Advantages and disadvantages of mirror cameras. A description of their basic parameters and capabilities. Features of operation.

When choosing a new digital camera, it is worth thinking: mirror chambers are becoming cheaper over time, and not mirror chambers are more expensive, but at the same time are being improved at times and in many functions.

Mirror cameras, which were originally film, and after improved to a digital format, were considered the "blue" dream of each photographer. Part of the amateurs did not bought this type of cameras due to the dimensions, the complexity of controlling functions and camera settings and high price.

But a few years later, the mirror chambers became more accessible and acceptable in price, on management was also improved and became easier, and the dimensions were many times less than the previous ones.

To date, the price of "whale" kits "Slirlok" for lovers, i.e. Kits entering the camera with a tripod lens ranges from $ 500.

The specified price is comparable to the price of inexpensive non-personal cameras designed for advanced users who are called Programmer. On them the price is 600-700 dollars.

But prices for mirror cameras still continue to fall. They decrease due to the fact that some companies have appeared on the sales market, which previously did not specialize in the "mirrors" and did not produce them from production, and due to this increased competition for products.

Another factor in the complexity of the choice of a mirror chamber is an increasingly greater improvement of the unreliable cameras, because Sometimes they get high-class optics.

Pluses "Sloglok"

One of the most important and indisputable arguments when purchasing a mirror camera is the largest physical size of the matrices. This characteristic of mirrored chambers has a strong effect on the quality of the obtained images.

The larger the matrix size of the camera, the smaller the noise level (image color interference), the dynamics range is most extended (the number of steps in the contrast difference capable of fixing the camera), the smallest depth of field. We will consistently talk about the basic characteristics of mirror chambers.

First we will talk about noise. The larger the matrix is \u200b\u200binstalled in the chamber and the less it works in the process of photo and video, the smaller the noisy photos obtained. Recommended when shooting with reduced illumination to use the optical stabilizer.

A large matrix has a wider dynamic range, it is its plus. This characteristic allows you to shoot contrast objects in excellent quality. As before, on the dynamic range, the advantage remains behind the "mirrors".

Options and advantages of optics

Replaceable optics - one of the main advantages of the mirror cameras. You can select different lenses. But for most fans of photography, there is a sufficiently non-surprise chamber and lens with a large zoom.

Although a large variety of zoom is somewhat and reduces the optical quality of the lens, but it cannot be said that the quality of photos suffers. With that 6-12-fold zoom lens "Programmer" compact, which can not boast a mirror with a set of optics.

If you analyze the "Figure" of the lens - "boke", then there are certainly no alternatives to the "mirror" here, but not every amateur photographer wants to carry kilograms of cameras. And the lenses of inexpensive "Slsklok" are usually equipped with a 3-fold zoom.

Mirror cameras differ in the minimum focal length. In the "film" equivalent it is equal to 28 mm, while in the non-election chambers 35-38 "equivalent millimeters". It provides a wider angle of shooting.

Mechanical drive zoom is another plus of mirror cameras that you want to draw your attention. This type of zoom is convenient and does not spend the energy of the batteries.

Compare the full-time optics of "Programmer" and "Slirlock" for the subject of maximum sharpness is not worth it, because This parameter at "Primpurok" is much better, and the optics of the "Slirlock" from a variety of producers is very different.

There are models of "Programmer" on which the optics of known manufacturers are installed and it is superior to many regular mirror lenses, such as sharpness, macros, tendency to form glare, chromatic aberrations, etc.

Ease of operation

Usually, mirror cameras with a standard lens are bought for a long time, thanks to the multifunction of the chambers. It should be noted that multifunctional and cheap, and expensive models and in this parameter they are practically no different. The main difference is in the convenience of use, in the strength of the case, etc. But the Cameras of the "Prostommersky" class in their capabilities are not inferior to "sills".

But, how many consumers, so many opinions .... Some like small-sized mirrored chambers, others - compact "Programmer". There are a lot of differences. In the "Mersers" (except for one model), the display is impossible to sight, but if you properly keep the camera when visiting, the trembling of the hands and the muscle tension decreases. They can not be removed video. "Mersers", unlike unreliable chambers with a swivel display, you can not remove, keeping them above your head.

Mirror chambers are superior to other (non-verbal chambers) with high focusing speed and high-quality manual setting, and the "Prostarok" manual focusing is ineffective and rarely used.

We conducted a general comparison of mirror and non-surprised chambers. We think it will be enough for you to solve yourself, whether you need a mirror camera, or it will be enough "Programmer."

The topic of choosing a camera, probably, has always been and will be relevant. Time is coming, the technique is changing, old materials written on this topic are hopelessly stitched. General principles remain unchanged, but a huge number of nuances makes it different to look at the problem of choice. The purpose of the article What is the best camera - put all the points over I on the issue of purchasing a digital camera given the modern situation in the market. The article is primarily oriented on novice photoelers, but I am sure the article will be helpful and experienced users.

How to start the choice of the "best" camera?

First of all, you must define the tasks for which the camera will be used. Tasks can be completely different and need to come to terms with the fact that an absolutely universal camera simply does not exist. There are only such cameras that are suitable for solving certain tasks or are not suitable. For example, to go with friends to a picnic, it is absolutely not necessary to drag the professional mirror there (although there are enthusiasts), quite a sufficiently inexpensive soapbox or even a smartphone - after all, photos from such events, as a rule, do not go on social networks and home photo albums. In this case the best camera There will be one that is always at hand.

For professional purposes, the requirements for the technique differ significantly depending on the shooting genre. To shoot a report, you need a high speed of serial shooting and the ability to photograph from hands with poor lighting, for a landscape - maximum clarity and depth of colors, for portrait - high-quality skin color transmission and the ability to get a beautiful rear plan blur, for macro shot - the ability to focus on very closely located object, and so on. Naturally, all these possibilities cannot be implemented in one chamber with a single lens. Thus, the choice of a better version of the camera is always a compromise between the possibilities of technology, its size, convenience in its use and price.

Classes of digital cameras

One of the main criteria by which cameras are divided into different classes is physical size matrix. It is not measured in megapixels, but in millimeters (or inches). It is this parameter that has a decisive effect on the quality of photographs - color reproduction, noise level, dynamic range. Traditionally it was believed that the Slirlock and Magniflocks are a big matrix - it's good, a small matrix is \u200b\u200bbad for soaps. Now this division is very conditional, since many compact cameras have matrices comparable to size with amateur mirrors and mirrids.

Conditionally digital cameras can be divided into several classes.

Amateur elementary-level cameras

Under this category, the overwhelming majority of digits are worth about 20 thousand rubles. The electronic filling of all these devices is almost always comparable in its characteristics, the difference in the lens and additional functions, often not directly related to photography.

Characteristics of compact cameras "on paper" may look very convincing - 20 with excess megapixels, 20-30-fold zoom, ISO sensitivity range like a professional mirror, a bunch of any chips and lotions - Wi-Fi, GPS, NCP, FullHD, 4K and etc. But in fact, everything is not so rosy. The most important trouble of these devices - their characteristics are fully manifested only in "greenhouse" conditions, for example, on the street with good lighting. It is worthwhile to go for a cloud, the quality of photos is noticeably declining, and if we try to shoot in a half-walled room, we are waiting for a quiet horror in the form of digital noise (ripples in pictures), distorted colors and degraded detail.

Cameras with small matrices do not know how to miss the background, because of this, the picture looks flat, it is difficult to achieve the transmission volume. Sometimes there is a special "blurred background" mode, which software defines the objects of the front and rear plan and adds artificial blur to the background. But like all software, this mode does not always make it high quality and beautiful.

The soapbox will be the optimal choice if you do not set your creative tasks in front of yourself - just buy a "photo shooter", which is always at hand. In this case, it is better to prefer a camera with an increased optical zoom multiplicity to have a more or less universal tool. The cheapest digital compacts with 2-3 multiple zoom to buy there is no sense, since they have no advantages over smartphones. Soaps with 5-10 multiple zoom still thinly sold, but there is nothing to advise among them.

If a compact camera is needed with a really good zoom, then it should be understood that with the most compact size of photos, it will have the same "soapy", because the matrix is \u200b\u200bthe same as in simple models.

Another Beach compacts with a super sound is a small battery life. To minimize the dimensions, the manufacturer supplies the camera with a compact battery of a small capacity from which the lens mechanic and the image stabilization, and a flash, and, actually, the rest of the electronic filling. With a small number of "On / Off" cycles, 400-500 photos can really be selected for a short period of time, but if the camera is turned on before each image, and then turn it off, then the best for which you can count is the framework of 200 on one battery charging. The only plus of such cameras is their versatility.

To decide on the purchase of a device with a "super sound" you need to have good reasons and firm confidence that you need a 50-60 multiple zoom. The theme of the choice of super jum is carried out. If we talk about the best manufacturer of soaps, then in this niche there is no big difference between them. Choose a device with 10-20 multiple zoom from Sony, Nikon, Panasonic, Canon, Olympus. The quality of photos will be the same, the difference is only in appearance.

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Some initial level cameras have a complete set of manual settings. It is focused primarily on for those photographers who want to learn to photograph, however, the value of manual settings in such cameras often is greatly exaggerated. The presence of a programmable exposure mode (P), as a rule, covers 99% of the needs of the photographer-enthusiast - verified on its own experience.

If you want to engage in an artistic photo, I strongly recommend not to contact the "fine" cameras. The picture quality will be applied only on the street in daylight. With the worsening of the lighting conditions, the quality of the photos is rapidly deteriorating. Photos from these devices are difficult to process in Photoshop, because even with minor manipulations with brightness, contrast, saturation, artifacts begin to appear - distortion of flowers, strengthening the noise level, "steps" on smooth color transitions.

Cameras for advanced lovers

This niche is the most diverse, there are at least three subgroups in it, to one degree or another competing with each other in their capabilities.

"Top Soaps"

These are compact devices with a matrix of increased size and non-free optics. According to its claimed characteristics, they seem to be inferior to amateur elementary levels (see above) - have less megapixels, the zoom rarely exceeds 3-5 times, sometimes have the worst video inability, but they make their work more honestly and better - and It is, provide better detail and color reproduction than an initial class devices. All this is due to the greater the matrix and a higher-quality lens.

Among the top compacts in my opinion, Sony and Panasonic are most successful, but there are interesting options from Canon, Nikon and other manufacturers.

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Another advantage of "top" compacts (as well as all of the groups listed below) is the ability to shoot in RAW format. What is Raw, we will briefly understand a little later, but for now, just believe the word - this is a very useful opportunity for which you can sacrifice the zoom multiplicity, swivel / touch screen, not to mention the "fashionable chips" type Wi-Fi, GPS and T .P.

The "top" compacts are greatly photographed in the afternoon on the street, indoors with them can also be achieved acceptable quality photos. Everything merit is a higher-quality matrix of increased size (from 1 / 1.7 to 1 inches) - the more, the better, but also more expensive.

Almost all compacts of this class are able to shoot in RAW. The presence of RAW format opens up great opportunities for pulling photos to an acceptable level of quality. The limitation is only that most of the devices of this niche are not able to provide a beautiful and powerful rear-plan blur (bokeh), where it is necessary (for example, in a portrait or while shooting close-ups). To "make bokeh" in the photos, you need a device with even greater matrix and a light lens. For more information about choosing a initial or advanced level soap, you will find the best compact cameras in the article.

Magnifier

Lumarter - essentially the same "top" compacts, only with replaceable optics. The main advantage of the messmaker is their "systematic". In essence, this is a constructor in which the "carcass" acts as a base element and you can hang a lot of interesting things on it. Another question is, it is "interesting" worth more money, and often its cost is multiplied by the cost of a carcass :)

Magitiamaker's matrix is \u200b\u200bseveral times more in size than amateur compact devices - from 4/3 "(Micro 4/3) to" full frame "(36 * 24 mm). This gives great advantages in the form of a large stock of photosensitivity, better color reproduction and greater freedom when working with depth of field. Where amateur soapons turn a picture into porridge from pixels, the messmaker provide quite acceptable image quality. Even greater advantages are those who will install a light lens with a fixed focal length on a carcass, for example, 25mm / 1.4, 50mm / 1.8 - With them, the shooting indoor from torment turns into pleasure. The whale lens is not distinguished by a large luminosity and in some cases health limits the possibility of using the camera.

If we talk about manufacturers, I would recommend first to look towards Sony, Panasonic, Olympus, Fujifilm. These manufacturers entered the "mesmer-free" niche before the rest and, in connection with this, the choice of additional lenses and accessories are wider than that of "catching up" - Canon and Nikon.

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Modern fuser - a quick, reliable and functional device that is not inferior in the quality of the picture and the speed of the mirror cameras (and in something exceeds them) and at the same time it is much easier and more compact. The main disadvantage of most lamellars can be called, in pursuit of compactness, many physical controls (buttons, wheels) are often replaced with software (menu items). Since the functionality of the flammaker is very high, the menu becomes multi-level and complex - it makes it difficult to photographer if you need to take something in non-standard conditions when standard settings and presets cannot provide the correct result. But it is rather an exception than the rule. In my opinion, if you need a device "for every day", the mirror will be the most practical solution.

