Over the years in construction practice, people have never found a more durable, practical, durable material than concrete. Consists of a mixture of cement, sand, water, crushed stone.

Also, modern builders add special strengthening additives to the solution, which make the material practically eternal, indestructible, and as durable as possible. However, in the manufacture of concrete mix, the proportions of all components must be very strictly observed. Otherwise, the foundation, the reinforced concrete wall of a multi-storey building, the basement underground will not be strong. The material will crack, it will be out of service ahead of time, and emergency situations will be created. So what mistakes in concrete production negatively affect the quality of finished products?

The most important mistakes

It should be noted right away that concrete mixes can be made in different ways. Everything will depend on what building structures need to be made from the resulting mixture. The biggest mistake is the incorrect use of the cement dosage. Excess or underestimation of this component totally affects the finished structure. You also need to clearly see which brand of cement to use before putting it in the future mortar.

Note! For the construction of reinforced concrete structures that will be used under water, the most durable, most expensive brand of cement is used. For simple structures used in the open air, it is permissible to add a low grade of inexpensive cement to the solution.

Another very important mistake can be attributed to the lack of high-quality mixing of the solution in the manufacture of large quantities of cement.

• Good mixing is one of the most important components in the manufacture of concrete on an industrial scale;
• In no case should you use dirty fillers, not sifted sand interspersed with pieces of clay. All this leads to a poor-quality solution, which will be very poor in finished products;
• Also, you cannot use dirty water. The liquid needs to be cleaned before mixing. Water is cleared of mud, lumps of clay, all kinds of biological pollutants;
• Under no circumstances should you use cement powder after long-term storage.

And you need to be very careful to ensure that there is no overdose of various kinds of strengthening additives that are added to the reinforced concrete solution.

01. We get high-strength concrete in ANYONE region

02. We are nothing NOT we sell

03. You NOT have to buy equipment

04. Concrete only from yours LOCAL components

05. Someone will do better? We will pay you ourselves!

Why we are the best
for high-strength concrete?

candidate of technical sciences
Vladimir Volodin

receives concrete
brand М2500 (B180)

Volodin Vladimir Mikhailovich (Technical Director)

01. Brought the brand of concrete to incredible М2500
(obtained the most durable production concrete in Europe)

02. Participated in exposing concrete in the skyscrapers "Moscow City"

03. Developed high-strength concrete for the Vostochny cosmodrome

04. Wrote a thesis on high strength concrete

05. Candidate of Technical Sciences ()

06. Winner of international competitions in concrete science ()

08. Inventor (patentee)

Dmitry Abramov (director)

01. Implemented the technology at more than ten large factories in the CIS

02. Found a site with a raw material base for the production of the cheapest high-strength concrete (in Europe)

03. Inventor

Where is high-strength concrete used in Russia?

In Russia absolutely
do not know how to make
high-strength concrete
(in tangible volumes)

According to the latest research ...


Less than 0.3% profit concrete plants spend on R&D

"High-strength concrete" in Russia is:

High-rise buildings (above 40 floors) - strength about M1150 (B90)

Fiberglass concrete - M900 (at the same time, it is super-expensive, super-cement intensive)

Floor hardeners - maximum strength М800 (B60)

Architectural products (facades, etc.) - less than M800 (B60)

Paving slabs - less than M700 (B55)

Interchanges (for 1st category roads) - occasionally M600 (B45-B50)

Special products made of reinforced concrete - M600 (B45-B50)

Why is high-strength concrete sold 2-3 times more expensive than the cost?

The absence of standards for the selection of recipes for high-strength concrete generates a lot of intermediaries and sellers of additives.

Nobody guarantees the receipt of high-strength concrete (except us).

Plants spend 0.3% of expenses on research (concrete science).

Prices for concrete for high-rise buildings "Moscow City"

Price list of CJSC "Ingeokomprom" of the supplier of concrete for high-rise buildings "Moscow City" for concrete mixes dated June 01, 2014
Information source: http://eprom.su/prajjs-list/ (screenshot from 03.07.2015)

How do we get the most durable concrete in the Russian Federation?

We "spied" on the Germans

We have worked for many years

over high-strength concrete

As a result, they surpassed their Western counterparts

In which cities did we receive high-strength concrete?

Moscow - from М1450 (to М2500)

Ulyanovsk - M1200

Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan) - M1200

Samara Region - M1300

Vladivostok - M1200

Yakutia - M1000

Republic of Bashkortostan - M1200

Chelyabinsk - М1300-М1400

Krasnoyarsk - М1300-М1400

Yekaterinburg - М1200

Penza - М1400

Vladimir - savings from 85 to 850 rubles. per cube

Naberezhnye Chelny - M1300

Kaluga - M1200

St. Petersburg - М1400

other

At least 100,000 rubles. per day
we save for our clients

How much does our high-strength concrete production facility cost?

The price depends on the degree of our involvement.

The minimum price for the introduction of high-strength concrete:
The amount of your savings
for 500 m 3 of high-strength concrete

Unclear? Call us we will explain

THREE WEEKS is the average time from the start of working with us to the release of the first batch of high-strength concrete in your production.

If we start working with youYou will receive unlimited annual technical support for concrete science (phone, mail, additional alterations of the trains, if necessary, a business trip).

What if it doesn't work? If something does not work out, we will refund all the money.

Need more information?

Come to visit my place!
We are in a HUGE concrete plant
Address: Russia, togliatti, Nikonova 52
International The airport: KUF (Kurumoch) (40 min drive to us)
Railway station: "Zhigulevskoe sea" (6 minutes drive to us)

Concrete is a material that is in great demand in modern construction. It is used in the construction of foundations, walls, paths, bridges, etc. In this case, in each case, its own composition should be used. The specific purpose of concrete is determined by its class or brand. The latter are usually indicated on the packaging.

Varieties of concrete

Currently, the following grades of this material can be used in the construction of buildings and structures:

super light;

• very heavy.

