What are the roofs of houses in shape. Beautiful roofs of private houses

Do-it-yourself construction will help to significantly reduce the cost of both a separate stage of work and the entire project as a whole. The roof is a large-scale structure, so its construction takes a significant part of the development budget. To reduce costs, you can refuse the services of a construction team and do everything yourself. To have an idea of ​​the upcoming scope of work, it is enough to familiarize yourself with the types of roofing, their purpose and features.

Which roof will be easier and more economical to build

Depending on the installation of the structure, the roof can be flat, when the angle of inclination does not exceed 12 degrees, and pitched - the slope exceeds the indicated value. Flat roofs are built with a slope of 1-3 degrees, which will be enough to remove moisture from the surface in a timely manner. In general, the stages of the construction of flat structures are similar, the differences are only in their arrangement. Depending on the sequence of laying the insulation and the waterproofing layer, there are ordinary and inverted roofs. The second option is different in that the installation of a waterproof insulation is carried out on top of the waterproofing.

The device of different roofs is similar in many respects, but each type has its own individual characteristics.

The supporting frame of a flat roofing system is assembled from monolithic reinforced concrete, metal profiles and metal beams or wooden rafters. To save space, flat roofs are successfully used for recreation when they are covered with a special coating or sown with grass. Taking care of the lawn is very simple - the grass is watered like ordinary plants, and the earth is transferred to a warm room for the winter. Creating green lawns is not difficult, it is only important to remember the need for a waterproofing polymer membrane, the cost of which is quite high.

It is, of course, interesting to have a flowering meadow above your head, but a pitched structure is considered a more practical option for a roof. Among the striking advantages of such a roof is the possibility of natural cleaning from snow masses and moisture due to the large slope angle, as well as high reliability compared to a flat surface. Here there is free space, which can serve as an attic or attic. The negative aspects in the construction of a pitched structure are the high cost of materials and the difficulty of performing repairs in the event of defects.

The advantage of a pitched roof is the possibility of building attic rooms on the top floor.

Features of a gable (gable) roof

This form is considered the most common, due to its effectiveness in removing moisture from precipitation. It is equally easy to make a shed and gable roof, while the building will be strong if equipped with a closed truss system. The gable roof scheme is understandable even for novice craftsmen, and the minimum amount of material is required for it. Placing window openings in gables is more expedient than installing them on slopes, so attic equipment will not cause difficulties.

Pitched roofs can have different shapes, but they all drain water well during precipitation.

The shape of the roof does not have to be symmetrical - if desired, the slope of the slopes can be made different, the layout of the interior will also depend on this. If the plan of the house assumes a shape other than a rectangle, then the roof will be even more complex.

A gable roof can have:

• inclined and hanging rafters;
• uneven angles of inclination;
• eaves of various sizes.

The gable roof is the most popular for rectangular houses.

The gable structure is built in two stages:

1. First, a crate is built over the load-bearing beams.
2. After that, the installation of the roofing is carried out. To assemble the battens and rafters, boards and beams are selected, as well as bolts, nails or special connecting elements as fasteners. Rafters can also be made from metal profiles suitable for covering large spans without the additional use of struts and racks.

There is no need to worry about the complexity of working with metal structures: they are manufactured at industrial enterprises with high precision, so they are easy to assemble even by non-professional builders. The only drawback of such elements is their heavy weight, which makes it difficult to climb onto the roof, and also increases the load on the supporting structure of the house during operation.

The device of roof trusses for a gable roof depends on the size of the house

Video: gable roof truss system

The device of the attic roofing system

The mansard roof can be of any shape and type, the main thing is the presence of a broken slope that increases the height of the interior. Thanks to this solution, it is possible to minimize the angle of inclination of the ceiling in future rooms. The presence of a broken rafter contour is typical for a roof of any kind: gable, hip and others.

Mansard roof allows you to equip a more spacious room on the second floor

In a mansard roof, the upper and lower beams of the rafters are tied together - this is how a high-strength structure is created with a slight decrease in the cross section of the frame parts. The construction of the supporting system of such a roof, unlike frames with a straight slope, is somewhat more complicated, and a large roof area affects the increase in cost. However, all additional costs are paid off by obtaining more living space.

Since the attic is arranged immediately above the premises of the lower belt, at one of the stages of work, an interfloor floor is laid, replacing the roof screed. If it is incorrect to calculate the project scheme according to the parameters of the house, then the height of the attic room will be much lower than the others. To avoid this, during the construction of modern houses, attics are equipped with a roof with a straight line, and not a broken one. This option provides the location of the walls of the attic rooms at an acute angle.

In modern houses, the attic is a full-fledged living space with high ceilings.

Video: mansard roof device

The construction of a hip roof

The peculiarity of the hip construction is the replacement of the gables with two slopes in the form of a triangle, then the slopes themselves are called hips. The top of the slopes is equipped with dormer windows. The complexity of the work and the need to strictly follow the requirements of the project exclude the possibility of independent construction. Despite the additional costs of paying for the services of a professional team, you can be sure of the high strength of the system and its resistance to climatic factors.

A hip roof is much more difficult to manufacture than a gable roof.

In this case, costs for roofing are inevitable, but when choosing economical materials such as slate or ondulin, you can make the roof even more economical than a gable roof. Thanks to the equipped slopes, several canopies can be made around the entire perimeter of the building, which would protect the walls from rain and snow. As for the usable area of ​​the attic, the hip construction is inferior to roofs of a different shape.

Hip roofs are represented by a variety of variations:

Another inconvenience during installation can be the installation of windows in finished slopes with laid roofing material. Even during their operation, difficulties arise, which cannot be said about the structures equipped in the gables.

