Types of the economic system. Types of economic system A) decrease in consumer income

Final test in social studies option 1

1.For a market economy is characterized by

1.public ownership of the means of production; 2. freedom of entrepreneurship; 3.pricing management; 4.restriction of foreign trade

2. The sum of market prices of all final products produced per year directly within the country and only by national producers is

1.gross domestic product 2.gross national product

3.national income 4.personal income

3. The amount of goods that the manufacturer is ready to bring to the market at a certain point in time at a certain price is

1.dividend; 2. demand; 3. offer; 4.need

4. The emission of cash in the Russian Federation is monopolized by

1. The Central Bank of the Russian Federation 2. The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation

3. Federal Treasury 4. Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation

5. The factor of production is

1.Entrepreneurial ability 2.Exchange 3.Consumption 4.Distribution

1.Structural 2.Frictional 3.Cyclic 4.Seasonal

7. The import of goods from abroad for their sale in the domestic market is called I am

1.immigration 2.export 3.import 4.emigration

8. Possibility of choice for a person, made on the basis of his own decision:

9. In the state of N., a small group of persons who make decisions at the state level or exert influence on them in practice. This group is 1.political party 2.political elite 3.political scientists

4.political movement

10. The traditional (patriarchal) family is different 1. the conclusion of a marriage contract between the spouses 2. the dominant role of the father of the family 3. complete freedom of children from parental control 4. equality of spouses

11. A twenty-four-year-old citizen V., who has no contraindications for health, was exempted from military service. What was the reason for this decision?

1) Citizen V. has parents of pensioners 2) Citizen V. has a wife

3) Citizen V. has a Ph.D. degree 4) Citizen V. is a member of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation

12. Substantive law applies 1. constitutional legal proceedings 2. environmental law 3. administrative process 4. civil procedural law

13.In the bodies of the registry office,

1.dissolution of marriage by mutual consent of the spouses who do not have common minor children

2.dissolution of marriage by mutual consent of the spouses with common minor children

3.Dissolution of marriage in the absence of consent of one of the spouses

4. invalidation of marriage

14. Worker A. decided to move to another enterprise. How long does it take for him to submit an application for dismissal from work of his own free will?

1. in a week 2. in two weeks 3. in a month 4. in two months

15. The requirement to the court of the interested person to administer justice in civil cases to protect the rights and interests violated or contested by the other party is 1. claim 2. memo 3. petition 4. appeal

16.Participants in criminal proceedings on the part of the defense include

IN 1. Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, belong to the concept of "market". Find a term that falls out of the row.

Demand, supply, equilibrium price, consumer, government pricing

IN 2. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, are associated with the concept of "freedom". Find and specify a term that refers to another concept.

Choice, arbitrariness, responsibility, knowledge, own decision

B3. Find in the list the types of property acquired by the spouses during marriage that are related to joint property of the spouses 1.Personal belongings 2.Wage 3.Income from the sale of securities

AT 4. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, are associated with the concept of "civil procedure". Indicate a term related to another concept Evidence, justice, defendant, procedural rights, expert

Q5. Establish a correspondence between the participants in the criminal process and their groups

Participants in criminal proceedings Groups of participants in criminal proceedings

A) witness 1) on the part of the prosecution

B) an employee of the Ministry of Emergency Situations 2) from the side of the defense

C) lawyer 3) persons facilitating the process

D) the defendant

D) expert

Q 6. Find in the list below the grounds for civil liability.

1) failure to fulfill contractual obligations for the renovation of the apartment

2) obscene language in a public place

3) the seller's refusal to return to the buyer the amount paid for the defective product

4) going on leave for family reasons

5) damage to the health of a pedestrian due to speeding by a motorcyclist

B 7. An employee of the travel company I. is regularly late for the beginning of the working day. The director of the company has repeatedly warned her about the inadmissibility of such actions, but I. continues to be late. Select from the list below the items related to the legal assessment of this situation, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. 1) labor law 2) civil liability

3) disciplinary offense 4) administrative law 5) dismissal

6) material responsibility

Q8 Read the text below where a number of words are missing. Select from the provided list the words to be inserted in place of the blanks.

“The so-called law of demand plays an important role in economic processes. The operation of this law is most fully manifested in a free market economy __________ (1). __________ (2) is defined by economists as the total amount of goods that __________ (3) at any given time are willing, ready and have the financial opportunity to purchase at certain prices. This law means that, other things being equal, the volume of demand decreases as __________ increases (4). It should be noted, however, that the change in price and change in demand for __________ (5) are not directly proportional. In a market economy, there are many more factors that affect __________ (6) prices and demand. "

A) price, B) consumer, C) manufacturer, D) demand, E) production, E) competition, G) product, H) cost, I) ratio

Final test in social studies option 2

1.The state budget fixes 1.profit and costs of social production; 2. the income and expenditures of the state; 3. the size of consumption per capita; 4. the volume of the money supply in circulation.

2. The opening cellular communication salon announces the conditions of the competition for the vacant position of the general manager. This is an example of how the market works

1.information; 2. labor; 3.goods and services; 4. real estate.

3. The economic development of the country is determined 1. its budget 2. GDP

3.expenditures on education 4.number of enterprises

4. The income that land brings as a factor of production is called

1.interest 2.input 3.wage 4.profit

5. The team of builders refers to such a factor of production as

1.land 2.capital 3.work 4. entrepreneurial ability

6. Unemployment, which is caused by repeated declines in production in a country or region, is called 1.Structural 2.Frictional

3.Cyclical 4.Seasonal

7. Possibility of choice for a person, made on the basis of his own decision:

1) freedom 2) information 3) religion 4) politics

8. Which types of administrative responsibility do not come from the courts? 1.Confiscation 2.Warning 3.Arrest 4.Detention 5.Fine

9. A family in which a man has power, all family members are subordinate to him, is called

10. The procedure for electing the President of the Russian Federation and his functions determines 1.administrative law 2. labor law 3. civil law 4. constitutional law

11. Spouse M. wants to divorce her husband. Under what condition can this procedure be carried out in the registry office

1.with the mutual consent of the spouses to divorce who do not have minor children

2.in the absence of the consent of one of the spouses to divorce

3.with mutual consent of the spouses to dissolve the marriage, having common minor children

4.when one of the spouses avoids divorce

12. As a general rule, the conclusion of an employment contract in the Russian Federation is allowed with persons who have reached the age of 1.14 years old 2.15 years old 3. 16 years old 4.18 years old

13. The requirement to the court of the interested person to administer justice in civil cases to protect the rights and interests violated or contested by the other party is

2. Memorandum

3. petition

4. appeal

14. The participants in the criminal process on the part of the defense include

1.prosecutor 2.investigator 3.defendant 4. victim

15. The bodies authorized to consider cases of administrative offenses include (are) 1.tax inspectorate 2.fishery authorities

3.commission on minors 4.all of the above

16. The global problems of our time include

1.ecological problems 2.drug addiction and drug business 3.international terrorism 4.all of the above

IN 1. Establish a correspondence between factors of production and their examples

PRODUCTION FACTORS

lathe

coal

equipment adjuster

company office

manager

IN 2. Below is a list of social groups. All of them, with the exception of one, are formed along political and ideological lines. Find and write down a term that falls out of this range.

Communists, Social Democrats, Liberals, Catholics, Conservatives

Q3. Find a concept that is generalizing to all the other concepts presented below.

Test, employment contract, part-time job, work book, translation, relocation

AT 4. Write down the word missing in the table

Parties to civil proceedings

Name of the parties

Their essence

A person who allegedly violated the rights of the plaintiff and who, at the direction of the latter, is involved in the process by the court

AT 5. Establish correspondence.

