Vowels after sibilants. Vowels after sibilants
There are only 4 hissing sounds in Russian. Of these, two are hard - Zh and Sh, and two are soft - Ch and Sh. From elementary grades or even from childhood, we are forced to memorize three very important rules:
- (often, thicket, sorrel).
- (monster, tentacle, miracle).
- (giraffe, vital, wide).
There are, of course, exceptions. If you want to repeat these rules and get acquainted with a large number of examples, follow the links above.
In other cases, after hard sizzling F and W vowels are written BUT, O, At, and after soft hissing H and SCH- vowels And, E, Yo. Alas, these rules do not always work either (read below the use of O and E after hissing consonants).
If the word is borrowed from a foreign language or is a proper name, then Yu or Ya can be used after hissing, for example: jury, parachute, Saint-Just. Also, in abbreviations and compound words, any letters can be used according to the rules for compiling abbreviations.
Spelling of vowels after C
- And and Y after C. The letter Y is placed after C only in the suffixes -yn- and endings. For example: Lisitsyn, ends, freaks. In other cases, the letter I is placed after C. For example: circus, cynical, zinc, dial. There are also exception words: chicken, gypsy, chick-chick, chick, chick, poke. You can read more about the spelling of AND and Ы after Ц here:
- Yu and I after C. After Ts, the letters Yu and Ya are written only in borrowed words and proper names. For example: Zurich.
- O and E after C. If the vowel is under stress, then the letter that is heard is written. For example: clatter, price tag, dancer, whole. If the vowel is not under stress, then the letter E is always written. For example: finger, towel, kiss. The only exception is tsokotuha. In borrowed words and proper names, the letter O can be used after C in unstressed syllables.
Spelling of vowels after hissing Zh, Sh, Sh, Ch
Let's figure it out...
- O after hissing in stressed syllables. The letter O is written in stressed syllables if it refers to the ending of a noun. For example: big, key, doctor. O is also written in stressed syllables if it refers to noun suffixes -ok-, -onok and -onk-. For example: boot, powder, teddy bear, barrel, girl, dog. Another letter O is written in the suffixes of adjectives -ov-. For example: penny, walrus. The letter O is used if it is a suffix of adverbs -o-. For example: hot, good. The letter O is written in the endings -on of nouns in the genitive case and plural. For example: princess, intestines. In addition to all this, there are also dictionary words: gooseberry, glutton, pulp, ratchet, slum, thicket, stiff, clink glasses, Pechora, seam, rustle, seams, heartburn, burn, arson. In borrowed words, the spelling is similar to the sound. For example: crown, tablet, gesture.
- O and E after hissing in unstressed syllables. In Russian words, after Zh, Sh, Ch, Shch in unstressed syllables, E is written. For example: peas, good. If the word is of foreign origin, then the letter O can be used. For example: jockey, chocolate.
- O and E after hissing on other occasions. In all other cases, the letter Ё is written, although O can be heard (in stressed syllables). These include the endings of the verbs -ёsh, -ёт, -ёте, eat (for example: you lie, neigh), the suffixes of verbs and nouns -ёvyva- (for example: chew, shade), the suffix of nouns formed from verbs with -ёк (example: demarcation , chewing, uprooting), noun suffix -ёr- (for example: conductor, boyfriend, trainee), roots with alternating Ё under stress and Е without stress (for example: yellow - yolk, black - blacken, alkali - alkaline), suffixes of passive participles –yonn (-yon) in derivatives from them (for example: baked, enthusiastic, baked, doomed), the endings of the pronoun that in the prepositional case (for example: about what, at what).
Spelling of vowels after sibilants W, W, H, W and C.
1. Vowels S, Yu, E, I after hissing are not written:h a sch a , well and zn, sch at ka.
Exceptions: brooch Yu ra, w Yu ri, parash Yu t.
2. Spelling Oh - Yo after hissing
1) B roots under stress ifNo related words withE:kryzh about penetrated, w about in, obzh about ra, saddler , thicket, w about roch, prim , slum
1) B roots under stress ifthere is related word toE (alternation occurs, the stress shifts):
w yo sweat - whisper yo yellow - turn yellow,
sch yo chka - cheek, h yo rt - hell yo rdochka - poles
2) In suffixes and endings of nouns and adjectives, in suffixes of adverbs underaccent :
rech about na, friend about k, hedgehog about nok, penny about vy, brick about m, alien about y, hot about
2) In suffixes and endings of nouns and adjectives, in suffixes of adverbswithout accents :
rech e nka, nut e k, orange e wow, comrade e m, older e y, melodious e
3) A fluent vowel in the suffixes of nouns and adjectives:
princesses - princes about n, funny - funny about n
3) In the endings and suffixes of verbs, verb forms and words formed from verbs:
coast yo sh, save yo ny, carcass yo ny, carcass yo nka, raskorch yo howl, cramp yo bathroom, cramps yo vka
w about fer, sh about colade, w about ngler, w about ce, hood about n, w about kay
4) In the suffix -yor- foreign words:
conductor yo r, experience yo r, courtship yo R
BUT: major
!Remember!