Video: how to install a hip roof truss system

Semi-hip roof device

As mentioned earlier, the half-hip roof is similar to the gable and hip roofs. The external distinguishing features of the design are the trapezoidal shape of the end gables, covered with half hips. The roof may well be equipped with a window on the pediment, while the half-hips give the entire structure a unique design.

Interesting in terms of external design can be a half-hipped roof, in which the slope covers the lower gable part. This arrangement allows you to bring the rest of the gable to the correct triangular shape with the possibility of installing a dormer window. In private houses, you can often see unusual half-hip roofs with a very interesting appearance.

The half-hipped roof is very similar to a gable roof, but it looks much more attractive.

Features of hipped roof equipment

The tent structure acts as a kind of hip roof and is suitable for installation on houses with a regular polygonal or square shape. With proper installation, the symmetry of the slopes of the building is amazing. In this case, there is no need to erect a ridge element, and all its slopes, which can be from three or more, are connected at one point. With regard to operation, such a roof has established itself as a stable and reliable structure.

Before assembling a hipped roof, a large-scale work is carried out to calculate materials and create a project, the implementation of which can only be carried out by professionals.

For a hipped roof, the house must have the shape of a regular polygon

Multi-gable roof device

If the building has a complex polygonal shape, then, as a rule, a multi-gable roof is built for it. The complexity of such structures is due to the unusual truss system, but if the project is correctly drawn up and correctly implemented, then a unique structure can turn out.

The multi-gable roof has an irregular shape and a complex rafter design

The structure of such a roof is represented by several elements that are not used in the forms of other structures:

• tongs;
• valleys in large quantities;
• gables;
• grooves.

Rain and melt water is easily removed from such a roof without any additional effort, which is ensured thanks to the pitched system, where the roof elements are installed at an angle to the outer walls.

The gable is the upper wall part, which is limited by two roof slopes, while it is not separated from below by a cornice, as is the case on the gables. The valley is used as internal butt corners. The composition of the gable roof, regardless of the configuration, includes planes, the fulcrum of which is indicated at the same level of the wall. To limit them, pediments or tongs are installed from the end part.

There can be many tongs on the roof of the house

The construction of a multi-gable roof for inexperienced craftsmen will become an almost impossible task, since for the construction of its system of layered and hanging rafters, it is important to accurately calculate the cross section of the elements and install stiffeners. This will require not only patience, but also the availability of skills for such work.

The easiest way to mount a multi-gable structure is to install two gable roofs connected at a right angle. If you look at such a roof from above, then it will be a cruciform figure. If several elements with gable structures combined into one composition are built on one building, then outwardly such a structure will have an even more unusual design.

Video: fastening rafters to the valley of a multi-gable roof

Dome roof system

In the construction of private houses, domed and conical roofs are rarely used. As the name implies, such a design has a rounded shape, but it does not cover the entire room, but only some of its individual parts. So, it is good to build a domed roof on a veranda or decorative towers.

A domed roof is being erected on the basis of a curved frame, and in this case, only soft material such as glass isol, roofing felt, bituminous tiles, or flexible - galvanized metal tiles, plastic is allowed as a roofing. Often, fans of the old style with a good income decorate their houses with such roofs.

A house with a domed roof can be stylized as an old building or resemble a building from science fiction films.

The main constituent elements of the roof structure

The construction of the roof is carried out in several stages, the main ones being:

• creation of a truss system;
• arrangement of the crate;
• fencing installation.

Additional elements include inclined parts (pitched surfaces, ribs), horizontal parts (skates, valleys). The lower edge of the slope, as a rule, is equipped with gutters. The roof frame is completely wooden and consists of a Mauerlat, a truss system, the main and mandatory battens, puffs, racks and struts. As the roof skeleton is ready, the roofing is laid on it.

The rafter system must be durable, strong and at the same time have a low weight, therefore, coniferous wood is selected for its construction. The special composition of such a tree provides additional protection against decay.

To support the rafters, a Mauerlat is used - a thick bar installed over the load-bearing walls of the house on its two sides. Metal bolts, studs or wire are used as fasteners. Since the Mauerlat is subsequently connected to the truss frame, the quality of fastening should be the best. To isolate wooden parts, any suitable material is used, as a rule, roofing material. So the timber will last longer and last better. The average thickness of the Mauerlat is 15 cm and higher on its smaller side.

The main elements of the roof structure are present in all types of roofs.

The roof of the house is installed gradually, and each of its elements, when interacting with each other, creates the basis of a stable frame. A minor mistake at any stage of work can affect the quality of the entire roofing project.

What you need to know when installing a truss system

The rafters act as the main support for the lathing and, therefore, the roof itself, laid on top of it. Depending on the configuration, the truss system is mounted hanging or layered. Consider the main elements of each of them.

The rafter system must withstand the weight of the roofing, as well as snow and wind loads.

• used when there are supporting walls or partitions in the house;
• mounted at a distance from one roof span to another within 4–6 m and equipped with additional supports if the spans are much wider;
• represented by two rafter legs resting on the Mauerlat and connected on a ridge beam. Crossbars are used as connecting elements;
• made of material with a cross section of 5 cm or more. The gap from one rafter to another is 1–1.5 m. For additional support, wooden supports are fixed under the rafter legs.

Slanted rafters are arranged with small spans between the walls of the building

• mounted if there are no partitions between the walls, and the span of the roof structure is more than 7 m;
• indispensable in the construction of the attic, when the installation of partitions under the truss frame is impractical;
• presented in the form of two rafter legs, which are connected by a horizontal puff, reinforced with a vertical stand and inclined struts;
• do not need additional reinforcement due to the tightening support to the Mauerlat.

Hanging rafters are used in houses without partitions and with large inter-wall spans.

Arrangement of the crate and laying of the coating

The truss system is sheathed on top with a crate - it serves as a kind of substrate for roofing material. The choice of batten type depends on the covering being used and can be made in favor of a solid or sparse construction.