Situations types of legal relations

A) the spouses opened a family 1) criminal

a restaurant

B) citizen K. committed robbery 2) family

attack on the collector

C) the spouses submitted an application to the registry office about 3) administrative

divorce

D) parents gave their son a car 4) civil

E) Citizen P. was taken to the department

police for swearing in the city market

B 6. The system administrator of the Arktika company is regularly late for work, referring to traffic jams. Choose from the list of concepts, terms related to the characteristics of this offense.

1) labor law 2) administrative violation 3) fine

4) disciplinary responsibility 5) reprimand

Q7. Find in the list the types of property acquired by the spouses during marriage that belong to each of the spouses.

1.personal belongings 2.wages 3.income from the sale of securities

4. labor pension 5. inherited securities

6.a car donated by the parents of one of the spouses

Q 8. Read the text below where a number of words are missing.

“In a modern economy, there are three main __________ (1): producers of an economic product, its consumers and __________ (2). Between them there is a very intense __________ (3) goods, services, money, information. The state ensures a certain orderliness of economic processes, their legal __________ (4), protection of the rights and interests of individual participants in economic relations. At the same time, the state acts as a very large __________ (5) goods, services, information. At the same time, the state is __________ (6), it purchases from manufacturers military equipment for the army, food for government stocks, computer equipment for government agencies and institutions. " A) producer, B) exchange, C) object, D) state, E) supply E) subject G) regulation, H) demand, I) consumer

Final test in social studies option 3

1. Unemployment, which is associated with a change in the demand for labor in certain industries due to scientific and technological progress, is called

1.Structural 2.Frictional 3.Cyclic 4.Seasonal

2. Citizen K. violated contractual obligations of a property nature. What responsibility will citizen K.

1.administrative 2.criminal 3.civil law 4.disciplinary

3. A family in which a man has power, to whom all family members are subordinate, is called 1.patriarchal 2.nuclear 3.detocentric 4.monogamous

4.One of the hallmarks of a market economy is

1.predominance of state ownership

2.pricing regulation by the state economic management body

3.the existence of government plans that are binding on manufacturers

4.Lack of planned government regulation of the amount of products produced

5. Procedural law includes 1.civil law

2. labor law 3. family law 4. constitutional proceedings

6. Automation of production is widespread in R. society, and computerization is being carried out successfully. What additional information allows us to conclude that R.'s society is post-industrial.

1.the main product of production is industrial products

2.the main factor of production - knowledge 3.the widespread use of mechanisms, technologies

4.class division of society

7.Rules of civil law apply in case

1. violation of the rules of conduct in public places 2. strikes of miners

3.exchange of living space 4.the need to determine the amount of alimony

8. Administrative responsibility for individuals begins from the moment

1.14 years old 2.16 years old 3.17 years old 4.18 years old

9.The global problems of our time include

1.energy problem 2.social and demographic problem 3.problem of interaction between Russia and the West 4.all of the above

10 industrial society is being replaced by society

1.non-traditional 2. informational 3. agricultural 4. perfect

11. The phases of the economic cycle include 1) deflation 2) default 3) devaluation 4) recession

12 ... The founders of some of the royal dynasties of Europe came from poor, noble families. This fact illustrates the phenomenon of social

stratification 2) mobility 3) inequality 4) evolution

23.S 13. At what age can children go to court:

1) from 11) from 10 years old 2) from 12 years old 3) from 16 years old 4) from 14 years old

10. В14 Types of employment contracts: 1) urgent and indefinite 2) formal and informal 3) with a probationary period 4) without a probationary period

19.K15. The personal property of the spouses includes (select unnecessary):

1) target 1) securities acquired by a spouse

2) them 2) property belonging to everyone before marriage

3) them 3) property received during marriage as a gift to one of the spouses

4) things for personal use

16. A security that gives its owner the right to demand from the organization that issued the security, within the established time frame, the payment of its par value is called 1) a share 2) a bond 3) a banknote 4) a certificate

Q1: Write down the word that is missing in the table.

Types of company costs

Their essence

Permanent

Costs, the size of which does not depend on the volume of production.

Costs that increase with an increase in production and decrease with a decrease.

B2.Choose a concept that is generalized to the rest of the concepts in the series below. 1) Earth; 2) labor; 3) factors of production; 4) capital; 5) entrepreneurial ability.

Q3 A number of terms are given below. All of them, with the exception of one, relate to the concept of "factor income". Wages, profit, capital, interest, rent.

AT 4. Find in the list below the mechanisms for the government's monetary (monetary) policy. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) support and protection of competition 2) change in the discount rate of interest on a loan

3) ensuring the protection of property rights 4) regulating the income of the population

5) establishment of the bank reserve ratio 6) operations in the securities market

AT 5. Establish a correspondence between the types of economic systems and their features.

SIGNS OF ECONOMIC TO THEIR TYPES OF ECONOMIC

SYSTEMS SYSTEMS

A) commodity prices are determined 1) command economy

ratio of demand 2) market economy and supply

B) the main means of production belong to the state

C) economic proportions are established centrally

D) the development of production is based on the competition of manufacturers

E) periodically there is a shortage of goods

AT 6. Find concepts related to material culture in this list.

1) religious teaching 2) television 3) music 4) equipment 5) scientific discovery

AT 7. Write down the word that is missing in the table.

Extensive growth

Increase in gross domestic product due to the expansion of the scale of production

Increase in GDP due to production efficiency

AT 8. Read the text, select from the proposed list the words (phrases) that you need to insert in place of the gaps.

“Unemployment is a ___________ (A) phenomenon that occurs when ___________ (B) labor services exceed demand and manifests itself in the fact that some of the able-bodied citizens are not employed in the production of goods and services. The nature of modern unemployment is significantly influenced by the level of ___________ (B), the development of new territories, the emergence of new types of activity, and increased foreign economic competition. ___________ (D) does not mean the absolute absence of unemployment. It corresponds to ___________ (E) unemployment, which is associated with the search for the most suitable jobs, training in new specialties, ___________ (E) changes in demand, etc. Natural unemployment is not a constant. It depends on the level of development of the country's economy: the state must ensure that the actual level of unemployment does not exceed the natural one. "

1) seasonal 2) socio-economic 3) society 4) scientific and technological progress

5) demand 6) supply 7) natural level 8) full employment

9) production

Topic: Market and Market Mechanism. Supply and demand. Training.

1. Read the text below where a number of words are missing. Select from the provided list the words to be inserted in place of the blanks.

“The so-called law of demand plays an important role in economic processes. The operation of this law is most fully manifested in a free market economy __________ (A). __________ (B) is defined by economists as the total amount of goods that __________ (C) at any given time are willing, ready and have the financial opportunity to purchase at certain prices. This law means that, other things being equal, the volume of demand decreases as __________ (D) increases. It should be noted, however, that the change in price and change in demand for __________ (D) are not in direct proportional relationship. In a market economy, there are many more factors that affect __________ (E) prices and demand. "

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can be used only once.

Choose one word after another in sequence, mentally filling in each gap. Note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the blanks.

The table below shows the pass numbers. Write under each letter the number corresponding to your chosen word.

2) consumer

3) manufacturer

5) production

6) competition

8) cost

9) ratio

Answer: 642179

2. What dependence does the law of demand reflect?

A) Direct dependence of the quantity of purchased goods on its price.

B) The inverse relationship between the amount of purchased goods and its price.

C) Direct dependence of the price on the quality of the goods.

D) The inverse dependence of the volume of the offered goods on its price.

3. A change in the volume of demand for an individual product will occur ...

A) under the influence of consumer tastes.

B) while improving the quality of the goods.

C) when the price of this product changes.

D) when prices change for complementary goods.