Having at its disposal a mirror canon EOS 5D and mirrorless Olympus E-PM2, the latter I present preference in most trips and shutting down, as well as for homemade amateur shooting. The quality of the days of Olympus personally suits me well, especially if the whale lens change to the light fix. This is despite the fact that the E-PM2 model refers to the budget of the lamellar. The Mescard wonderfully copes with landscape shooting - color rendering, dynamic range at a very worthy level.

SLR Cameras

Mirrows - The devices in which the shutter with a movable or stationary mirror is applied, through which the picture that lens sees is projected into the viewfinder. This design has an old age, nevertheless, it very successfully passed on the figure.

For the quality of the picture, the mirrors do not have advantage over firewalls, as they have the same matrices, however, the mirrored cameras have their advantages: the possibility of using fast phase autofocus (although modern mudflowers have also learned to use it), small power consumption in standard mode (when shooting through Viewfinder, not the screen). Another advantage of the SLR lies in a large number of accessories available on sale (including in the secondary market) is truly huge. Prices for lenses for the Slirlocks are generally less than comparable to the characteristics of the Lensman lens (Keep this in mind if you plan to grow and develop).

The seals firmly arrived in the field of professional photography - for professionals photographers, not only the number of functions from the camera, but also simplicity of access to them (it's easier to press the button than to climb every time the menu!). Yes, and autofocus advanced mirrors in difficult conditions work faster and more accurate than the magician. The main drawback of the mirror is its dimensions and weight, although some models are very compact and comparable in their size with top compacts (for example, Canon ESO 100D). If this disadvantage is not critical, the purchase of the seed is fully justified, otherwise it is better to look towards the messmaker.

Among the manufacturers of the Slirlock traditionally, the palm of the championship is divided by Canon and Nikon, I recommend to consider first of all these manufacturers. Not because the Sony Slies, Pentax is bad - at all! The question is that over time you will want to buy a new lens for the camera. If you have Canon or Nikon, you can buy a lens in any photomagazine (after finding out where cheaper) or used on Avito. Sony has a worse situation - optics, in principle, are on sale, but the range is smaller and prices can be higher. Pentax - a separate song! The devices themselves are very interesting, but to find them on sale the right optics, you need to try to very much.

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The mirrors - record holders in time of work from the battery, as the matrix "turns on" only at the time of opening the shutter. The rest of the cameras of cameras, the matrix always works to pass the picture on the screen. The model also has a LiveView mode, in which the camera works as "soap" and shows the picture not in the viewfinder, but on the screen. In this case, energy consumption, respectively, increases.

Cameras for enthusiasts and professionals

This niche is also very diverse. The main characteristic feature of these devices is the presence of some unique opportunities for which people are willing to pay at 2, 3 and even 10 more than more than the Middle class technique. Requests for everyone are different - someone needs a full-frame matrix (mainly professional portraiters, landscapers, wedding photographers), someone important is the image component (most often, wealthy people for whom the main criterion in choosing - "so that the device was pleased to keep In the hands "- it is for them that they create compact stylish" image "devices).

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Full-frame cameras provide the best image quality, so high popularity among professional photographers and photographic lovers. If, in this niche, the Canon and Nikon models were mostly reign, now the mirrorless devices begin to penetrate it. Sony Alpha A7 is the first swallow, a full-frame mesmer for the value samented for the full frame. The "vintage" leica is the image apparatus "for rich", however, has a full-frame matrix and quite good photographic features.

The screenshot was made when the dollar cost 33 rubles :) Now the cost of such a watering is from 600 thousand rubles. The practicality of this acquisition is modestly silent, for the price of one carcass Leica M, you can buy a professional Canon or Nikon Filler with a professional lens (or even several).

If you swung on a full frame, keep in mind that its possibilities are fully implemented only with high-quality optics, which can cost comparable to the camera, and sometimes much more. Buy a full frame for amateur home shooting is not the most practical investment of money. If you are a novice - it is better to buy the technique easier, and in line with the price difference in training. If you have a photographic experience and the desire to grow on yourself, the full-frame apparatus will become an excellent tool in your hands!

Posted on 15.05.2018

I recently, one of the readers made a comment that I did not consider in this article another category of professional equipment - midformat chambers. I will immediately say that I am a little far from this topic and I have only superficial knowledge about this technique. Medium-format cameras have a matrix on average 1.5 times more "full frame", its fleet of optics and additional equipment. The cost of a full-fledged set for shooting on the "middle format" can exceed the cost of a new foreign car, so it is not difficult that the demand for this technique is even small in the professional niche compared to the same full-frame mirrors.

The shooting on the "average format" is characteristic of non-heinsiness, using long exposure and strongly (according to "sprinkled" standards) of clamped diaphragms. The remuneration for this will be images with the colossal detail (40-50 megapixels and more), the ideal transmission of the perspective (as 50 mm on average format is a highly high-angle lens), and if you want to blur the background - then you can do wonders at all.

Conclusion. Who is what camera is suitable?

So, it's time to bring the hell under all above. Let's try to reduce the most typical options in the table. Options "Basic", depending on your preferences, they can be combined with each other. The table shows the approximate models of the camera that is suitable for this role. Sometimes I designated entire family families. I did not have a goal to list everything that was suitable - just to designate the technician class, among which you need to look for options.

	What will you take pictures?	A good choice	Very good choice!
1	I love to photograph everything in a row, laying out the pictures of VKontakte. Artistic photo is not interested. I am loyal to quality.	Good smartphone :) Not necessarily the iPhone. Samsung and top Chinese smartphones have a very good cameras!	The inexpensive soap wash with a matrix 1 / 2.3 "with zoom 10-20x, absolutely any, or the All-weather waterproof soapbox - strong, alive, is not afraid of anything. If it breaks it, it's not a pity.
2	I want the device to always be at hand, I took off well on the machine, but so that you can cooke with manual settings. I love walking lights. I want to learn to take pictures!	Top compact with matrix size from 1 " Sony RX100(Mark * - depending on the budget), Canon G * X	Mescard of the entry level - it's often cheaper than top compacts, in the standard configuration can give up to top soaps, but growth opportunities gives more - replaceable optics, external flash, microphone - all this can be purchased as needed. OLYMPUS E-PL8, E-PL9
3	Camera for home, for a family that allows you to make high-quality photos in the room and shoot video	Firemaker of the entry level, with a whale and an additional "portrait" lens and an external flash (if there is where to connect it) Canon EOS 2000D, Nikon D3xxx	Mirror or middle-level mirror with a swivel screen, with a whale and an additional "portrait" lens and an external flash Canon EOS 800D, Nikon D5xxx
4	Travel Camera, mainly for landscape	For walking lights not far from the house - "Top" mood or amateur mesmer with a whale lens OLYMPUS E-PL8	For long-distance travels around the beautiful places - a mirror or a mesmer with a set of optics from a wide-risk to the television.
5	Camera as a means of production, mainly reportage	Semi-professional sprinkled or full-frame mirror with a semi-professional zoom lens (permanent Light 1: 4.0) and an external flash	Professional full-frame mirror with a light zoom lens (1: 2.8) and an external flash
6	Mostly artistic portrait shot	Semi-professional apparatus (crop, full frame) with a light fixture, can be non-autofocus (via adapter)	Full frame apparatus with professional lighting fixes. If there is nowhere to give money, then the "middle format".
7	Wedding photo	Initial level - a scattered apparatus (mirror, mirroring card) with "advanced" whale 18-135 mm, light fix for portraits, external flash	Full frame apparatus with a set of lenses covering a range of 24-200 mm, with a permanent luminosity of 1: 2.8, professional portrait fix lens, an external flash, an additional light, reflectors, an assistant that all this will be :)
8	Photohota	Amateur level - a scattered apparatus (mirror, mirror) with a telephoto lens for 250-300 mm	Professional level - a full-frame apparatus with a light telephoto lens for at least 400 mm, possibly another teleconverter (extender).

On this, I think you can finish. Successful to you choose a camera and more good pictures!

About my help in choosing a camera

Until recently, I provided a service advice on the selection of cameras on your criteria. Now I am her do not exert. In view of the employment, I disappeared the opportunity to regularly meet the novelties of photoindustry, attend presentations and exhibitions of new products. Therefore, the maximum that I can offer you - look at the table above, to determine the selection criteria for it and with these criteria to go into a specialized photomagazine, in which sellers are usually dealt with this topic. To seek help to a professional seller is also normal, how to use the services of the real estate agent, the car is not in the garage on its own, but in a good car service. For the surcharge, which is included in the price of goods in the company store Canon, Sony, Fujifilm, Olympus, etc., you get professional advice. You do not want to pay for a consultation - deal with yourself and buy in the online store, find out a lot of new things, and still save :)

No matter how long you have your digital camera, there is always something to learn. And if you just bought your first mirror, the learning process may seem incredibly difficult.

But it should not scare you and beat the desire to work. In this article we will help you to get a maximum of your digital mirror chamber, explaining the features of some key functions that are almost in each model.

The study of the functions of the camera and its management, at an early stage of your acquaintance with photographic equipment will help to avoid some common mistakes, which means that you will make your photos better and more beautiful.

Front camera case panel

1. Lamp for suppressing the effect of red eyes

To prevent the appearance of red eyes in the frame, the light source is needed, which will compensate for the bright light from the flash. This lamp is such a source of light. The lamp also acts as a convenient indicator for the countdown of the self-timer.

2. Ring focusing

In automatic focus mode, this ring rotates until the camera focuses on the object. In manual focus mode, you can rotate the ring yourself, and focus at the desired point of shooting.

3. Ring zaming

Turn the ring clockwise to reduce the scale and get a wide-angle frame. When turning the ring counterclockwise, you bring the object of shooting and get a close-up to the subject.

4. Flash button

When shooting in semi-automatic or manual mode, you have the ability to enable the built-in flash. To do this, click this button.

5. Focus mode switch

Here you can set AF mode (autofocus) if you want the camera independently focused. You can also switch to MF mode (manual focus), in this case you will independently control the focus. In manual focus mode, you can use the autofocus points in the viewfinder, which will prompt to you what exactly your camera is concentrated.

6. Image Stabilization Switch

IS lenses (image stabilizer) are designed to prevent blur caused by a camera shaking (which is especially noticeable when you focus on a remote object). Nikon lenses have a similar VR switch (vibration suppression).

7. Built-in microphone

Most cameras such as Canon 500D (in the photo above) can now record video. The sound for these videos is written through the built-in microphone.

8. Sharpness and preview depth button

By clicking on this button, you can see what your frame will be, with these settings.

Rear Camera Case Panel

1. Exposure compensation button

In. Manual time. Hold this button and turn the main control disk to open or close the diaphragm.

2. Focus point selection

Click this button, and then rotate the channel switch to select the autofocus point in the chamber that will be used.

3. Exposure Lock Button

This button allows you to fix the exposure. You can also use it to reduce the scale of the snapshot when viewing on the LCD display in playback mode. It also allows you to focus the camera when using Live View.

4. Live View.

Click here to see that the camera will lock on the LCD screen. The newest cameras have the Live View feature that will save you from the need to view the plot through the viewfinder.

5. Four control buttons

These buttons allow you to move through the camera menu and the submenu. Also, each button allows you to get into a specific settings menu. Thus, the buttons provide quick access to popular functions such as WB (white balance) or AF (autofocus).

6. Self-timer

This button allows you to change the shooting mode in the camera and set the shooting with the timer.

7. Playback button

The playback button allows you to view the pictures that you did.

8. Delete button

The button with the universal trash basket allows you to delete the files from which you, when viewing on the display, decided to get rid of.

9. Menu button

When you click on this button you will access a wide range of menu and the submenu, where you can change the parameters according to your requirements.

Top Panel Camera

1. Built-in flash

When you shoot with a low level of light, get a decent frame, you can help the built-in flash. In some modes, you need to include it manually. In the plot modes, the flash is activated automatically.

2. Shutter shutter button

This button is necessary in order to take a picture. By pressing the button on half, you will get the ability to focus, or activate automatic focus. With full press, the camera will make a frame.

3. Main control disk

The rotation of this disk allows you to manually install the camera aperture or shutter speed.

4. ISO button

When you click on this button you can configure ISO sensitivity. Then you can use the main control disk to increase or decrease the ISO level. Also, you have the ability to install ISO manually by using the corresponding menu item.

5. Turning / off button

So you can turn off the camera when it is not used (although it will automatically go into sleep mode, after 30 seconds of inaction).

6. Mode installation disk

On the MOD installation disk you can deliver the necessary shooting mode. The disk presents all possible plot modes, semi-automatic and manual mode.

7. Hot Bashmak

Using a mirror camera, you will have the ability to set the flash, as an additional light source. The outer flash is usually more powerful and easy to manage.

The main reasons to buy a universal 35 mm lens

The history of the appearance is luxurious 35 mm lens It is rooted during the formation of photography. This is one of the best among ever created, lenses with a brilliant focal length, which is applicable to any photo. Whether it is on a full-frame or "sprinkled" camera, this lens has its own additional value.

35 mm optics dominates not only in the world of photography, but also in the movies. During the time of film cameras, the "35 millimeters" corresponded to the width of the film used. Later, this format was adapted for photographing and since then did not lose popularity.