When using rolled roofs, soft coverings, tiles and other piece materials, a continuous crate is suitable. Wooden boards are laid in increments of no more than 10 mm. A solid construction will be more practical if it is made in two layers, and a waterproofing gasket made of roofing felt, isoplast or other roll coatings is laid between them. With the correct equipment of the layer, the protection of the roof from the penetration of precipitation and the effects of wind is guaranteed.

Roofing will be laid on the crate in the future

Arrangement of a sparse crate is carried out under a sheet roof - metal tiles, slate, profiled sheet, ondulin. A high load from such a material requires laying a beam with a thickness of 2-3 cm, while the distance between the structural elements should be up to 60 cm. All wooden parts must be treated with special means to protect against decay.

Once the laying of the sheathing is completed, you can proceed with the installation of the roofing material. If additional insulation of the under-roof space is required, then the installation of solid insulation is allowed - extruded polystyrene foam or polystyrene, as well as soft materials, such as mineral wool, are suitable. A prerequisite for the implementation of insulation is the arrangement of a vapor barrier and waterproofing layer.

Video: installation of the crate under the corrugated board

Unique Design: Complex Roof

To determine the types of roofs that are complex, it is enough to refer to the regulatory framework. So, SNB GESN 121.11 describes the features of roof structures, presented in three versions according to the degree of complexity:

1. Simple roof - the surface is distributed in such a way that 100 m 2 is equipped with 1-2 slopes.
2. The roof is of medium complexity - 2–5 slopes are installed for every 100 m 2.
3. A complex structure - a roof with a large number of pitched elements (more than 5 per 100 m 2).

In addition to the number of slopes, in order to fully determine the degree of complexity of the roof structure, it is important to take into account its shape. ENiR 7 states that any curvilinear structure (dome, vault, tent), on which different elements are combined, occupying more than 10% of its area, is complex.

If the roof has more than five slopes, then it is considered complex

Combining the above information into one definition, we can say that a complex roof is characterized by the presence of 5 or more slopes or a curved surface with fewer slopes.

Possessing an attractive design, a complex roof must cope with its direct purpose - to protect the premises from the negative effects of external conditions, not to let heat out of the house. Despite the apparent simplicity, the work on arranging such roofs is very time-consuming and requires maximum professionalism. With independent construction, the suitability of roof structures for further operation is not guaranteed, and there is also a chance of encountering unnecessary material costs. An improperly assembled roof will require additional repairs and new investments.

A beautiful dwelling is an indicator of the status of its inhabitants, therefore a good reliable house with a practical roof will not only stand for many years without damage from water flowing from above, but will allow demonstrating the good taste and wealth of its owner.

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Modern buildings are distinguished by a wide variety of architectural solutions. If earlier almost all buildings were of the same type, now it is difficult to find two similar ones among them. The design of the roof can also be different. The question of what types of roofs are of interest to everyone who decides to build a house. When choosing an option for arranging a roof, you should pay attention not only to its attractiveness, but also to its functionality.

All types of roof structures differ not only in appearance, but also in functional features. There is no ideal option: each type of roof construction has advantages and disadvantages.

Classification by slope angle

According to the angle of inclination of the slopes, all types of roofing are divided into the following two types: flat and pitched.

A flat roof is the simplest, it rests on walls of the same height and has practically no slope. Such roofs have a slope angle of 2.5-3%. The main disadvantage of flat roofs is that, due to the small slope, the removal of melt and rain water is difficult, and as a result, it soon begins to leak. Snow from these roofs has to be removed on their own.

Flat roofs are almost never used for the construction of private households. They are more functional for outbuildings and multi-storey buildings. But they have one advantage that other types of roofing cannot boast of: at the top you can arrange a flower garden and even a pool - the main thing is that the supporting structures can withstand this load.

For the construction of country houses and cottages, pitched roofs are usually used. The angle of inclination of the slopes of such roofs is more than 10%. Melt and rain water is easily removed from pitched surfaces; at a large slope angle, snow does not linger on them.

Design classification

According to their structural solution, roofs are non-attic and attic. The first option involves combining with the main room, and the roof of the last floor is the supporting structures of the roof. Attic roofs are not connected to the main room, they can be insulated or cold.

According to the type of ventilation, non-attic roofs are divided into:

• non-ventilated;
• ventilated;
• partially ventilated.

Also, roofs can be operated or not operated.

Geometric classification

Types of roof coverings according to the geometric shape are as follows.

Shed roofs . Consist of a single plane. Their truss system is based on the outer walls of the building, which are located at different heights (more: ""). Due to this, a slope is formed. Roofs with one slope are easy to build and do not require large financial costs. But mostly they are used in the construction of various outbuildings. Types of roofing for a roof with one slope can be different: the choice of roofing materials is very wide. For shed roofs, you can use tiles, slates, metal tiles, metal profiles, roofing material, ondulin, etc. (more: ""). Rainwater and snow do not linger on such a surface, in addition, precipitation flows in the same direction, thus making it easier to create storm sewers. The main disadvantages of shed roofs are the lack of attic space and a small selection of design solutions.

gable roofs . They are in demand in the construction of private houses - their design consists of two slopes, based on load-bearing walls of the same height. This type of roof is also called gable. (read also: "") The gap between the two slopes (tongs, gables) has the shape of a triangle. As for the construction itself, it is more difficult than creating a shed version, but easier than other types of cottage roofs.

The gable roof is reliable, well drains rain and melt water, snow, and can withstand strong wind loads. In addition, it looks much more interesting than a pitched roof. For gable structures, you can use different roofing.