4. The demand curve for product X will shift to the right and up as a result ...

A) reducing the number of buyers.

B) transition to a substitute product.

C) increasing customs barriers.

D) increasing consumer income.

5. How can you explain the shift in the supply curve for product X to the left and up?

A) The introduction of new technologies.

B) Increase in prices for initial resources.

C) Introduction of subsidies.

D) An increase in the number of manufacturers.

6. The surplus of goods on the market is formed after the introduction by the government ...

A) fixed support price.

B) a fixed ceiling price.

C) taxes.

D) increasing the discount rate of interest.

7. The figure is a graph showing the market equilibrium in the short period. What circumstances caused this situation?

A) New enterprises are emerging in the industry, which makes it possible to increase the volume of production until the market is completely saturated.

B) Deterioration of the conditions for the extraction of any raw material.

C) The firm increases the volume of production due to the more intensive use of available resources.

D) The market situation is related to the sale of a perishable product.

8. If the market price is below the equilibrium price, then:

A) the buyer's market is forming

B) there is a shortage of goods

C) surplus of goods appears

D) the price of resources falls

9. If two goods are interchangeable, then an increase in the price of the first will cause:

A) an increase in the volume of demand for the second product

B) growth in demand for the second product

C) falling demand for the second product

D) a drop in the value of demand for the second product

10. Buying goods at a low price in one market and selling them at a high price in another is not:

A) a means of increasing demand in a market with a high price level

B) a means of increasing supply in a market with a high price level

C) the cause of price differences in specific markets

D) an operation for the purpose of making a profit

11. The law of demand assumes that:

A) if incomes from consumers grow, they usually buy more goods

B) the demand curve usually has a positive slope

C) an excess of supply over demand will cause a decrease in prices

D) when the price of a product falls, the volume of planned purchases increases

12. What can cause a drop in demand for product X:

A) decrease in consumer income

B) an increase in prices for substitute goods for goods X

C) a drop in the supply of goods X

D) the expectation of an increase in prices for goods X

13. Supply and demand can be used to explain the coordinating role of price:

A) on the resource market

B) on the commodity market

C) in any market

D) in the foreign exchange market

14. Activity of speculators:

A) always makes a profit

B) causes economic booms and recessions

C) enhances the tendency towards price volatility

D) increases the risk for legitimate business

15. The market for goods and services is in equilibrium if:

A) the volume of supply is equal to the volume of demand

B) demand is equal to supply

C) the level of technology changes gradually

D) price is equal to cost plus profit

16. A change in which factor does not cause a shift in the demand curve:

A) the size or distribution of national income

B) the number or age of consumers

C) tastes and preferences of consumers

D) product prices

17. An increase in the prices of materials required for the production of good X will cause a shift in the curve:

A) sentences up (or left)

B) demand up (or right)

B) sentences down (or right)

D) demand and supply curve up

18. If the price of a commodity is below the point of intersection of the demand curve and the supply curve, then there will be:

A) excess

B) deficit

C) unemployment is growing

D) all options are wrong

19. The law of supply, if prices rise, and other conditions remain unchanged, manifests itself:

A) in the fall in the volume of supply

B) in the growth of the volume of supply

C) decrease in supply

D) supply growth

20. Willingness to buy additional units of a manufactured good only at a lower price is best explained by:

A) income effect

B) the law of supply

C) the principle of diminishing marginal utility

D) substitution effect

21. If the supply and demand for a product increase, then:

A) the price will rise

B) the total quantity of goods will increase

C) the price will remain stable

D) the welfare of society will increase

22. If demand falls due to non-price factors, the demand curve shifts:

A) down and left

B) clockwise rotation

B) up and to the right

D) counterclockwise

23. It is likely that the reason for the fall in the price of the product is:

A) an increase in taxes on private entrepreneurship

B) growth in consumer income

C) falling prices for production resources

D) falling prices for complementary goods

24. Advances in technology are shifting:

A) demand curve up and to the right

B) demand curve down and to the right

B) supply curve down and to the right

D) supply curve up and to the left

25. What term reflects the ability and willingness of people to pay for something:

A) need

B) demand

C) necessity

D) desire

26. How can the shift in the demand curve for good X be explained:

A) a decrease for some reason in the supply of goods X

B) an increase in the prices of product X, as a result of which consumers decided to buy this product less

C) consumer tastes that sparked interest in product X (they want to buy it at any given price more than before)

D) a decrease in the price of goods X, so consumers decided to buy more of it than before

State in a market economy

All agents of the economy are united by a single market space of the country, where the same rules of the game are monitored and supported by special state institutions ... The market itself is not able to maintain competition. Maintaining and stimulating competition in the economic sphere is the function of the state. Fighting monopoly, supporting competition, the state is both within the market model and outside it, guaranteeing the stability of the market system as a whole. Maintaining stability is as important as protecting competition. A favorable social climate in the country, and the stability of the financial system, and ... the expansion of the production of public goods - especially in the sphere of services, education, science, health care, culture, - the creation of a legal field in the business sphere ... even in the theoretical market model, the state plays a crucial role - the preservation of the market system itself through the expression of common, or public interests. Not a single private business, no matter how gigantic it has reached, by its nature can ignore its own interests and assume the interests of the whole society. However, the state can cope with such responsibilities only if it is part of a democratic society. In such a society, along with the market mechanism, there is a democratic mechanism for the control of voters over the state apparatus, and the judicial system provides legal protection to all citizens in accordance with the law.

(A. Porokhovsky)

C1. What are the three economic functions of the state in a market economy named in the text?

Name any three of them and illustrate one with an example.

C3. The author of the document emphasizes the role of the state in the preservation and development of competition. Based on the text and knowledge of the social science course, provide three proofs of the importance of competition for a market economy.

C4. Various points of view are expressed on the relationship between the market economy and democracy. What is the position of the author? Name two arguments he gave and explain any of them using an example.

Answer

C1. What are the three economic functions of the state in a market economy named in the text?

The correct answer should contain the following positions:

1) the socio-economic phenomena given in the text are named:

Favorable social climate in the country, stability of the financial system;

Expansion of production of public goods;

Creation of a legal framework in the financial sector.

2) one of the socio-economic phenomena is illustrated by an example, for example:

Adoption of the Civil Code (legal field);

Anti-corruption (favorable social climate);

Reform of the education system, health care (production of public goods).

Other examples may be given

C3. The author of the document emphasizes the role of the state in the preservation and development of competition. Based on the text and knowledge of the social science course, provide three proofs of the importance of competition for a market economy.

C4. Various points of view are expressed on the relationship between the market economy and democracy. What is the position of the author? Name two arguments he gave and explain any of them using an example.

(other formulations of the answer are allowed without distorting its meaning)

The correct answer should contain the following elements:

2) two arguments are given, for example:

in a democratic society

The mechanism of voters' control over the state apparatus has been established;

The judicial system provides legal protection to citizens.

3) an example is given as an explanation, for example:

An entrepreneur can go to court with a claim on the illegality of the actions of the city department in relation to his enterprise;

Voters can demand from their deputy a report on his voting on economic issues.

AND suggestions at the micro level, the essence ... the conjuncture market real estate dynamics demand and suggestions at the appropriate the market with ... situations, psychological and other trainings, group discussions) in ...

Educational program of basic general education of the Municipal budgetary educational institution

Educational program

Write out the studied designs proposals Training, exercises, graphic dictation § 7 (.... Market. Market mechanism regulation of the economy. 1 Consider the basic concepts of economics. Demand and offer. Market equilibrium...

New arrivals from ebs "ibuks"

Document

Simple syntax suggestions"," The syntax of a complex suggestions". Theoretical ... psychological help trainings! Training- one ... “City. Sights. How ask road "," Theater and cinema ... which problems market and market mechanism stand on ...

