen Rus. And a blow to all of Russia, this is primarily a blow to St. Petersburg.

Now, let's take Romanov's books and see what was really there? You can't find fault with anything, because these books have gone through all the Romanov and Soviet censorship. Cramola was not found. That is, they were not a state secret either under the Romanovs themselves, or under the CPSU.

Partition of captured Russia

At the end of 1854, the entire border zone of captured Russia was divided into sections, each subordinate to a special chief with the rights of the commander-in-chief of the army or a separate corps.

These sites were as follows:

1. The coast of the Baltic Sea (Finland, St. Petersburg and Ostsee provinces), the military forces of which consisted of 179 battalions, 144 squadrons and hundreds, with 384 guns;
2. Kingdom of Poland and Western provinces - 146 battalions, 100 squadrons and hundreds, with 308 guns;
3. The space along the Danube and the Black Sea to the Bug River - 182 battalions, 285 squadrons and hundreds, with 612 guns (the departments were under the main command of Field Marshal Prince Paskevich);
4. Crimea and the Black Sea coast from the Bug to Perekop - 27 battalions, 19 squadrons and hundreds, 48 ​​guns;
5. the coast of the Azov Sea and the Black Sea - 31? battalion, 140 hundreds and squadrons, 54 guns;
6. Caucasian and Transcaucasian Territories - 152 battalions, 281 hundred and a squadron, 289 guns (? Of these troops were on the Turkish border, the rest were inside the region, against the mountaineers hostile to the invaders).
7. The shores of the White Sea were guarded by only 2? battalions.
8. The defense of Kamchatka, where there were also insignificant forces, was in charge of Rear Admiral Zavoiko.

So, we see that in the years 1853-1856. all over Russia - from the Black Sea to the White Sea, from St. Petersburg to Kamchatka, a terrible war is going on. On the territories of Russia they are fighting: England, Sweden, France, Prussia, Austria, Poland and Russia.
By the standards of the 20th century, this is a real Great World War. Russia alone fights off so many foreign armies that attacked her.

Why did all the neighbors suddenly attack us so amicably?
What reason should there be for such massive hatred?

Falsification of history

It was a Civil War on the territory of a single state - the huge empire of Russia. The war with the invaders who carried out a military coup, which is now affectionately called the bourgeois "French revolution". The war of the provinces, which were previously subordinate to the single General Staff of Kond and remained loyal to the government of the empire of Rus (the official name of the empire is Bella Russia Arm Air Carus Cesarcarus-Zakon Czartorys Mef Kondrus Aygelond Kingdom Du Carus Severiensis - Polska Ares Publica) against the aggressors who seized the center of the empire.

Now, knowing the main moment of the worldwide deception, let us consider the events of the Petersburg War of 1854 from a different point of view.

Petersburg war of 1854

In 1853, at the same time in two streams, German troops went to St. Petersburg and Moscow.

By treason and betrayal of the intelligentsia, who staged a revolution in St. Petersburg and Moscow in December 1853, the Germans captured St. Petersburg and Moscow at the same time. For three weeks, a fierce battle between the Army and the police and criminal gangs of Friedrich Hohenzollern went on inside St. Petersburg, which was captured by the Germans. The rumble from the battle inside St. Petersburg was such that it could be heard many kilometers from the city. This is a terrible three-week battle of two armies inside St. Petersburg in December 1853, the good Germans will then pass off the Romanovs for the execution of the Decembrists.

The Germans remain in the captured Petersburg and Moscow. And the troops of Condé, White Generals (Rus) in 1853-1856. are trying to drive the Germans out of Petersburg, Moscow and all of Russia captured by the Germans.

In 1854, Condé transferred the General Staff and all government agencies from Petersburg, captured by the Germans, to Paris. And Condé's war with (the intelligentsia) was carried over to the continent.
Before us is the beginning of the French Revolution, with which the occupation of the entire planet began. For this reason, all troops at the Battle of Borodino speak only French. And they not only speak French, but also write reports to each other in French (Russian-Latin).