Mansard roofs - This is a type of duplex. But for the roof slopes themselves, broken lines are characteristic. Another variant of the name of such roofs is “broken”, since the slopes can be refracted at different angles. The presence of a break increases the area and volume of the attic, which is subsequently used as housing and is called an attic.

Therefore, this version of the roof device is called "mansard". Its pediments are shaped like a pentagon. The design of such a roof is characterized by certain features, but it can be built easily and quickly. you can think of quite a lot. They are preferred to be built much more often than other types of roofs of one-story houses.

Thermal insulation is also important, since the attic is built into the roof. Accordingly, the temperature in such a room will depend on the quality of thermal insulation. If it is done in accordance with all the rules, then you can live in the attic even in winter. Otherwise, the room under the roof can only be used in the summer.

As for the height of the roof with an attic, it should not be less than 2.2 meters. Otherwise, there will be inconvenience when moving along it.

For these roofs, a system of double-pull rafters and beams is used. Their shape contributes to the rapid and efficient removal of snow and water from the roof. The angles of inclination of the hip roofs are 45 degrees. They also withstand strong winds well. Due to the large angle of inclination, the hipped roof must be equipped with gutters. It is better to entrust the construction of such a roof to specialists, since it requires a complex truss system. If you do not adhere to the accuracy of the parameters, the roof will not last long.

Types of roofing for this type of roof can be different. You can use both light and heavy roofing materials. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that the second materials for roofing last longer, plus, they have better thermal insulation. But at the same time, the use of such roofing products requires the creation of a reinforced rafter system. Most often, hip roofs are built in the southern regions.

Half hip roof . These are ordinary hip roofs with truncated triangular slopes. At the heart of the house is a regular polygon or square, so all four slopes look like a triangle, and their vertices converge at one point. A roof in the form of a pyramid can decorate any building. The installation of this type of roof is as complicated as the installation of hip roofs. Their construction is also best entrusted to specialists. Read also: "

Also, such roofs are used to create an overlap of a part of a building or even an entire building. Dome roofs are made from bent frame elements. Such types of roofing materials are used for the roof as soft (roofing felt, glass tiles) and flexible (galvanized steel sheets, plastic tiles).

Currently, you can see a variety of coverage options on private houses and cottages. Types of roofing for the roof are very diverse. Each person can choose the appropriate roofing option and type of roofing material for their home. Any method of creating a roof has its own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, when choosing the type of roofing and roofing material, it is necessary to take into account not only external beauty, but also functional differences. Continuation: " ".

In the modern concept, the roof of a house is not only a cover, protection from snow, sun or rain. Now the roof is an architectural continuation of the building, capable of emphasizing its individuality and originality, changing the visual perception of the house. It should also be noted that the type of roof will affect the internal atmosphere, comfort and coziness.

Be that as it may, but first of all, the roof must be reliable, because beauty will not save you from snow or rain. In general, there are many types of roofs, but we will only talk about the most popular, reliable and practical options that are best used when building a private house.

If we consider all the roofs as a whole, then they can be safely divided into two categories: flat and pitched. Both one and the other have both advantages and disadvantages.

Flat roof

Flat roof although it is popular, it does not always find a place for itself in residential housing construction. The main disadvantage is the lack of slope, and, consequently, the constant accumulation of snow and melt water on its surface. Because of this, the life of a flat roof is drastically reduced, thus it looks less acceptable in comparison with a pitched roof structure. Often a flat roof is used only when its surface will be used (placing a front garden, pool or terrace).

pitched roof

pitched roof much more preferable, because precipitation practically does not linger on its surface. In general, this type of roof is more reliable and attractive. Under such a roof, you can equip an attic space in the attic. The only drawback that you will have to face is the increased cost of building this type of roof and the difficulty of repairing it.

Roof with attic

Roof with attic very easy to build and install, you can build it yourself. The angle of inclination of the attic roof directly depends on what material is used for its roofing. You also need to take into account the maximum load placed on the roof, the cost of its construction and materials. It is convenient to repair such a roof, but even at the initial stages it is necessary to choose the optimal roofing material. An important point will be the decision on the attic, whether it will be used as a living space or not. Depending on this, the height of the ceiling, its quality and the materials used for its construction, as well as what the roofing pie, heat and waterproofing should be, will be decided.

Atticless (mansard)

Atticless (mansard) roof differs in that the outer mills will be the roof surfaces located at a sharp angle. This roof is interesting from the outside, but the usable area of ​​the attic will be slightly reduced, since a good roof fastening is needed. It is almost impossible to build such a roof on your own, it is better to involve professionals.

In most cases, a roof without an attic has a break, therefore, special support systems are installed from the inside, which reduce the usable area of ​​​​the attic. Having imagination and design ideas, the supports can be sheathed with plywood, and then make niches and cabinets for seasonal items there.

shed roof

shed roof - cheap and easy to install option. In fact, this is a kind of flat roof mounted on walls of different heights. It is thanks to this that a natural slope of the roof is created at a certain angle to one side. This roof is convenient and practical, but it is very boring in appearance, and you can’t equip an attic under it.

gable roof

gable roof - the most popular option in villages and small towns. This roof is one of the oldest, but is still relevant today. It is based on two slopes connected at the top by a “ridge”. A gable roof can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. In general, this is a very convenient and practical option, an ideal solution for those who want to equip the attic.

hip roof

hip roof - a kind of hipped roof. The two slopes of this roof are trapezoidal, and the end planes (hips) are triangular. It is much more difficult to create and build such a roof, so it is better to turn to professionals. The advantage of the roof lies in its operational characteristics, because it is very resistant to the vagaries of the weather.

Half hip roof

Half hip roof - this is something between a hip and a gable roof. The lateral planes are truncated - they have a semi-hinged shape, their length is 2-3 times less than the main planes. Vertical windows can be placed on the pediment of the building, and half-hips will become a decorative element.