Mix for concrete is made using different types of fillers. By the type of the latter, the brand of the finished solution is determined. As a filler, both light materials (for example, expanded clay or sawdust) and heavier materials (sand, crushed stone) can be used. In industrial construction, special specialized concretes are sometimes used. They use metal shavings as a filler. This solution is considered very heavy.

Concrete grade

This indicator is determined empirically in specialized laboratories. In order to find out what grade the concrete has, a cube made from it with a side length of 15 cm is subjected to a certain pressure. At the same time, they look at the compressibility indicators.

Currently, there are the most commonly used basic grades of concrete on the market. And their characteristics (the table below presents them clearly), and methods of application will be discussed by us a little later. There are seven such types of material in total. Each of them is designated by the letter M and a number showing what pressure in kgf per cm² the material can withstand. So, for example, concrete M200 is able to maintain its integrity under a load of 200 kgf / cm².

Concrete class

The strength grade of concrete is directly related to the class of this material. However, the latter in this case is a more precise and specific meaning. Indeed, in addition to the filler and the brand of cement, many other factors can affect the quality of the finished concrete. For example, the type and purity of filler, grout and binder, as well as pouring methods, curing conditions, etc.

When determining the class of concrete, its brand is taken into account, as well as correction factors. It is calculated by the formula:

B \u003d R * (0.0980655 * (1 - 1.64 * V)),

where R is the average strength of the material (grade),

V is the coefficient of variation.

We found out that there is such a thing as concrete grades. And their characteristics (the correspondence table will clearly show this), and the scope of use in most cases coincides with classes. However, the last indicator is indicated not in kgf / cm², but in pascals. The parameter 0.0980655 in the above formula is just a conversion factor from one unit of measurement to another.

So, a certain grade of concrete in terms of strength usually corresponds to its specific class. However, sometimes the indicators of the average and actual strength of this material differ quite significantly. In this case, the brand and class may not match. For example, concrete of the M200 brand, due to the not too high quality of filler or cement, can be designated as B10, not B15. The figure in the material class shows its ability to withstand certain loads in MPa. So, concrete B25 without harm to itself transfers a pressure of 25 MPa.

Of course, its cost also depends on the class of the material. The solution is usually sold by volume. That is, the unit of measurement for which the price of such material is determined is cubic meter. So, 1 m³ of a solution of class M100 costs about 2000 rubles, M200 will cost about 2200 rubles, and M300 can be bought for 3500 rubles.

Compliance of brand and class

When carrying out various kinds of construction work, you often need to know what properties this or that type of solution differs. Next, let's look at what qualities specific brands of concrete have. And their characteristics (the table below will certainly be useful to many builders), and the scope, as already mentioned, in most cases correspond to the properties of a certain class.

		Strength	Application
			As a plaster
			Installation of a curb stone
			Screeds, tracks
			Foundations
			Monolithic walls, concrete goods
			Bridges, bank vaults

M100 concrete

Thus, we have examined in general terms what the grades of concrete and their characteristics are. The table shows that the scope of application of this material depends mainly on its strength. Next, let's take a closer look at how each class is specifically used. The material of the M100 brand, for example, does not differ too much in strength. Therefore, it is usually used for plastering walls, carrying out preparatory work when pouring a roadway or erecting a foundation. In the latter case, a so-called foundation is made from this material - a flat platform on which the reinforcing cage is installed.

Often, this concrete is also used for the installation of curb stones that are not subject to special loads, pouring low-traffic sidewalk paths, etc.

The scope of application is about the same. This material is quite strong for the construction of structures that are not subject to loads, but not reliable enough for pouring "serious" objects.

Brand М200

Class B15 concrete is usually used for concrete floors and screeds. Also, this brand is well suited for pouring small stairs, paths, platforms, etc. Sometimes the owners of suburban areas erect even foundations for houses with walls made of light materials using such a solution. However, the concrete grade M200 can be used for this purpose only on stable soils. In this case, the groundwater must lie deep enough.

M300 concrete

A solution of this composition is an excellent answer to the question of which brand of concrete is best for the foundation. Also, stairs and fences are often cast from the material of this class. This option is also not bad for the construction of monolithic walls of low-rise residential and commercial buildings. The M300 brand is by far the most popular type of concrete among owners of suburban areas.

M350

Pouring the foundation and monolithic walls is what this concrete grade (and concrete class) is mainly used for. The table shows that a material of this strength is also used for the manufacture of reinforced concrete products. These can be beams, floor slabs, etc. In addition, M300 concrete is often used for pouring screeds and floors. Sometimes home-made monolithic floors in the formwork are also made from it.

M400 concrete

This is a very durable type of material used mainly in the construction of buildings and structures for special purposes. For example, racks and canvases of bridges are cast from it, bank safes, and hydroelectric dams are made. The same concrete is also used to fill the runways of airfields.

Other indicators

So, the most important parameters are concrete grade and concrete class. The table of their correspondences shows how strong this or that variety can be. Of course, the ability to withstand certain loads is the first thing to look for when choosing concrete. However, there are other parameters that are no less important and determine the suitability of the material in a particular case. Therefore, there are grades of concrete not only in terms of strength, but also in terms of such indicators as frost resistance, moisture resistance and plasticity.

The ability of concrete to withstand low temperatures

In the conditions of middle and northern latitudes, the durability and reliability of ready-made concrete structures largely depends on such an indicator as frost resistance. Previously, the brand of solutions in this regard was designated as MP3. Now, according to frost resistance, concrete is classified with the letter F. The following figure characterizes the maximum number of freezing and thawing cycles that the material can withstand without loss of quality.

Like the strength, a particular composition is determined empirically. Samples are examined serially. In this case, the strength of the concrete is preliminarily measured. Further, it undergoes several freeze / thaw cycles. At the final stage, its strength is again determined.

At the moment, concrete of frost resistance grades from F25 to F1000 is produced. In private housing construction, concrete for outdoor use should, of course, have the greatest resistance to low temperatures.

