Every place of the pronoun. Decimal number system, classes and places of natural numbers

As decimal number system local, then the number depends not only on the numbers written in it, but also on the place where each number is written.

Definition: The place where a digit is written in a number is called the digit of the number.

For example, a number consists of three digits: 1, 0 and 3. The local, or bit, recording system allows you to make three-digit numbers from these three digits: 103, 130, 301, 310 and two-digit numbers: 013, 031. The given numbers are arranged in order ascending: each previous number is less than the next.

Consequently, the numbers that are used to write a number do not completely determine this number, but only serve as a tool for recording it.

The number itself is built taking into account discharges, in which one or another digit is written, that is, the desired digit must also occupy the right place in the number recording.

Rule. Natural numbers are named from right to left from 1 to the largest number, each digit has its own number and place in the number record.

The most commonly used numbers have up to 12 digits. Numbers with more than 12 digits are classified as large numbers.

The number of places occupied by digits, provided that the highest digit is not 0, determines the digit capacity of the number. A number can be said to be: single-digit (single-digit), for example 5; two-digit (two-digit), for example 15; three-digit (three-digit), for example 551, etc.

In addition to the ordinal number, each of the digits has its own name: the ones place (1st), tens place (2nd), hundreds place (3rd), thousands place (4th), tens of thousands place (5th ), etc. Every three digits, starting from the first, are combined into classes... Every class also has its own serial number and name.

For example, the first 3 discharge (from 1st to 3rd inclusive) is class units with serial number 1; third class - this is class million, it includes the 7th, 8th and 9th discharges.

We give the structure of the bit construction of a number, or a table of digits and classes.

The number 127 432 706 408 is twelve-digit and reads like this: one hundred twenty-seven billion four hundred thirty-two million seven hundred six thousand four hundred eight. This is a fourth grade polydigit number. Three digits of each class are read as three-digit numbers: one hundred twenty seven, four hundred thirty two, seven hundred six, four hundred eight. The name of the class is added to each class of a three-digit number: "billion", "million", "thousand".

For a class of units, the name is omitted (meaning “units”).

Numbers 5th grade and above are considered large numbers. Large numbers are used only in specific branches of Knowledge (astronomy, physics, electronics, etc.).

Here are the introductory names of classes from the fifth to the ninth: units of the 5th grade - trillions, 6th grade - quadrillions, 7th grade - quintillions, 8th grade - sextillions, 9th grade - septillions.

By meaning and syntactic functions, pronouns are divided into the following categories.

1. Personal pronounsi, we (1st person), you you (2nd person), he, she, it, they (3rd person) indicate a person, an object and answer the questions "who?", "What?"

2. Reflexive pronounmyself indicates that the action being performed is directed at the actor himself, is performed for this person, etc. This pronoun has no gender, number and form. It is an addition in the sentence. Word myselfcan also act as a particle: Walk past yourself!

3. Possessive pronounsmy, your, our, your, your, his, her, them indicate that the object belongs to someone and answer the question "whose?"

Pronouns my, your, our, your, yourchange by birth (mine, mine, mine; yours, yours, yours), numbers ( our - ours, yours - yours) and cases, while they are declined like adjectives: my, my, my, myand so on. Used in the sentence as agreed definitions.

4. Demonstrative pronounsthat "this, such, such, so much, this, this (the last two are outdated) indicate items or their quality, quantity. They usually determine the name of a noun, with which they agree in gender, number and case, while declining as an adjective: that number, that corner.Pronoun such is has only gender and number forms: such, such, such, such . It is used much less frequently than such , and usually acts as a nominal part of a compound predicate: The cheese fell out - with it was cheat such is .

Pronoun so many combined with noun in the plural form, therefore it changes only in cases, while retaining the stress on the first syllable when declining: so many books, so many booksetc.

5. Interrogative pronounswho, what, what, what, whose, which, how much are used in interrogative sentences to express a question about an object, attribute or quantity: "What time is it now?"

Pronouns who, what, how much change only in cases (whom, to whom, by whometc.), which, which, whose - by gender, number and case: what, what, what, what; what, what, whatetc.; which - by gender and number: what is, what is, what are.When declining pronouns how much the stress remains based on: how many, how many, how manyetc.

Pronoun which the used when asked about order of account or one of several subjects: What time is it now?When asked about the quality of an object, the pronoun is used which one : What color do you like?

6. Relative pronounswho, what, what, what, whose, who, how much differ from interrogative ones in that they are used only to connect parts of a complex sentence: Relative pronouns change in the same way as interrogative ones.

7. Definitive pronounsall, everyone, everyone, himself, the same, the other, the other have various functions. For example, the pronouns everyone, everyone indicate an object taken from among many, have a meaning "Every possible, every one"... Pronoun whole has a generalized collective meaning: Definitive pronouns have gender forms (all, everything, everything),numbers (everyone, everyone)and case (everyone, everyone, everyone, everyoneetc.).