Shatrovaya

Shatrovaya - the design of this roof has 3 or more slopes that are assembled at one top point. There is no “ridge” in the hipped roof, and the symmetry of the slopes pleasantly surprises. If the house has regular geometric shapes (square, polygon), then a hipped roof will be the best solution. It is resistant to winds, original in appearance and able to reliably protect the house.

Multi-gable roof

Multi-gable roof - the most difficult, expensive, but at the same time interesting option. Ideal for polygonal houses where you want to create something special. The truss system of a multi-gable roof is difficult to implement, so the involvement of professional builders and architects is a must here. If everything goes well, then eventually it will be possible to get a dream home.

broken roof

broken roof - a kind of mansard roof, because it is under it that an attic is often equipped. The upper part has a small angle of inclination, after which there is a break and the angle increases sharply, thereby the usable attic area will practically not be affected, and its side walls will be reliably protected.

Conical and domed roofs

Conical and domed roofs - this is a very rare occurrence, because almost no one uses them. This type of roof is not easy to use, it is difficult to repair them. It is best to use them only as separate elements that can be used to cover round verandas or create decorative towers.

Combined roof

Combined roof - difficult, but possible. This roof often combines such types of roofs as hipped, hip and multi-gable. It is logical that it is too difficult to calculate and build such a roof, so a professional architect must be involved to implement the project. By creating a combined roof, you can surprise your friends, envy your neighbors and delight your loved ones. Having built such a roof, you need to be prepared for the fact that it is difficult to maintain it, and you need to spend a lot on the implementation of this project, whether it is worth it only for the owner of the home to decide.

The roof of the house is one of the key elements of its reliability, strength, thermoregulation and presentable appearance. There are various types of roofs of private houses, which differ in configuration, the type of roofing materials involved, and the complexity of construction. The roof is an important load-bearing structure of the house, designed to protect it from precipitation and external influences, so it must be strong, stable and durable. Yes, and aesthetic qualities play an important role, because a well-chosen configuration and design of the roof will set the tone for the entire building, becoming its hallmark.

Forms and types of roofs of private houses

At the design stage, you should choose the right roof structure, based on the shape of the house and its purpose. Roofs are divided into types that differ in the number of hips and slopes. The main types of roofs that are in modern construction:

Shed- simplicity of design and comparative cheapness of execution makes this type of roof popular. Used for outbuildings, warehouses and garages. Rarely - for a private house.

gable- the classic version of the roof, which consists of two parts. Gives you the opportunity to equip the attic.

flat- It is used mainly in the climatic zone, where a small amount of precipitation is provided. Otherwise, water will accumulate on the surface of the roof and flow into the house.

hip roof- It is also called a four-slope. Differs in a difficult design and high operational characteristics.

Half hip, the Danish roof can be gable (mansard) or four-pitched.

Shatrovaya- a kind of hip roofs for private houses, the design resembles a tent. Differs in simplicity of installation and high functionality.

Multi-forceps- consists of tongs, many valleys, gables and blocks. Provides a natural stack of rain and melt water.

dome or cone the roof is used mainly on round and multi-faceted buildings.

Roofs of complex combination- are installed in private houses on two floors, with extensions and utility rooms. Installation of such a roof is only possible for experienced professionals.

The choice in favor of a flat-shaped roof is very rare, because it accumulates snow too quickly, retains a stack of water, and is easily deformed if the load during installation was incorrectly calculated. This type of roofing is preferred in hot climates where rainfall is rare. It is also used to cover multi-storey buildings and industrial buildings.

Flat roofs are popular with high-tech houses.

The advantages of a flat roof include:

Its smaller area compared to pitched, so less roofing material goes to it.

Installation and service work on a flat roof can be carried out without problems.

A flat roof allows you to get an additional usable area that can be used as a terrace, a place for sports, arrange a winter garden, build a gazebo with a fireplace.

Installation of this design is quick, as well as repair.

In a mild climate, you can arrange a flat roof under the garden

Shed roofs

A pitched roof has a flat surface that slopes to one side. Very often it is arranged on walls of different heights. When installing this, it is very important to choose the right amount of slope so that part of the building is located towards the winds.

The simplest version of a pitched roof

Advantages of a shed roof:

Low cost compared to attic or domed;

The possibility of subsequent completion of the floors without grandiose dismantling;

Easy installation of chimneys and stacks;

A wide range of roofing materials;

High area utilization rate;

Possibility to mount a balcony and huge windows from ceiling to floor.

Also very popular for modern style homes

There are no special drawbacks to a shed roof, except for it

Not very presentable.

However, if you correctly design the structure, combine several slopes at different levels, then you get a completely attractive roof. The correct selection of material is also important - if you choose, for example, a metal tile, then you get a beautiful slope geometry, but the profiled sheet will turn the house into a barn.

gable roofs

The gable roof structure is most often used for a private house in our climate zone. The angled design prevents water and snow from accumulating. The angle of the pitched roof is determined based on the level of precipitation in the current region - the more precipitation, the greater the angle of the pitched roof.

Advantages of a gable roof:

Practicality and the ability to equip the attic;

No need to clean snow and water manually;

Ease of installation;

Wide design possibilities;

Most roofing materials are focused on a gable roof;

Good maintainability;

Low cost and speed of construction.

The disadvantages of a gable roof in a private house include:

A large number of roofing materials that will be needed for its construction.

If you plan to build an attic, then you need to take care of increasing the number of windows, which will complicate the construction of a gable roof.

hip roof

The hip roof consists of four planes, which are located at an angle. Such a roof is considered one of the varieties of a hipped roof.

Benefits of a hip roof:

It is not subject to deformation in places of eaves canopies;

original appearance;

Can withstand strong winds;

Possibility to equip an attic or attic;

Well protects the facade from precipitation, thanks to the installation of additional overhangs.