During the First World War, 35 mm was widely used in Leica cameras, on which outstanding military personnel were mainly made.

And now, let's consider various factors that speak in favor of this lens.

What is the 35mm lens useful?

In this article, we will list the main reasons why you should get a 35mm lens if you do not have it yet:

· This is the perfect option for shooting while walking, if you want to photograph all you see.

· It is much more versatile than any other option of optics. Also superior to 50 mm lens, since with him you get a wider and diverse perspective.

· This type of optics gives enough wide-angle coverage on the full frame, as well as on the camera with a "sprinkled" matrix.

· With a diaphragm F / 1.4, this lens is the most thorough in its category, and with a wide opening hole passes a large amount of light. Therefore, it is good when shooting in difficult conditions with insufficient lighting.

· The focal length of 35 mm and attracts you to the shooting object. Therefore, it will suit, both for street photography and for portrait shooting, when the subject becomes especially important.

· This lens can be enough for you to shoot landscapes.

· With this lens you can close to the photograph object, since the minimum focusing distance here is much smaller than on other lenses with a focal length range above 35 mm.

· This is a miniature lens with a slight weight, that is, she does not particularly burden you, and you will almost always be able to take it with you.

· Such a lens is usually the most common-used and fast-self-singing.

· With a diaphragm F / 1.4, it allows you to create excellent portraits with wonderful bokeh.

· It has a greater maximum diaphragm, sold at an inexpensive price and has multipurpose use.

5 things you need to know about mirror cameras

Buying a camera, the most important choice for each photographer. This article presents 5 criteria, guided by which you can choose a camera that is suitable for you. It will be about resolving the matrix, shooting modes, user interface, and many other things that you need to know when choosing.

The world of photography re-opened himself with the arrival of digital technologies. There were those times when you can engage in photography only favorites, people who have big money. Now allow yourself to acquire the camera almost everyone.

You can talk a lot, about the convenience of compact cameras, but for optimal image quality, and endless creative opportunities, you will only fit the real floor or professional camera.
Increasing the popularity and availability of mirror chambers provokes the growth of tough competition between the main manufacturers of cameras as Canon, Nikon, Pentax and Sony.

This state of affairs is extremely beneficial for consumers, since the camera manufacturers seek to constantly improve their goods by introducing new innovative functions into the camera, increasing their performance and improving the image quality, while making the mirrors easier to use. But what key factors should consider choosing a camera? We will talk about it today and talk.

Advantages of mirror photographs

The advantages of the mirror in front of more compact cameras are numerous and diverse - first of all, this is the size of the image sensor. Many compact chambers may have the same, or even more megapixels than a mirror camera, but permission, as such is not a key factor affecting the quality of the image, and do not forget about it!

Image sensors in digital mirror chambers are physically greater than in compact chambers, and this gives a significant difference as pictures. First, the larger size of the matrix means a greater number of pixels that are individually captured by more light. This, in turn, contributes to a significant reduction in the digital noise of images and graininess, which may occur when shooting with high ISO values.

Secondly, a large matrix allows you to achieve a smaller depth of field, and therefore you can get a beautiful bokeh and a pleasant blur of the background, which will look great with macro shot and filming portraits.

Another important advantage is that the Mirror allows you to see the world through the lens as it will later be in the picture.

Perfect camera

The mirror camera is more convenient to use, manual zoom and focusing rings on the lens allow you to focus with much greater accuracy and make such a frame to which you have sought.
In addition, by purchasing a mirror photo, you open a whole world of opportunities and discoveries, you acquire a whole system. You will have the opportunity to buy and change lenses, and various accessories that will make the process of creativity more enjoyable and productive. On the other hand, buying a compact, you limit yourself to only one camera, which is already in a year, maximum, it will seem to you.

Today we will discuss in more detail on the main principal differences between different types of mirror and compact cameras, with the result that you can make the right choice by defining the type of the camera you want to purchase.
Case design and new features of mirror cameras.

Most of the mirrors are designed based on their predecessors, but in contrast, from previous models, new models offer many innovative enhancements.

Shooting modes

All mirrors tend to have a regular set of modes that includes automatic shooting, manual, diaphragm priority, exposure priority and modes corresponding to different types of scene. The so-called plot modes are on the cameras created specifically for beginners, such cameras as Canon EOS 60D and Nikon D3100. The same modes, there are also compact cameras. The selection of the mode most often occurs through the wheel on the top of the camera.

LCD display

The LCD display is important not only to access the menu, a digital camera, it is also the main way to view the footage, to check the accuracy and sharpness of the frame.
Regarding inexpensive cameras, such as Canon EOS 1100D, often have a low LCD resolution - about 230 thousand pixels, while prestigious models, such as Canon EOS 60D can have a resolution of 1,040,000 pixels.

Mirror

The main difference between the mirror chamber and the compact is that the mirror has an assembly mirror, which reflects the image from the lens up into an optical viewfinder, which allows you to see a very precise position of focusing and scaling.

Autofocus
A larger number of autofocus points allows you to focus on the object as accurate as possible, while there are several points in such cameras that allow you to track chaotic moving objects in continuous autofocus mode.

The inexpensive models of mirror cameras are usually equipped with nine or eleven autofocus points, while more complex models have a large number of autofocus points. For example, Nikon D800 is equipped with a 51 focus point.

Sensitivity iso.

Sensitivity has significantly improved from many of the mirrors lately. The maximum value of the ISO level was increased, which means photographing in low light conditions now can be significantly more productive. An increase in ISO makes the matrix more sensitive to the light, which allows you to capture the camera even the weakest solar rays, without the need to use long exposures.

The greater the ISO value you use, the higher the sensitivity, but with increasing sensitivity, the level of digital noise increases. Older models, such as Canon EOS 1000D, as a rule, have a maximum value equal to 1600 ISO, while modern models such as Canon EOS 1100D provide much higher sensitivity, about 6400 in the standard range, with the ability to expand 12800 ISO.

Professional full-frame models such as Nikon D4 allow you to remove with sensitivity up to 24 800 ISO. Improved sensors in combination with advanced image processors make it possible to make excellent photos with a small level of noise, even at high ISO values.

Number of megapixels

The number of megapixels is often the first criterion for which not very experienced photographers pay attention to, acquiring their camera. In fact, resolution plays far from the first role in choosing a camera.

What permission is desirable? The first mirror cameras were equipped with a resolution of about 6 MPIX. It seems extremely low resolution, compared with the current standards, but even this was enough to obtain decent photos of the A3 format.

Today, the smallest resolution, among the mirrors, is equipped with a matrix with a resolution of 12.1 MPIX. Nikon, in particular, expands the boundaries among the elementary level melt, so, for example, the Nikon D3200 boasts the best resolution in its class, equal to 24.2mpix., And its last full-frame model, D800, is equipped with a 36.3 megapixel matrix.

A few years ago, Canon had the highest resolution cameras, but at present the company plays in catch-up with other firms, the APS-C sensor cameras have a resolution of 12.2 MPIX. (1100D) up to 18 MPIX. (in 600d, 60d and 7d), the full-frame chamber is equipped with 16, 1 megapixel matrix (in 1D MK IV), as well as 22.3 MPIX. (New 5D MK III).

However, the flagship of Nikon, the full-frame mirror camera D4, the value of which is about 5,000 £ and the resolution of the matrix is \u200b\u200b"only" 16.6 MPIX ..

Creative trimming

Images, with a higher resolution allow you to cripple the image on as much as it is convenient for you. For example, if with a telescopic approximation, you did not receive the object only large, how much did you want, having a camera with a large resolution of the matrix, you can crop your picture without loss of quality, thereby bringing an object.

In this case, another problem may occur, this is the quality of optics. If the quality of the camera lens is not high enough, you risk obtaining chromatic aberrations (color edging) on \u200b\u200byour image.

File size

A great resolution of photographs, talks about the big weight of images, especially if you take pictures in the RAW format. For example, RAW images taken with EOS 600D or 7D can weigh about 25 MB, while the image of the same format, removed from Nikon D90 and D300S will weigh about 10 MB.

It says not only that your memory card will fill faster, but also that the camera can work more slowly when shooting in continuous mode.

Noise level

Very often, manufacturers of cameras supply their camera with a large resolution, while the physical dimensions of the sensor are insufficient, with the result that the matrix catches not much light, and the graininess appears. Especially strongly, noises begin manifest when shooting with high ISO values.

Working out the latest sensors and image processors, manufacturers seek to minimize noise levels.

Shooting video on camera

Until recently, the features of the video was available only on compact cameras. With the advent of Live View, which allows you to create snapshots using the LCD display, and not through the viewfinder, means that more and more mirrors can boast high definition (HD) and the possibility of shooting video.

Evolution

The functionality of the first mirror cameras was quite narrow. The video, in general, originally appeared on more professional models, such as Canon EOS 5D Mark II, and only with time, began to appear on the initial level models Nikon D3200 and Canon EOS 650D.

Given how quickly the possibilities of video recording, among other firms, Sony has a little behind the level of their cameras, is precisely for this parameter. But such models like A580 and SLT A55 raised the company to a new level and now, Sony products can compete not only in the quality of images, but also in the quality of the video.

HD formats

Improving the Slirlock is keeping up with the times, so cameras, released year or two ago, as a rule, offer high quality video recordings and 720p resolution. The 720p format is progressive, that is, each frame is created through one run.

For comparison, at 720i (interlaced), the frame is created by scanning two alternating strings (half-cases). The newest cameras are usually able to record high-definition high-definition video with a 1080p resolution.

Frame frequency

Range of frame frequency, including 24, 25, 30 and 50fps (frames per second), allows you to create video files that are not inferior to files created on the camcorder. Video quality can comply with movie standards and television worldwide.

It becomes especially important because the mirrors are increasingly used to shoot a professional video for TV advertising and video clips. If we consider that the magnitude of the matrix increases, which means that the background blur becomes more noticeable, then the operators can achieve an excellent depth of field in their videos.

Sharpness

One of the main problems encountered when video recording on mirror cameras is autofocus. To create the most clear video, a good tracking autofocus is needed. Canon EOS 650D, the first elementary-level mirror camera, offering fast and clear autofocus when shooting video.

Viewfinder

A good viewfinder is extremely necessary to create beautiful photos. It is important not only for the exact composition of the photo, but also for greater accuracy, when it comes to configuring the focus.

Penterical

Cheaper initial levels, such as Canon 1100D, and even some of the more expensive models, including Canon EOS 650D and Nikon D5200, use a pentazer's viewfinder. They are cheaper in production and easier by weight than pentaprismable. A viewfinder is created from a set of three separate mirrors.

The main disadvantages of the penterical viewfinder based on digital mirror cameras are that the image that they transmit a bit dark and more gloomy can a little lack of contrasting the image. Of course, this does not affect the quality of the image being created, and simply distorts the picture you see through the viewfinder. Not knowing about such distortions you can not accurately set up your camera, and as a result, it is not like an image that was expected to see.

PentaPrism

The pentaprismable viewfinder is not in vain considered the best viewfinder, for the camera. More expensive and professional cameras are equipped with a pentaprizen viewfinder, these are chambers like Canon EOS 60D and EOS 7D, Nikon D7000 and D300S, as well as all full-frame cameras, such as Nikon D600 and Canon EOS 6D.

The pentaprismable viewfinder is made of five one-sided blocks of glass, pentaprism reflects the image on the mirror twice, creating an exact image of reality. The pentaprismable viewfinder is relatively heavy and more expensive, compared with the pentasterical, but as a result you get higher quality and bright images.

Electronic

For compact cameras that do not have a built-in optical or electronic viewfinder (EVF), often use a special electronic device, due to which the camera, such as Olympus, can be connected to the external viewfinder.

An additional EVFS slot, most often refers to the type of hot shoe, the mount is in the upper part of the chamber, such a viewfinder is most often expensive, its cost is about 150 £ (up to £ 200). Another disadvantage of the external viewfinder is that it cannot be used simultaneously with an external flash, which is attached through the same hot shoe.

Overview

Ideally, the review should be 100%, that is, you see through the viewfinder the image is the same in size, how it will be shot on the camera, but often not so. Many viewfoots, especially cheaper, such as pentasterical, as a rule, give only a 95% review, so you cannot see everything that will eventually appear in the photo.

In practice, this is not a big problem, you can even find some benefits. So, you will always have a little space on the edges in the reserve, which can be useful, when aligning the horizon (rotation of the picture for several degrees)
Good, pentaprisen viewfinder gives about 98% of the review, and the best provide a complete 100% review.

Zooming

Large importance is zooming, and the possibility of maximum image approximation. For example, Canon EOS 550D offers an increase only at 0.87 times, while Canon EOS 7D gives a direct approximation of 1.0 times.

Speed

Photography moving objects, or in the reportage shooting it is very convenient to shoot in continuous shooting mode, so this criterion is also important when choosing a good camera. In addition, the high frame rate may be very useful and in portrait painting, allowing you to capture the fleeting facial expression.