The educational and methodological complex was discussed at the meeting of the Department of Labor Economics on March 20, 2008 (Minutes No. 8)

Training and metodology complex

... market, their interaction. Competition and monopoly in the system market mechanism. Demand and the factors determining its changes. Offer goods ...

2) young people under the age of 25 consider the creation of a strong family to be the most important criterion in life

3) to be the best - a criterion typical for young people aged 18 to 25 years. This is due to their adolescent maximalism.

4) the number of people who believe that career growth is the most important in life decreases with age

A11 Economics as a science studies

1) methods of distribution of material goods

2) the operation of the objective laws of history

3) a system of features that determine the social structure

4) the principles and norms of the exercise of state power

A12. Are the following judgments correct?

4) means of labor

A14. An economic system in which the decision about what, how and for whom to produce is the result of the interaction of buyers and sellers in the market, called

1) traditional economics

2) market economy

3) centralized (command) economy

4) mixed economy

A15. The state budget surplus is

2) excess of expenses over income

4) excess of income over expenses

A16. Are the following judgments correct?

1) only A is true 3) both statements are true

2) only B is true 4) both judgments are wrong

Part 2

IN 1. Write down the word that is missing in the fragment of the table.

Family types

Answer: ______________________

IN 2. All but one of the concepts below are related to the concept of “social norm”.

Sanction, social control, deviant behavior, social community, self-control.

Find and specify a term that is not related to the concept of "social norm".

Answer: ________________________________

AT 3. Establish a correspondence between the types of status and examples of their manifestation: for each position given in the first column, select the position from the second column.

6) a high level of employee motivation to work

Answer: ______________

AT 8. Find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts in the series below, and write down the number under which it is indicated.

1) encouragement 2) sanction 3) punishment 4) bonus 5) dismissal

Answer: _______________

Part 3

Read the text and complete tasks C1-C4.

Inflation

“Inflation is the result of macroeconomic instability when aggregate demand exceeds aggregate supply. Regardless of the sphere in which a chain reaction and feedback arise, since production, distribution, exchange, consumption are interconnected ...

From the point of view of manifestation, one distinguishes between open and suppressed (hidden) inflation. Open inflation manifests itself in a prolonged rise in the price level, suppressed inflation is characterized by a relatively stable price level in the economy, but its direct manifestation is a commodity deficit, which also essentially means the depreciation of money. In a market economy, inflation is open, in a command-and-control economy, it is suppressed ...

The negative social and economic consequences of inflation are forcing the governments of different countries to pursue anti-inflationary economic policies.

The fight against inflation is possible only at the macroeconomic level and by the forces of the state. Anti-inflationary measures can only be applied to open inflation; suppressed defies limitation because it cannot be measured. The first step in fighting suppressed inflation should be to translate it into open inflation.

An anti-inflationary program should be based on an analysis of the causes and factors causing inflation, a set of economic policy measures to help reduce inflation.

There are two approaches to managing the economy in conditions of inflation: 1) adaptation policy; 2) an attempt to reduce inflation by anti-inflationary measures "

C1. Based on the text, explain why, having originated in one area, inflation leads to a chain reaction.

C2. Describe the types of inflation mentioned by the author by filling out the table.

Comparison line		inflation

Their manifestation
In what types of economic. systems exist
Applicability of anti-inflation action measures

C3. The author mentions the negative social and economic consequences of inflation. Give three examples of the socio-economic consequences of inflation, based on knowledge of social science course and facts of public life.

C4. What approaches to managing the economy under conditions of inflation does the author highlight? Using your knowledge of your social science course, provide two examples of measures that illustrate each approach (one for each approach).

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

C5. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "state budget". Drawing on knowledge of the social science course, compose two sentences containing information about the state budget.

C6. Name three trends in the development of the social structure of modern Russian society.

C7. After graduating from technical college, the young man got a job as a consultant at a computer manufacturing firm. After some time, he entered training courses. Changes also took place in his personal life: he married the daughter of a co-owner of the company. Completion of the course coincided with his appointment as the chief manager of the company. What social process can this plot serve as an illustration? What factors played a decisive role here? What are they called in sociology?

C8. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer

1) command and control

2) market

135. Task number 070FDF

Carrying out a complex of anti-inflationary measures, the state performs an economic function

1) protect property rights

3) ensuring employment of the population

4) regulation of taxation

136. Task number 3702FB

There are several meanings of the concept of "economics". What position illustrates economics as a science?

1) production of a large batch of new vacuum cleaners

2) provision of medical services to the population

3) development of telecommunication networks and mobile communication networks

4) study of models of the functioning of the labor market

137. Task number B3A864

138. Task number C2193F

139. Task number 161FD6

Gross domestic product is called

1) the system of organizing the national economy

2) social need for a certain amount of goods and services

3) a set of natural and social forces that are potentially suitable for the production of goods and services

4) the sum of market prices of all final products produced during the year on the territory of the country

140. Task No. F5ABFC

Production factors

141. Task number 3D084D

The owner of the beauty salon buys weekly shampoos, masks and hair styling products, creams and other goods. The costs of these purchases relate to

1) constant

2) market

3) implicit

4) variables

142. Task number 5A5ED3

Are the following judgments about the central bank correct?

A. The central bank heads and directs commercial banks.

B. The central bank controls the volume of the money supply and issues money.

143. Task number 3F9D7E

Are the following judgments about the labor market correct?

A. The labor market is characterized by high professional mobility.

B. Job seekers create demand in the labor market.

144. Task number 11CAEA

What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "producer"? Drawing on knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the manufacturer.

145. Task №BB5F16

Are the following judgments about the sources of business financing correct?

A. Sources of business financing are private and public investments.

B. Citizens can participate in business financing by purchasing shares of firms on the stock exchange.

146. Task number 1B85B5

The signs of a market economic system include

1) private property

2) centralized decision making

3) directive pricing

4) low level of social mobility

147. Task number 03C837

Are the following judgments about the state budget deficit correct?

148. Task number 430A2E

In the town of Z, only one company provides electricity, heating, and water supply to the houses of residents.

Select the characteristics of a given market from the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) the market for means of production

2) pure competition

3) local market

4) market deficit

5) monopoly

6) service market

149. Task number 2C374F

Are the following judgments about the tax policy of the state correct?

150. Task number 036C81

Organization of production, development of management decisions, ensuring entry into new markets for products - examples of the action of one of the main factors of production -

1) capital

2) entrepreneurship

4) shareholders

151. Task number 1614FF

Are the following judgments about traditional economics correct?

152. Task number AB57B1

The figure shows the situation in the market of goods for outdoor activities: the demand line D moved to a new position D1(P- the price of the product, Q- quantity of goods). This movement can be associated primarily with (co)

1) the onset of the holiday season

2) higher prices for leisure goods

3) decrease in consumer income

4) a decrease in the number of travel companies

153. Task number C30FFE

Competition is important because it

1) promotes price increases

2) contributes to a decrease in the quality of goods and services

3) helps to increase the variety of products and services offered

4) forces producers to increase the cost of producing goods and services

154. Task number 616C2F

Are the following judgments about unemployment correct?

A. The number of unemployed citizens includes pensioners and children.

B. One of the manifestations of hidden unemployment is the transition to part-time work.

155. Task number 8A8DBB

Central Bank of the Russian Federation

1) accepts citizens' savings into accounts

2) issues loans to individuals and companies

3) licenses commercial banks

4) approves the state budget

156. Task number DDA8D5

What is the meaning of economists in the concept of "tax"? Drawing on your knowledge of your social studies course, compose two sentences containing information about taxes.