vech about R , BUT vech yo rka(newspaper)
oh about G (noun)arms
more
oh yo G(verb) hand
3. Vowels O - E, S - I after C
1) Under stress :tsok about t, face about wow, dance about r, well done about m
2) B foreign language words without accents:
hertz about g, palazzo about
3) In a phrasefly-ts about coat
No accent:
towels e m
dance e vat
mirrors e
In suffixes and endings:
hens s n
birds s
white people s th
Exceptions:
gypsy, chick, tiptoe, chick, chick
In the roots of words and words on-tion:
c and rkul
c and rk
national and I
acacia and I
about her
Ch..porny black..rt in black..sh..lkovy clothes..nke sat on a hard..stumpy sofa and drank cheap..your stomach..y coffee, occasionally h..repenting with his reflection in heavy ..scrap of a glossy ..twisted samovar, standing on a brocade ..howl of a tablecloth w..cold color. Ch..rt was big..th obzh..ra and, despite the izzh..gu and sick liver..nku, he gorged himself on kryzh..vnik with condensed..milk. After eating and threatening his reflection with his fingers..m, h..rt, well done..quickly shaking his h..lkoy, he started dancing..wat chech..tku. The ringing of his hooves was so strong that in the ground floor they thought that a horse was prancing upstairs. However, ch..rt was not a very skillful dancer..rum and, having made one not entirely successful jump..k, crashed into a samovar and burned..g his piglet..k, covered with soft wool..rstkoy. Ozh..g was very heavy..l. Disappointed..nny black..short..y sheep..y rushed to the barrel..nku with urine.. apples and put a burnt..nny piglet..k.
“They say the truth that God does not save careless ..th”, - h..th.
Spelling of letters O and Yo after hissing
In order to unmistakably write a dubious vowel (О or Е) after hissing (Ж, Ш, Ш, Ш) and not CLINK, you must first find out in which part of the word the vowel under test is located - in the root, suffix or ending. In addition, if the vowel is in a suffix or ending (in other words, outside the root), then you also need to know what part of speech the checked word belongs to (that is, whether it is a noun, adjective, adverb, verb).
HOW TO CHOOSE A VOwel IN THE ROOT OF A WORD?
1. IN THE ROOT OF THE WORD, under stress, you need to write Yo if the letter E is written in other forms of this word or in cognate words: WHISPER (because it is WHISPERS), BEES (because it is a BEE), BLACK (because it is BLACK), YELLOW (because YELLOW), WALKED (because COMING), etc. This is how most roots are written.
2. If it is not possible to pick up a test word, then after hissing, at the root, under stress, you should write O: SEAM, RUSH, SHORES, HEARTBURN, GOOSEBERRY, BURNER, CLINK, SHUMBLE. There are not very many such words, and they are usually remembered as exceptions.
3. If you have a word of foreign origin in front of you, then you need to write O after the hissing consonant in the root under stress, for example: HOOD, SHOCK, JUGLLE.
HOW TO CHOOSE A VOwel IN THE SUFFIX AND ENDING?
1. In the SUFFIX of a noun, adjective, adverb, the letter O is written under stress: DOG-ONK-A, REED-OV-Y, HOT-O.
2. At the end of the noun and adjective, the letter O is written under stress: DOCTOR-OM, BIG-OH.
3. In the SUFFIXS of verbs, participles and all words formed from verbs, the letter E is written under stress: , NIGHT-YOV-KA, LASH-YONN-Y.
DIFFICULT CASES
Please note that the nouns are STAUGED, condensed milk, overnight and some others are written through the letter Y. The letter Y is written in the suffixes of these words, since they correspond in meaning with the verbs TO STUT, CLEAR and STOVE.
Please note that the words RECHOVKA, SMALL, PLASCHOVKA are written through O. The letter O is written in noun suffixes according to the above rule.
Note that the word BECHEVKA is spelled with the letter Ё. The letter Ё is written because this vowel is part of the root and is verified by the word BECHEVA.
Separately, it is necessary to remember the rule for writing words with the root ZHOG / ZHEG.
If the word is a noun, then you need to write the letter O. For example: STRONG BURN, THE HOUSE IS BURNED. But when the word is a verb, it is written with the letter Y. For example: STRONGLY BURNED HAND, UNKNOWN BURNED HOUSE, AUTHOR BURNS MANUSCRIPTS.