Continuous shooting

Switching the camera into continuous shooting mode, the camera will continue to take off until you hold your finger on the shutter button. Memory buffer restrictions limits image recording. Such cameras like Canon EOS 1100D and Nikon D3100 can shoot only three frames per second, and such flagship cameras as Canon, EOS- 1D X are capable of making up to 12 frames per second (or 14 frames per second, if shooting in JPEG format).

Cameras of the middle class, such as Canon EOS 7D capable of photographing with a speed of 8 frames per second, while Nikon D300S removes 7 frames per second, this speed can be increased to 8 frames per second, if you install an additional MB-D10 battery knob.

Computational power

To have the highest speed shooting, the cameras must have a high computing power, so that it would handle all the images in a quick sequence. Image processing chips in the newest cameras are usually much more powerful than in old models. Some cameras, such as high-speed Canon EOS 7D, is actually equipped with two image processors, it provides even greater performance.

What to buy a camera? What to choose a camera? Professional or amateur?

The difference as pictures of the professional cameras and amateur is huge.

To understand this phenomenon, you need to deal with terms. So: professional camera This is any camera that holds a professional in his hands, amateur camera This is any camera that holds an amateur in his hands.

Basic rules to help choose a camera

Parameters for which you can choose the camera include specific (1) features of the technical specifications of the device, (2) the main appointment of the camera (which, where when and where will be removed), (3) the degree of knowledge of photography techniques, (4) the number of money available (price of carcass and park leist), (5) the presence of previously purchased lenses and accessories of photographic equipment , (6) Personal aesthetic preferences.

The main technical characteristics of the camera taken into account when purchasing it

Bayonet.

The type of fastening of a replaceable lens that can be used with this model of the camera.
On the camera with a replaceable lens, you can install only those lenses that are specifically designed for this model. This is due to different types of bayonet, as well as with different electronic "stuffing" of lenses. As a rule, each major camera manufacturer develops its standard for replaceable lenses, which is not compatible with the standards of other manufacturers.
If you already have a set of lenses for the camera, then when you select a new model, you can find exactly the one that will be compatible with them.

Type of matrix

The type of photosensitive matrix installed in the digital chamber.
The camera matrix is \u200b\u200ban array of photosensitive elements (pixels). Using a lens on the matrix, an image of a removable object is created. During the exposure (photographing), each pixel accumulates an electric charge proportional to the number of light on it. After shooting from each photocell, the signal is read, translated into the digit and processed by the processor.
In the following types of matrix, CCD, CMOS, X-TRANS CMOS, BSI CMOS, EXR CMOS and Live MOS are commonly used in cameras. In CCD (CHARGE-COUPED DEVICE, or CCD - a charging device) when reading the signal, the accumulated charge shifts from one matrix element to another, forming a finished string of an image or a whole frame at the output.
CMOS (Compledenary-Symmetry / Metal-Oxide Semiconductor), or a CMOS matrix (CMOS - complementary metal oxide semiconductor) consists of separate photocells and control transistors manufactured by CMOS technology. Transistors control the work of the photo sensor and provide the signal reading.
X-TRANS CMOS - Development of Fujifilm in conjunction with Adobe Systems Incorporated. Processing photos in RAW format from cameras equipped with a matrix of this type, according to Adobe, it allows you to more effectively deal with Molar and adjust colors in the photos.
X-TRANS CMOS II - a new version of the matrix from Fujifilm. Thanks to the technologies used in creating this type of matrices, the rate of phase focus is increased, and the Moir effect is also reduced.
BSI CMOS matrices (back side illuminated CMOS - backlight sensor) differ from conventional CMOS increased light sensitivity, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the number of visual noise when shooting in poor lighting conditions. This is achieved due to the fact that the reverse side of the matrix passes more light, so the sensor is set up upwards.
ExR CMOS - Development of Fujifilm. In matrices of this type of pixels are located in different types of sequence matrices. Due to this, the EXR CMOS matrix can switch the modes of operation depending on the conditions and requirements of the shooting. There are three main modes. HD (High Resolution) - All matrix pixels are used, maximum resolution and clarity is achieved. DR (wide dynamic range) - part of the pixels takes a snapshot with one exposure, part - on the other, thanks to which the effect of HDR is achieved with only one image (usually two-three) is required, but the resolution is reduced. SN (High Sensitivity) - Pixels are combined into pairs, thanks to which the work of the matrix is \u200b\u200bimproved with insufficient lighting, but permission is also reduced.
Live Mos Matrix - a photosensitive matrix, made on the basis of MOS technology. Live MOS contains a smaller number of connections for each element and feeds on less voltage. Due to this and simplified transmission of control signals, it is possible to obtain a "live" image in the absence of a traditional operation of overheating and increasing the level of noise.
LBCAST (Lateral Buried Charge Accumulator and Sensing Transistor Array) also uses photosensitive semiconductor elements, like the CMOS matrix, but since the structure of the LBCAST scheme is more simple, you can achieve miniaturization of the matrix and improve the quality of its operation. Due to this, it is possible to increase the speed of shooting. In addition, an enlarged surface area of \u200b\u200bphotosensitive elements allows you to improve the color depth and contrast of the image.
However, despite all the advantages, the distribution of the LBCast matrix did not receive.

Format of the matrix

The physical size of the matrix has a direct connection with the format. Most of the medium price categories and above have a matrix of a specific format: 1, 4/3 (Four Thirds), APS-C, APS-H, Foveon, Full Frame (35mm) or medium format. If the matrix is \u200b\u200bnot specified, then, as a rule, we are talking about a budgetary camera with a non-standard matrix size. Please note that the dimensions of one sensor format can change slightly from the manufacturer to the manufacturer.
1 "(Nikon CX) is relatively small according to the physical dimensions of the matrix (13.2 × 8.8 mm). Installed in Nikon, Sony and Samsung compact cameras. Crop-factor - 2.72.
APS-C is a very popular format of the matrix. Sensions of the sensor for all manufacturers (except Canon) - 23.6 × 15.6 mm. Canon uses smaller matrices - 22.3 × 14.9 mm.
APS-H - Format is used by Canon in some top mirror chambers and has dimensions of 27.9 × 18.6 mm.
4/3 (Four Thirds) is a popular format of the matrix for mirror-free cameras like Four Thirds and Micro Four Thirds ("4/3", "M4 / 3"). Sensor dimensions - 17.3 × 13 mm, Crop Factor - 2.0.
FOVEON - Format is used only in SIGMA cameras. Sensor dimensions - 20.7 × 13.8 mm.
Full Frame (35mm) - full-frame sensor. It is often found in top mirror chambers, the sensor dimensions are approximately equal to 36 × 24mm.
Medium-standard - used in professional studio photographic.

Number of megapixels matrix
The resolution of the matrix performing the role of a photo film in digital chambers, i.e. The number of photosensitive elements located on it (pixels, pixels).
The greater the number of matrix pixels, the higher the quality of the obtained images.
The maximum size of the matrix depends on the maximum size with which the image without visible quality deterioration can be reproduced. For example, for outputting a 5 × 15 cm imprint to the printer, a 2x-3x megapixel matrix (2-3 million elements) is sufficient, a 3x-4x-megapixel matrix is \u200b\u200bneeded for the A4 format.
The resolution of modern chambers is significantly superior to the required minimum, and the number of megapixels of the photomatrix increases every year and reaches 15-20 today, and more. An increase in the resolution with a constant size of the matrix leads to a decrease in pixel size. This in turn increases the level of noise in the photo. So the race for megapixels does not always benefit quality.

Crop-factor
The value of the Crop Factor of the Digital Camera.
Crop Factor (Crop Factor) is defined as the ratio of diagonals of a 35mm film (24 × 36 mm) and a digital camera matrix.
If you compare two cameras - one with a full-frame sensor of 24 × 36 mm and the second - with a smaller sensor and a crop-factor, a large unit, then when using the same lenses in the second apparatus, the field of view will be less than that of the first. This is explained by a simple geometry. Since the angle of view is usually estimated by the focal length of the lens 35 mm of the camera, the concept of an "equivalent focal length" was introduced for digital chambers. It is equal to the product of the focal length of the lens on the crop factor. Equivalent focal length essentially determines the angle of view of the camera.
Knowing the value of the crop factor for digital cameras with a replaceable lens, you can easily determine which equivalent focal length (view angle) you will receive when installing a lens.
When choosing lenses, it is also worth paying attention to the Crop Factor. You can find special lenses for working with digital cameras that have a crop-factor more units. Such lenses are undesirable to use with 35 mm cameras.
For most digital mirror chambers, the crop factor lies within 1.3-2.0. The smaller the value of the crop factor, the greater the size of the photomatrix (see "The physical size of the matrix") and the larger the area of \u200b\u200bone pixel (for a given resolution of the matrix), less noise levels.

Physical size matrix

The size of the photo sensitive matrix of the camera determines the size and area of \u200b\u200bthe smallest photosensitive element - pixel. The larger the area of \u200b\u200bthe matrix, the greater the pixel area (with the same resolution of the matrix, of course). With an increase in the pixel area, light sensitivity increases, and the dynamic range of the matrix, noise decreases. An increase in the size of the matrix, as a rule, leads to an increase in its value, so large matrices with a large diagonal are used only in professional techniques. The size of the matrices for inexpensive small chambers is usually indicated as the conditional diameter of the transmission tube, into which the matrix could fit and measured in inches. For large matrices, the size of two axes in millimeters is indicated.

ISO sensitivity, min

The minimum photosensitivity of the elements of the digital camera matrix is \u200b\u200bindicated in the Units of the ISO system.
Each photosensitive matrix has certain physical characteristics that determine its working range of sensitivity. In this range, the matrix transmits a picture with minimal distortion and a permissible level of noise. The wider this range (more maximum and less minimal sensitivity value), the greater the features for the plot shooting at the digital camera.

ISO sensitivity, max
The maximum photosensitivity of the elements of the digital camera matrix.
Light sensitivity is the magnitude of the light energy required to obtain an image. It is indicated in units of the ISO system and can take values \u200b\u200b100, 200, 400, 800, etc., by analogy with a film, at a certain interval. The higher the number of ISO, the higher the sensitivity. The photographer, depending on the shooting conditions, can set this or that value of sensitivity. The wider the sensitivity range of the photomathica, the more opportunities for shooting the camera.
Shooting in low light conditions, filming fast-lived objects (SPORT) require higher photosensitivity than the shooting of fixed objects during sunny weather. However, with an increase in the sensitivity of the matrix simultaneously increases the cape of the image (i.e., a large number of points appears on the image, the brightness or color of which differ significantly from the averaged color of the object).
Maximum light sensitivity shows how sensitive photomatrix can be.

Color depth

The number of bits used to represent the color of each pixel image.
The color of each pixel is encoded by a certain number of bits (bit), that is, elementary information units. Depending on how much bits are allocated for the color of each pixel, it is possible to encode various numbers of colors. Thus, the color depth allows you to determine which maximum number of colors can be implemented in the image. For example, if the color depth is 24 bits / pixels, the potential image may contain up to 16.8 million different colors and shades. Obviously, the more colors are used to electronic representation of the image, the more accurate the information about the color of each of its points (i.e. its color rendering).
For modern digital cameras, color depth 24 bits / pixel is considered the norm. If academic accuracy is needed in color transmission, the color depth should be at least 30 bits / pixels.

Image stabilization (photography)

Type of image stabilizer used when photography.
Image stabilization allows you to compensate for hand shake when shooting and getting a clear unwashed snapshot. The effect of trembling becomes especially noticeable when photographing with a large increase (zoom) or with high shutter speed. Image stabilizers are optical and digital, and their combination is also possible (double stabilizer).
In the optical stabilizer of the image to compensate for the hand shake, the movement of one of the elements of the optical system of the camera or a photomatrix shift is used (see "Stabilizer System"). A special sensor determines the shift of the lens housing. After that, the change in the optical scheme or the matrix shift. This compensates for the camera's microscopulation, and the image projected onto the matrix remains fixed.
In digital stabilization mode, the camera automatics exposes the maximum permissible value of the sensitivity of the photomatrix (ISO) for specific shooting conditions. In this case, the excerpt value is automatically reduced. Small exposure time makes it possible to obtain unwashed images even with small oscillations of the camera during shooting.
It should be noted that the digital stabilizer can help far from all cases, so it is better to focus on the optical stabilization system better to obtain high-quality pictures.
A double image stabilizer is a combination of optical and digital stabilizers.

Image stabilization system

Construction of a mechanical image stabilizer in a digital camera.
Image stabilization allows you to compensate for hand shake when shooting and getting a clear unwashed image (see "Image Stabilizer (Photographing)").
All modern mechanical stabilization systems can be divided into two types. In the first system, a movable element in the lens is used in the first system to compensate for the camera's shake, and in the second - the shift of the photosensitive matrix.
Stabilization with a shift of the matrix does not make additional distortions to the resulting image and does not affect the lens light. In mirror cameras with such a stabilization system, you can use any lenses.
An image stabilizer with an active element in the lens is considered to be more efficient due to higher speed.
The use of the stabilizer increases the power consumption of the camera and can prevent photography (when shooting with "wiring"). The stabilizer is not effective when shooting on large focal lengths and long exposures.

