Inorganic fiber and a method for its production. Fibers of the past, present and future

INORGANIC FIBERS, obtained on the basis of chemical elements (boron, metals), oxides (SiO 2, Al 2 O 3, ZrO 2), carbides (SiC, B 4 C), nitrides (AlN), mixtures of these compounds (for example, various oxides or carbides), as well as on the basis of natural (basalt, etc.) or artificial (silicate glass, see Glass fiber) silicates. The structure of most inorganic fibers is polycrystalline, silicate fibers are amorphous. In terms of properties, whiskers of similar compounds are close to inorganic fibers.

Oxide, silicate, inorganic metal fibers are obtained mainly by forcing the melt through dies, by blowing the melt with hot gases or by stretching in a centrifugal field. Inorganic carbide and oxide fibers - by extrusion of finely dispersed oxides plasticized with polymers or fusible silicates, followed by sintering of particles of these compounds or thermal treatment of organic (usually cellulose hydrate) fibers containing salts and other metal compounds. Carbide fibers are also obtained by reduction of oxide fibers with carbon; boric and carbide - by gas-phase deposition on a substrate (tungsten or carbon filaments, strips of films). To improve the operational properties, inorganic fibers are modified by gas-phase deposition of surface (barrier) layers of more stable substances.

High-melting inorganic fibers (the operating temperature of many inorganic fibers is up to 1500 ° C), non-hygroscopic, stable in many corrosive environments; in an oxidizing environment, oxide fibers are most resistant, and to a lesser extent, carbide fibers. Strength of inorganic fibers from 1-1.3 GPa (SiC, V 4 C) to 4-6 GPa (V, SiO2), elastic modulus from 70-90 GPa (SiO2, basalt) to 400-480 GPa (V, ZrO 2, SiC). Carbide fibers have semiconducting properties.

Inorganic fibers and threads based on them are used as reinforcing components in composite materials with an organic (polymer), ceramic or metal matrix; as high-temperature thermal insulation materials. Filters for aggressive liquids and hot gases are made from quartz, oxide and metal fibers. Electrically conductive metal and silicon carbide fibers and threads are used in electrical engineering.

Lit .: Konkin A.A. Carbon and other heat-resistant fibrous materials. M., 1974; Katz S. M. High-temperature thermal insulation materials. M., 1981; Fillers for polymer composite materials. M., 1981; Budnitskiy G.A. Reinforcing fibers for composite materials // Chemical fibers. 1990. No. 2; Tsirlin AM Continuous inorganic fibers for composite materials. M., 1992.

The 19th century was marked by important discoveries in science and technology. A sharp technical boom affected almost all areas of production, many processes were automated and moved to a qualitatively new level. The technical revolution did not pass by the textile industry either - in 1890, in France, for the first time, a fiber made using chemical reactions was obtained. The history of chemical fibers began with this event.

Types, classification and properties of chemical fibers

According to the classification, all fibers are divided into two main groups: organic and inorganic. Organic fibers include artificial and synthetic fibers. The difference between them is that artificial ones are created from natural materials (polymers), but using chemical reactions. Synthetic fibers use synthetic polymers as raw materials, while the processes for obtaining fabrics do not fundamentally differ. Inorganic fibers include a group of mineral fibers that are obtained from inorganic raw materials.

As raw materials for artificial fibers, hydrated cellulose, cellulose acetate and protein polymers are used, for synthetic - carbo-chain and hetero-chain polymers.

Due to the fact that chemical processes are used in the production of chemical fibers, the properties of fibers, primarily mechanical, can be changed by using different parameters of the production process.

The main distinguishing properties of chemical fibers, in comparison with natural ones, are:

• high strength;
• the ability to stretch;
• tensile strength and long-term loads of different strength;
• resistance to light, moisture, bacteria;
• crease resistance.

Some special types are resistant to high temperatures and aggressive environments.

GOST chemical threads

According to the All-Russian GOST, the classification of chemical fibers is rather complicated.

Artificial fibers and threads, according to GOST, are divided into:

• artificial fibers;
• artificial threads for cord fabric;
• artificial threads for technical products;
• technical threads for twine;
• artificial textile threads.