However, one should pay attention to this indicator not only when building houses in regions with a cold climate, but also when building such important structures as bridges, dams, airfield pavements, and roads.

Moisture resistance grades

It is important to take this indicator into account when choosing concrete intended for the construction of buildings and structures operated in conditions of high humidity. Waterproofness is the ability of a material to prevent moisture from entering under pressure. In this regard, there are different types of concrete. There are only five main brands of water resistance: W2, W4, W6, W8, W12. Previously, the letter B was used to determine the quality of concrete for this indicator.

The number after the W in the marking shows at what pressure of the water column the prototype does not allow water to pass through. Concrete moisture resistance tests are carried out using the "wet spot" method. In practice, two indicators of water resistance are commonly used:

Modern industry produces not only ordinary, but also special, hydrotechnical concrete. This material is highly resistant to water. In its manufacture, high-grade Portland cement or its plasticized version is used. In this case, special requirements are imposed on the quality of fillers. They should not contain any organic residues. The maximum permissible grain size used for manufacturing should be 5 mm.

Plasticity grades

This parameter affects, first of all, workability. In certain cases, this indicator can be very important. For example, for pumping through pipelines or when pouring structures using machinery, sufficient flowable concrete must be used.

As is known, the plasticity of the solution increases with the addition of water. However, in the event that there is too much of it, the concrete will lose its strength. Therefore, to increase the mobility of the solution in our time, special additives are used - plasticizers.

This material is marked by fluidity with the letter P. In this regard, there are the following types of concrete:

PK1 - the immersion depth of the cone is 1-4 mm.

PK2 - 4-8 mm.

PK3 - 8-12 mm.

PK4 - 12-14 mm.

Determine the plasticity as follows:

A cone with a wide side diameter of 200 mm and a top angle of 30 degrees is made of tin.

In three steps, fill it with a concrete mixture with a rammer.

Smooth out the concrete and turn the cone onto a flat surface.

• See how the concrete will shrink over a certain period of time.

So, when buying a ready-made solution, first of all, you should look at its strength class. If necessary, you should also make sure that the brands of its moisture resistance, frost resistance and mobility correspond to certain conditions. In this case, the finished structure will be reliable and durable.

Concrete is the most popular building material. It is very durable, does not burn, and is not subject to destruction by mold and mildew. Over time, properly made concrete only gets stronger. Concrete is a very environmentally friendly material, as it consists of 100% natural components - sand, water, crushed stone (crushed stone) and cement (specially burnt and finely ground lime). Only in the rarest cases, construction does without concrete, and then only in those when it is not possible to prepare it.

Strength grades. Concrete composition.

What is the strength grade for any building materials (concrete, mortar, brick, etc.) - this is the maximum load that the material can withstand per square centimeter.

If, for example, a brick brand is 200, then this brick can withstand 200 kg per square centimeter. The brick has a surface area of \u200b\u200b300 cm2. This means that 300 cm2 200 kg \u003d 60,000 kg can withstand one brick.

In general, the strength of concrete is a rather variable parameter, and during the entire hardening process, it increases. For example: in three days - there will be one strength, in a week - another (up to 70% of the design, under appropriate weather conditions). After a standard period of 28 days of normal hardening, the design (calculated) strength is gained. Well, after six months it becomes even higher. In principle, concrete hardening and its strength gain takes many years.

Concrete grade M100.

To prepare concrete M100 you need:

• 1 bucket of 400 grade cement
• 3 buckets of sand.
• 6 buckets of crushed stone (from limestone), fraction 35.

It is mainly used for grillage (foundation base) into the ground.

Concrete grade M200.

• 1 bucket of cement M 400.
• 2 buckets of sand.
• 5 buckets of crushed stone (from limestone), fraction 35.

We use for the manufacture of load-bearing lintels, girders, reinforced belts around the perimeter of the building, blind areas, reinforced concrete floors, fill the columns of brick inside with concrete.

Why does concrete burst

Very often the surface of concrete bursts, in finished products (screeds, reinforced concrete lintels, reinforced concrete belts, etc.) upon setting. This happens for several reasons, and the most basic inaccurate concrete formula:

Plenty of water

Theoretically, there is a strict formula - how much water must be poured to prepare concrete. If you pour too much water into concrete, then it will exfoliate, become airy (there will be a lot of air bubbles in the concrete) and will slightly lose its bearing capacity.

When pouring liquid concrete, cement laitance (binder) usually flows out and it loses its bearing capacity a little.

The best concrete is very thick. Thanks to a vibrator or vibro-table, it is compacted, pebbles in concrete (gravel) are as close to each other as possible. During the construction of nuclear power plants, in no case should water be added to imported concrete, this is strictly monitored.

Thick concrete

Such concrete is difficult to make and to lay normally “in artisanal” conditions at the construction site.

We usually make concrete in a concrete mixer not thick and not runny. When we put concrete into a product, we use a rammer or a vibrator or an ordinary stick.

For the construction of a private house (in comparison with a nuclear power plant), there is no need to approach the concrete too painstakingly.

Even if here I write down the exact formula for adding the required amount of water to concrete, then the first rain will wet the sand and this formula will no longer work correctly, since the sand is wet, then the concrete will turn out to be too liquid. Sometimes they also bring wet crushed stone.

The exact formula for adding water to concrete is mainly used in manufacturing where the materials are under a canopy and have relatively equal moisture content.

So: it is best to navigate by cement. That is, if you add one bucket of cement to the mixer, then the water is slightly less than the bucket. Less by eye after rain. Ideally, you should have a slightly thick concrete.

If, for example, you make a reinforced concrete screed too liquid, then it will surely sit down a few mm and burst:

Why does the reinforced concrete screed burst.

This is due to the fact that the concrete is stratified - the heavy filler (gravel) falls to the bottom, and the lighter (sand) goes to the top. It turns out that there is too much sand on the surface of the screed, and the sand screed without a mesh and plasticizer will surely burst.

If there is too much water in the concrete, then the surfaces of almost all reinforced concrete products will burst.