Maximum Flash Action Distance

The maximum distance that is capable of illuminating the built-in photo list to obtain a high-quality photo.
The maximum flash range is determined by the power of the flash emitter, therefore it is natural that for supercompact chambers, the maximum range of the built-in photo message will be less than that of more overall cameras.

Built-in flash

The presence of a built-in flash lamp in the chamber, which is turned on simultaneously with the opening of the shutter and lights the object at the time of shooting.
The flash allows you to take pictures in conditions of insufficient illumination, for example, in the evening, avoid displaying the shadow on the face, etc.
Most modern models of digital cameras are equipped with a built-in flash. The built-in flash may be absent from very compact or budget models, as well as in some high-end models, calculated exclusively to work with external lighting.

Synchrocontakt

The presence on the housing of the special connector (synchrocontact) to connect the external flash.
With this connector, you can connect a non-standard photo flash, which is incompatible with the hot shoe installed on the camera. Syncontakt is often used to connect when shooting in studio conditions.

Bracketing flashes

The presence of flash bracketing mode in the camera.
The flash bracketing is an automatic serial shooting mode, in which the flash power for each frame changes to a certain value up or down from the average value. The average value is determined by automation.
This shooting mode can be used in cases where it is difficult to determine the exact exposure, as well as to obtain special effects.

Shooting 3D

The presence of a system of two lenses (sometimes two pairs of lenses and matrices) allowing you to shoot a photo and video with the ability to view the footage in 3D format. 3D shooting can also be implemented at the program level, that is, with the help of a special algorithm that translates regular photos into a three-dimensional format.
To obtain a surround image, you must record two separate frames (stereo pars) with an angle for the left and right eye and show every frame for "your" eyes.
There are three most common techniques to demonstrate a surround image. The easiest and inexpensive in implementation is the color coding of images. To obtain an effect, it is necessary to use special anagly glasses, in which light filters are used instead of glass (as a rule for the left eye - red, and for the right blue). The stereo pager is encoded in one photo, in which the left eye is depicted in the Red Channel, and in blue for the right. When viewing, each eye sees the image of the color that corresponds to the color of its lens. The disadvantage of this method is incomplete color reproduction, as well as discomfort with long viewing of images or video.
The most common household method of obtaining high-quality surround image is the use of glasses with liquid crystal interrupters. You need to play a playback or display device, with 3D support. Images for the left and right eyes are alternately displayed on the screen, and synchronized glasses at the time of showing pictures for the left eye closed the right and vice versa.
Also, the high-quality effect can be achieved when using polarization points. In this case, the glasses for each eye use various polarizing light filters (with vertical and horizontal polarization or with left and right circular polarization). An image for each eye is displayed on a display device with an appropriate polarization.

Non-supeble shooting speed

Shot speed in serial shooting mode. For more information about this mode, see "Serial Shooting Mode".
The shooting speed is determined by the speed of the shutter and the digital image processing system. The higher this speed, the more photos of the events you are interested in will have time to do.
In compact digital cameras, the speed of fast shooting usually lies in the range of 1 - 3 frames per second. Professional and semi-professional digital mirror chambers are able to remove up to 10 frames per second, and more.
Please note that when quickly shooting, camera manufacturers use various image processing techniques. This means that the quality of such snapshots may differ from the quality with normal shooting.
Often, manufacturers make it possible to change the various parameters of fast shooting, which allows the user most accurately adjust the shooting for specific tasks.

Maximum series of pictures (RAW)
The maximum number of pictures that can be made by one series and save in RAW format.
Under the serial shooting it is understood as the camera's ability to make several frames in a row with a minimum interval (see "Serial Shot Mode"). The maximum number of pictures in the series is limited to the operation of the camera electronics.
Raw - image format that allows you to maintain raw data about photography without compression or with compression without loss. The maximum snapshot series while saving the image in JPEG format is usually much larger than the same indicator for RAW format. Therefore, if you need to get a long series, select Saving in JPEG format.

Maximum snapshot series (JPEG)

The maximum number of pictures that can be made by one series and save in JPEG format. The value corresponding to the maximum shooting speed is given (see "Quick Shooting Speed").
Under the serial shooting it is understood as the camera's ability to make several frames in a row with a minimum interval (see "Serial Shot Mode").
The maximum number of pictures in the series is limited to the operation of electronics of cameras.
The more frames in the same series can make a camera, the greater the possibility of the photographer to "catch" an interesting event.
Note that in some cameras, the user can choose fast shooting modes, choose the length of the series and shooting speed within the technical capabilities of the camera.

Time-Lapse mode

Time-Lapse - shooting mode at which frames are made through a considerable period of time (from a few seconds to tens of minutes). When playing with normal frame frequency, such a roller seems accelerated, covering a large period of time. The most typical plots for such a shooting mode: a blooming flower and dawn / sunset shown in a few seconds.

Time inclusion

Time lapse from the moment of clicking on the power button until the camera is fully ready for operation.
The inclusion time varies from a few seconds from the "slow" chambers up to a tenth of seconds from "fast" devices.

Number of viewfinder pixels

Permission of the electronic viewfinder of the camera.
The viewfinder is an optical device that allows you to see what will be shot by a camera.
The electronic viewfinder is a miniature LCD-screen with a lens (eyepiece) installed inside the chamber. It displays the future frame in such a way "sees" a photosensitive matrix through the camera lens.
The greater the resolution of the LCD matrix at the viewfinder (and more the number of pixels), the more detailed and the detailed image will see the photographer.

LCD size

The size of the liquid crystal display is diagonally. According to the current tradition, it is indicated in inches (1 inch \u003d 2.54 cm). Most chambers have an LCD screen with a size of 3 to 6 cm. The larger the size of the LCD display, the more convenient to view the photos taken and understand with the numerous photo appliances settings.

Number of LCD points

The number of LCD screen points. The case is higher than the more clearly and better the image is obtained and, accordingly, the more comfortable work with such a screen. For most digital cameras, the number of LCD points lies in the range from 120,000 to 921000.
It is worth considering that most of the manufacturers of digital cameras under the "number of screen points" have no number of pixels, but the number of subpixels. For the formation of one pixel, three subpixels of basic colors are usually used: red, green and blue. Therefore, to find out the real number of screen pixels, you need to divide the number of its points to three.

Rotary screen

The presence of a rotary screen from the camera. It can be rotated both separately the screen and the entire rear panel of the device. The screen can rotate around its axis 90 degrees or to open aside, like the camcorder.

Touch screen

The presence in the digital camera sensory (sensitive to pressing) of the liquid crystal screen.
In most devices, separate buttons are used to select various settings, located on the rear panel near the LCD screen. In the sensor models, these buttons are missing. Such a display allows you to switch around the camera menu by pressing certain sections of the screen itself. This makes it possible to increase the screen and take it almost the entire rear camera panel.
Using the touch screen makes intuitive control and navigation through the numerous menu of the camera.

Exposure, Min.

The minimum value of the shutter speed of the camera.
Exposure - the time during which the shutter of the camera remains open and passes the rays of light to the photosensitive matrix.
Along with the diaphragm, this parameter defines the amount of light on the matrix, and, accordingly, the correctness of the exposure. For well-lit objects and to shoot moving objects, shutter speed should be very small.
The smaller the minimum exposure value, the greater the possibilities for the plot shooting at the digital camera.

Exposure, Max

The maximum value of the shutter speed of the camera.
- This is the time during which the shutter of the camera remains open to receiving the frame.
Along with this parameter, determines the amount of light on the photosensitive surface (matrix), and, accordingly, the correctness of the exposure. For night shooting or with a large F-number (see "Diaphragm number (F), min", "Diaphragm number (F), Max") Exposure must be large.
The range of possible values \u200b\u200bfor the exposure of each camera is set in accordance with its technical solution. The greater the maximum excerpt value, the greater the features for the plot shooting from the digital camera.

Exposure for X-SYNC

The minimum excerpt value at which the camera's shutter fully opens the frame.
X-SYNC is a mode of operation with electronic flash drives, in which the signal to trigger the flash is supplied precisely at the time of the full opening of the shutter.
Mechanical shutter shutters work in such a way that on very short exposures the frame is not fully open, the shutter opens the light of the gap, which runs on the frame. Since the outbreak time is less than the time to which the shutter opens the frame, the short light pulse of the flash will only light the part of the frame, which at the time of the flash was triggered there was a shutter gap, that is, only part of the frame will be lit.
Thus, removing with a flash in X-SYNC mode at shutters, smaller excerpts for X-SYNC is not recommended. The smaller this value, the wider the range of excerpts to work with the outbreak and more opportunities at the photographer to implement their ideas.

Mechanical exposure measurement (Evaluative)

The operation of the camera's exposure measurement system is in general mode.
Exposure measurement is the calculation of the required amount of light to obtain a high-quality image. The measurement is made by the camera before each image, as a result of which the desired shutter speed and the diaphragm are calculated.
There are several modes for measuring exposure. Each of the modes is better suited for certain shooting conditions.
In general measurement mode, information from several sensors is used. When calculating the exposure, the obtained data is compared with the base of typical frame compositions. After that, the best exposure is selected for a specific type of frame.

Electronic rangefinder

The presence of an electronic rangefinder function.
This feature helps when using manual focus. The principle of operation is similar to road cameras, but specific implementation and functionality depends on the manufacturer of the device and the model.

Adjusting autofocus

Autofocus correction feature allows you to increase the focus accuracy by its fine tuning. In addition, for the most popular lenses in the memory of the camera can be pre-installed settings.

Type of autofocus

Camera autofocus type type.
During the existence of autofocus, several types of autofocus were invented. It all started with active autofocus using ultrasound waves, and then infrared. Today these methods are not used - they gave way to passive autofocus. He, in turn, can be contrasting, phase or hybrid.
Contrast autofocus is distributed among mmercharting chambers. The camera processor analyzes the current picture from the matrix and starts moving the lenses into one of the two possible sides. If after the shift of the lenses picture more contrast (clear), then the lenses movement continues before finding the desired focus. If the image has deteriorated, the lenses movement occurs in the opposite direction, again, until the desired focus is reached. The strength of the contrast autofocus is accurate focusing in dark and low-seen scenes.
Phase autofocus is most often used in mirror cameras. For its work, special sensors are needed, which can be directly in the matrix of the camera or separately. Sensors are obtained fragments of the light stream from different points of the frame using the mirrors. After that, the sensor considers how to move the lenses to get a clear image. When two light fluxes are from each other at a certain distance specified by the design of the sensor, the desired focus will be achieved. Phase autofocus boasts excellent focus speed.
Hybrid autofocus systems are rare. Such autofocus combines the positive aspects of both contrast and phase autofocus. The hybrid system is embedded both in mirror-free and mirror chambers. In the mirror chambers, it works in Live View mode.

Number of focus points

Modern chambers have a different number of linear points for which focus occurs when shooting. The focus module is responsible for the focus process. It focuses in those frame zones that fall into the field of view points. The number of such points in the camera affects the accuracy of calculating the desired focus object during shooting and convenience when setting the manual focus mode.
Linear points can be horizontal and vertical orientation. The effectiveness of their application depends largely from the photographed objects. Dots with horizontal orientation are well focused on objects with vertical lines. Points in vertical orientation, in turn, are better focused on objects with horizontal lines.

Microphone input

When shooting a video, one of the main criteria is the capture of high-quality sound. Forces built into the microphone chamber to achieve good sound on video will be quite problematic due to the presence of extraneous noise (wind, hum of audience). To solve this problem, manufacturers of cameras equip their models with a connector to connect an external microphone from which the sound is recorded.

Entry to headphones

This interface can be used sound monitoring through headphones during video recording. Usually, MINI Jack 3.5 mm is used as the connector.
To get high-quality sound when recording video, it is recommended to use an external microphone and other accessories.

The number of JPEG levels

The number of possible levels of image compression when they are saved in JPEG format. JPEG is the most common recording format, providing an image compression in order to save memory. However, the compactness of the images is achieved by loss of quality, since JPEG format with compression recognizes some data as unimportant and discarded them during compression. The higher the degree of image compression, the more photos can fit on the memory card, but the worse there will be their quality. In many cameras, the compression ratio, and, consequently, the quality of the images can be controlled. Variating compression levels, you can save either more photos, but lower quality, or fewer photos, but their quality will be higher.

Memory - Memory Stick

The ability to use in the camera interchangeable memory cards of the MEMORY STICK format.
Memory Stick - Flash memory card format, presented by Sony, which is used mainly in digital camera manufacturers. At the moment it is one of the most expensive existing carriers. In addition to the MEMORY STICK standard, there are other varieties: Memory Stick Pro, Memory Stick Duo.
MEMORY STICK dimensions are 50 × 21.5 × 2.8 mm.

Memory - Memory Stick Duo

The ability to use the Memory Stick Duo interchangeable memory cards in the camera.
This memory standard was developed and supported by Sony. The body of this card is quite compact enough durable. Memory Stick Duo was developed on the basis of a widespread standard Memory Stick from the same Sony, but incompatible with it connector and differs with small sizes (20x31x1.6 mm). In order to use the Memory Stick Duo map with a device that has a MEMORY STICK slot, you must use a special adapter.

Memory - XQD.

The ability to use in the camera replaceable XQD format cards.
The memory cards were announced in 2011, their main difference from other cards is a high data transfer rate (up to 125 MB / s).
Cards of this standard are 38.5 x 29.8 x 3.8 mm.