Synthetic fibers and threads, in turn, consist of the following groups: synthetic fibers, synthetic threads for cord fabric, for technical products, film and textile synthetic threads.

Each group includes one or more subspecies. Each subspecies has its own code in the catalog.

Production technology, production of chemical fibers

The production of man-made fibers has great advantages over natural fibers:

• firstly, their production does not depend on the season;
• secondly, the production process itself, although quite complex, is much less laborious;
• thirdly, it is possible to obtain fiber with preset parameters.

From a technological point of view, these processes are complex and always consist of several stages. First, the starting material is obtained, then it is converted into a special spinning solution, then the fibers are formed and finished.

Various techniques are used to form fibers:

• using a wet, dry or dry-wet solution;
• the use of cutting with metal foil;
• drawing from the melt or dispersion;
• drawing;
• flattening;
• gel molding.

Application of chemical fibers

Man-made fibers are widely used in many industries. Their main advantage is their relatively low cost and long service life. Fabrics made of chemical fibers are actively used for sewing special clothing, in the automotive industry - for strengthening tires. In technology of various kinds, non-woven materials made of synthetic or mineral fibers are often used.

Textile chemical fibers

As a raw material for the production of textile fibers of chemical origin (in particular, for the production of synthetic fibers), gaseous products of oil and coal processing are used. Thus, fibers are synthesized, which differ in composition, properties and combustion method.

Among the most popular:

• polyester fibers (lavsan, crimplen);
• polyamide fibers (nylon, nylon);
• polyacrylonitrile fibers (nitrone, acrylic);
• elastane fiber (lycra, dorlastan).

Among artificial fibers, the most common are viscose and acetate. Viscose fibers are obtained from cellulose - mainly spruce. Through chemical processes, this fiber can be given a visual resemblance to natural silk, wool or cotton. Acetate fiber is made from cotton waste, so it absorbs moisture well.

Chemical fiber nonwovens

Nonwovens can be made from both natural and man-made fibers. Often nonwovens are produced from recyclable materials and waste from other industries.

The fibrous base, prepared by mechanical, aerodynamic, hydraulic, electrostatic or fiberising methods, is bonded.

The main stage in the production of nonwoven materials is the stage of bonding the fibrous base, obtained in one of the following ways:

1. Chemical or adhesive (adhesive) - the formed web is impregnated, covered or sprayed with a binder component in the form of an aqueous solution, the application of which can be continuous or fragmented.
2. Thermal - this method uses the thermoplastic properties of some synthetic fibers. Sometimes the fibers that make up the nonwoven fabric are used, but in most cases, a small amount of low melting point fibers (bicomponent) is specially added to the nonwoven fabric at the spinning stage.

Chemical fiber industry facilities

Since chemical production covers several areas of industry, all chemical industry objects are divided into 5 classes depending on raw materials and field of application:

• organic matter;
• inorganic substances;
• organic synthesis materials;
• pure substances and chemicals;
• pharmaceutical and medical group.

According to the type of purpose, chemical fiber industry facilities are divided into main, plant-wide and auxiliary.

For the manufacture of textile materials, a wide variety of fibers are used, which it is advisable to classify taking into account their origin, chemical composition and other characteristics.

Depending on the origin, textile fibers are divided into natural and chemical. Chemical, in turn, are subdivided into artificial and synthetic. Artificial fibers are made from natural fiber-forming polymers such as cellulose. These include viscose, copper-ammonia, acetate, protein fibers. Synthetic fibers are produced by synthesis from low molecular weight compounds. The raw materials, as a rule, are the products of oil refining and coal. Synthetic fibers include polyamide, polyester, polyacrylonitrile, polyurethane, polyvinyl alcohol, etc. Synthetic fibers are widespread, their balance in the total production of textile fibers is increasing. The classification of textile organic fibers is shown in Fig. 3.

Synthetic fibers and threads are also subdivided into heterochain and carbon chain. Carbochain fibers and threads are called fibers and threads that are obtained from polymers having only carbon atoms in the main chain of macromolecules (polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyolefin, carbon).