If, for example, after a few hours you find cracks on the surface of the concrete, then do not worry too much, while the concrete is fresh, you can smooth the cracks with a trowel.

Little coarse filler (gravel)

The fact is that if you know the formula of the concrete grade you need, you successfully pour concrete, but after a while the quality of the concrete is not the same. For example, in one place the surface of the concrete is perfect and in another it burst.

This can happen if you used coarse gravel in the beginning, and then fine gravel!

Very often, cracks on the concrete surface can appear if you have brought too fine gravel (or with rubbish). Then it is necessary to pour more gravel (fine) and less sand. For example, pour more gravel into one bucket, and one less sand.

The concrete should be “hard”, that is, there should be as much mortar in the concrete as needed to envelop each gravel (pebble).

If there is not enough mortar (cement and sand) in the concrete, then the crushed stone will not be completely covered and the concrete will be weak.

If there is a lot of solution in concrete, then its surface will burst (tear). Visually, the concrete should not be "greasy" from the large amount of mortar in it.

Therefore, even if you know the exact formula of concrete, it is imperative to ensure that the concrete contains the maximum amount of gravel and that it is “hard”.

Scorching sun rays.

It is not desirable that the scorching rays of the sun fall on only that flooded reinforced concrete products for a long time. If it is too hot and dry, the surface of the concrete can burst from drying out too quickly. The concrete must set under normal conditions.

If you cannot avoid the scorching sun, then it is enough just to water the concrete more often.

Poorly mixed concrete.

It is also important to completely mix the concrete mix in a concrete mixer. To prevent the concrete from sticking and mixing quickly in the mixer, it is necessary to follow the order of loading materials into it.

First, pour water into the concrete mixer, but not completely, but slightly less than the norm. Then we throw half of the crushed stone norm into the concrete mixer, then all the cement. Let's wait a bit and throw in all the sand.

At the end, we throw in the remaining half of the rubble. Wait a few seconds and, if necessary, top up the rest of the water.

Due to the fact that we throw cement after gravel and water, it will not stick and mix well with the gravel.

For clarity, let's take another look at the supply of materials to a concrete mixer for preparing a concrete mixture. To make concrete quickly and it does not stick in a concrete mixer, you need:

• Pour almost the entire norm of water into the concrete mixer (almost add a little).
• We throw half the norm of crushed stone into a concrete mixer (a little more is possible).
• We fill in all the cement.
• We throw in all the sand.
• We fill in the remaining half of the rubble.
• If necessary, add the rest of the water slightly.

Poor quality sand.

If you use sand that contains too much clay, it will adversely affect the quality of the concrete.

Too much cement

If you put too much cement in the concrete mixture, it can break when the concrete sets.

Frost

Oddly enough, no matter how high the grade of the concrete is, it is very afraid of frost (without special additives).

For example, they made a blind area around the house in late autumn. The weather is damp and cool. The concrete set slowly. Two weeks later, there were frosts for a couple of nights.

The next year, in the spring, the blind area began to peel off (peel off). The frozen blind area broke and the top layer (30 mm) peeled off.

Complete setting of concrete (almost 100%) under normal conditions occurs after 28 days. That is, if you poured a reinforced concrete slab, then you can mount it earlier, but it will be able to perceive the design load only after 28 days.

In cold weather (in winter), concrete can be protected from freezing in several ways:

• Cover concrete products with foam or other insulation.
• Add special additives (anti-freeze).
• The most effective way to keep concrete from freezing is potash.

  Instructions for using potash should be on the package.

It is possible to accelerate the setting of concrete by heating. To do this, we put a braided tungsten filament in a concrete product (for example, a reinforced reinforced concrete belt) and connect it to a transformer.

Another way to warm up concrete is to insert electrodes into a concrete product (fresh concrete), for example, a reinforced concrete floor, connect the electrodes to a transformer or a welding machine.

As long as the concrete has moisture, electricity and therefore heat will pass through it. The heated concrete will set, moisture will disappear, the transformer (welding machine) will stop working.

Choosing the right materials for making concrete.

The water should theoretically be clean. For the preparation of concrete, it is not advisable to use rainwater, oily water, water containing oils (for example, a barrel for water from under oil).

The best option for the manufacture of critical concrete (load-bearing lintels, reinforced concrete floors, etc.) is to use clean tap water.

For the manufacture of screeds and the like (not critical concrete), you can use not quite clean water, for example: water from rivers, lakes, rainwater, and the like.

We often use water from wells and wells to make concrete - a good result.

Crushed stone

Most often for the manufacture of concrete we use crushed stone - limestone, fraction 20 - 35. Limestone is not a bad material, and besides, it is the cheapest in our region.

To increase the strength of concrete, you can use more durable crushed stone, such as dolomite or granite. But as practice shows, granite often fonites (radiation background is exceeded).

Varieties of crushed stone fraction:

Cement

Most often for the preparation of concrete we use cement grade 400. Almost all cement manufacturing plants produce cement of the same grade, but unfortunately the quality is different for everyone (as practice shows).

A detailed description of some cement manufacturers, which cement is better and which one is not worth buying, can be found here.

Most often, we use Balakleyevsky cement M 400 with the marking SHPTs ӏӏ / B-Sh-400.

Sand

In theory, the best sand is quarry. Since the grains of sand are irregular in shape (coarser), then, accordingly, the adhesion area of \u200b\u200bthe sand is higher. River sand (sea) has a smoother shape of a grain of sand in comparison with open-pit sand.

A serious drawback of quarry sand is the presence of clay! For example, our quarry sand is mined by reclaiming. That is, the sand is washed out from the depths and fed to the surface through a pipe (such as an earth-shell). In such alluvial sand, clay comes across in layers.

River sand is also not always perfect, clay comes across.

Usually we remember that in such a quarry there is more clay, but it is cheaper, then we use it for filling or in non-critical concrete.