An exercise
1. - And why the hell didn't I go straight to the archers! - Borodavkin exclaimed bitterly. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
2. He was struck by the silence during the day and the sh_roh during the night. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
3. The bus stopped, and the driver said: "We've arrived." (A. and B. Strugatsky)
4. At that very moment, a mask appeared before him and put her hand on his shoulder. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
5. An Orlovet went to them, hoping to feast on sterlets in Staritsa, but found that there "only enough mud." (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
6. ... Looks into the field through the lattice of the window, sees cheerful birds floating freely in the sea of \u200b\u200bair ... (N. M. Karamzin)
7. For some time he listened intently. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
8. Fat, densely green flowering meadows spread below, and behind them, along the yellow sands, a bright river flows (N. M. Karamzin)
9. Soon they made peace, and Erast returned to Moscow, weighed down by debts. (N. M. Karamzin)
10. ... I would bow to him with a smile and say affably: “Hello, dear shepherd_ k. (N. M. Karamzin)
11. ... The sad story of those times when the fierce Tatars and Lithuanians devastated the neighborhood with fire and sword ... (N. M. Karamzin)
12. The enlightened reader knows that Shakespeare and Walter Scott both presented their grave-diggers as cheerful and playful people. (A. S. Pushkin)
13. Dunya sat in a wagon near the hussar, the servant jumped on the beam, the driver whistled and the horses galloped. (A. S. Pushkin)
14. The officer, flushed with wine, play and laughter of his comrades, considered himself severely offended. (A. S. Pushkin)
15. Honorable, but troublesome, and not so much honorable as troublesome, and in the end, not honorable at all, but so ... (A. and B. Strugatsky)
16. At the border of the illuminated space, a car with a tarpaulin top got wet, and next to the car, two in shiny raincoats were bending down to the pavement of a third - in black and wet. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
17. A hefty lipped tall man with rosy cheeks, snapping his fingers on the move and dancing, went to the counter. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
18. Victor took a step back. It was a patient from a leper colony - a "mite", or "bespectacled man", as they were called here for the yellow circles around the eyes - in a dense black bandage that hides the lower half of the face. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
19. Only once did he distinctly and loudly say: “I don’t know.” (A. and B. Strugatsky)
20. And he took out a fountain pen and began to screw on the cap, listening to his feelings with the interest of an outsider, and he was not surprised, feeling pride. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
21. Do you know a toy called "Evil wolf_k"? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
22. Firstly, maybe not with brass knuckles at all, but with a brick, and secondly, you never know where they can give me a skull? They can hang me at any moment, so what, now - do not leave the room? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
23. The two men in cloaks turned at once and looked at Victor from under their pulled-down hoods for a few moments. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
24. Society, at least, would be sweetly scolded, and pale young men with burning eyes would follow you on your heels. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
25. I have a diseased liver, intestinal catarrh_ and something else with my stomach. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
26. "Our psyche with you is not adapted to such schools. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
27. And for a whole minute not a sound was heard, only some kind of rustle, like fog, rustled, crawling over the ground. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
28. - Well, stop! - Sh_ then they said from the darkness and rested against the chest with something familiar. Victor automatically raised his hands. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
29. A jeep drove up to the entrance, the door opened, and in the rain, covered with one raincoat, a young man in glasses and with a briefcase and his lanky companion got out. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
30. Only Teddy could know such words - a shelter rat, a pupil of the port slums_ b. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
31. There were illuminated shop windows and a neon-illuminated entrance to the cinema, where, under a canopy, very similar young people of indeterminate sex, in shiny raincoats to the heels, crowded. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
32. Mr. President deigned to inflate himself to the last degree, spray flew from his fanged mouth, and I took out a handkerchief and defiantly wiped my cheek, and this was probably the most daring act in my life, except for the case when I fought with three tanks at once. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
33. - Did everyone read my works?
"Yes," said the children's voices. - Read ... Everyone ...
“Great,” Victor said, puzzled. - Flattered, although surprised. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
34. Either they will begin to look at each other embarrassedly, or their faces will light up with understanding, or a certain sigh of relief will sweep through the hall as a sign that the misunderstanding has been clarified. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
35. Diana sensibly judged that Rossheper, with all his abnormal gluttony, could not cope with such a mass of berries alone. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
36. Where is the bungee_, he thought. Where did I put the bungee_? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
37. It was full of people, some kind of semi-familiar men and women, they stood around and clapped their hands, and in the center of the circle Diana danced with that same yellow-faced tan, the owner of an eagle profile. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
38. An investigator came to see me this morning. You see, it’s brutal, my head is cracking, I’m sitting, looking out the window, and then this club appears and begins to sew the case ... (A. and B. Strugatsky)
39. He jumped up, turned on the light and, grimacing from the pain in his eyes, began to feel for his clothes. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
40. Cars with lit headlights crowded in front of the police department. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
The exercise was prepared by N. Gorbanev-Gamaleya and B.A. Panov ("League of Schools")
Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich
Letters o, e, e after hissing
Letters about her after hissing
Letters about her in place of stressed vowels
Section 17. After w, h, w, w uh a letter is written e , for example: tin, swing, rustle, ginseng, twitter, same(letter name) on the boundary, about a candle, soul, sling; Zhenya, Jack, Shannon.