“Here we have everything at the ready,” wrote the sovereign to Prince Menshikov on April 19, 1854. “The sea is being cleared today. Nothing from Revel and Sveaborg, and everything is ready there. " On the other hand, the Minister of War shared the following lines with Prince Menshikov: “Kronstadt et Sveaborg sont dans un etat suffisamment bon pour recevoir sir С Napier. Quant aux autres ports et fortifications du littoral de la Baltique, il me semble, entre nous, qu'ils se trouvent un peu dans le genre chinoix. Que voulez-vous? En temps de paix nous occupons trop de ce qui n'est guere utile pour la guerre, et une fois la guerre arrivee nous sommes surpris de ne pas y enre prepares dignement. En tout cas, je compte sur l'energie et la bravoure de nos freres d'armes et du peuple en general. "
With these words, Prince Dolgorukov presented one of the rarest cases of realizing his own guilt before the king (which one?) And the homeland (which one?).

To make it easier to understand what kind of "Eastern war" of 1853-1856 it was, I remind you:

• Until 1858 (the beginning of the official German language), modern-day St. Petersburg was called "Xikrik on the Novogor River". Capital of the Army.
• Until 1858, the modern city of Moscow on the Moscow River was called: Mefkarus on the Chartorus River.
• Until 1858, modern Russia was called: Bella Russia Arm Air Carus Cesarcarus-Zakon Czartorys Mef Kondrus Angelond Kingdom Du Carus Severinsis - Polska Ares Publica and Oginsky's Polonaise excites us to tears ...
• Until 1871 (the beginning of the official German occupation of contemporary France), the modern city of Paris was called "Lutetia".
• At least until 1865 (the beginning of the official German occupation of today's England), London was called: "Luntertun".

For this reason, all these British, French, Swedish and other troops, howling with the Holstein-Gottorp grouping throughout Russia in 1853-1871, are the troops of the Conde State Army (Angels Karusov) - “Rus came”.

• On March 31, 1854, an armada of English ships (Angels Karusov) entered the Gulf of Finland and established a blockade of the entire coastline captured by the Germans: the Prussian troops of Friedrich Hohenzollern.
• On March 31, after receiving a report from a reconnaissance detachment that the Gulf of Finland was free of ice to Helsingfors, and that no Prussian ships were found in the Baltic port, in Reval and at sea, Nepyr headed east.
• On April 2, Admiral Korrie (White) with his division (9 ships) was left between Dager-Orth and Guvudsker in order to detain all ships on this line. The rest of the squadron kept the direction to the Gulf of Finland. The weather was not favorable for swimming. Part of the squadron, under the personal command of Nepir, reached the mouth of the Gulf of Finland, but it was dangerous to stay there in bad weather. The white squadron of Angels Carus (Nepyr) went back and on April 9 dropped anchor in the Swedish harbor of Elfena ben, near Stockholm.
• From April 23 to mid-May, the squadron cruised between the Ganges and Gotland.
• The squadron of Admiral Shar, with which Nepir was also, approached the Gangut Peninsula on May 8 and dropped anchor.
• On June 12, it was joined by the French squadron of Condé, the White Generals of the Angels of the Carus, and the combined Anglo-French fleet of the Condé, the White Generals of the Angels of the Carus (Rus), moved to the red Kronstadt. But after a week of reconnaissance, convinced of the power of the Kronstadt defense, which it was impossible to attack without the support of the ground army, the ships of the Angels of the Carus retreated to the island of Seskar.
• On July 18, a detachment of the White General Barague d'Ilier arrived in the Baltic Sea, and the White troops concentrated up to 13,000 landing troops against Bomarzund. After reconnaissance of the Red Prussian fortifications, a council of war was assembled to finalize the plan for the actions to be undertaken by the Prussian troops.
• On July 26 (August 7), this disposition was approved, and the White Army of Conde began its unhindered landing, and on July 27, 1854, the landing troops of the Army of Angels moved to the village of Finby, three miles from the fortress, and this completed its complete siege. General Bodisko did not at all interfere with such a movement, having cleared in advance the coastal battery for 4 guns, rebuilt after the bombing on June 9, and two batteries placed on the road near the village of Finbi.
• On July 25, 1854, the fleet of Angels Karusov bombed Sveaborg for 45 hours, but apart from the destruction of buildings, almost no damage was done to the fortress.