Or in another quarry, there are many small stones in the sand, but there is no clay, then we use it to make concrete. Since there are many small stones in the sand, we do not order it for mortar (for brickwork) (or we sow it through a sieve, if necessary).

Concrete steaming myths

There is a myth that steamed concrete products (cinder block, euro fence, etc.) have increased strength.

Steamed concrete product manufacturers tell developers that steaming makes their products stronger than competitors' products and increases the price.

Unfortunately, steaming does not increase the strength of concrete (well, the maximum is 0.5%). The only and main task of steaming concrete products is to accelerate the setting of concrete.

Why then increase the cost of a rugged camera, you ask?

Just so that for example:

• To release the forms faster (to remove the form).
• Do not increase the size of storage facilities (in which concrete products will ripen).
• Faster to sell concrete products and the like.

Steaming concrete products speeds up their setting by about two times. That is, for example, a concrete block under normal conditions needs 28 days to acquire almost 100% strength, then a steamed block will gain almost 100% in 15 days.

Summary: parboiled concrete is practically indistinguishable from ordinary concrete, which matured under NORMAL CONDITIONS!

Normal conditions for concrete maturation are:

• So that the concrete does not dry out (from the scorching rays of the sun).
• To prevent concrete from freezing (without anti-freezing additives).
• For concrete to mature at temperatures from +5 ˚C to + 25 ˚C

Specification of concrete.

A little about the weight of concrete. This information will be useful to you during the manufacture of concrete formwork. Concrete is heavy, so care must be taken when making concrete formwork so that the formwork can support the weight of the concrete.

One m3 of concrete weighs from 0.5 tons to 2.5 tons, depending on the filler. The weight of any material is calculated due to its density. The density of concrete ρ (ro) is from 0.5 t / m3 to 2.5 t / m3. We multiply one m3 of concrete by density (ro) and get the weight of the concrete.

1 m3 of conventional concrete weighs about 2.2 tons.

If you are making ceiling formwork (for concrete), then it will be very easy for you to calculate how much a kilogram presses on one m2 of formwork. For example, you just need to multiply one by the thickness of concrete and by the density of concrete (2.2 tons): 1 (m2) 0.2 m (thickness of the concrete ceiling) 2.2 t \u003d 0.44 t (or 440 kg).

One m2 of formwork is pressed by concrete 200 mm thick and weighing 440 kg.

Summary: as you can see, concrete weighs a lot, so when making formwork (for concrete), you should not save on materials, so as not to redo it later.

Concrete composition for building a small house:

• Concrete of two grades: M 100 for grillage and M 200 for other reinforced concrete products.
• The composition of the concrete is not very thick, with a maximum amount of gravel, made of good cement and good fillers.
• Create normal conditions for the maturation of concrete (to make it durable and of high quality).
• Do not steam the concrete (if there is no need to accelerate the setting of the concrete).
• When manufacturing the formwork, first calculate the weight of the concrete product so that the formwork is not crushed.

stroydocs.ru

Preparation of concrete for the foundation

• Selection of concrete
• Mix preparation
• Quantity calculation

The foundation is the foundation for any building. It must be strong enough to support the weight of the building. The foundation can be tape, pile, columnar or tiled.

Types of foundations: strip, columnar, monolithic, pile, slab, floating, screw.

Concrete as a building material would be the best choice.

Such a base is suitable for any type of house, even if there will be a basement there. To keep the foundation of the house strong, you need to choose the right concrete for the foundation.

Selection of concrete

Concrete classification scheme by brand.

Everyone knows that concrete is of different types. The strength of the entire building will depend on the type of mixture. The concrete brand for the foundation of the house is what they pay attention to first. The most common brands:

• M 400 is the most durable concrete. It can be used for the construction of structures that will have to withstand huge loads. These are, for example, bridges, hydraulic structures, industrial enterprises. This class of concrete contains plasticizers and granite;
• M350 - slightly less durable than M400. It is mainly used in the construction of multi-storey residential buildings;
• М250 - used for the construction of wooden houses, staircases, floors with a small load;
• M200 is the most versatile brand. A strip foundation is most often made of such concrete.

To choose concrete for the foundation, you also need to pay attention to the soil. If the soil is highly resistant to moisture (sandy or granite), then the W-2 grade is quite suitable. The problem arises if the construction of a house will be carried out on clay soil. Clay freezes in winter and increases significantly in volume. If the concrete is placed shallow under the foundation, it may rise slightly. Moreover, it will rise unevenly, depending on how much the clay areas of the earth are saturated with water. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to lay concrete on the foundation as deep as possible so that its level is below the level of freezing of clay. In this case, ready-mix concrete for the house needs to be taken of a higher grade.

http://youtu.be/VZLZd7yKa2A

Another important factor influencing the choice of concrete grade will be the type of the foundation itself. In this case, the choice depends on the presence of a basement in the house. The commercial grade of concrete for a house with a basement must be waterproof. You may even need to arrange additional external moisture insulation. There are several ways out of this situation:

• any suitable concrete can be purchased, not necessarily waterproofing. And make external insulation using roll or coating agents. This is a relatively cheap option;
• you can take the middle class of concrete by mixing it with additional impregnation. This is a rather dangerous option. Only professionals should be engaged in such work. No one can say for sure what the result will be in this case. Perhaps the foundation will be strong, or it may happen, for example, a wall collapse;
• the third way is to simply apply high-quality grades of concrete for foundations that are waterproof. This class of concrete sets easily and quickly and fits well. You will have to spend money on building material, but problems should not arise;
• the fourth method is the use of special waterproofing concrete compositions with various additives that increase the protection against moisture.

See also: Influence of liquid glass on the properties of cement mortar

If you have to lay the foundation in a fairly aggressive environment, that is, where there is a huge amount of salts and other chemicals in the soil, then you need to pay attention to sulfate-resistant concrete. It will be difficult to find such a class of building material, since only ordinary ones are mainly sold in stores. If possible, a special order can be made at the factory. They produce sulfate-resistant concrete for the foundation in a very limited amount. Often you have to cope on your own and add additional additives to the mixture.