Note. About cases of writing after hissing letters uh see § 25.
§ eighteen. After w, h, w, w to convey a stressed vowel about a letter is written about or yo .
Letter about written in the following cases.
1. In the endings of nouns and adjectives, as well as in the suffix of adverbs ?about, for example: shoulder, knife, shoulder, Ilyich, hut, cloak; boundary, rein, candle, soul, sling; alien, big, alien, big; fresh, hot, good, overall(short forms of the middle gender of adjectives and adverbs).
2. In the suffixes of nouns:
?OK, for example: circle, hook, cockerel, borscht, jump, push, and in derivatives from such words: circle, hook, jump etc.;
?onok and ?chonok, for example: teddy bear, mouse, galchonok, barrel, black;
?onysh: zhonysh;
?He to(a) and ?He to(and), for example: little book, little hand, shirt, vest, money, trousers, verses;
?hvc(a) (in noun derivatives), e.g.: chizhovka(female siskin), mouse(rodent), bastard, little bastard;
?about(a): thicket, clearing(forest felling); same in word slum, where the suffix in the modern language is not distinguished, and in the ironic formation created on its model Khrushchev. Exception: in a word studies spelled yo ;
?otk(a): ratchet;
?sheep(a): stabbing.
3. In the suffix of adjectives ?ov-, for example: hedgehog, brocade, penny, canvas, as well as in nouns on ?ovnik, ?ovnik, derived from adjectives with a suffix ?ov- (?ev-): pear and pear tree(cf. pear), hacksaw(cf. knife and option knife), cherry plum (cherry plum), guzhovka (horse-drawn), punch (punchy), tick insect‘heron with tick-like beak’ ( tick-borne), drachovka (bastard, from fight‘kind of planer’), raincoat (raincoat), speech (speech), hogweed (borscht), zhovnik (snake). The same word is written gooseberry, where the suffix is not distinguished in the modern language.
Note 1. Pronounced nouns in ?ovka type small piece, hacksaw, raincoat should be distinguished from verbal nouns like overnight stay(see § 19, item 3).
Note 2. In Russian surnames, hissing + ?ov (?yov) is written about or yo in accordance with tradition and registration in official documents: cf., for example, Chernyshov and Chernyshev, Kalachov and Kalachev, Khrushchev and Khrushchev; Emelyan Pugachev.
4. In the suffix of adjectives and adverbs ?oink-, for example: fresh, good.
5. In place of a fluent vowel about in nouns and adjectives, for example: gluttonous, gluttonous, gluttonous(cf. eat), pulp(cf. I press), burn, arson, burn, heartburn(cf. sting, sting); trouble(cf. gen. p. gouge), the seam (seam); princesses(gen. n. pl. from princess), knife?(genus p. from sheath? - obsolete. word variant sheath), scrotum, scrotum(gen. p. pl. and dimin. from purse), intestines, intestines(genus p. and decrease from guts), kvashonka(reduced from sourdough), koshomka and nightmare(from nightmare), glasses(from glasses), point(from point), ridiculous(short form of masculine gender from funny); this includes words with the suffix ?ok: hook, jump(genus p. hook, jump), etc. (see above, item 2). However, in the words account, account, account, account, calculation(cf. I will count, I will count, I will count, I will count, I will count) a letter is written yo (see § 19, paragraph 7).
Note. As well as ridiculous, are written in necessary cases, colloquial variants of short forms husband. kind scary, must, need.
6. In those roots of Russian words where the vowel about after sizzling always percussive and does not alternate with uh(on a letter e): click(and yell), zhoster, zhokh, zazhor(and option congestion), already; clink glasses, crazy, grebe, prudish, chokh, chohom; to shuffle, rustle, blinkers(and saddlery, saddler).
The same word is written vecho?r(and evening?), although it is related to the word evening(and evening) (cf. § 19, item 7).
with a letter about some Russian proper names are written, for example: Zhora, Zhostovo, Pechora(river), Pechory(city), Sholokhov.
7. In the roots of borrowed (foreign language) words. List of basic words: borzhom, joker, junk, joule, major, dude, drum major, force majeure; anchovy, kharcho, choker; hood, gherkin, hood, offshore, torchon, shock, ramrod, shop, shorts, shorts, show; the same in proper names, for example: John, Georges, Joyce, Chaucer, Shaw, Schors.