Maximum memory card

The maximum amount of memory card with which the camera can work.
The higher the value of this parameter, the larger the map you can use, therefore, you can write more pictures and videos on it. If you already have a suitable large capacity flash card, before buying a camera, make sure that the selected model supports the cards of this volume.

Interface - Video

Availability on a composite video interface camera.
The composite interface is designed to transmit the image to any video information display device.
Video output is used to view photos and videos through the TV or to record on the VCR.
To transfer a high resolution image to the HDTV device, it is recommended to use HD-output.

Interface - Bluetooth

The ability to connect a camera to a computer and other devices through the Bluetooth wireless interface.
Bluetooth technology uses low-range radio communication and allows you to install a high-speed wireless connection at a distance of up to 10 meters.
Using Bluetooth, you can transmit files from the camera to the computer, as well as directly print photos on a special printer equipped with a Bluetooth adapter.

NFC technology support.
NFC (NEAR Field Communication) is a wireless communication technology of a small radius of action. NFC allows two devices that are close to each other (at a distance of no more than 10 cm), exchange data.

Battery capacity

Capacity built-in battery camera.
A more capacious battery makes it possible to make more photographs without recharging.

Maximum video recording permission
Maximum allowing video recording in the camera with the ability to recording video.
The higher the resolution of the roller, the clearer and detailed video image can be obtained. The video recording function on the digital camera is not the main one, it is rather a pleasant addition to the main functions.

Electronic stabilization during video shooting

The presence of an electronic stabilization function during a video record.
When shooting video oscillations of the camera leads to a shake of a shot image. Since shooting in most cases occurs from the hands, you will have to face quite often with this problem.
The electronic stabilization function is implemented through digital image processing using the built-in processor. To form a frame, only part of the image from a photosensitive matrix is \u200b\u200bused - a video frame is cut out of the general image. When shaking, the image offset is tracked, and the video frame is moving up or down, respectively, within the entire field of the image from the photo matrix to compensate for this offset. As a result, the recorded image (video frame) for the viewer remains fixed.
The use of stabilization allows you to get rid of unpleasant effects far from all cases.

Frame number per second at 4k (3840 × 2160)
The maximum number of frames per second when shooting a video resolution of 3840x2160 pixels.
Frequencies 25 and 50 frames per second are standard in countries with PAL and SECAM television systems (Europe, Asia, Russia), while frequencies 30 and 60 frames per second are distributed in countries with NTSC broadcasting standard (USA, Canada, Mexico , Japan, Philippines and a number of South America).
Support for the camera of these frequency sets may depend on the country for which the camera is manufactured. Many cameras are universal: regardless of the region, there are simultaneous support for the frequencies of 25/30 (50/60) frames per second.

Video recording in MOV format

Ability to save a removed video in MOV format.
The format (or container) MOV was proposed by Apple. QuickTime program is usually used to view videos in this format.

Video recording in mp4 format

Ability to save a filtered video in AVI format.
When describing the standards for digital video, two concepts of -Videos and video container are usually used. The codec involve the method by which the video information is compressed, and under the container - the file extension. The type of container depends on which programs will be able to play this file, from the codec type - the degree of compression of information, image quality.
MP4 is a multimedia container format that can contain audio and video streams, as well as other information. To compress video phomation, the codecs from the MPEG-4 family are commonly used.

Using the MJPEG video codec

The ability to save a filtered video using MJPEG codec.
When describing the standards for digital video, two concepts are usually used - video codecs and video content. The codec involve the method by which the video information is compressed, and under the container - the file extension. The type of container depends on which programs will be able to play this file, from the codec type - the degree of compression of information, image quality.
When working the MJPEG codec (Motion JPEG), the processing of each frame occurs separately, and the video quality does not depend on the dynamic scene. But for it you have to pay a much larger video file.
The video created by MJPEG codec compared to MPEG4 (see "Using the MPEG4 video code") is much better suitable for later installation, as the frames do not depend on each other and insert (or cut) the video fragments can be from any frame.

HDR shooting

Shot of photographs with an HDR effect allows you to create high-quality photos in difficult lighting conditions, when there is both brightly lit areas and darkened objects. For the highest quality creation of this effect, the camera automatically makes 2-3 frames with different settings and glues them into one.

Orientation sensor

The presence in the digital camera of a special sensor, which determines the orientation of the camera (horizontal or vertical) during shooting.
Thanks to this sensor, it is possible to automatically flip photo images and videos taken in a vertical position when playing them on the TV screen or when transmitted to the computer. In the latter case, special software supplied with the camera will be required.
In addition, the information about the position of the chamber is used by automatics when determining the exposure and white balance.

Frost resistance

The presence of protection against low temperatures in the camera.
Some digital cameras are equipped with protection from exposure to low temperatures. Such models are suitable for work in bad weather.

Dustproof

The presence of protection against dust significantly affects the selection of the camera.
Some digital cameras are equipped with protection against dust effects. Such models are suitable for work in bad weather.

Moistureproof housing

The presence of a moisture-proof case at a digital camera.
The moisture-proof housing often have mirror chambers. Some models with a moistureproof case allow short-term immersion in water.

The weight of the camera and the lens is sometimes the leading factor when choosing a camera.
Digital camera is a fairly mobile device: it takes it with you on vacation, often wearing with you, so when choosing its dimensions and weight is not in the last place.
By the size of the camera, it is possible to divide into several categories:
- ultra-compact vehicles weighing up to 200 g. Technical characteristics of such cameras are not the most impressive, but they are free to fit in a female handbag or in the chest pocket of the shirt;
- Compact cameras, the most common, their weight - up to 300 g. They have higher technical capabilities compared to super-compact devices and at the same time quite convenient for transportation;
- Advanced, or semi-professional, chambers weighing 400-600 g. Are equipped with high-sound optics, the ability to install an external flash, manual settings of shooting modes;
- Professional mirror cameras, whose weight is from 600 g and above. Equipped with removable lenses, the chamber body is usually made of metal, possess the highest spectrum of technical specifications.

Modern photographic devices are complex optical devices. Despite the variety of designs, a number of common nodes and mechanisms can be distinguished in each camera. This is primarily a light-tight camera, in front of which lens is strengthened. On the opposite side of the chamber in the cassettes, photosensitive material is installed. The amount of light passing through the lens to the photosensitive material is adjusted using the shutters. The exact definition of the boundaries of the frame of a photographed object is carried out by the viewfinder. To obtain a sharp image on the photosensitive photographic material in the camera, there are devices and mechanisms for control over the lens sharpness. Most of the cameras are equipped with photoexponometric devices necessary to determine and install the correct exposure during shooting. In addition, cameras have a mechanism for importing photos. Consider the main characteristics of cameras.

Characteristics of the main assemblies of the camera

Camera

A light-tight camera, which is the camera body, simultaneously protects the photographic material from the action of outsidered light. All nodes and mechanisms are mounted in the device's housing. The chamber is made of metal, plastic or wood. In medium and high-class cameras, the camera is metallic, in the simplest - plastic. Wooden chambers bulky, and therefore apply only for Pavilion type cameras.

Photographic lens

Using the lens on the photosensitive material, an optical image of photographed items is formed. The quality of this image depends on the properties of the lens.

The lens consists of an optical system of lenses enclosed in a frame. A diaphragm is placed between the lenses. The number of lenses in modern lenses is up to 10 or more. Some lenses glue with colorless glue. The lens frame ensures the exact mutual location of the lenses in accordance with the calculation. In addition, it is in charges of lenses from mechanical and atmospheric influences. Frames of most modern lenses are painted black.

Fastening lenses to the chamber body is carried out with the help of screw cutting or bayonet (bayonet) compound on the rim. The most common threaded method of fastening, in which the lens is screwed into the chamber. With a bayonet method, the lens is inserted into the chamber and is fixed with a small turn clockwise. On the front of the rim you can wear or screw the film filters and sunscreen blends. On the lens frame, it is indicated by its name, lights and a focal length, as well as the scale - remote, relative holes and depths of a mixed space. In some cases, the lens frame is placed on the lens.

Diaphragm- This is a device with which the acting light is changed, i.e. transmitting light, hole of the lens. It consists of several thin movable metal plates, an arcuate form located in a circle and partially overlapping one different. This design of the diaphragm is called the Iris. When you turn the leading (installation) ring or lever of the petal, turning to the center, smoothly reduce the hole of the lens. This process is called diaphragmation.

Depending on the method of installing the required lens hole, the following types of diaphragms are distinguished: simple, stubborn, pressure and jumping.

In a simple diaphragm, the installation is carried out by turning the outer ring of the diaphragm before combining the index of the selected value on its scale.

In a stubborn diaphragm, the rotation of the stop on the scale is pre-installed the required value. At the time of shooting, the diaphragm ring is rotated until it stops, while the selected value is set.

In the pressure diaphragm, it is pre-using a moving stop on the scale the required value is set. When you click on the trigger, the diaphragm automatically set to the selected value, after the photo it is fully open.

The jumping diaphragm on the principle of action is similar to pressure. However, after shooting, it opens not automatically, but manually - turn the ring.

Complete rims of the diaphragms are used in the lenses of mirror cameras, in which the observation of the object is conducted through the lens. Such diaphragms allow you to more quickly digitize the lens without interrupting the observation of the object.

Specifications of photographic lens. The main characteristics of the lens are: focal length, light, relative hole, depth of field, image angle, resolution and working segment.

Focal length lens - This is the distance along the optical axis from the main rear point of the lens to the focus. The focal length for this lens is the permanent value measured in centimeters. Domestic photo leks are made with a focal length from 2 to 100 cm. On the lens frame, it is denoted by the letter F. From the magnitude of the focal length, the scale of the image depends on the scale, i.e. the degree of reduction or increase the image compared to the sizes of the F of the facility. The larger the focal length of the lens, the larger the image on the photosensitive material. To change the magnitude of the focal length of the lens, the nozzle lenses are used. When applying a positive (collecting) lenses, the focal length decreases, and negative (dissipating) increases. When using a nozzle lenses, the image quality is worsening. Focal length of the system "lens + nozzle lenses" is calculated by the formula

F C \u003d 100 * F 0 / (100+ d l * f 0)

where F C is the focal length of the system;

F 0 - focal length of the lens;

DL - optical power of the nozzle lenses.

Currently, it was distributed, especially in the film equipment, lenses with a variable focal length, or pancratic. In these lenses, due to changes in the distance between the lenses, the focal length may increase or decrease several times. This allows you to accurately combine the frame and get different-scale images at a constant distance to the object being removed. When they are used, it does not need replaceable photo lenses with various focal lengths, which provides greater efficiency when taking pictures. The limit values \u200b\u200bof the focal length of the pancratic lenses indicate on the rim. Light, i.e., the ability of the lens to create a certain illumination of the image on a photosensitive material is its important characteristic. Light depends on the value of the active opening of the lens and its focal length. The larger the hole of the lens and the less of its focal length, the brighter the image, i.e. more lights.

Quantity lights It is characterized by the relative hole of the lens, i.e., the ratio of the diameter of the lens to its focal length. This value is indicated in the form of a fraction with a numerator 1. For example, if the diameter of the active opening of the lens is 2.5 cm, and the focal length is 5 cm, then the relative hole is 1: 2 (2.5: 5).

When comparing two lenses on luminosity, the relative holes are asked to the square.

On the lens frame, the relative holes are denoted only by one denominator. In the USSR, the following standard number of relative hole values \u200b\u200bwere adopted: 1: 0.7; 1: 1; 1: 1.4; 1: 2; 1: 2.8; 1: 4; 1: 5,6; 1: 8; 1:11; 1:16; 1: 22; 1: 32. Most photo lens has the greatest relative opening 1: 2 and 1: 2.8. The relative opening of photo lenses of simple cameras is 1: 4.

The marks on the climb of the relative holes are applied with such a calculation that when moving from one mark to another, the lights changed by 2 times. This simplifies exposure calculations when the relative holes change.

Not the entire light stream passing through the lens reaches a photosensitive photo material: one part is absorbed by glass, and the other is reflected from the lens surface. The harder the design of the lens, the greater the loss of light. These losses are determined by the coefficient of the lens light transmission showing the magnitude of the passing light relative to the entire falling light. To increase the transmission coefficient in all lenses, the enlightenment method is used, which is to apply to the surface of the lenses of thin films. As a result, the reflection of light from the surfaces of the lenses is significantly reduced, and increases light. The fluorides of some metals are used as film-forming substances. The enlightening films are not sufficiently stable, hygroscopic, so with lenses it is necessary to contact very carefully.

It should be borne in mind that after enlightenment through the lens there is a large amount of yellow, green in red rays, and reflected from the surface of the lenses mostly blue, blue and purple rays. This explains the fact that the reflected light of the lenses acquire a blue color, although the enlightening films are colorless.

Blue enlightenment of lenses is most effectively in black and white photography.

When shooting on color photographic materials, the lenses with blue enlightenment give an emphasicated heat color reproduction with the yellowness, since more than such lenses are more yellow rays. To compensate for the yellowing color reproduction, the amber enlightenment of lenses is used with blue enlightenment lens, while reflected predominantly colors with a yellow (amber) tint. Yellow, being added to blue, neutralizes it. As a result, the color rendition when shooting on color materials is significantly improved.