Mix preparation

Proportions of cement consumption for brickwork.

The desired grade of concrete can be purchased at any hardware store. After choosing the mixture for the foundation of the desired brand, you can start making the solution. This can be done without professional help. If you follow the instructions exactly, then the foundation will be solid and the house will stand on it for centuries.

For work you will need:

• concrete mixer;
• sand;
• gravel;
• crushed stone;
• sifter.

River sand works well for a concrete foundation, but do not be upset if there is nowhere to get it. Sand and gravel can be different. Even quarry sand will do. The main thing is that it is clean and free of clay. The first step is to sift the sand through a special sieve so that it becomes fine and without any kind of stones. Very often crushed stone is mixed with earth. Since the earth includes organic substances in its composition, it should also not get into the ready-mixed concrete. Therefore, before use, the crushed stone must be thoroughly rinsed under a hose.

The concrete under the foundation will mainly consist of cement. There should be about three times less other additives in the solution. After the components are correctly distributed, the dry mix is \u200b\u200bplaced in a concrete mixer and rolled there several times. This is necessary in order for the mixture to become more homogeneous. And only after that you can add clean water. Water should be about 20% of the total concrete solution, then it will get the correct average viscosity. If you pour too much water, the filler will rise up and the consistency of the solution will be broken. This class of mortar is not suitable, it will quickly begin to crack. The strength of the foundation will be greatly reduced. You should be aware that seawater cannot be used to prepare the solution, it must be clean. Even factories use drinking water.

See also: Cement conveying auger

Quantity calculation

Scheme for calculating the amount of concrete for a strip foundation.

The ready-made solution sets quickly and cannot be reused. If too much solution is prepared, then the excess part will simply have to be thrown away. It turns out that your money will be thrown away with it. To avoid such a nuisance, it is necessary to accurately calculate the required amount of mortar for the foundation. First you need to find out what kind of shrinkage the used brand has. The more shrinkage, the more concrete will be needed. For the foundation of a parallelepiped-shaped house, it is not so difficult to calculate the required amount of mortar. There is even a special calculation formula. First, the length is multiplied by the width and height, and then the resulting figure is multiplied by the shrinkage factor. We divide the result by 1.05 (this is the volume that additional elements will occupy, for example, reinforcement). To calculate the foundation of a different shape, you will have to remember the geometry.

http://youtu.be/LcUf9TT4QNg

There is another interesting fact: when mixing different grades of concrete for a foundation, you can get the necessary mortar of a completely different class. The finished solution must have time to be consumed in two hours, until it has frozen. That's all there is to know about concrete foundations for a successful construction.

Page 2

• Reinforcement
• Manufacturing
• Instruments
• Mounting
• Calculation
• Repairs

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Concrete grades: how to choose the right concrete grade

Any person, even those who are far from construction, knows such a construction concept as concrete, and the adjective concrete associates with something very durable.

This is not surprising, perhaps there is no construction work that does not use concrete. Foundations of houses are poured from concrete, monolithic frames of buildings are made. Concrete is used for the construction of floor foundations, floors are poured in garages and in production, and subfloors are made from concrete. Concrete pools are poured from special grades of concrete, runways are built at airports. Concrete is the main material for the production of building and road slabs, foundation blocks. In general, concrete is everywhere in construction. So what is concrete?

What is concrete

Concrete is a mixture of four constituent materials: cement, sand, gravel and water. Concrete components are mixed in special proportions, forming a thick building mixture, which, after hardening, forms a solid, monolithic product. Due to its fluidity in mixed form, concrete can be given any shape using the so-called formwork.

The proportions of cement, sand, crushed stone, water in the concrete solution are strictly calculated, but are not constant values. Depending on the proportions of the constituents, concrete is divided into concrete grades. The main difference in the grades of concrete is the strength of the resulting concrete product and, as a result, the various areas of its application.

Concrete grades and cement grades

Often times, the grade of concrete is confused with the grade of cement used. This is partly true, but not entirely correct. Let me give you an example on concrete M300. For concrete M300, the following proportions of the components are possible:

• cement M400 - 1 kg, 1.9 kg of sand, 3.7 kg of crushed stone.
• Or cement M500 - 1 kg, 2.4 sand, 4.3 crushed stone.

As you can see, different grades of cement are used for one grade of concrete.

Concrete grades and concrete class

There is such a thing as ready-mixed concrete. Ready-mixed concrete is concrete made in the factory and ready for delivery to the site by special machines. The second name of BSG ready-mixed concrete is ready-mixed concrete.

According to the standards, ready-mixed concrete is designated by the concrete grade and the concrete class. For example, concrete grade M300, class B22.5. The grade of concrete denotes the technology of its production, and the class of concrete shows its quality characteristics. Usually the class of concrete is tied to its grade and concrete is designated by the grade of concrete with an additional indication of the class of concrete in brackets. For example, concrete of grade M150 and concrete of grade B12.5 are one and the same product, which is marked as ready-mixed concrete M150 (B12.5).

Let's see how concrete of different brands differs.

Commercial concrete grades

In listing the grades of concrete, we will go from "hard to soft", that is, from hard grades of concrete to "softer", it is correct to say lightweight concrete.

M550 concrete, class B45 is the most durable ready-mixed concrete. The proportions of cement in concrete grade M550 are maximum. It is used in production processes in the manufacture of special reinforced concrete products and in the construction of hydraulic structures.

M500 concrete, class B40, is similar to M550 concrete. Its purpose is also for buildings and products that are constantly in contact with water. Concrete grades M500 and M550 are extremely expensive.

Concrete grades M400, class B35 and M450, class B30, also belong to high-strength concretes, and are used in civil construction of structures close to water (hydro, subway), as well as premises for special-purpose reinforced concrete products and bank storage facilities.