157. Task number 75B6F7

Economics as a field of knowledge directly studies

1) ways of regulating social conflicts

2) ways of rational use of limited resources

3) the social consequences of the scientific and technological revolution

4) ways of optimal management of society

158. Task number FA780B

159. Task №098BB3

State in a market economy

1) gives subsidies to entrepreneurs, encouraging production in certain industries

2) sets prices for goods and services

3) affects the ratio of supply and demand

4) carries out directive production planning

160. Task number 6A8C31

Read the text below where a number of words are missing.

“Formation (A) of labor can be accompanied by conflicts between employers and employees. The main method of protecting interests (B) is the creation of trade unions that negotiate on behalf of all their members.

Trade unions usually seek to improve the conditions and increase (B) of their members, as well as increase their wages. This makes work for union members more pleasant and profitable, but at the same time narrows (D) employment and leads to an increase in the price of goods for buyers, if the value of profit in the price of the goods does not decrease.

Wages should not fall below the minimum level, the basis of which is (D). The minimum wage is set and changed by the (E) authorities. "

one once.

Choose one word after another in sequence, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the blanks.

1) employment contract

2) market price

3) economic boundaries

4) unemployment

5) employees

6) living wage

7) legislative bodies

8) labor safety

9) profession

161. Task number 0EF192

The steady rise in prices for goods and services associated with a simultaneous increase in demand in most of the country's markets is called

1) demand inflation

2) scarcity

3) cost inflation

4) rush demand

162. Task number 503B3E

What limits consumer demand in a market economy?

1) choice

2) supply growth

3) lower prices for goods

4) solvency

163. Task No. B8045A

Are the following judgments about the subject of economics as a science true?

164. Task number 31E169

One often hears the opinion that the state should not fight unemployment within the framework of a market economy: it is inherent in the market. Formulate your own opinion on this issue. Give two arguments.

165. Task No. CF51F4

What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "privatization"? Drawing on knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information on privatization.

16. Task number C211FF

Read the text below where a number of words are missing.

Select from the provided list the words to be inserted in place of the blanks.

“The so-called law of demand plays an important role in economic processes. The operation of this law is most fully manifested in a free market economy (1). (2) is defined by economists as the total amount of goods that (3) at any given moment in time are willing, ready and have the financial opportunity to purchase at certain prices. This law means that, other things being equal (4), demand decreases as it increases (5). It should be noted, however, that changes in prices and changes in demand for a product are not directly proportional. In a market economy, there are many more factors that influence (6) prices and demand. "

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used one once.

2) consumer

3) manufacturer

5) production

6) competition

8) cost

9) ratio

167. Job # CC3EC3

You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Family Economics". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.

169. Task number 6B22AD

Read the text below, each position marked with a specific letter.

(A) As the well-being of Russian families increased in the last decade, the share of spending on food has decreased. (B) At the same time, the costs of meeting cultural needs are growing. (B) Probably the hardest thing for families to meet the need for comfortable housing. (D) It must be admitted that in a number of cases, high housing prices are artificially maintained. (E) Prices are a source of important information about the state of this market for both the manufacturer and the consumer.

Determine which positions of the text have

1) factual nature

2) the nature of value judgments

3) the nature of theoretical statements

168. Job No. DBCD23

How does the state budget deficit affect the economy?

1) reduces income inequality

2) increases public debt

3) reduces motivation to work

4) leads to the introduction of preferential taxation

170. Task number 06360E

A factor causing a sharp surge in demand for a product or service may be

1) changing fashion

2) equipment cost

3) the level of corporate income tax

4) increase in production costs

171. Task number 59BC59

The picture shows the situation on the car market - the demand line D has moved to a new position D1. This movement may be associated, first of all, with

1) improving the technology of car production

2) reducing the cost of car production

3) an increase in the volume of public transport services

4) an increase in the income of the population

172. Task # FBFD74

Are the following judgments about a market economy correct?

A. Private property is the backbone of a market economy.

B. In a market economy, limited resources are allocated in a competitive environment.

173. Task number 321CAD

The hallmark of a market economy is

1) mass production of goods

2) competition of manufacturers

3) the presence of commodity-money relations

4) legislative protection of state property

174. Task number 4A9CAD

The graph reflects the situation on the hairdressing services market: the demand line D has moved to a new position - D1 (P is the price of services, Q is the number of services).

This movement can be associated primarily with

1) an increase in the number of beauty salons

2) fashion for complex hairstyles for women

3) the advent of effective self-care products on the market

4) increasing the profitability of beauty salons

175. Job # EC889C

The obvious advantages of a market economy include

1) susceptibility to advances in science and technology

2) harmony of personal and public interests

3) steady movement towards full employment

4) decrease in migration processes

176. Task №B6EF9F

What is the meaning of economists in the concept of "production"? Drawing on your knowledge of your social studies course, compose two sentences containing information about production.

177. Task number B92D69

Name and illustrate with specific examples any three factors that determine significant differences in employee wages.

178. Task number 9A8516

Which of the following is reflected in the state budget items?

1) public administration costs

2) income of citizens from entrepreneurial activity

3) unemployment rate

4) average monthly salary

179. Task number 0F57AF

The state in a market economy regulates

1) the volume of money supply in circulation

2) the volume of production

3) social needs

4) income of enterprises

180. Task number FE86C3

The figure shows the situation on the hairdressing market (P - price, Q - quantity). Analyze the supply change (supply line S moved to position S1). How can this change be explained?

1) Complex hairstyles and makeup have become fashionable for women.

3) An unfavorable economic situation has been established in the country.

4) The number of hairdressing salons has increased.

181. Assignment # EAEAEE

Choose a concept that is generalized for the rest of the concepts in the series below, and write down the number under which it is indicated.

1)Earth; 2)work; 3)factors of production; 4)capital; 5)entrepreneurial ability.

182. Task number D0CF26

The risks of opening the domestic market for foreign manufacturers include

1) increasing the variety of products and services offered

2) lower prices due to increased supply

3) dependence of the country's economy on imports of a number of goods

4) increase in state budget revenues

183. Task number 6F6843

Are the following judgments about the type of market structure called monopoly correct?

184. Task number 4B82BC

Which economic phenomenon is reflected in the following description of the social situation: “Prices rose so quickly that the waiters changed them on the menu several times during lunch. Sometimes restaurant patrons had to pay twice the price on the menu when they first ordered?

1) inflation

2) specialization

3) denomination

4) nationalization

Task number 243E00

185. Task number 243E00

Illustrate with three examples the impact of financial stability in a country on the success of the economic activity of individuals and firms (enterprises).

186 Task No. 6560F5

The state budget

1) determines the level of inflation in the country

2) regulates the volume of money supply

3) reflects the main directions of domestic policy

4) sets the minimum wage

187. Task number 907D33

A number of terms are listed below. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to the concept of "microeconomics".

1) Firm; 2) local market; 3) stock Exchange; 4) costs; 5) accounting profit; 6) tax system of the country.

Find two terms that "fall out" from the general series and refer to another concept, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

188. Task number DEDFF5

Are the following judgments about the essence of the equilibrium state of the market for any product correct?

189. Task number D578BE

The state performs a number of functions in the economic life of society. What is an example of stimulating entrepreneurial activity of economic entities?

1) the creation of open economic zones

3) pursuing anti-inflationary policy

4) issuance of licenses to financial organizations

190. Task number 60E0C4

Read the text below where a number of words are missing. Select from the provided list the words to be inserted in place of the blanks.

“The so-called law of demand plays an important role in economic processes. The operation of this law is most fully manifested in a free market economy (1). (2) is defined by economists as the total amount of goods that (3) at any given moment in time are willing, ready and have the financial opportunity to purchase at certain prices. This law means that, other things being equal, the volume of demand decreases as it increases (4). It should be noted, however, that the change in price and change in demand for (5) are not in direct proportional relationship. In a market economy, there are many more factors that influence (6) prices and demand. "

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used one once.