§ nineteen. In all other cases, to transfer the stressed vowel o after w, h, w, w a letter is written yo , namely:
1. In verb endings eat, eat, eat, eat, for example: lying, cutting, baking, crushing.
2. In imperfective verbs on ? and verbal nouns ?, for example: demarcate, uproot, migrate, obscure; demarcation, uprooting, obscuring; in passive participles ?banged, for example: torn, splintered, splintered.
3. In verbal nouns on ?yovka, for example: overnight stay(from spend the night), uprooting, migration, demarcation, retouching(from retouch), peeling(from peel).
4. In the suffix of nouns ?er, for example: conductor, retoucher, trainee, boyfriend, trainer, massager.
5. In suffixes of passive participles and verbal adjectives ?yonn- and ?yon-, for example: tense(and tense), burnt, baked, softened, detached, simplified; laden, burnt, baked, learned, stewed, waxed; the same in words derived from such participles and adjectives, for example: tension, detachment, simplification, learning, tense, detached, simplified, tension, burnt, stew, condensed milk.
6. In place of the fugitive about in the verbal forms of the past tense husband. kind: burned and prefixes ( burned, burned, burned, burned, burned and etc.; the same in participles: set fire to and etc.; cf. ignite, ignite), ?person (read, learned and others, cf. read, studied), walked and prefixes ( came, left and others, cf. went, came, left). At the same time, writing verb forms with a root burned contrasted with writing single-root nouns with a letter about: burn, arson, burn(see § 18, paragraph 5).
7. In those roots of Russian words, where the shock sound about corresponds in other cognate words or forms to a vowel (stressed or unstressed) transmitted by a letter e. The following is a list of basic words with such roots (in parentheses are the same-root words or forms with the letter e after w, h, w, w ).
Roots with a combination same :
chewed (chew),
gutter (gutter, gutter, gutter),
yellow (yellow, yellowish, yellowing, yolk),
acorn (acorns, stomach?‘little acorn’, acorn),
bile, gall(cf. options bile, bile; bile, bile),
wives, wifey, wifey, newlywed (wife, zhenin, woman, feminine, marries, marry),
perch (pole, pole, pole),
millstone (millstone, millstone),
hard, hardness (tough, harsh),
overarm (sa?zhen and soot?),
heavy (harder, get heavier, obsolete. harder?le).
Roots with a combination what :
twine (tow, tow),
evening (evening, evening),
liver, liver (liver),
honour, honour (honour),
bees, bee (bee, beekeeper),
account, counter, offset, report, accounting, counter, counting, credit, accounting, counting, even, odd, even (count, count, count, set off, take into account, deduction, accounts ?, accountant, not even),
chobots (chebotar),
bangs, bangs, bangs(pl.) ( brow, petition, ochelie),
canoe (canoes, shuttle),
strike out, strike out, strike out, strike out, cross out, underline(cf. option scribble; cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, underline),
black (black, blacken, black, blackness, blackish),
callous, callousness (callous, callous),
damn, damn, damn (hell, devil, devil, devil, damn, devilry),
dash (damn, damn, damn, draw, draw),
combed, combed, combed, combed, combed, combed, combed, hairstyle, comb, comb, comb (scratch, scratch, comb, comb),
clear, clear, distinct (rosary?),
tap dance (what?even).
Roots with a combination what :
cheap, cheap (cheap, cheap, cheaper, cheaper),
bag (Kosheva?),
purse (purse, purse),
millet, millet (millet),
lattice, lattice(pl.), lattice(option: lattice; sieve, sieve),
silk, silk (silk, silky),
whisper, whisper (whisper, whisper, whisper),
wool, longhair, shorthair (wool, woolen, woolen).
Roots with a combination more :
dandy (dapper, dapper, flaunt, flaunt),
cheeks, cheek, slap, cheek (cheek, cheeky),
tickle (tickle, tickle),
slit, slit (slit, slit),
click, click (click, click),
lye, lye (alkali, alkaline),
puppy (whelp, puppy),
brush (stubble).
Note. However, in proper names with the roots of the words listed in paragraph 7, the letter can be written about . In accordance with tradition and registration, the letter is written in official documents about in proper names such as Chobots(name of locality), Chorny, Pshonnaya, Zholobov, Zholtikov(surnames).
8. In the preposition. n. pronouns what: about what, on what, as well as in words how much, no matter what, moreover; in the word more.
9. In some borrowed words, where the letter yo is transmitted under stress special, different from Russian about, the vowel sound of the source language, e.g. wife-premier, Schönbrunn, Schönberg.
Letters oh e in place of unstressed vowels
§ 20. In an unstressed position after w, h, w, w a letter is written e - according to both percussion uh(on a letter e ), and with shock about(on a letter about or yo ). This applies to roots, suffixes, and endings. Examples: a) tin(cf. tin), cap (what? pchik), leg? (she?nkel), ironing (angling), that? (candle?); b) turn yellow(cf. yellow), whisper (whisper), peas (cockerel? to), punchy, raincoat (penny? vyy, borscht? vyy), one hundred? (chizho?m), more(cf. big), ry? (someone else's), can I? (hot?). Some spellings from e after hissing are not checked by the shock position, for example: desire, stomach, gelatin, loft, wiggle, lisping, grungy, heck.