The summer campaign of 1854 in the Baltic boiled down to the seizure of merchant ships, attacks on the islands, the bombing of coastal settlements, and to skirmishes with Prussian ships and batteries in the Finnish skerries.

Complete helplessness in the face of the strongest enemy: the Condé State Army, the White Generals, forced the red corporals of the revolutionary militia Friedrich Hohenzollern to run.
In the summer of 1854, the Germans: 104 rowing gunboats, together with 26 other light ships, repaired over the winter in the Main rowing port, met the enemy for the first time in the Gulf of Finland.
Distributed along the entire Baltic coast, the red (Prussian) ships carried out patrol service in the skerries and defended the most important fairways, sometimes engaging in skirmishes even with the battleships of the Anglo-French squadron Condé (Angels Carusov). In these skirmishes, the light steamers of the Angels Karusov and their propeller-driven gunboats demonstrated their technical superiority over the Prussian rowing ships.

Baltic company 1854

Further, White (Russian) Admiral Nepir, successfully blocked all ports in the Baltic seized by the Red Prussian troops, so that not a single "pro-Russian" ship of Friedrich Hohenzollern could even leave the ports, and carried out constant shelling.

However, the Prussian troops defended Petersburg. Why? We must take into account the strategic position of St. Petersburg. Peter is not located directly on the Baltic Sea, otherwise the White (Russian) Angels of the Carus would have taken it. Petersburg stands higher along the Neva, which flows into the narrow Gulf of Finland. The English fleet of Conde (Angels Karusov), in order to enter the Neva and capture Petersburg, had to pass by the fortresses of Sveaborg and Kronstadt.

Die bucht von Kronstadt mit Sankt Petersburg. Von H. Mahlmann.
Berlin 1854
Bay of Kronstadt with St. Petersburg.

Outcome

The defeat of the Prussian troops in the Battle of Inkerman during the Crimean War

As we can see, in the years 1853-1856. throughout Russia there is a Civil War: White and Red, dress rehearsal of the 1917-1921 revolution. All the same.
The same two armies: White (Russian) State Army of Conde, Angels of Carus (Rus), White Generals. And the Red (Soviet) non-state army of Friedrich Hohenzollern, red corporals (Prus), in 1853-1921.
The same: Petersburg and Moscow, in the same war of Whites and Reds 1853-1921, for the Death of Russia and the Partitions of Russia between members of the German party Hohenzollerns, Holstein, Bronstein and Blank, lads: Social Democrats.

Let the revolutionary intellectual enter the General Staff of Kondé, the White Generals of Angels Karusov (Rus), on the Palace Square of St. Petersburg: the fallen Capital of the fallen Rus. He will be there with the Army of the Carus Angels to rule and build his civil society on the body of the Army of the Empire of the Carus Angels, White Officers. And so that the Empress Goldfish herself should also serve him: Conde, the Corporation of General Staff Officers Bella Russia Arm Air Carus Cesarcarus-Zakon Czartorys Mef Kondrus Aygelond Kingdom Du Carus Severiensis - Polska Ares Publica and Oginsky Polonaise excites us to tears ...

Medal in memory of the Eastern (Crimean) War of 1853-1856

August 26, 1856 in memory of the Eastern (Crimean, Petersburg) War of 1853-1856. a medal was instituted. Its two varieties were minted in the amount of 1 million 750 thousand copies!
This is how widespread the fighting of the "local" Crimean War reached in less than three years, only those who distinguished themselves and only on one side of the belligerents.

So who did the soldiers of the victorious Russia fight for?

Rus

Popular posts

44 Answer to Petersburg war of 1854 - the dark stages of the French revolution

To answer

To answer

To answer

To answer

To answer

To answer

To answer

To answer