Photo of a house with a hip roof

The disadvantage of a hip roof is:

The complexity of its installation, the complexity of laying roofing materials;

Due to the slopes, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe attic space is reduced.

Half hip roof

Half-hip roofs are also called Dutch. In our country, such designs are not used as often as in Europe.

3D sketch of a hipped roof

Advantages of semi-hip roofs:

Resistant to wind and even hurricane due to the streamlined shape;

Reliably protects the walls and gables of the house from snow and rain;

The ability to equip a residential or attic space under the roof;

Original and unusual design.

The disadvantages of a roof of this form include:

The difficulty of its installation, a large number of ribs and valleys;

A large number of necessary lumber;

Complicated roofing - builders have to install a lot of stops and struts.

hipped roofs

The tent-shaped roof is one of the varieties of pitched roof types. Consists of four equal slopes of a triangular shape.

Photo of a house with a hipped roof

This version of the roof wins over the gable roof, due to a higher level of functionality and decorative appeal. The mass of a hipped roof is less than that of a gable or mansard roof, so the load on buildings becomes less. The structure of the hipped roof is strong, thanks to the ribs that provide support. The disadvantages of this type of roof include the complexity and high cost of installation.

Multi-forceps

Multi-gable roofs for private houses are a rather complex structure, as they consist of many slopes, ribs, gables, valleys. Installation of such a roof is carried out only by masters with extensive experience in this field.

Multi-forceps option

Advantages of a multi-gable roof:

Attractive appearance;

Durability and strength of the structure;

Practicality;

The possibility of equipping an additional room under the roof.

The design of the roof and the choice of roofing material is determined at the design stage and depends on the design of the facade of the building and the roofing technology. The choice of the type of roof, materials for its installation, its design, slope depends on climatic conditions, operation, architectural requirements, the degree of capitalization of the building.

Roof - the upper enclosing structure of the building, which performs load-bearing, waterproofing and, with non-attic (combined) roofs and warm attics, heat-insulating functions.

Roof - the upper element of the roof (covering), which protects buildings from all types of atmospheric influences.

The roof of the building consists of the following elements: inclined planes, called slopes (1), which are based on rafters (2) and lathing (3). The lower ends of the rafter legs rest on the Mauerlat (4). The intersection of the slopes forms inclined (12) and horizontal ribs. The horizontal ribs are called the ridge (5). The intersection of the slopes, forming the incoming corners, create valleys and grooves (6). The edges of the roof above the walls of the building are called cornice overhangs (7) (located horizontally, protruding beyond the contour of the outer walls) or gable overhangs (11) (located obliquely). Water flows down the slopes to the wall gutters (8) and is discharged through the water intake funnels (9) into the downpipes (10) and further into the storm sewer.

1) Cornice plank; 2) Lathing board; 3) Falling beam of the counter-lattice; 4) Waterproofing film; 5) Rafter leg; 6) Skate; 7) Sheets of metal tiles; 8) Sealer ridge; 9) Cap of the ridge; 10) Wind bar; 11) Drain pipe; 12) Pipe holder; 13) Drainage chute; 14) Chute holder; 15) Snow barrier; 16) Upper valley; 17) Lower valley; 18) Wall profile.

Roof classification

Depending on the slope of the slopes, the roofs are pitched (more than 10%) and flat (up to 2.5%). In individual housing construction, as a rule, pitched and sloping roofs are used. In flat roofs, the formation of stagnant water on the roof is possible and, as a result, the appearance of leaks in these places. The advantage of flat roofs is the possibility of using them for various purposes. According to the constructive solution, roofs can be attic (separate) and non-attic (combined). Attic roofs are insulated or cold. In non-attic (combined) roofs, the load-bearing elements serve as the ceiling of the upper floor of the building. Non-attic roofs are ventilated, partially ventilated and non-ventilated. According to the operating conditions, roofs are exploited and non-exploited. The type of roof is mainly determined by its geometric shape and roofing material. Depending on the shape of the roof, they can be single-slope, gable, three-, four-slope, multi-slope (Fig. 2).

shed roof (Fig. 2, a) with its plane (slope) rests on load-bearing walls of different heights. This roof is most suitable for the construction of outbuildings.

Gable roof (Fig. 2, b, c) consists of two planes-slopes, based on load-bearing walls of the same height. The space between the slopes, which has a triangular shape, is called tongs or gables. A variation of the gable roof is the attic.
If the roof consists of four triangular slopes converging at one upper point, then it is called tent (Fig. 2d).

A roof formed by two trapezoidal slopes and two end triangular is called hip four-slope (Fig. 2, e). There are also gable hip ( half hip ) when the pediments are cut off (Fig. 2, f).

Gable roof of an industrial building with a longitudinal lantern (Fig. 2, g) differs from the gable roof of a residential building by a smaller slope of the slopes and a greater width and length.

vaulted roof (Fig. 2, h) in cross section it can be outlined by an arc of a circle or another geometric curve.

folded roof (Fig. 2, i) is formed from the connection of individual trapezoidal elements - folds.

domed roof (Fig. 2, j) in outline is a half ball with a continuous support on a cylindrical wall.

Multi-gable roof (Fig. 2, l) is formed from the connection of the slopes of the planes. It is arranged on houses with a complex polygonal shape of the plan. Such roofs have a greater number of valleys (inner corner) and ribs (protruding corners that form the intersection of the roof slopes), which requires high qualifications when performing roofing work.

Cross vault represents four closed arched vaults (Fig. 2, k).

spherical shell (Fig. 2, o) in outline it is a vault, resting at several points on the base. The space between the supports is usually used for translucent lamps.

spire roof (Fig. 2, n) consists of several steep triangles-slopes, connecting at the top.