Section 21. In a number of words of foreign origin after f, h, sh in an unstressed position, a letter is written about . List of basic words: jonathan, jockey, juggler, majordomo, majoritarian, banjo, harmonica; chonguri, lecho, poncho, rancho, capriccio(cf. option capriccio); chauvinism, chocolate, highway, driver; proper names, for example: Scotland, Jaurès, Chopin, Shostakovich, Boccaccio. Derivatives from words of foreign origin with stress are also written about after hissing (see § 18, item 7) and forms of such words where the vowel after hissing is unstressed, for example: shock(from shock), torchon(from torchon), choker(from cho?ker), ramrod?(pl. from ramrod).
Note 1. Letter about written after hissing not under stress in words with a prefix inter- and in compound words, if it begins the second part of the word, for example: interregional, intercommunal, intersectoral, leather footwear.
Note 2. Letter about after hissing not under stress, it is also written in individual formations not legalized by the literary norm, for example: zhohova?ty(from zhokh), stiff?(from prim), shoro? to(‘barely audible rustle’), on?fresh(from fresh, according to the model rough, clean).
authorVowels not after hissing and c Letters a - z, y - y § 1. Letters a, y are used: To convey vowels a, y at the beginning of a word and after vowels, for example: hell, scarlet, army, gasp, liana, oasis , Loire; mind, morning, goof, spider, teach. To convey vowels a, y and at the same time to indicate
From the book Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation. Complete Academic Handbook author Lopatin Vladimir VladimirovichVowels after hissing and c Letters a, y § 13. After w, w, h, u, c, letters a, y are written (and I, u are not written), for example: sorry, Jeanne, boundary; ball, noodles; hour, candle, silent; platform, raincoat; heron, father; creepy, I will say; noise, Shura, tremendous; feeling, I am silent; pike, I'll forgive; train, father. Note 1. In
From the book Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation. Complete Academic Handbook author Lopatin Vladimir VladimirovichLetters and, s § 14. After w, w, h, u, the letter and is written (and s is not written), for example: fat, camelina, interpublishing, say, sew, reeds, clean, rays, shield, look. Note. In some foreign proper names, the letter y is written after h, for example: Truong Tinh (Vietnamese proper name). § fifteen.
From the book Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation. Complete Academic Handbook author Lopatin Vladimir VladimirovichThe letters o and e after q § 22. After q, to convey the stressed vowel o, the letter o is written, to convey the stressed e - the letter e, for example: clatter, cap, dancer, dancer, dance, facing, crimson, face, face, cucumber , cucumbers, sheep; valuable, whole, tse (letter name), tsetse
From the book Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation. Complete Academic Handbook author Lopatin Vladimir VladimirovichThe letter e after hissing and c § 25. The letter e is written after the letters w, h, w, c only in the following special cases.1. In abbreviations, for example: ZhEA (housing and maintenance office), ZhES (railway power plant), CHES (frequency electromagnetic sounding), CELT (color
author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich§ 4. Vowels after hissing 1. After hissing (zh, h, w, u), the letters i, u, s are not written, but are written respectively a, y, and, for example: seagull, farewell, miracle, squint, fat, sew . Exceptions: brochure, jury, parachute, pshut, fichu and some other words of foreign origin. Note.
From the book Spelling and Style Guide author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation marks 1. The first word after the dot, question or exclamation mark, ellipsis at the end of the previous sentence is written with a capital letter. For example: Black evening. White snow (Block). You won't leave? Not? (Chekhov). Forward!
From the book Spelling and Style Guide author Rosenthal Ditmar ElyashevichVI. Vowels after hissing and c in suffixes and endings § 35. Vowels o and e after hissing 1. After hissing under stress, o is written in accordance with the pronunciation: a) in the endings of nouns, for example: dugout, turn (turn), listage, displacement, footage,
From the book Spelling and Style Guide author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich§ 35. Vowels o and e after hissing 1. After hissing under stress, o is written, in accordance with the pronunciation: a) in the endings of nouns, for example: dugout, turn (turn), listage, displacement, footage, installation, model, page , rack, ball, paralysis,
author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich§ 4. Vowels after hissing 1. After hissing (zh, h, w, u), the letters i, u, s are not written, but are written respectively a, y, and, for example: seagull, farewell, miracle, squint, fat, sew .Exceptions: brochure, jury, parachute, pshut, fichu and some other words of foreign origin.Note.
From the book A Guide to Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation marks 1. The first word after the dot, question or exclamation mark, ellipsis at the end of the previous sentence is written with a capital letter. For example: Black evening. White snow (Block). Won't you leave? Not? (Chekhov). Forward!