Figure: 3. Classification of organic textile fibers

Heterochain fibers are formed from polymers, the main molecular chain of which, in addition to carbon atoms, contains atoms of other elements - O, N, S (polyamide, polyester, polyurethane).

Artificial fibers are mostly cellulose processing products (viscose, polynose, copper-ammonia - cellulose hydrate; acetate, diacetane - cellulose acetate). In a small volume, artificial protein fibers (zein, casein, collagen) are produced from fibrillar proteins of milk, skin, plants.

In the above classification (see Fig. 3), fibers and threads are classified as organic. In most cases, they are used for the production of textile materials for household use. In organic fibers, the main chain macromolecules contain atoms of carbon, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen. In addition to organic fibers, there are inorganic fibers, the main chain macromolecules of which contain inorganic atoms (magnesium, aluminum, copper, silver, etc.). Natural inorganic fibers include asbestos fibers, inorganic chemical fibers - glass fibers and metal made of steel, copper, bronze, aluminum, nickel, gold, silver in various ways (alunite, lurex).

In addition to those already listed, there are fibers made from natural inorganic compounds. They are divided into natural and chemical.

Natural inorganic fibers include asbestos, a fine-fiber silicate mineral. Asbestos fibers are fire-resistant (the melting point of asbestos reaches 1500 ° C), alkali- and acid-resistant, non-thermal conductivity.

Elementary asbestos fibers are combined into technical fibers, which serve as the basis for threads used for technical purposes and in the production of fabrics for special clothing that can withstand high temperatures and open fire.

Chemical inorganic fibers are subdivided into glass fibers (silicon) and metal-containing ones.

Silicon fibers, or glass fibers, are made from molten glass in the form of elementary fibers with a diameter of 3-100 microns and a very long length. In addition to them, staple fiberglass is made with a diameter of 0.1-20 microns and a length of 10-500 mm. Fiberglass is non-combustible, chemically resistant, has electrical, heat, and sound insulation properties. It is used for the production of ribbons, fabrics, nets, nonwoven fabrics, fibrous webs, cotton wool for technical needs in various sectors of the country's economy.

Artificial metal fibers are produced in the form of threads by gradually drawing (drawing) a metal wire. This is how copper, steel, silver, gold threads are obtained. Aluminum filaments are made by cutting flat aluminum tape (foil) into thin strips. Metallic threads can be given different colors by applying colored varnishes to them. To give greater strength to metal threads, they are wrapped in threads of silk or cotton. When the threads are covered with a thin protective synthetic film, transparent or colored, combined metal threads are obtained - metlon, lurex, alunite.

The following types of metal threads are produced: rounded metal thread; flat thread in the form of a ribbon - flattened; twisted thread - tinsel; flat rolled with silk or cotton thread - strand.

In addition to metal, metallized threads are made, which are narrow ribbons of films with a metal coating. Unlike metal, metallized threads are more elastic and fusible.

Metallic and metallized threads are used for the production of fabrics and knitwear for evening dresses, gold embroidery products, as well as for decorative finishing of fabrics, knitwear and piece goods.

End of work -

This topic belongs to the section:

General information about fibers. Fiber classification. Basic properties of fibers and their dimensional characteristics

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All topics in this section:

Lecture 1
Introduction. Fibrous materials 1. Goals and objectives of the course "Materials science of garment production". 2. General information about

Cotton fiber
Cotton refers to the fibers that cover the seeds of the annual cotton plant. Cotton is a thermophilic plant that consumes a lot of moisture. Grows in hot areas. Izv

Natural fibers of animal origin
The main substance that makes up natural fibers of animal origin (wool and silk) is synthesized in nature animal proteins - keratin and fibroin. Difference in molecular structure

Natural silk
Natural silk is the name given to thin continuous threads secreted by the glands of silkworm caterpillars during cocoon curling before pupation. The main industrial value is the silk of the domesticated mulberry

B. Chemical fibers
The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating chemical fibers was embodied at the end of the 19th century. thanks to the development of chemistry. The prototype of the process of obtaining chemical fibers was the formation of a silkworm thread

Artificial fibers
Artificial fibers include fibers from cellulose and its derivatives. These are viscose, triacetate, acetate fibers and their modifications. Viscose fiber is made from cellulose