8. Negative pronounsnobody, nothing, nobody, nothing, nothing, nothing, nothing indicate the absence of an object, a sign: no one came, nothing to say.They are formed from interrogative pronouns with prefixes no-, no- and therefore change in the same way as the words from which they are formed: nobody, nobody, nobody, nobodyetc.; no, no, no, noetc.

Pronouns no one, nothing do not have case forms.

If negative pronouns are used with a preposition, it is placed between no, noand pronoun: no one, no one.

9. Indefinite pronounssomeone, something, some, some, someone, something, someone, something, some, some, some and others are formed from interrogative pronouns using prefixes not-, something - and postfixes something, something, something . They are used to indicate indefinite objects, signs and quantities, for an approximate indication of an object, sign or quantity. Pronouns some, some, some, some, some, someone and others answering questions "What?", "Whose?", change by gender (some, some, some), numbers ( ka- any, any ), cases (some, some, some etc.).

Pronoun someone is used only in the form Im n, something - in the forms Im and V.P.

The numbers in the recording of multidigit numbers are divided from right to left into groups of three numbers each. These groups are called classes... In each class, numbers from right to left represent the units, tens and hundreds of that class:

The first class on the right is called class of units, the second - thousand, third - million, fourth - billion, fifth - trillion, sixth - quadrillion, seventh - quintillion, eighth - sextillion.

For the convenience of reading a multi-digit number, a small space is left between the classes. For example, to read the number 148951784296, select the classes in it:

and read the number of units of each class from left to right:

148 billion 951 million 784 thousand 296.

When reading a class of ones, the word of ones is usually not added at the end.

Each digit in the notation of a multi-digit number occupies a certain place - position. The place (position) in the number entry on which the digit stands is called discharge.

The digits are counted from right to left. That is, the first digit on the right in the number is called the first digit, the second digit on the right - the second digit, etc. For example, in the first class of the number 148 951 784 296, digit 6 is the first digit, 9 is the second digit, 2 - digit of the third category:

Units, tens, hundreds, thousands, etc. are also called otherwise bit units:
units are called units of the 1st category (or simple units)
tens are called units of the 2nd category
hundreds are called units of the 3rd category, etc.

All units other than simple ones are called constituent units... So, ten, hundred, thousand, etc. are composite units. Every 10 units of any rank is one unit of the next (higher) rank. For example, a hundred contains 10 tens, and a dozen contains 10 simple ones.

Any composite unit in comparison with another unit smaller than it is called unit of the highest category, and in comparison with a unit larger than it is called unit of the lowest grade... For example, a hundred is the highest-ranked unit relative to ten and the lowest-ranked unit relative to a thousand.

To find out how many all units of any category are in a number, you need to discard all the numbers that mean the units of the lowest digits and read the number expressed by the remaining digits.

For example, you want to know how many hundreds are contained in the number 6284, i.e. how many hundreds are contained in thousands and in hundreds of a given number together.

In the number 6284 in the third place in the class of units is the number 2, which means there are two simple hundreds in the number. The next digit to the left is 6, meaning thousands. Since each thousand contains 10 hundred, then 6 thousand contain 60. Thus, this number contains 62 hundred.

The digit 0 in any digit means the absence of ones in this digit. For example, the digit 0 in the tens place means the absence of tens, in the hundreds place - the absence of hundreds, etc. In the place where 0 stands, nothing is said when the number is read:

172 526 - one hundred seventy two thousand five hundred twenty six.
102 026 - one hundred two thousand twenty six.

By its meaning and grammatical features pronouns in Russian are divided into several categories: personal, reflexive, possessive, interrogative, relative, negative, indefinite, determinative and indicative.

Pronoun grades table

To correctly determine the category of pronouns, we will find out what meanings they have in speech, and highlight their main grammatical features.

In the table, we got acquainted with the categories of pronouns with examples of their use in Russian. We previously learned.

Personal pronouns "I", "we", "you", "you", "he", "she", "it", "they" point to a person or object.

Pronouns "I", "we" belong to the first person; "you you" - to the second; "he she it"- to the third.

I climbed onto a tall pine tree and began to shout (K. Paustovsky).

We followed the moose trail (K. Paustovsky).

Do you remember, Alyosha, the roads of the Smolensk region? (K. Simonov)

Have you seen how under a coniferous roof walks in morocco mushroom boots ..? (A.Kovalenko)

Pronouns "he she it" male, female and neuter gender is determined.

He sang, and every sound of his voice breathed something familiar and immensely wide, as if a familiar steppe was opening up in front of you, going into an endless distance (I.S. Turgenev).

After Masha rummaged through the works, she stopped at novels (A. Pushkin).

To the left, from the edge of the village, a field began; it was visible far to the horizon, and in the entire width of this field, flooded with moonlight, there was also no movement or sound (A. Chekhov).

Personal pronouns are singular and plural.

Let's compare:

• i, you - we, you;
• he, she, it - they.