Choose one word after another in sequence, mentally filling in each gap. Note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the blanks.

The table below shows the pass numbers. Write under each number the letter corresponding to the word you have chosen.

2) consumer

3) manufacturer

5) production

6) competition

8) cost

9) ratio

191. Task number 83927A

The introduction of scientific and technical developments into production contributes to

1) decrease in demand for skilled labor

2) increasing labor productivity

3) lower taxes on producers

4) growth of the budget deficit

192. Task number 3A884E

What is the consumer's income from the use of property?

1) state fee

2) inheritance tax

3) dividends on shares

4) insurance premiums

Task number 490690

The figure shows the situation on the insurance market ( P- price, Q- number). Analyze the change in demand (demand line D moved to position D1).

How can this change be explained?

1) a decrease in payments after the occurrence of insured events

2) increasing consumer income

3) an increase in the number of insurance companies

4) the introduction of compulsory motor third party liability insurance

193. Task number B2A659

The market economy differs from the command economy in that it contains

1) employees at enterprises are paid wages

2) there is a division of labor between industries, enterprises, workers

3) prices for goods are determined by the ratio of supply and demand

4) demand is regulated by cards, coupons, lists of beneficiaries

194 Task number 2675B1

The economic crisis has led to the closure of businesses and an increase in unemployment in many sectors. What kind of unemployment is illustrated by this example?

1) friction

2) cyclic

3) seasonal

4) structural

195. Task number CAB5D5

Name any three economic functions of the state and illustrate each of them with an example.

196. Task number 293054

The negative consequences of market regulation of the economy include

1) free pricing

2) refusal from equalizing distribution of goods and services

3) dominance of consumption over production

4) the presence of people unemployed in social production, unemployment

197. Task number A962E2

The graph reflects the situation on the meat and meat products market: the demand line D has moved to a new position - D1 (P is the price of the product, Q is the quantity of the product).

This movement can be associated primarily with (co)

1) reduction of taxes on meat producers

2) news of an epidemic disease of animals

3) increase in consumer income

4) an increase in the number of manufacturers of meat products

198. Task No. AD0757

Write down the word that is missing in the table.

The economic growth

199. Task number F77139

The Z region mobile market is controlled by one large company, other manufacturers are not represented. Select the characteristics of a given market from the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) goods market

2) perfect competition

3) regional market

4) service market

5) monopoly

6) market deficit

200. Task number A897B1

Are the following judgments about the role of the state in the economy correct?

A. The state is a producer of public goods.

B. The state always regulates the distribution of limited factors of production.

201. Task number C60941

Are the following judgments about the state budget correct?

202. Task number C7A704

Find the factors that influence the increase in demand for consumer goods from the list. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) increase in family income

2) increase in value added tax

3) decrease in the production of goods

4) lower prices for goods

6) rise in the cost of consumer loans

203. Task number F71F27

In which of the following situations are we talking about a mortgage loan?

1) Citizen M. took out a bank loan to buy a mink coat.

2) Citizen N. took out a loan for the purchase of an apartment.

3) The trading network received a loan from a commercial bank for the purchase of goods.

4) The state-owned enterprise received a loan for the purchase of equipment.

204. Task number 04A896

One of the hallmarks of a market economy is

1) the predominance of state ownership

2) regulation of prices by the state authority for managing the economy

3) the existence of government plans that are binding on manufacturers

4) lack of planned government regulation of the amount of products produced

205. Task number 0538DA

Read the text below, each position is numbered.

Determine which text positions are worn

1) factual nature

2) the nature of value judgments

206. Task №CFA1AD

Tax revenues to the state budget make it possible to finance social programs. What function of taxes is manifested in this fact?

1) redistributive

2) educational

3) fiscal

4) economic

207. Task number BC8CB6

Providing legal protection of property rights, the state performs an economic function

1) tax regulation

2) regulation of money circulation

3) production of public goods

4) creating conditions for economic freedom

208. Task №F4F23D

Find in the list below the levers of financial and economic regulation of the market by the state.

1) antitrust legislation

2) loans provided to entrepreneurs

3) development of the system of economic education in secondary school

4) presentation of state awards for industrial success

5) tax policy

209. Task number A9C8C7

The figure shows the changes that have occurred with the supply of wheat in the relevant market. Moving the supply curve S to a new position S1 can be associated, first of all, with (co)

1) an increase in the income of wheat producers

2) an increase in prices for mineral fertilizers

3) decrease in prices for land plots

4) lower prices for diesel fuel and gasoline

210. Task number C98E80

In state Z, the economy is based on a variety of forms of ownership and economic freedom of producers. What type of economic system is this typical for?

1) market

2) traditional

3) distribution

4) command

211. Task number D3873D

Write down the word that is missing in the table.

212. Task number 8FE0CB

In the N. country, there is a sharp rise in prices for consumer goods. Money depreciates. Real incomes of the population are falling. What economic concept is used to characterize this process?

1) nationalization

2) inflation

3) budget surplus

4) privatization

213. Task number D913BB

The figure shows the situation on the winter sports equipment market: the demand line D has moved to a new position - D1 (P is the price of the product, Q is the volume of demand for the product). This movement can be associated primarily with (co)

1) a decrease in the income of the population

2) popularization of winter sports

3) the development of a network of fitness clubs

4) prolonged thaw in winter

The study of the interaction of supply and demand, competition as the main pricing tools allows an effective search for elements of an effective mechanism of market self-regulation ...

In a market economy, the price performs a number of important functions.

Prices convey information ... The price system automatically disseminates information to all market participants about steady growth or decline in demand for a particular type of product. This prompts them to increase or, conversely, reduce the volume of production until a new rise or fall in prices sends signals about a shortage or overproduction of marketable products.

In modern conditions in the developed countries of the West, the operation of the price system is greatly simplified due to the functioning of highly organized markets with a developed infrastructure. At the same time, the pricing system is complicated due to distortions of price information for a number of reasons. First of all, it is worth noting the state's interference in economic processes. A negative role is played by the activity of monopolies, striving to extract the highest possible profits, including by raising prices. Inflation is also a distorting factor, especially if it is high and volatile.

Prices have an important incentive function. Each company seeks to reduce production costs, rightly seeing this as one of the time-tested levers of profit growth. For these purposes, the achievements of scientific and technological progress, innovative and competitive technologies, know-how, all kinds of management, etc. are used. The cost of production, the labor intensity of its production are the basis for the formation of market prices. Each enterprise has its own capabilities and reserves on this path, using them to achieve the set goal. Thus, the price stimulates the implementation of the achievements of scientific and technological progress, helps to reduce production costs and improve product quality.

Prices participate in the regulation of the production of goods and services, and also affect the distribution of income, the change in the structure of their use. This function is spontaneous outside state influence. The rise in prices, for example, promotes an increase in the production of goods, but to certain limits, since high prices restrict demand.

(V.I.Kushlin)

1. Assignment # 1B4D95

What are the two main market pricing tools named in the text? What is the significance of the information disseminated by the price system?

2. Task number 310B2A

It is known that in market conditions prices are set under the influence of supply and demand. However, according to a number of economists, even in these conditions, the state should not lose control over prices for goods and services. Using the content of the text and social science knowledge, make three assumptions about the possible forms and manifestations of such control.

3. Job No. FBF172

What are the three functions of prices in market conditions discussed in the text? Name them and illustrate each with a specific example.