Synthetic fibers
Polyamide fibers. The most widely used nylon fiber is obtained from the products of coal and oil processing. Under the microscope, polyamide fibers are

Types of textile threads
The basic element of a fabric or knitted fabric is a thread. In terms of structure, textile threads are divided into yarns, multifilaments and monofilaments. These threads are called primary

Basic spinning processes
The fibrous mass of natural fibers, after collecting and primary processing, goes to the spinning mill. Here, relatively short fibers are used to produce a continuous, strong thread - yarn. This n

Weaving production
A textile is a textile fabric formed by interweaving two mutually perpendicular systems of threads on a weaving machine. The fabric formation process is called weaving.

Fabric finishing
Fabrics taken from the loom are called harsh fabrics or harsh fabrics. They contain various impurities and impurities, have an ugly appearance and are unsuitable for making garments.

Cotton fabrics
During cleaning and preparation, cotton fabrics undergo acceptance and grading, singeing, desizing, bleaching (bleaching), mercerization, and naping. Cleaning and software

Linen fabrics
Cleaning and preparation of linen fabrics is usually carried out in the same way as in cotton production, but more carefully, repeating the operations several times. This is due to the fact that linseed

Woolen fabrics
Woolen fabrics are divided into combed (stone) and woolen fabrics. They differ from each other in appearance. Combed fabrics are thin, with a clear weaving pattern. Cloth - more thick

Natural silk
Cleaning and preparation of natural silk is carried out in the following order: acceptance and sorting, singeing, boiling, bleaching, revitalization of bleached fabrics. When at

Chemical fiber fabrics
Fabrics made of artificial and synthetic fibers do not have natural impurities. They can contain mainly easily washable substances, such as dressing, soap, mineral oil, etc.

Fibrous composition of fabrics
For the manufacture of clothes, fabrics made from natural (wool, silk, cotton, linen), artificial (viscose, polynose, acetate, copper-ammonia, etc.), synthetic (lavs

Methods for determining the fibrous composition of tissues
Organoleptic is the method in which the fibrous composition of tissues is established using the senses - vision, smell, touch. Evaluate the appearance of the fabric, its ink, wrinkle resistance

Weave fabrics
The location of the warp and weft threads relative to each other, their relationship determines the structure of the fabric. It should be emphasized that the structure of fabrics is influenced by: the type and structure of the warp and weft threads.

Fabric finishing
The finish that gives the fabrics a presentation affects its properties such as thickness, stiffness, drape, crease, breathability, water resistance, gloss, shrinkage, fire resistance

Density of fabric
Density is an essential indicator of tissue structure. Weight, durability, air permeability, heat-shielding properties, rigidity, drape of fabrics depend on density. Each of

Phases of tissue structure
When weaving, the warp and weft threads mutually bend each other, resulting in a wave-like arrangement. the degree of bending of the warp and weft threads depends on their thickness and stiffness, the type of

Fabric surface structure
Depending on the structure of the front side, fabrics are divided into smooth, pile, fleecy and felted. Smooth fabrics are those that have a clear weave pattern (calico, chintz, satin). In the process of

Fabric properties
Layout: Geometric properties Mechanical properties Physical properties Technological properties Fabrics made from threads and yarns are different

Geometric properties
These include the length of the fabric, its width, thickness and weight. The length of the fabric is determined by measuring in the direction of the warp threads. When laying fabric before cutting, the length of the piece

Mechanical properties
During the operation of clothing, as well as during processing, fabrics are subjected to various mechanical influences. Under these influences, tissues stretch, bend, and experience friction.