Depth of field - This property of photographic lenses sharply depict objects located in space on an unequal distance from the camera. The depth of the sharply depicted space is measured by the distance from the front to the rear plans of the shooting object, between which all items are sharp. The depth of the rate is the greater, the smaller the focal length and the relative hole of the lens. For accurate accounting of the influence of the relative hole to the depth of field on the lens frame, there is a depth of depth: on both sides of the distance scale index, additional values \u200b\u200bof the relative holes are symmetrically applied. The distances of the boundaries of the sharply depicted space are set against the relative hole values \u200b\u200bon the distance scale. With the relative opening 1: 8, the sharply depicted space is between 3 and 10 m, and with the relative hole 1:11 - between 2.6 and 19 m.

Frame lenses can have scales that automatically determine the depth of field.

The angle of the image shows the angle of coverage of the object being photographed and is located between the rays connecting the main rear point of the lens with the ends of the frame diagonally, inscribed in the image field. The angle of the image depends on the size of the frame and the magnitude of the focal length. The greater the diagonal, that is, the size of the frame, and less focal races, the greater the angle of the image. Domestic photographecks are produced with an angle of images from 2.5 to 95 °.

Resolution- The property of the lens is clearly transmitted on the light-sensitive photographic material the smallest details of the photographed object. This indicator is determined by the number of parallel lines of equal width, separately displayed by the lens of 1 mm field of the image (lin / mm). The resolution reduces the edges of the image. Most lenses on the edges of the frame, it is about 40-50% of clarity in the center. Therefore, in the lens passport, two values \u200b\u200bof this indicator are indicated: for the center and for the edge of the image.

The permitting power of lenses across the edges increases significantly when using the lenses from the optical lanthanum glass. In addition, lanthanum lenses provide more correct color reproduction when shooting on color film.

Work cut - This is an important indicator that determines the conditions for interchangeability of lenses in cameras. Work, or rear, segment is the distance from the central point of the extreme surface of the rear lens lens to the focus point. The size of the working segment depends on the design of the lens. When the working segments of the lenses are not satisfied, their adjustment is required, i.e., fit to the camera by the working segment with an accuracy of 0.02 mm.

Classification and range of photo lens. The lenses are classified for the purpose, the value of the angle of the image and the focal length.

In the appointment of photographers, they are divided into regular and replaceable.

The regular names are the lenses whose focal length is approximately the diagonal frame, and the angle of the image is within 45-55 °. Such lenses are otherwise called normal. Station lenses in cameras with various frame formats (and, consequently, the diagonal of the frame) are characterized by both unequal focal lengths. Thus, in the cameras with a frame format 24x36 mm, the focal length of a normal lens is approximately 5 cm, with a 6x6 cm frame format - 7.5 cm. Normal lenses have universal use, are intended for a variety of photography. As a rule, all cameras are staffed with regular lenses.

Replaceable lenses are used for special types of surveys - portraits, remote items, landscapes, etc. These photo leks go on sale separately from cameras. The magnitude of the angle of the image and the focal length is divided into high-rolled, long-focus and telescopic.

Wide-angle lenses have a focal length of less than the calculated frame diagonal, and an angle of more than 60 °. It is characterized by a large coverage of the shooting space. Apply these lenses for shooting from low distances of highfield facades, landscapes, interiors, etc. Disadvantages of wide-angle lenses are expressed in the fact that when shooting closely arranged objects, they contribute to the image of promising distortion, and also give uneven lighting frame - more in the center and less edges.

Long-focus lenses have a focal length of 1.5-2 times larger than the diagonal of the frame, and an angle of 28-30 °. These lenses cover not a big field. They are used mainly to shoot portraits close-ups, as only long-phocus lenses give the most natural perspective and similarity with nature.

Telescopic is called lenses whose focal length is significantly superior to the frame diagonal. The angle of the image does not exceed 24 °. Tele lebs are used to shoot close-up significantly remote items. The best domestic teleposes allow you to receive a 20-fold image enlargement.

Tele lebs There are two types: lenzovy and mirror-lenzovy. The latter differ in the greatest compactness with significant focal lengths.

The characteristic of the range of interchangeable photo lens is given in Table. Station lenses are considered when describing the technical characteristics of cameras.

Photographic shutter

The shutter passes the light rays through the photo lens of the apparatus on the photo material for a certain, predetermined period of time, called shutter speed. The camera consists of an opaque damper and control elements of it - clockwork and triggers, a shutter action regulator.

The opaque valve opens and blocks access to light sensitive material. With the help of a plant device, the shutter is prepared for operation, the trigger is designed to bring the shutter into action. The shutter action regulator sets the necessary shutter speeds when shooting. The following series of numerical values \u200b\u200bof excerpts are adopted automatically installed by the shutter (in C): 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/15, 1/30, 1/60, 1/125, 1/500, 1 / 1000, 1/2000. Promotions of simple cameras have a small excerpt range, for example from 1/15 to 1/250 s. Sloves of more complex structures can have a wider range of exposure. In addition to the values \u200b\u200bof automatic excerpts, the letters "D" and "B" are applied to the disk or ring of the valve controller, which denote long exposures measured by manually. If the shutter regulator is set against the letter "d", then when you first click on the trigger, the shutter will open and closes only after the secondary press. The index "d" is used to establish long exposures when shooting a camera from a tripod. The index "B" means that the shutter will be open while the trigger is pressed.

The shutter mechanisms also include a synchronizing device and self-timer mechanism.

The synchronizing device provides simultaneous triggering of the shutter and flash lamps. To connect a flash lamp to a synchronizing-device on the outer part of the camera case, there is a synchrocontax (cable connection). In modern photo equipment, a soft-light connection of the flash lamp is increasingly used through contact in the terminal.

The self-timer mechanism is available in most cameras. The apparatus when shooting is installed on a tripod. Self-timer response time is about 9 s.

Photographic valves on the principle of action are divided into mechanical shutters, which are powered by the spring, and the shutters controlled by the electronic unit are electronic.

Mechanical shutters in the design and location in the camera are divided into curtain-slot and central.

The curtain-slot shutter is located immediately before the film. The damper in this shutter is a silk rubberized or metal curtain with a slit, passing in front of the frame window of the camera, which ensures the exposure of the photo material. The metal curtain has one essential advantage over silk: works at a lower air temperature at which the silk curtain solidifies and loses elasticity.

The curtain-slot shutter consists of the following main parts: curtains, two rollers, regulating the gap, and the leading drum. Before shooting, when the shutter is placed, the curtain consisting of two parts is wound on one of the rollers. The edges of the curtain parts are tightly closed, there are no cracks. At the time of the shutter of the shutter shutter under the action of the spring, located in the leading drum, is rewinding at a certain speed to another roller. At the same time, the edges of the parts of the curtain open, and the slit of a certain width is formed between them. The gap, moving in front of the film, consistently illuminates it. Exposure, i.e., the exposure time of the photo material, is regulated by the width of the slit and the speed of the mileage of the curtain. What is already a slit and stronger than the tension of the spring, the shorter the excerpt, since with the quick movement of the narrow slit of the curtain film filled very short time. On the contrary, with a wide slit in the curtain and low tension of the spring, the photographic lighting is longer.

Cutting and slotted shutters allow to obtain very short excerpts - up to 1/2000 p. Cameras with these shutters have a large set of replaceable lenses. However, the curtain-slot valves are characterized by a number of shortcomings: due to the difference in the speed of the curtains at the beginning and end of the frame of the negative density of non-etinakov throughout the field of the frame; Photographing with flash lamps is possible only with an excerpt of 1/30 C; There are distortions of fast moving objects due to non-modern exposure of different points of the frame.

A variety of curtain-slot shutter is a fan shutter. It is two metal curtains consisting of one main and two additional folding metal petals. Petals are located in the form of a fan. In the corded position, one curtain of the fan shutter completely covers the recreation window of the camera, the other curtain is composed. When you click on the trigger, the petals of the first curtain add up, and the petals of the second - are moved. At the same time, a slot is formed between the extreme petals of the curtain, through which the light falls on the film. After the shutter is triggered, the first curtain is folded, and the second closes the passage of the frame window of the camera. Fan valves practically do not have shortcomings of curtain shutters.

The central shutter consists of several thin metal segments, which are powered by the system of springs and levers. When you press the trigger, the segments open the lens hole from the center to the edges for a certain time (shutter speed), and then close it in the opposite direction. Hence the name of the shutter - the central one.

The central shutter, as a rule, is installed between the lens lenses together with the diaphragm, which significantly complicates its design and increases the cost. Central gateways can be, and shipping, installed near the lens. In such shutters, the mechanism is not located in the lens housing, but on the front wall of the chamber.

In most cameras with central shutters, replaceable optics are not applied, since these shutters are constructively connected to the lens. Therefore, each replacement lens should have its own shutter, and this increases the cost of the photo equipment. At the same time, the central shutters have a number of advantages over the curtains: it is constructive easier to communicate with a photoexponometric device, which is very important for the production of semi-automatic and automatic cameras; allow you to take pictures with a flash lamp at any excerpts; Create uniform illumination at any point of the frame; Sustainably operate at low temperatures and do not distort quickly moving objects.

Recently, electronic valves are installed in a number of models of cameras, which consist of sfolders operated by an electronic unit. The main parts of the electronic unit are a condenser, an electromagnet, a resistor and a miniature battery. When presing the electronic shutter shutter, the flaps will be folded and opened with light access to the film. In this case, the sash is captured by an electromagnet. Exposure occurs until the condenser is fully charged. After that, the electromagnet is turned off, and the shutters are closed. The duration of charging the capacitor, and therefore, the exposure is regulated by the resistor. The feature of electronic shutters is a stepless expectation of excerpts in automatic cameras, which allows to obtain the most optimal image density on film when shooting.

Viewfinder

Viewferences are designed to determine the boundaries of the frame of a photographed object. According to the design and the principle of operation, they are divided into frame, telescopic and mirrored.

The framework viewfinder consists of two frames of different sizes in accordance with the angle of the image of the photo lens. Observation is conducted on the side of a small frame. The accuracy of the cadry of the viewfinder is low.

The telescopic viewfinder consists of a rectangular scattering lens, which performs the role of a limiter of view, and a collective lens that serves as an eyepiece.

This viewfinder gives a direct and reduced image. It is located above and aside from the lens, so the image visible in the viewfinder does not coincide with the optical image on the photosensitive material. This phenomenon is called a parallact error. Pararallax is especially noticeable when photography of items close to distances. To correct parallax errors, some telescopic viewfooters are supplied with glowing crop and parallact frames by which the frame is composed more correctly.

In the field of view of a number of viewfinders to increase the convenience of operation of cameras, different scales and signaling devices, which give certain information about the status of the apparatus and shooting conditions are imposed: Whether the shutter is attached which settings and aperture are installed, is it possible to shoot on existing light conditions for this film and t d.

Some telescopic viewfoots have a restrictive framework for interchangeable lenses. For the same purpose, universal viewfoots are used, which are installed on the camera in a special terminal. They are equipped with a revolving head, in which five viewfinders that have the same are strengthened. Image field angles, as well as replaceable lenses with focal lengths of 2.8; 3.5; five; 8.5; 13.5 cm. Replaceable viewfooters are also released for only one interchangeable lens.

Mirror viewfoots are Nadcar and intarable.

The Nadcar Mirror viewfinder consists of a lens, a mirror located at an angle of 45 ° to the optical axis of the lens, and lenses. In addition, in the center of the lenses there is a matte circle for the tip to sharpness, the image in which is considered through the magnifying glass. The image given by the lens falls on the mirror. At the same time, the course of the rays is changed to 90 E, and the image is obtained on the lens, the mirror is reverse and reduced with respect to the photographed object. In addition, the image in the viewfinder is shifted to the image obtained on the photo material, due to the fact that the mirror viewfinder is located above the shooting lens.

The image in the designer viewfinder must be viewed from above, for which the device has to be omitted to the chest level. This type of mirror viewfinder is used in the camera "Amateur" camera.

Intraverse mirror viewfinder with pentaprismism more perfect. As a viewfinder lens, the main shooting lens is used. When cropping before the film, a folding mirror is installed. The direction of the beams of the light passed through the lens is changed by 90 ° due to the reflection of the mirror, and the optical image is obtained on a flat matted surface of the lenses. The image under consideration through the eyepiece and pentaprism is obtained without mirroring and parallax. When you click on the trigger, the mirror is discarded up, the image on the matte glass disappears, and the rays of light build an image on a photosensitive photographic material. For continuous monitoring of the object of shooting (except for exposure), mirror viewfooters of most cameras have a permanent sight mirror mechanism.

Lens filming mechanisms for sharpness

The laying on the sharpness is made to combine the optical image given by the lens, with the plane of the photosensitive material. Focus is achieved usually by extending the entire lens or its front component. In the photo equipment, the following mechanisms of lens pressure mechanisms are used to sharpness: on the distance scale, by symbols, on matte glass, by rangeflower.