4. Task No.A07DC0

The market economy system, like any other economic system, has its advantages and disadvantages ... As a rule, the main advantages of a market economy include, first of all, its extreme dynamism and ability to self-regulation. As a result, it is receptive to innovation and is able to provide fast and efficient economic growth, incl. through the entrepreneurial activity of the population. The market economy is also distinguished by a high ability to efficiently allocate resources, to rapidly develop and widely implement competitive production technologies. Finally, it should be noted its vitality and adaptability.

Among the shortcomings of the market economy, many researchers attribute the gradual weakening and even deliberate elimination of the main element of the market system of management - competition ... Another major drawback of the market mechanism of management is that it does not provide full employment of the population and a stable level of prices ...

One cannot but mention inflationary processes that often manifest themselves in a market economy. It should be borne in mind here that the inflationary rise in prices has a pronounced destabilizing effect on economic life. It consists in the fact that monetary aggregates begin to depreciate rapidly in relation to real assets ...

The undoubted drawback of the market economy is that it does not create material incentives for the production of those goods and services that belong to the so-called. public goods. It does not in itself solve a number of major social problems. Among them, the organization of public health care, free education, support for poorly protected segments of the population, the development of culture, ensuring the protection of public order, national defense, etc. The market mechanism of management is not able to take into account these needs of society. Therefore, the state is forced to ensure the production of public goods and the provision of services, pursuing an appropriate tax policy.

The market economy is characterized by high differentiation in the income of the population.

(V.I.Kushlin and others)

1. Job number 43D331

What are the advantages of a market economy noted by the authors? List any three merits.

2. Task number 596255

Explain the relationship between unemployment and the market economy. Illustrate with two examples of government policies to reduce unemployment.

3. Task No. D97752

What are the disadvantages of a market economy considered by the authors? List any five shortcomings.

4. Task number 20A7D0

How is the state tax policy related to the production of public goods and the solution of social problems of society? Using the text and social science knowledge, give three explanations for this connection.

The market economy is a social system of division of labor and private ownership of the means of production. Everyone acts at their own peril and risk, but in acting, each person has in mind the needs of others rather than his own. In entrepreneurship, a person needs the environment of fellow citizens ...

This system has been honed by the market. The marketplace directs people's activity in a direction where they best meet the needs of those around them. The market operates without coercive measures. The state and the punitive apparatus do not interfere in the market and the system of civil relations governed by the market. Only if it is necessary to prevent destructive phenomena is the use of forceful sanctions justified, the purpose of which is the regular functioning of the market economy. Maintaining life, health and property against violence, aggression, cheating on the part of internal criminal elements and external enemies - these are the functions of the state, the guarantor of the normal operation of the market economy ... The individual integrates, as best he can, independently into the system of cooperation. The market shows him how to better equip himself and others. Only the market is able to bring order to the entire social system, to inform it of meaning and significance, therefore the role of the market is the most important.

The market ... is the process of interaction and cooperation of various individuals, connected by a system of division of labor ... The market process is the adaptation of individual actions to the requirements of mutual cooperation. Prices tell manufacturers what, how, and how much to produce. The market is the focal point where types of activity intersect and reflect; from this center they spread further ...

Directing economic stocks in market conditions is the task of entrepreneurs. They also have the function of production control. They stand at the helm and control the ship. To a superficial observer, it seems that they are the ones who occupy key positions. However, this is not the case: the entrepreneurs themselves, of course, obey the commands of the captain, and this captain is the consumer. It is not the entrepreneurs, capitalists, landowners, but consumers who establish what exactly should be produced. If a merchant does not obey the strict orders expressed in the structure of market prices, then he will first face losses and then bankruptcy. It is simply replaced by other agents, those who are better able to meet consumer demand ...

It is consumers who can make the rich poor and the poor rich. Only they accurately determine the quantity and quality, as well as the type of product itself. Impartial egoists, they consist of whims and fantasies, changeable and unpredictable. Apart from their own satisfaction, they do not want to know anything. Neither past merits nor loyal interests matter.

(L. Mises)

1. Task number 469708

Using the text, social science knowledge and facts of public life, explain and illustrate with two examples the author's idea that the market directs the activity of people in a direction where they best meet the needs of others.

2. Task №AABDDD

3. Task number 5976AA

“There is no and cannot be an effective ... socially oriented market economy without an active regulatory role of the state.

<…>The state always retains classical functions, such as: protection of property rights; ensuring freedom of entrepreneurship, ensuring the rule of law and law and order in the economic sphere; regulation of monetary circulation, ensuring the stability of the national currency; regulation of the relationship between labor and capital, ensuring the economic security of the country, etc. None of these functions disappear or lose their role.

<…>With the development of society ... there is a development, enrichment, clarification of the functions of the state. This process proceeds in the following directions: a consistent transition from direct to indirect methods of economic regulation; a sharp increase in the social functions of the state, its role in regulating social processes, starting with the establishment of minimum wage rates, the definition of a living wage, a decrease in unjustified differentiation of incomes of the population, ensuring stability in society.

Recently, qualitatively new functions of the state have emerged.<…>The state has assumed obligations in the field of education, the formation and support of fundamental science, and the solution of environmental issues.

<…>What tasks of the state are we talking about at the stage of the formation of a market economy?<…>This is, first of all, the formation of a new system of property relations.<…>Formation of small business.<…>Formation of the main elements of the market economy, including the financial and stock markets, institutions for regulating the labor market and employment, the infrastructure of the market economy as a whole. "

(Abalkin A.I.)

1. Job number 431867

2. Task number 6897E7

What are the three new functions of the modern state in the economy noted by the author?

3. Task # 1403BC

4. Task number 6F5B60

The author writes about the regulatory role of the state in the economy. Name another regulator of economic activity in the economic system referred to in the text. Indicate any two of its regulatory functions.

The sets of tasks solved by governments in regulating the economy are determined both by the general laws of the functioning of modern market systems and by specific needs and conditions of a particular country. With regard to modern Russia, three large generalized tasks can be distinguished ... First, ensuring the sustainability of economic growth, which serves to increase the welfare and social development of the nation. Secondly, the implementation of an effective transformation of the country's economic system in order to increase the efficiency and flexibility of its institutions. Third, the protection of national interests in foreign economic relations.

The first of these tasks is mainly solved by the efforts of enterprises, firms, corporations ... To achieve sustainable and socially oriented economic growth, an integrated economic policy of a nationwide scale is needed ... It is also planned to implement government orders and national investment programs in areas of particular importance to society. Today, economic policy in a country equivalent to Russia must certainly be innovation-oriented. This requires special measures on the part of the state to support science, education and innovative entrepreneurship.

The second task is the transformation of the country's economic system ... having in mind the creation of a modern and highly efficient market economy, it involves a wide range of reform actions, which are characterized by complex parameters and require special control from the state. Of decisive importance in this block of tasks is the formation of market institutions necessary for a highly efficient economy, the transformation and improvement of the public administration system.

The third task is foreign economic. It is associated with the state's support for the independence and identity of the country's economic system in relations with the outside world. It is known that modern international economic relations are imbued with the spirit of globalism. National economic interests can be pushed aside to the second and even third plan under the powerful pressure of the interests of transnational capital. But TNCs and international capital are also national in their own way. They express the priorities of their home country or the integral interests of a group of countries. And usually these are the most developed countries in the world. Therefore, the task of defending the national interests of the country in foreign economic relations has not lost its significance. It has become more multifaceted and complex.

(V.I.Kushlin and others)

1. Task number 0EB141

2. Task number ACF177

3. Task number 2FBC45

What direction of economic policy in a country equivalent to Russia do the authors consider necessary? What is the essence of this policy direction? Using the content of the text, social science knowledge and facts of public life, give two explanations for the prospects of this direction of economic policy.