From the book A Guide to Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Ditmar ElyashevichVI. Vowels after hissing and c IN SUFFIXES AND ENDINGS § 34. Vowels o and e after hissing 1. After hissing under stress, o is written, in accordance with the pronunciation: a) in the endings of nouns, for example: dugout, turn (turn), listage, displacement, footage,
From the book A Guide to Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich§ 34. Vowels o and e after hissing 1. After hissing under stress, o is written, in accordance with the pronunciation: , rack, ball, paralysis,
author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna4.12. Influence of morphological spellings on graphics (the history of spellings of vowels after hissing and c) Morphological spelling, based on a uniform graphic consolidation of the significant parts of the word highlighted by our linguistic consciousness, “wins” weaknesses
From the book Modern Russian. Practical guide author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna4.13. Writing e / o after hissing The possibility of writing e or o after hissing appeared in connection with the law of transition /e/ to /o/ after soft consonants under stress. The current distribution in writing e and o after hissing, as well as after c, has developed mainly spontaneously
From the book Modern Russian. Practical guide author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna5.11.2. Vowels after hissing and c 1. Vowels after hissing. After hissing (w, h, w, u), the letters i, u, s are not written, but a, y, and (hour, mercy) are written. Exception: brochure, jury, parachute. This rule does not apply to foreign proper names (Jules, Jumiège), some Russian surnames
After w, h, w, u, the letters u, i, s, e are not written, but the letters y, a, and, e are written, for example: miracle, pike, hour, grove, sorrel, fat, sew, tire, boss.
The letters s, e, y, i are allowed only in the following cases:
- In a few borrowed common nouns: jury, parachute (and derivatives parachute, paratrooper, parachute, etc.), brochure (and in all formations from this word: brochure, brochure, brochure, etc.), pshut (fat, fop) , fluffy, fichu (outdated, lace scarf), montage (apparatus for raising or lowering liquid by pressure), embouchure (mouthpiece, part of a wind instrument) * shyutte (fungal disease of pine seedlings), sheng (Chinese musical instrument, genus harmonica).
- In borrowed proper names and surnames: Jules, Chyun, Saint-Just, Schutz, Sheng Li, I. Avizhyus, Čiurlionis, Y. Marcinkyavičius, Levon Mkrtchyan and others, as well as in geographical names: Longjumeau, Kaišiadbris, Pirčiupis (Lithuanian village ), Siauliai, Truong Thanh (Vietnamese village), etc.
If after w, h, w, u under stress is pronounced o, then the letter o is written, without stress it is written e:
- In the endings of nouns and adjectives, for example: shoulderb, knifebm, shalashbm, shoulderbm, Fomi-chbm, cloak, mezhby, rein, dushby, candle, sling, alien (alien, alien, oh alien), big (big, big - shbmu, o big), borschbm, fistula, cartilage, Ilyichbm, Kuzmichbm, elder (older, elder, o elder), etc., but without stress: obbrvysh, finish, silly, bag, ignorant, jacket, tornado, porridge, prey, sij, holy, knife, gathering, spectacle, Sivvich, Petrovich, Gnedich, Misha, prickly (prickly, about prickly), larger (big, about bbl), hot (hot, about hot), etc. Also under stress is written about in the endings of the middle gender of short forms of adjectives: fresh legend, assumption of general, but without stress: the substance is viscous, etc., adverbs: naked, naked (a frozen form of the instrumental case of nouns), etc. Under stress after nouns hissing in the endings it is written e if the sound [e] is pronounced: kalanchey, candle, reins, tick (parent ny case of the plural from the tower, candle, knife, rein, tick, etc.).
- In the suffixes of nouns: -ok, for example: rozhbk, cockerel, hook, borschbk, balychbk, dyachbk, zhenishbk; - onok: bear, mouse, galchbnok, barrel, turkey-shbnok, arapchbnok; -onk-a: book, shirt, hand, money, river; but without stress: ovryzhek, order, cake, little book, etc .; adjective names: -ov-, for example: hedgehog, penny, brocade, canvas, walrus, reed, uzbvy, Fomichbva hat, Kuzmichbva car, but without stress: orange, punchy, pear, guzhevby, melingevsh, cartilage, etc .; -on-, -ok- (with fluent -o-): funny, princess, kishbk; but without stress: earrings, sinful, strishen, needed, must, etc .; adverbs, for example: hot to argue, general to speak, but without stress: to move awkwardly, etc. Exception: still.