The tip for sharpness on the distance scale is used in almost all cameras. Distance values \u200b\u200bto a removable object indicate the lens frame in meters. Byding the tip to sharpness, it is necessary to determine as accurately to the distance to the object being removed and set this value on the scale.

Often it is done on the eye, so this method is called eyemeter. It is possible to errors in determining the distance. However, due to the depth of the sharpness characteristic of each lens, the image is obtained quite sharp. This method of the tip is used in the design of the scale cameras.

The laying on the sharpness on the scale of the characters is not fundamentally different from the grooves on the distance scale. Only instead of numerical values \u200b\u200bof distances on the scale are applied with conditional symbols denoting a portrait, group or landscape. The vending technique to the sharpness is most simple and comes down to setting the lens to one of the selected characters. This focus method does not require a distance to a distance to the shooting object and when the scale of the scale and the average values \u200b\u200bof the relative holes allow it to be sufficiently precisely to make the flooring. It also applies in the scale cameras.

When putting it on the sharpness of the matte glass, the setting of the lens is validated visually by sharpness of the image obtained on the matte glass. This method is mainly applied in the camera with a vertical viewfinder, as well as in pavilion chambers. A serious lack of gaskets on the sharpness of the matte glass in one-lens, the need to focus the lens only with a fully open diaphragm, since only in this case the necessary image brightness is created on the matte glass. After the tip to the sharpness of the lens, the diaphragm to the desired value of the relative hole. However, during diaphragmation, the distance to the object may change if the object is also moving, as a result of which the lens focus is necessary. To eliminate this shortage in mirror cameras. The diaphragms of complicated structures are used - stubborn, jumping, pressure.

The quality of focusing is determined by the sharpness of the photographer, its ability to distinguish changes in sharpness on the matte glass. To increase the accuracy of focusing in the center of matte glass of mirrors there are focusing wedges. With an inaccurate tip to the sharpness of the contour of the image on the contact line of the wedges are splitted. In the latest models of mirror cameras in the center of the matte glass, in the form of a circle of micropyramids, forming a micro press. With the slightest defocusing of the lens, the image in the neighborhood becomes fuzzy. In mirror cameras, high-grade can be simultaneously installed: in the center of the matte glass - focusing wedges, and around - a micro-director in the form of a ring.

Focusing lens by rangefinder is the fastest and accurate. Rannels are usually assembled inside the body of the apparatus. There are several constructions of range finders: with swivel prism, with rotary wedges, with rotary lenses, etc. It is often used rangefinder with a rotary prism. Consider the principle of its work.

When moving the lens rim through the lever system, the prism turn turns. If we consider the object of shooting through a translucent mirror, then two images are visible at the same time: one - directly through a translucent mirror, another - after reflection from the rotary prism and translucent mirror. When two images are visible in the rangefinder in the volatile, then the tip is inaccuracy. To obtain a sharp image, the remote scale of the lens is rotated before combining these images.

All modern cameras have a combined range of rangefinder and viewfinder. Telescopic viewfoots, which often have a diopter device, are used in the photographs with a tip of sharpness by range. Inside such types, a special mobile lens is installed. By moving this lens using the lever, you can focus the image in the viewfinder The diopter device allows you to use the viewfinder and range finders with a disadvantage of vision within ± ZD.

Exhibitometer devices

To obtain properly exhibited negatives, at the time of shooting, it is necessary to establish accurate values \u200b\u200bof the shutter and the relative opening on the lens. These values \u200b\u200bdepend on many factors, but the main difficulty lies in the assessment of the illumination of the shooting object. The fact is that during the day the illumination changes in very wide limits. It depends on the time of year, clouds, geographical latitude of the terrain, place of shooting and other factors. Estimate the illumination of the eye shooting object with the accuracy required to determine the corresponding exposure is very difficult. To measure the illumination, and therefore, and

definitions and relative openings, i.e. expositions, most modern cameras are equipped with photoexponometric devices, which greatly increase the convenience of using the device.

The main parts of the expostector devices are a light receiver and a very sensitive microammeter attached to it and calculator. Selena cells or civilian photoresistors are used as light reproductors. Under the action of light reflected from the shooting object, an electric current is formed in the photocell, the magnitude of which is recorded by a microammeter. In this case, the arrow of the device occupies a certain position depending on the illumination of the object. After that, on the calculator scales determine the shutter speed and diaphragm.

For the operation of the exposimer device on the photoresistor, a DC source is needed, for example, the RC-53 brand battery or the Battery of the D-0.06 brand, the cells are usually installed on the top front of the chamber or in the form of the rings around the lens. Photoresistors are more sensitive to light and occupy less space than photo cells, so they can be placed inside the camera behind the lens (TTL systems, Tee), on the viewfinder mirror, on the edges of the pentapris.

Exposter devices based on the internal dimension of light are more accurate in operation, as they take into account the entire light passed through the lens on the film. In this case, the process of determining excerpts and relative hole is simplified.

Exhibitometer devices installed in cameras are three systems: non-automatic, semi-automatic and automatic.

Non-automatic exposimetric devices are not constructively connected with a lens diaphragm and a shutter. Therefore, shutter speed and relative hole installed by an exposive device are transferred to the shutter and the lens manually.

Semi-automatic and automatic exposurer devices are blocked with a shutter and lens, so they not only determine the shutter speed and relative hole, but also set these values.

In semi-automatic cameras, for automatic shutter speed and relative hole installation, it is necessary to observe in the viewfinder eyepiece, combine the rotation of the "diaphragm" rings or "shutter speed" by the tracking index with the microammmet arrow.

When working with automatic exposimer devices, no additional operations are needed (except for the photo sensitivity setting of the film). When you click on the shutter trigger, the diaphragm is automatically installed and the shutter is triggered. These devices are three types: scales, silent single-strware and, multi-program.

Saving automatic exposurer devices are used in the highest-class cameras. They allow you to choose the necessary shutter speed and relative hole depending on the plot and shooting conditions. In the cameras with such devices, the shutter is the photographer, taking into account the plot of the shooting. At the time of shooting, the diaphragm automatically adjusts to the set excerpt value. If the selected pair of "delay-diaphragm" is not suitable for these shooting conditions, the shutter descend is blocked. In automatic cameras for greater efficiency in the field of viewfinder, exposure and aperture scales are introduced. This allows, not taken away from the eyepiece of the viewfinder, to choose the necessary pair of "delay-diaphragm".

Flushing uninware automatic exhibitomic devices are the most simple in design. They have one program that limits the creative capabilities of the photographer. Each value of the brightness of the object corresponds to only one pair "Exposure-diaphragm". Even if the photographer knows this combination, he cannot change it at his discretion. Such exposurer devices are installed in the simplest cameras designed for beginners and non-sensing photographers.

In the mechanism of -Programmatic automatic exposurer devices, not one, but several different programs, is laid. Exposure and aperture are installed automatically according to one of the programs selected according to the plot of shooting. An exposure meal of this type is established, for example, in the Falcon camera.

Classification of cameras

The single classification of cameras is currently absent due to the large number of their common and various design signs.

Cameras are classified according to the format of the applied photo material and, accordingly, the format of the frame, the way of sight and tip to the sharpness, degree of automation of the exposure installation.

In the group of special-purpose cameras, stereoscopic, panoramic and single-stage photocoprugs are specialized.

Stereoscopic cameras are designed to obtain volumetric images. They have two shooting lens, with which two stereoscopic snapshot are obtained. When viewing this stereo pair through a stereoscope there is a feeling of a surround stereoscopic image.

Panoramic cameras have an elongated frame format. Designed for shooting with a wide angle of coverage of objects (landscapes, interiors, architectural ensembles). Due to the movable lens system, the angle of the image is equal to about 120 °, which significantly exceeds the angle of the majority of wide-angle lenses.

According to the method of sight and tip to sharpness, the cameras are divided into scales, rangefinder and mirror; According to the degree of automation of the exposure plant - on non-automatic, semi-automatic and automatic.

SLR Cameras. A feature of these cameras is the presence of a mirror viewfinder, thanks to which this equipment acquires a number of positive properties and is therefore the greatest demand. Mirror cameras provide accurate control of the boundaries of the frame being removed, on their matte glass it turns out an image of an object of shooting on the scale close to the image on the film. Moreover, observation of the objective object is conducted throughout the field of viewfinder, as the matte glass gently transmits the depth of the sharpness of the image of the space. Mirrored single-nodechative cameras with a form-byparallax viewfinder are used for a variety of applied attacks, including micro, macro and reproduction filming, using interchangeable lenses and fixtures. Assortment of replaceable-lens for mirror single object cameras The most wide, especially telescopic lenses with a large focal length (up to 100 cm). Thanks to this, the technical capabilities of mirror cameras are expanding. The volume of production of the mirroring equipment is growing, manufactured models are improved and modernized on the basis of the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress.

Camera quality requirements

All technical characteristics of cameras must comply with the specifications that are developed for each model.

Requirements for the quality of cameras are advisable to divide into three groups: requirements for mechanisms, lens and case.

The placement of all nodes and mechanisms in the camera should be convenient for operation and maintenance. The camera in working condition should be light-tight. A significant veil, dark points and stripes on a manifested film indicate a violation of the camera's light flowability. Required, - internal surfaces of the camera were painted in black matte or half-color. Passing color is not allowed.

The camera should give an image sharp all over the field when photography from all allowable distances. When tapping to sharpness, the lens should rotate smoothly, without jamming and reaching the extreme positions without effort.

The shutter of the camera should work smoothly at any position of the camera. The platoon and the descent of the shutter should be smooth, without jerks, with a sensation of light friction. It is necessary that the shutter worked reliably at all excerpts. The shutter shutter is not allowed. The synchronizer must provide simultaneous triggering of the shutter and flash lamps.

It is required that the photographic transportation mechanism worked freely, without jamming and damage to the film, the coil and cassette was fluent in the sockets, they were held firmly in them and easily removed to recharge. The leveling table and guide cars must be smooth and not scratching the film either by the emulsion or on the reverse side.

Exposter devices must work reliably, the microammmet arrow is to respond to the light of the light installed for this brightness, shutter speed and diaphragm - to be determined and installed correctly.

All metal parts must be chrome, nickel-plated or covered with paint. Anticorrosion coatings should be durable, without spots and skips. In painted surfaces, paint, bubbles, cracks are not allowed. External surfaces must be without dents, cauldron, burrs and other defects, spoiling the appearance of the device.

Inscriptions, index arrows and divisions The scales must be applied clearly.

In lenses of the lens, such glass defects are not allowed such as bubbles with a diameter of more than 0.3 mm, stones, chims, midges, swirls, and on the surface of the optical glass - scratches, stained bubbles, pumps, fat stains. Inside the lens should not be dust, villion, varnish particles, chips. Lens is not allowed, which is noticeable by rainbow spots and strips.

It is necessary that the rim with a scale of the diaphragm had a smooth self-defining move, which ensures the safety of the established position. The course of the diaphragm should be the easiest of the distance of the remote scale.

The protective cover must wear tightly on the lens: when the apparatus is tilted down, the lid should not spontaneously fall out from the lens.

Camera case and a shoulder belt must be made of leather or leathering brown or black. Suts of the case must be even, with a uniform line, durable, with well-taped threads. Folds, traces of glue and stains of various origins are not allowed. The case of the case should be freely put on the case of the case, the camera must lie in a case tightly and firmly hold the tripod nut.

Marking, packaging and storage of cameras. Camera care rules

On each camera and lens indicate their name, the brand of the manufacturer, the sequence number of the camera and the lens.

The camera in a case with accessories included in the kit is placed in a cardboard or foam box. (List of accessories indicate in the passport on the camera.) The box outside is seated. The box is inserted with a packing list with a person's signature that produced the packaging and the date of the packaging.

Unpacked cameras should be stored in a dry heated room at a temperature of from 5 to 45 ° C and the relative humidity of air no higher than 65%.

Cameras need to handle carefully. They should be kept clean and protected from shocks, shakes, dirt, dust, damp and sharp temperature fluctuations. It is not recommended to remove the lens from the camera without the need, since the dirt and dust can enter the device. When operating, it is necessary to regularly clean the camera. It is impossible to touch the surface of the optical parts with the hands, as this may damage the coatings. Dust remove with a soft tassel, or rubber pear. Wipe the optical surface of the lens, the viewfinder should be a light touch of a clean flannel napkin or cotton, slightly moistened with alcohol or ether. The mirror and lenses of the viewfinder are brushing only in the most necessary cases very soft and necessarily a dry tassel.

Store cameras follows in a closed case, while the lens must be closed with a lid, and the shutter and self-timer must be in a navalized position.

At temperatures below 0 ° C, the camera is recommended to wear under the upper clothes and remove only during the shooting time. The camera made with frost into a warm room should not be opened immediately, it must warm up for 2 hours. Special operations in the frosty time are provided for cameras with exposurer devices on photoresistors, in the electrical circuits of which there are DC sources. It is necessary to remember that the current source from the long exposure to minus temperatures is quickly fails, so such cameras should also be protected from supercooling.

It is impossible to disassemble the cameras yourself, since it is possible to break the adjustment of individual nodes. Any repair and appropriate adjustment should produce qualified specialists in repair shops.