Roof from oblique surfaces (Fig. 2, p) consists of several gentle planes, based on load-bearing walls, standing at different levels.

Flat roof (Fig. 2, p) rests on load-bearing walls that have the same height. Flat roofs are most widely used in both civil and industrial construction. Unlike pitched roofs, on flat roofs, piece and sheet materials are not used as roofing. Here, materials are needed that allow the installation of a continuous carpet (bitumen, bitumen-polymer and polymer materials, as well as mastics). This carpet must be elastic enough to perceive thermal and mechanical deformations of the roof base. As a base, use the surface of thermal insulation, load-bearing plates, screeds.

In individual construction, as a rule, roofs are used, shown in fig. 2, a, b, c, d, e, f. The intersections of the roof slopes form dihedral angles. If they are turned downwards, they are called grooves, or valleys, if upwards, then ribs. The upper rib, located horizontally, is called the ridge, and the lower part of the slope is called the overhang.

To remove rain and melt water, external drainpipes are installed, through which water is discharged to a certain place and leaves the site through drainage ditches into street ditches. The magnitude of the slope of the slope and the durability of the roof depend on the material of the roof, as well as on climatic conditions (table).

Pitched attic roofs should be operated in good condition of the roof, supporting structures of roofs, normal temperature and humidity conditions in attic spaces and timely repair of the coating.

I - attic; II - attic floor; III - supporting structure; IV - roof; 1 - constant loads (dead weight); 2 - live loads (snow, operational loads); 3 - wind (pressure); 4 - wind (suction); 5 - impact of ambient temperatures; 6 - atmospheric moisture (precipitation, air humidity); 7 - chemically aggressive substances contained in the air; 8 - solar radiation; 9 - moisture contained in the air of the attic space.

Pitched roof slopes and their durability

Roof material slope Service life, year Asbestos cement flat sheets, tiles 1:2 40-50 Corrugated asbestos cement sheets 1:3 40-50 Clay tile 1:1 - 1:2 60 and over Roof sheet steel black 1:3,5 20-25 Roof sheet steel galvanized 1:3,5 30-40 Roll materials two-layer, on mastic 1:7 5-8 Ruberoid on glassine 1:2 3-5 wooden shingles 1:1,25 5-10

1 - frame crossbar (beams, trusses); 2 - bearing element of the coating; 3 - vapor barrier; 4 - insulation; 5 - coupler; 6 - roof; 7 - protective layer.

a-g - for pitched roofs; d, e - for gable roofs; g - plan for the device of rafters; 1 - rafter leg; 2 - rack; 3 - brace; 4 - rafter beam; 5 - crossbar; 6 - spacer; 7 - top run; 8 - bed; 9 - diagonal leg; 10 - short rafter leg.

a - truss spans of 6 m or more; b - the same, 12 m; 1 - crossbar; 2 - sleeper; 3 - brace; 4 - block; 5 - beams; 6 - puff; 7 - grandmother; 8 - brace.

1 - puff; 2 - pendant, or headstock; 3 - rafter leg; 4 - suspended attic floor; 5 - brace; 6 - emergency bolt; 7 - nails; 8 - roofing; 9 - two overlays; 10 - bolts; 11 - bolt dowels.

a, b - non-ventilated; in - ventilated; 1 - protective layer; 2 - roll carpet; 3 - coupler; 4 - thermal insulation; 5 - vapor barrier; 6 - ventilated channel; 7 - supporting structure; 8 - finishing layer.

Roof construction

Attic pitched roofs. The pitched attic roof consists of load-bearing structures and a roof. Between such a roof and an attic floor there is an attic used to accommodate ventilation ducts (boxes), pipe runs, etc. With significant slopes, attic spaces are often used for built-in premises. The height of the attic in the lowest places, for example, at the outer walls, should be at least 0.4 m to allow periodic inspection of the structures. In the winter, heat and moisture penetrate into the attic through the attic ceilings from the premises of the upper floor. The warmer the attic and the more thermally conductive the roofing material, the more condensation (hoarfrost) is formed. When the outside temperature rises, the condensate melts, causing rotting of wooden structures and corrosion of metal elements. Humidification of the attic can also occur as a result of the penetration of moist air from the stairwells, and therefore the density of the porch of doors and hatches leading to the attic is of great importance. A very important and effective measure against moistening the attic space is its ventilation. To do this, arrange ventilation holes under the eaves (supply holes) and in the ridge (exhaust holes), as well as dormer windows. The bearing part consists of rafters, trusses, purlins, panels and other elements. The load-bearing structures of pitched roofs can be made of reinforced concrete, steel, wood in the form of rafters, building trusses and large panels. The choice of roof structure depends on the size of spans to be covered, the slope of the roof, as well as the requirements for durability, fire resistance and thermal properties (Fig. 3).

The most widespread are layered and hanging rafters.

Rafters (Fig. 4) consist of rafter legs, struts and racks. They rest with the lower ends of the rafter legs on the under-rafter bars - Mauerlats, and the upper ends on a horizontal beam, called the upper ridge run. The role of the Mauerlats is to create a convenient support for the lower ends of the rafters. The top run is supported by uprights mounted on internal supports. The distance between the posts carrying the ridge runs is taken equal to 3 - 5 m.

To increase the longitudinal rigidity of the rafter structures, longitudinal struts are placed at each rack. If the building has two rows of internal supports in the form of longitudinal main walls or pillars, columns and other elements, then two longitudinal runs are laid. Rafters are used in buildings with intermediate supports and spans up to 16 m in size.