Physical properties
The physical properties of fabrics are divided into hygienic, heat-shielding, optical and electrical. Hygienic is considered to be the properties of tissues that significantly affect the com

Wear resistance of fabric
The wear resistance of fabrics is characterized by their ability to withstand destructive factors. In the process of using garments, they are affected by light, sun, moisture, stretching, compression, torsion

Technological properties of fabrics
During the production process and during the operation of clothes, such properties of fabrics appear that must be taken into account when designing clothes. These properties significantly affect the technological

Gasket materials
5. Adhesive materials. 1. ASSORTMENT OF FABRICS According to the type of raw materials, the entire assortment of fabrics is divided into cotton, linen, woolen and silk. Silk includes

Adhesive materials
Semi-rigid interlining fabric with a dotted polyethylene coating is a cotton fabric (coarse calico or madapolam), coated on one side with polyethylene powder under high pressure

The choice of materials for a garment
In the production of garments, a variety of materials are used: fabrics, knitted and non-woven fabrics, duplicated, film materials, natural and artificial fur, natural and artificial

Product quality
In the manufacture of clothing and other garments, fabrics, knitted and non-woven fabrics, film materials, artificial leather and fur are used. The whole set of these materials is called assortment

Quality materials for clothing
high quality materials must be used to make good clothes. What is quality? Product quality is understood as a combination of properties that characterize the degree of suitability

Grade of materials
All materials at the final stage of production are subject to control. At the same time, the quality level of the material is assessed and the grade of each piece is established. A grade is a gradation of product quality.

Grade of fabrics
Determining the grade of fabrics is of great importance. The type of fabric is determined by an integrated method for assessing the level of quality. At the same time, deviations of indicators of physical and mechanical properties from the norms,

Defects in the appearance of tissues
defect Type of defect Description Production stage at which the defect occurs Saso

), their oxides (Si, Al or Zr), carbides (Si or B), nitrides (Al), etc., as well as from mixtures of these compounds, for example. decomp. oxides or carbides. see also Glass fiber, Metal fibers, Asbestos.

Production methods: spunbond molding from melt; blowing the melt with hot inert gases or air, as well as in a centrifugal field (this method produces fibers from fusible silicates, for example, quartz and basalt, from metals and certain metal oxides); growing monocrystalline. fibers from melts; molding from inorganic. polymers with the last. heat treatment (get oxide fibers); extrusion of finely dispersed oxides plasticized with polymers or fusible silicates followed by sintering them; thermal. processing org. (usually cellulose) fibers containing or others. Comm. metals (get oxide and carbide fibers, and if the process is carried out in a reducing environment - metal); oxide fibers with carbon or the conversion of carbon fibers to carbide; gas-phase on a substrate - on threads, strips of films (for example, boron and carbide fibers are obtained by deposition on a tungsten or carbon fiber).

Mn. N.'s types of century. modified by applying surface (barrier) layers, Ch. arr. gas-phase deposition, which makes it possible to increase their exploitation. Holy Island (for example, with a carbide surface coating).

Most N. in. have polycrystalline. structure, silicate fibers - usually amorphous. For N. century, obtained by gas-phase deposition, layer heterogeneous is characteristic. structure, and for fibers obtained by sintering, the presence of a large number. Fur. St. va N. century are given in the table. The more porous the structure of the fibers (for example, obtained by extrusion followed by sintering), the lower their density and fur. Holy Island. N. in. stable in pl. aggressive environments, non-hygroscopic. It will oxidize. environment naib. oxide fibers, to a lesser extent, carbide ones. Carbide fibers have semiconductor properties, their electrical conductivity increases with increasing temperature.

MAIN PROPERTIES OF SOME SPECIES HIGH STRENGTH INORGANIC FIBER OF THE SPECIFIED COMPOSITION *

* Neorg. fibers used for thermal insulation and manufacture of filter materials, have more low fur. Holy Island.

N. in. and reinforcing threads in the construct. materials with org., ceramic. or metallic. matrix. N. in. (except for boron) are used to obtain fibrous or composite fibrous (with inorganic or organic matrix) high-temperature porous thermal insulation. materials; they can be operated for a long time at temperatures up to 1000-1500 ° C. From quartz and oxide N. of century. make filters for aggressive liquids and hot gases. Electrically conductive silicon carbide fibers and filaments are used in electrical engineering.

Lit .: Konkin AA, Carbon in other heat-resistant fibrous materials, M., 1974; Katz S.M., High-temperature thermal insulation materials

tV series, M., 1981; Fillers for polymer composite materials, trans. from English, M., 1981. K. E. Perepelkin.

Chemical encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. Ed. I. L. Knunyants. 1988 .

See what "INORGANIC FIBERS" are in other dictionaries:

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