4. Task number 8714B8

Name two factors that, according to the authors, determine the tasks of the government in regulating the economy. What three tasks of regulating the economy of modern Russia do the authors consider urgent?

We set ourselves the most serious tasks: by 2020, enter the five largest economies in the world. We are able to solve this problem. But this is not an end in itself - to enter the top five; you and I understand that the size of the economy will depend on the state's ability to address social issues. This means that in order to ensure such a dynamic, outstripping movement of Russia forward, it is already now necessary to actively move to a qualitatively new social policy - the policy of social development.

Its content is much broader than just the payment of benefits and financing of social institutions. We are talking about the formation of a modern social environment around a person, working to improve his health, education, housing, working conditions, increase competitiveness and income, and ultimately, the development of the Russian people. Not just for saving, but for the development of the Russian people.

<…>the basis of social policy is an adequate level of people's income. In the coming years, we must raise the average pension above the subsistence level and bring the level of wages in the social sphere to the average level of wages in each of the regions of the country. Of course, effective support for family, motherhood and childhood should also be developed.<…>

In the near future, we need to focus on updating the system of social obligations in order to fully implement the principles of accessibility and quality of social services. This work should be carried out in constant dialogue with civil society, business, professional communities.<…>

Finally, we need to get rid of the stereotype that "social sphere" is exclusively the fiefdom of the state: there are already examples when private business works in social spheres - both with a higher quality and at the same time with lower costs.

Ultimately, it does not matter where the service is provided: in a state, private or municipal institution - the main thing is that a person can choose the option that suits him. And the state must pay for the services provided in the amount determined by state guarantees.<…>

<…>the social sphere should become a field for interested partnership of the state, business, public structures in the implementation of their joint programs.

(V.V. Putin)

1. Job No. ADC936

How is the task of Russia's entry into the five largest economies in the world related to the social policy of the state? What is the task that directly follows from this connection?

2. Task number 8A035E

The text reveals the meaning of the term "policy of social development" in a narrow and broad sense. Give them, be sure to mark which meaning corresponds to the narrow meaning, and which - to the wide one.

3. Task No. B13742

As you understand what V.V. Putin's expression "system of social obligations"? What, in the author's opinion, is its renewal in modern conditions? How can civil society organizations participate in this update?

4. Task number F94DD5

V.V. Putin proposes to take measures to ensure an adequate level of people's incomes. What categories of the population are primarily intended to improve these measures? (Name three such categories of the population). Why exactly these categories of the population need state support?

With the emergence of the "class of intellectuals" non-materialistic goals become the driving force of social progress, and that part of society that is unable to assimilate them objectively loses its significance in public life more than any other class in an agrarian or industrial society. Intellectual stratification, reaching unprecedented proportions today, is gradually becoming the basis of any other social stratification ...

The development of a modern economy based on the production and use of knowledge presupposes the formation of a new principle of social stratification, much more rigid in comparison with all known in history. In agrarian societies, the power of the feudal lord over the peasants was given the right of birth, in an industrial society the power of the capitalist was based on the right of property, and the influence of a civil servant was determined by his place in the political system; all these status factors were not conditioned by the natural and irreducible qualities of people - any member of society, finding himself in the place of representatives of the ruling class, could, with more or less success, perform the corresponding social functions ...

In modern conditions, it is not social status that serves as a condition for a person to belong to the elite of post-industrial society; on the contrary, he himself forms the qualities that make him a representative of the highest social stratum. It is widely believed that information is the most democratic source of power, because everyone has access to it, and a monopoly on it is impossible; however, it is also important that information is also the least democratic factor of production, since access to it does not at all mean possession of it ...

(V.L. Inozemtsev)

Economics as a Science

From the moment of realizing oneself as a person, a person is engaged in conscious cognition of the world. This consists in knowing not only the surrounding objects and their properties, but also the laws of various processes. The production activity of a person (a set of processes for creating material and spiritual benefits) is not an exception.

In the prehistoric period, the accumulation of knowledge was in the nature of trial and error. Only in the ancient era did the foundations of various sciences begin to emerge. Economics has become one of these sciences. In its primary sense, this word meant the art of housekeeping (as they would say now - "home economics").

Later, in the depths of this discipline, the doctrine of trade relations and wealth crystallized (the work of Aristotle). It was then that the foundations of the theory of value, price and money were laid. The ancient Greeks already had sections in the economy: catallactics (the art of trade) and chremastika (the art of accumulating wealth).

The Middle Ages did little to enrich scientific knowledge. This era is characterized by stagnation and regression of scientific knowledge in Europe. But at the same time, it was in the Middle Ages that the foundations of the world economy were laid and trade markets expanded to the size of the entire planet.

The formation of capitalist relations required a scientific approach to the study of economic phenomena and processes. It took a coherent scientific theory that would not only explain what was happening. But it would also make it possible to foresee the consequences of certain processes and phenomena. This is how economic theory in the modern sense was formed.

Definition 1

Economics is a social science that characterizes the economic activity of a person through a system of concepts, categories, economic theories and laws, examining the laws and theoretical foundations of management.

In addition to purely economic aspects, economics pays attention to the study of human activities in the process of management. The economy is the basis for the development of society. Therefore, economic theory pays attention to the influence of economic life on the political system of society. Politics is an extension of the economy. It is not for nothing that a part of economic theory is called political economy.

Currently, economic theory contains a whole system of schools and directions. Each of them has its own specifics, its adherents and opponents. The most famous among them are:

mercantilism;
physiocratism;
classical English political economy;
neoclassicism;
Keynesianism;
monetarism;
new classical economics, etc.

The role of economics

Like any branch of human cognition, economic science has at its disposal a system of methods and methods of cognition, its own subject of research. The role of science also changes depending on the stage of development of human society. If at the first stages of their development all sciences were descriptive, this was also typical for economics.

In the early stages of its development as a science, economics served only as a tool for the most successful household management. She further assumed the role of leadership in trade relations and in matters of wealth accumulation. In the middle of the century, in connection with the expansion of trade with the countries of the East, the economy studied the phenomenon of competition in trade relations.

In the era of the formation of capitalism, the role of the economy expanded due to the need to study the issues of activity and regulation of rapidly expanding markets. The very basis of the economic system has changed. It was required to explain the emerging phenomena and investigate the regularity of their manifestation. Economic theory has acquired a class character.

Therefore, it can be said without exaggeration that economic theory plays a very important role in the formation of a whole system of sciences related to production and relations of production, social development and the formation of social psychology. Economic practice and economic education cannot exist without economic science (theory). After all, it is she who lays the foundations of economic knowledge and economic thinking.

Economics is the methodological basis for such branches of knowledge as:

sectoral economic disciplines;
functional economic disciplines (marketing, accounting, audit, etc.);
cross-sectoral sciences (economic geography, demography, etc.);
the history of the development of the world economy;
the history of the formation of economic doctrines;
the history of the development of ideologies.

The tasks of economic science

Any science is designed to serve certain purposes for the good of man. The economy is trying to solve the main economic problems of humanity, which are of vital importance. For a person, the incentive for any of his activities is the desire to satisfy his needs. This can be done by using available resources and your capabilities.

But both the amount of resources and human capabilities are extremely limited. And the needs are increasing all the time. Therefore, the main task of economics is to develop a strategy for the maximum possible satisfaction of needs through the use of a limited amount of resources.

To accomplish the main task, the economy develops step-by-step tasks to solve the global economic problem. These phased tasks include:

search for ways to increase the productivity of members of society;
ensuring a high standard of living of the population;
intensification of production development;
improving the rationality of the use of available resources and opportunities;
improving the system of distribution of benefits in society;
substantiation of the role and place of the state in the economic system of society;
assistance in solving the main production issues ("what to produce?", "for whom to produce?" and "how to produce?").