- After words hissing at the root, o is written if, when the word changes or when other words are formed from the same root, the stress remains constant and o does not alternate with e; obzhbra, gooseberry, zhbm, treshchbtka, slum, thicket, chbkatsya, chbporny, shbv, shbroh, shbry; borzhbm, pizhbn, rozhbn, anchbus, chbmga, dzhbul, chbh, etc., as well as in given names, surnames and geographical names: Ashbt, Zhbrzh, Shblokhov. Shbshin, Chbser, Shbu, Shchbrs, Pechbrin, Pechbra (but the Pechersk Lavra, Melnikov-Pechersky), Izhbra, Chbna, Shbsha, etc. In the words zhor (region, strong fish biting), zazhbr (special, ice jam during the ice drift, water under the snow when melting), burn (and burn, burn, burn, burn), burn (outdated, canteen), burn row (obsolete), burn (and burn, burn, burn) is written about ( in other formations from this root, before the suffix -a-, it is written and: to gorge, fatten, get fat, etc.).
- The letter o after hissing under stress is also written in compound words. For example: ZHOKH (“Journal of General Chemistry”), CHON (special purpose units), SHOM-2 (crushed stone cleaning machine), etc.
In all other cases, after w, h, w, u, the letter e (e) is written under stress, although it is pronounced o, namely:
- In verb endings -eat, -et, -eat, -et, for example: lie, lie, bake, bake, cut, cut, burn, burn, burn, burn, grind, grind, etc.
- In the verbal suffixes -yovyva-, -yova-, for example: shade, migrate, shade, delimit (delimited, delimited), yeasted, retouched, etc.
- In the passive participle suffix -yonn- (-yon-) and in words formed from such participles, for example: tense, tense, tension, tense; detached, detachment, softened, softened; simplified, simplicity; scientist, learning; crushed; burnt, burnt.
- In the suffix of verbal nouns -yovk-, for example: migration, demarcation, shading. They should be distinguished from nouns that arose from nominal adjectives (they always write -ov- under stress, regardless of the suffix in the adjective: -ov- or -ev-): For example: pear (although pear), gugbvka ( although guzhevdy), knife (although knife and knife), uzbvnik (zhbvy). Also hrychbvka, melo-chbvka (from nouns grunt, trifle with the suffix -ovk-). In the words kamyshevka (songbird), Grrshevka (settlement) and similar words, e is written, since the stress does not fall on the suffix.
- In the suffix of borrowed nouns -ёr, for example: conductor, retoucher, trainee, boyfriend.
- To write e (e) at the root of a word, one of two conditions is necessary: a) when a word changes or when new words are formed from the same root, the stress goes to another syllable: yellow- (turn yellow), hard (hard), millstones (millstones) , acorn (acorns), wheat (millet), cheap, cheap (cheaper), silk (silky), wool (woolen), lattice, lattice (sieve), alkali (alkaline), whisper (whisper); shuttle (shuttle), bangs (brow); b) the stress does not move to another syllable, but there is an alternation of ё and е in the root: even (odd), report, account (deduction, subtract), burned, set fire, set fire (burn, set fire), walked (walked), chew ( chew), perch (pole), slit (slit), calculation (comb). For a number of words we find both conditions. For example: purse - purse - purse, devil - devil - devilry, cheap - cheaper - cheap, etc.
- And a completely different, but also heart-grabbing impression from the "Concert" Dzhsrdzhtsne (foreign surname) (N. Kuzmin). 2. A broom walks with a hot scratch (scratch) on a raspberry back (A. Tvardovsky). 3. Cold is like a burn (verb ending) to the heart (A. N. Tolstoy). 4. Spirka looked at him with a hard (gesture) grin on the yellow (turn yellow) bilious (bile) face of the painter (V. Panov). 5. Three daughters (A. Griboedov) grow up in a family unprime (chbporno). 6. Where to go from the princesses (in the noun suffix under stress) (A. Griboyedov). 7. He flew through the snowdrifts barefoot, in a shirt torn on his stomach (in the noun suffix under stress) and short shorts (in the noun suffix under stress) (I. Bunin). 8. You are upset (verb), my poor Avdey (I. Turgenev). 9. Vladimir Lugovskoy read wonderful poems about a bear (in the suffix of the adjective without stress) bear (in the suffix of the noun under stress) (V. Emelyanov). 10. We clinked (clinked, clinked) for the health of the artists (JI. Tolstoy). 11. But these words did not shock Chachikov (shock) (K. Paustovsky). 12. An unwashed Tatar child walked (verb) ahead (in the suffix of a noun under stress) (V. Lugovskoy). 13. The valley is dotted with warriors, the system flows behind the system (verb) (A. Pushkin). 14. Despite the extraordinary strength of his physical abilities, he [Troekurov] ra: for two he suffered from gluttony (zhor) (A. Pushkin). 15. The ruler is weak and crafty, a bald dandy (dandy), an enemy of labor, inadvertently warmed by fame, then reigned over us (A. Pushkin). 16. But now the crowd hesitated, a whisper (whisper) ran through the hall (A. Pushkin).