Recently, prefabricated wooden layered rafters, prefabricated at the factory, have become widespread. A set of such rafters consists of separate structural elements and has an abbreviated name - rafter shield, truss truss. Perhaps such a device of layered rafters made of precast concrete. Roof trusses are used in the construction of roofs for buildings of considerable width that do not have internal supports. The construction truss consists of two rafter legs connected by a puff, which perceive the horizontal component of the forces transmitted to the support (thrust). With truss spans of 6 m or more, a crossbar is cut in, and with a span of up to 12 m, a headstock and struts are installed, which increase rigidity and reduce the deflection of the rafter legs (Fig. 5).

Roof trusses for low-rise civil and rural construction are made of beams and boards. Sometimes elements that perceive tensile forces in the lower belt or racks are made of steel. Such farms are called metal-wood. With four-pitched or more complex roof shapes, diagonal sloping rafter legs are introduced, forming triangular-shaped slopes in plan, the so-called hips.

Laminated rafters are made of beams, boards and logs (see Fig. 4). The pitch of the rafters is taken depending on the material from which they are made, the type of roof and the section of the elements of the crate. In the manufacture of rafters from beams with a thickness of 180 - 200 mm, they are placed after 1.5 - 2 m, and from plates and boards - after 1 - 1.5 m. In buildings of considerable width, when the length of the rafter legs reaches 8 m, it is necessary to arrange intermediate supports on interior walls. Beds are laid along these walls, racks and struts are installed on them, and then a run is installed on which the rafter legs rest.

At the intersection of the roof slopes, the rafters are made of diagonal and short rafter legs (see race 4, g). To prevent the roof from being blown away by the wind, part of the rafter legs is tied to crutches driven into the outer walls with wire twists. All rafter interfaces are fixed with nails, bolts, staples. Reinforced concrete layer systems consist of reinforced concrete panels supported at the top on a ridge reinforced concrete run, and at the bottom on the outer walls of the building. The ridge run is supported by pillars installed every 4 - 6 m. Large reinforced concrete panels are used for single-pitched and gable roofs. Shed roofs are arranged on ribbed panels measuring 6.4x1.2 m, laid with a slope of 5%, gable roofs - with a slope of 7 - 8%.

At present, complex multicomponent binders can be used for the manufacture of reinforced concrete foundations. Before laying the roof on the panels, a cement or asphalt screed is arranged. In the absence of intermediate supports in small spans of buildings up to 12 m, hanging rafters are used (Fig. 6). They are made from the same materials as the layered rafters, i.e. from beams, boards and logs. Hanging rafters consist of rafter legs and puffs. The upper ends of the rafter legs are connected with a slotted spike, and the lower ends are cut into a puff with a frontal notch and fastened with bolts.

Rough roofs. Non-attic roofs are divided into non-ventilated, partially ventilated and ventilated with outside air. Non-ventilated roofs are used in cases where the accumulation of moisture in the coating during operation is excluded. Such coatings can be made with thermal insulation combined with the supporting structure. The main elements of the combined roof are flooring, insulation, vapor barrier and roofing (Fig. 7).

The flooring is arranged from reinforced concrete large-sized slabs of various types. A vapor barrier layer in the form of one or two layers of roofing material or glassine on the mastic is provided to protect the thermal insulation from moisture from water vapor penetrating from the interior. As a heater, plate and bulk heat-insulating materials are used. A leveling layer (screed) of cement mortar is made on top of the thermal insulation. The roof is laid on the screed. It is made of rolled roofing materials in several layers. Stick them on cold or hot mastic. To protect the waterproofing carpet from damage, a protective layer is made in the form of mounds of sand or fine-grained gravel embedded in the top layer of mastic, or a layer of roofing material.

Non-ventilated roofs mounted from solid or multi-layer panels. Such panels manufactured in the factory are sealed with a sticker on the upper surface of the waterproofing carpet, and on the bottom and along the contour of the panel - by applying a layer of paint vapor barrier. Partially ventilated roofs have pores or channels in the panel material located in the upper thickness of the panel. Ventilated roofs have continuous air gaps that dry the coating in winter and protect it from overheating by the sun's rays in summer. The height of the air gap is 200 - 240 mm. Combined roof structure consists of several layers of materials (see Fig. 7):

• a load-bearing element, for example, a reinforced concrete slab, which is trimmed from below to the ceiling of the upper floor;
• vapor barrier from one or two layers of roofing material on mastic;
• insulation - slabs of cellular concrete or filling of expanded clay, slag and similar highly porous materials;
• roofing from rolled material, made of roofing material, roofing felt, etc.;
• a protective layer made of fine gravel or sifted slag embedded in the bitumen paint layer.

With a non-ventilated roof, a cement screed is arranged along the insulation. If the roof is not ventilated, the insulation screed is made of cement mortar. The roof fencing consists of struts and struts and looks like a vertical steel grating. Racks and struts have limbs at the bottom - paws with which they rest on the roof. The fences are fastened with wood grouses driven into the roof sheathing through holes in the legs of the racks and struts. Parapets are arranged in the form of a solid stone wall with holes at the locations of drainpipes.

Regulatory requirements for modern roofs are contained in a large number of documents, and some of these documents are already obsolete, but, nevertheless, have not been canceled. Design should be carried out taking into account the instructions and restrictions of the current standards:

• SNiP 2.08.01-89, 1995 "Residential buildings";
• SNiP 2.08.02-89 "Public buildings and structures";
• SNiP 2.09.04-87 "Administrative and domestic buildings";
• SNiP 31-03-2001 "Industrial buildings" instead of SNiP 2.09.02-85*
• It is put into effect from January 1, 2002 by the decision of the Gosstroy of Russia dated March 19, 2001 N20;
• SNiP II-26-76 "Roofs" (a new version of this SNiP was developed in 1999, but has not yet been introduced);
• SNiP II-3-79*, 1996 "Construction heat engineering";
• SNiP 3.04.01-87 "Insulating and finishing coatings";
• SNiP 21-01-97 "Fire safety of buildings and structures".