However, we mean that the pronouns "I am" and "we" , "you and "you" are not singular and plural of the same word. Pronouns "weAnd "you" do not mean "A lot of me" or "You are a lot"... They indicate the speaker or interlocutor, along with other persons participating in the conversation or in a certain action.

All personal pronouns are subject to change. When they are declined in indirect cases, completely different words appear:

• i am me;
• you - you;
• she her;
• they are theirs.

As soon as I touch on mathematics, I will again forget everything in the world (S. Kovalevskaya).

Reflexive pronoun "Myself" indicates the person they are talking about.

Will you look into yourself? There is no trace of the past (M. Lermontov).

I erected a monument not made by hands (A. Pushkin).

This pronoun does not have a nominative case, grammatical categories of person, gender, number. It changes only in cases:

• etc. -
• r.p. myself
• etc. myself
• vp myself
• etc. myself
• p.p. about Me

horse (im.p.) (whose?) his (r.p.).

A nightingale happened to fly to their noise (I.A.Krylov).

Noise (whose?) Them - inconsistent definition.

Possessive pronouns "Him", "her", "them" do not change.

Words answered by nouns ( who? what?), adjectives ( which one? whose? what? which one?) and numerals ( how much?) are interrogative pronouns.

Who's knocking at the gate? (S. Marshak).

What will I do for people? - shouted Danko (M. Gorky) stronger than the thunder.

Suddenly he turned to his mother: "Avdotya Vasilievna, how old is Petrusha?" (A. Pushkin).

"Why don't you understand?" - Pavel Vasilievich asks Styopa (A. Chekhov).

What news did you receive yesterday?

What is the answer to my question?

Which math lesson will be?

The same pronouns, only without a question, serve to connect simple sentences in a complex subordinate and are called relative:

Look how many flat-bottomed scows lie on my bank (A. Kataev).

A hundred paces from me the grove darkened, from which I just left (A. Chekhov).

He was not at all what Constantine (L. Tolstoy) imagined him to be.

It was already getting dark, and Vasily could not understand who was walking (K. Paustovsky).

Often I wanted to guess what he was writing about (A. Pushkin).

I also thought about the person in whose hands my fate was (A. Pushkin).

Indefinite pronouns

Indicate unknown items, signs and quantities:

"Someone", "something", "some", "several", "some", "something", "someone", "someone", "someone", "some ”,“ Some ”,“ some ”,“ some ”,“ someone ”,“ someone ”,“ someone ”,“ some ”,“ so much ”.

Someone was playing the violin ... the girl sang in a soft contralto, laughter was heard (M. Gorky).

It was getting scary, as if in this silence some danger was silently waiting for him (V. Kataev).

In the living room, something small fell from the table and broke (A. Chekhov).

You are not able to act from any motives (K. Fedin).

But, perhaps, in some ways he was right (M. Sholokhov).

Negative pronouns

Negative pronouns "Nobody", "nothing", "nobody", "nothing", "no", "nobody", "nothing" serve to deny the presence of an object, feature or quantity, or to enhance the negative meaning of the entire sentence.

I do not want to sadden you with anything (A. Pushkin).

Nobody really knew anything (K. Simonov).

Vladik stood silently, not bullying anyone and not answering anyone's questions (A. Gaidar).

They are formed from interrogative (relative) pronouns using an unstressed prefix nor- or shock attachment not-.

Pronouns "Nobody", "nothing" do not have a nominative case.

They were silent because there was nothing to tell each other (I.A.Goncharov).

There is no one to ask when he himself is to blame (proverb).

Pronouns "Nobody", "no", "nobody", "nobody", "nothing" can be used with a preposition after the prefix:

not from anyone, on anything, under any, not for anyone, not with anyone, not because of what, etc.

In nothing the folk character is manifested so freely as in song and dance (A. Fadeev).

I don't want to think about anything, to interfere with anything (M. Prishvin).

An attempt to intercept Masha on the road did not lead to anything (A. Fadeev).

"That", "this", "such", "such", "so much" serve to highlight among others a certain object, feature, quantity.

I would strictly forbid these gentlemen to drive up to the capitals for a shot! (A. Griboyedov).

All this would be funny if it were not so sad (M. Lermontov).

How many heads, so many minds (proverb).

In the dark, I climbed into such a windbreak, from which even in the daytime you won't get out soon. However, I managed to get out of this labyrinth (V. Arseniev).

Definitive pronouns - "All", "everyone", "himself", "the most", "each", "any", "other", "other", "whole".

Everyone who is young, give us your hands - to our ranks, friends! (L. Oshanin).

Every work of the master praises (proverb).

Learn to rule yourself; not everyone will understand you like me; inexperience leads to trouble (A. Pushkin).

To the right the whole village was visible, the long street stretched for five miles (A. Chekhov).

These pronouns change in gender, number and case, like adjectives.

Video tutorial on the Russian language for 6th grade pupils “Pronoun. The categories of pronouns "