M350 grade concrete, class B25. This concrete is used to construct the foundations of multi-storey buildings. This concrete is the main one in the production of reinforced concrete products, monolithic construction, the production of road slabs and hollow floor slabs. Indispensable for concrete M350 for pouring concrete pools, bearing columns, runways. In private construction, the use of concrete M350 is not rational.

M300 grade concrete, class B22.5. Popular ready-mixed concrete for the construction of strip, pile and other monolithic foundations, popular in private construction.

M200 concretes, class B15 and M250, class B20, concretes with similar characteristics and application. Foundations of low-rise buildings and small stairs are made of such concrete. Such concrete goes to the construction of paths and blind areas around the house. It is quite reasonable to use concrete M200 or M250 for flooring in the garage.

Concrete grade M150, class B12.5, is called lightweight concrete. Concrete of this brand is most widespread in private construction and rough finishing of premises. It is used for the construction of rough floors in the house, filling paths for walking, for leveling floors with screeds.

M100 grade concrete, class B7.5. Lightweight concrete used in preparatory work before reinforcement and in the construction of foundations.

Concrete grades M50 and M75. More often called cement mortars. They are used in laying bricks and wall blocks, plastering works. Differs in the absence of crushed stone and a large amount of cement and sand in the composition. In the everyday life of builders, such a solution is rarely called concrete. A more correct name is cement mortar or sand mixture.

About concrete hardening

Remember the following when working with all brands of concrete:

The technological strength of concrete is achieved in 28-30 days from the moment of its pouring;

Strength of 60% is achieved in 7-8 days;

Strength sufficient for walking comes in three days.

The maximum strength of high grade concrete is achieved after 6 months. That is why it is better to build private houses one season after the foundation is poured.

It is important to ensure uniform, natural drying of concrete, and at elevated temperatures, it is necessary to spill (wet) the drying concrete for a week and cover the concrete with polyethylene for the entire time of strength gain.

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High-tech concrete in Russia

We (Volodin and Abramov) Hack the recipes of any foreign concrete technologies. \u003e\u003e\u003e\u003e\u003e Technology No. 01 Self-compacting concrete

(honey consistency)

we can make real self-compacting concrete SF3 according to EN 206-1 (and not the garbage that is made and issued in Russia for self-compacting concrete).

01. Glossy concrete

02. Filling of densely reinforced structures

03. Injection (duct injection)

04. Construction of high-rise buildings (from 40 floors)

Development time for such concrete: 1 week.

Here is our video of (real!) Self-compacting concrete:

\u003e\u003e\u003e\u003e\u003e Technology No. 02 Permanent grouting solutions (for the oil industry) "heroin" for the oil industry Do you extract oil? A lot of oil Did you know that the wrapping of dry grout mixture is from 400% (almost like heroin)? At the same time, most mixtures have strength at the level of plaster for the house. This is one of the most conservative areas of concrete science. Oil workers are not experts in concrete. This is used by enterprising guys all over the world.

Do you want us to "crack" the formulation of Western cement slurries? (from you only samples of these mixtures)

Development time (or "breaking" of Western technology): up to 6 months

Why are we the best in concrete technology?

Volodin Vladimir Mikhailovich (technical director)

01. Brought the brand of concrete to incredible М2500

(obtained the most durable production concrete in Europe)

02. Took part in exposing concrete in the skyscrapers "Moscow City"

03. Developed high-strength concrete for the Vostochny cosmodrome

04. Wrote a thesis on high strength concrete

06. Winner of international competitions in concrete science (list)

08. Inventor (patentee)

Dmitry Abramov (Director)

01. Implemented the technology at more than ten large factories in the CIS

02. Found a site with a raw material base for the production of the cheapest high-strength concrete (in Europe)

03. Inventor

Why is it easy with us?

01. We get the result in ANY region

02. We DO NOT sell anything

03. You DO NOT have to buy equipment

04. Concrete only from your LOCAL components

05. Someone will do better? We will pay you ourselves!

Need more information?

Come to visit my place! We are located at a HUGE concrete plant Address: Russia, Togliatti, Nikonova 52 International. Airport: KUF (Kurumoch) (40 minutes drive to us) Railway station: "Zhigulevskoe sea" (6 minutes drive to us)

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The Siberian Marina Selivanova chose design as her profession - after two specialized higher educations she was engaged in interiors, advertising, event decoration, food design, etc. But one day she came up with the idea of \u200b\u200bmaking jewelry, and not from traditional materials, but from ... concrete. Marina Selivanova told the website about the demand for accessories made of building materials and what the nuances of their production are.

29 years old, entrepreneur from Novosibirsk, founder of a brand of concrete jewelry. She graduated from the Yenisei Pedagogical College (specialty "teacher of fine arts and drawing") and the Novosibirsk State University of Architecture, Design and Art (specialty "designer"). The accessories brand launched in 2016. Single.

Combine incongruous

When I figured out my higher educations, I worked for six months in the field of interior design and graphic design. Now I still continue to receive such orders: I make business cards, banners. I also do food design and arrange events.

I didn't have a goal to start making decorations - just once, as part of my decoration work (as well as renovating my apartment), I somehow took a fresh look at concrete. I liked its texture - uneven, interesting; in my apartment I even left one concrete wall, without finishing. I decided that concrete could make something really stylish and beautiful.

When it comes to concrete, many people immediately imagine something massive and heavy. I wanted to make something light, small and unusual out of this material. So I came to jewelry. In general, I really like this concept: to compare the incomparable, to combine the incompatible. Concrete with gold is interesting. Many craftsmen work with minerals, semi-precious stones, but it's great to find something of your own, your own style. Man carries himself in his work.

In jewelry I combine concrete with acrylic, copper, gold and silver leaf, I also use pigments in the composition of concrete (in particular, black).

My brand Haf Maer has no translation. I didn’t have a task to tie a name to anything. So I came up with this one - simple and sonorous, a little reminiscent of Scandinavian motives and Vikings. In addition, I have not come across such a name in hashtags on Instagram.

Sand in the hudsalon, cement in the building store

Acquaintance with working tools took place gradually. The first thing I bought was sanding paper, needle files, files, then a sander (which I do not use now, since it is large and it is inconvenient for it to sand small parts).

At first I worked without protective equipment, later I realized: it is not worth saving on this. I bought gloves, a respirator and special glasses. Dad gave me the drill.That is, it took me only 10 thousand rubles to start.

To begin with, I just started trying to work with a new material for me and poured concrete into some kind of cream cap. According to the idea, it was supposed to be a pendant. It turned out to be very large - 10 cm wide. I drilled a hole in it - and that's how I got my first harness. Now, however, I do not know where she is. And I would like to find and compare with current products: progress, I think, would be obvious.

It took me a lot of time to understand what constituents are needed for my composition of the material. The fact is that I developed the technology of my concrete myself, it does not look like a construction one. I needed the material to become denser and harder. The concrete used for construction would crumble in my decorations - especially in the miniature details. It also absorbs moisture.

After six months of experimentation, I was able to come up with a suitable recipe for my concrete. I will not disclose the entire composition, but there is sand and cement (these are, in general, the main components of concrete).

I take black pigmented sand, buy it in art salons and hand-made stores. I buy ordinary cement, in a 15 kg bag, in a hardware store. This amount is enough for a year. It is unlikely that the sellers think that I need this bag for dozens of earrings and pendants, and not for repairs.

As a result, my jewelry, of course, can serve for a long time, thanks to the special composition of concrete. Unless you try hard, breaking them is difficult.

In the fight against allergies

In addition to concrete, production still needs molds for it - to make different elements of decoration and connect them. I either buy the forms, or make myself, if I don't find suitable ones on sale. A composition is poured into them, which freezes during the day. Thus, a simple decoration consisting only of concrete takes 24 hours. Complex decoration requires two days.

After hardening, the product needs to be processed engravers, grinders, drills and drills.This is a very dusty job, I do it on a separate table so that the concrete particles from grinding do not fall on those decorations that are in the process of drying at that time.

I also need fittings. Today I have it not made of precious metals, it is a jewelry alloy. But now I am switching to surgical steel that does not cause allergies. While working on the Haf Maer project, I came across the fact that many of us cannot wear jewelry alloy due to allergies. There are big problems with fittings in Russia in general - fantasies especially do not roam if you want some interesting additions to concrete (and I would like that in many models).

Usually, handmade jewelry accessories are ordered from China, but the quality there leaves much to be desired. Good suppliers in Korea and USA. My new supplier for surgical steel is from Russia. He also cannot offer a wide selection of fastener shapes, chains, etc. - but in this case, for me, of course, hypoallergenicity is a priority.

Looking for clients

I started in my apartment, but for the last month I have been working in a workshop. We are filming it with a friend who sews bags. For two we have 30 square meters, and since there are no other employees besides ourselves, this is still enough. We also have one individual entrepreneur for two. Today, working with Haf Maer takes 50% of my time.

For sales, the first thing I did, of course, was an Instagram page. At first, I just gave my jewelry. Including when I worked as a designer at some events, I made presentations for guests from this. Then I donated several pieces by barter to small bloggers: that is, I give them jewelry, they, as a reciprocal courtesy, write about my brand in their profiles. So I haven't invested a lot of money in my promotion yet. I also participated in markets in Novosibirsk, where I presented my products and gradually got acquainted with new customers.

And then, towards the end of 2018, the girls themselves began to contact me. Now in the city I’m better known as a jewelry designer than anything else. My target audience is women 20-40 years old, they are united only by a certain belonging or commitment to creativity and style. By the way, such a spread in age surprised me: I was more likely counting on young people.

The most interesting and at the same time difficult order for me was earrings for my mother for the anniversary. Her ears are not pierced, so I specially made clips (so now we have this option in our lineup). As a result, earrings suit her very much, and I was once again convinced how jewelry can transform a woman.

I'm also especially interested when, for example, a girl wants asymmetrical earrings. And together we are looking for forms that will go well, and make a set.

Often people do not even pay attention to the fact that I have concrete in my jewelry. For them, the general appearance of the decoration is paramount. It's funny that the last time a girl who works in a hardware store ordered a ring from me was very intrigued by her composition.

A year ago, I was selling a couple of pieces of jewelry a month. Today I sell 15-20 per month. And on the market I can sell 15-20 pieces in one day. The cost of my jewelry is 1-2 thousand rubles. I am sure that sales will grow and this business will bring me tangible income.

Today my jewelry is sold in Moscow (in a showroom with clothes and accessories), Yaroslavl (in a beauty salon) and Irkutsk (in the Bonstein Gallery). They found me themselves, which is interesting, and offered cooperation. But most of my sales go on the Internet and in two Novosibirsk points (this is a showroom and an art space).

Basically I work on order according to the models that I have already developed. I usually don't take completely individual orders. The difficulty is that then in each case you will have to make a separate form (and people are usually not ready to wait for an additional week). Plus it is irrational - then it is not known what to do with all these forms.

At some point, I wondered if someone was creating similar jewelry somewhere. I found those who make decorative objects from concrete (pots, coasters, etc.) - including those who are also engaged in jewelry. But they work with regular gray concrete and the style is completely different. In the future, I would not want to scale my project this way. Rather, I will come up with some other unusual material.

My competitors are other craftsmen working with a wide variety of materials. For example, in Krasnoyarsk, a girl pours jewelry out of epoxy resin, they are also made of wood, etc. I began to notice that sometimes they even take jewelry models from me and repeat them. I haven’t thought about a patent yet, but it’s probably worth making one.

In the future, I would like to open something like a showroom-workshop. I would also like to switch to jewelry metal (silver).

I hardly ever have millions in sales, since concrete is a specific material. However, there is potential. So I'm planning to invest in advertising. There is an intention to expand the number of its representatives in other cities.

I like to create something new and that between my business and me you can put an "equal" sign: concept, idea, brand philosophyH af Ma er is me. And there are people who understand and appreciate it. For this I continue.