Where was the city of Mangazeya when it was founded. Mangazeya - the first Russian polar city in Siberia

By Siberian standards, the Taz is not a very large river. In addition, in comparison with the Ob, its shores today look almost pristinely deserted: for more than 300 km of kilometers separating the mouth of the Taz, where the villages of Tazovsky (regional center), Gazsale and Tibesale are located, there are no settlements to another regional center - the village of Krasnoselkup you will meet. But there is a tract on this section of the waterway, which is a matter of special pride for the local population: sailing past it, the crews of the ships salute with a lingering siren. The tract is located at the mouth of a small river - the right tributary of the Taz, near the practically abandoned village of Sidorovsk. The Nenets call this place Takharavykhard - “The Ruined City”, and in historical sources it is known as Mangesea.

Back in the XIV century, the Pomors called the area east of the Ob River "Mangazeya" - after the name of one of the local Samoyed tribes. A little later, the name "Gold-boiling Mangazeya" appeared - because of the wealth of this region, primarily furs. Later, the city began to be called so. A successful flight to these lands, which usually took two years, could provide some Ustyug merchant for many years. In the second half of the 14th century, a small winter quarters and a fishing camp appeared on the Taz River, near the confluence of the small Osetrovka River. People came here on sea vessels - koches from the west, from Onega, Dvina, Pinega, Mezen for sable and marten skins, walrus tusks, mammoth tusks.

The rich region could not remain outside the sphere of interests of the state for a long time. Already in 1600, princes Miron Shakhovskoy and Danila Khripunov with a hundred Cossacks were sent from Tobolsk to found a fortress town on the Taz River. The fate of this expedition was sad - after several kochi were defeated in a storm on the Taz Bay, the detachment was attacked by the warlike Nenets, who threw the Tobols back to the Ob. In the next, 1601, a new detachment of Vasily Mosalsky and Savluk Pushkin nevertheless climbed the Taz river, and at the beginning of the forest zone, on the site of a fishing winter quarters, set up the Mangazeya prison.

The jail stood on a high hill. The voivodship was located there, leaving the hut (in which the business was conducted) and the prison. Soon, townships began to form around it - huts of industrialists, barns, craft buildings. The wealth of this land attracted people like a magnet - every year several caravans, during a short summer navigation, came here from the west by the way known as the "Mangazeya Sea Passage". We walked along the polar coast, waddling across Yamal along a portage between the Mutnaya and Zelenaya rivers (now Mordyyakha and Seyakha) so as not to bypass its northern tip, which is usually covered with ice. Food, metal objects, exchange material for the local population (knives, mirrors and beads) were brought to Mangazeya. Kochi went back the next year, after wintering, loaded with furs. Since furs weighed much less, it was not uncommon for one of the three kochis who came to be sold in Mangazeya - many of the city's buildings were made of nomadic planks and logs.

By 1610 the fort was replaced by a wooden kremlin with four corner towers and one driveway. Wise builders separated it from the posad by a 40-50 meter field free of buildings, which later saved the posad from a fire in the Kremlin, and the Kremlin from fires in the posad. Unlike other similar settlements in Siberia, the Mangazeya posad was not fenced off by a tynom - the local residents clearly did not try to attack Mangazeya (in any case, not a single such attempt is known in its history).

In 1619, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, worried about the uncontrolled voyages of the British and Dutch in the White and Barents Seas, as well as their trade with the Pomors, banned sailing along the polar coast on pain of death. A detachment of archers was set up on the Yamal portage, chopping off the heads of all who tried to reach Mangazeya this way. The ban on sea navigation changed the conditions for the existence of the city. It was necessary to establish supplies from the Ob, from Verkhoturye and Tobolsk, the path to Mangazeya lengthened and became more complicated. Over time, the problems were resolved, and this northern "unplowed" city again began to be supplied the same way that Tobolsk itself was supplied: surprised archaeologists find holes forgotten by hazelnut shells, plum and cherry pits. However, it became less profitable to export "soft gold", and subsequently this factor played its role in the history of Mangazeya.

According to various sources, the permanent population of Mangazeya was up to 1200 people, and in winter it at least doubled due to wintering between trips from the "mainland" and back. Dozens of kochis from different cities stood along the banks of the Taz River, along its tributaries, the Ratilovka and Osetrovka. By collecting yasak from the local population and taxes from merchants, Mangazeya quite significantly replenished the Moscow treasury.

Despite the difficulty and obvious inefficiency, chickens, cows, and horses were raised in polar conditions. The streets of the posad were paved with planks, which was an undoubted rarity for the polar Russian settlements at that time. In their free time, the Mangazeans played grain (dice) and even chess. True, the fight against gambling (which also included chess) at that time was almost more harsh than in our time: it was possible to play only in the baths, or in a special hut on the outskirts of the posad. Various punishments were applied to violators of this order, and the objects of the games themselves were taken away and thrown into a special pit near the command hut. This pit was found during excavations, resulting in the largest collection of medieval chess pieces.

In the history of Mangazeya, there was only one case when its serf weapons really spoke. At first, not one governor was appointed to Mangazeya, but two at once - it was believed that one person could not cope with such a complex economy. In 1629 another two governors arrived in the city - Andrey Palitsyn and Grigory Kokorev. They were connected by old disagreements, which during their stay in Mangazeya turned into open hostility. Kokorev and his supporters occupied the Kremlin, Palitsyn - the posad. The three-year struggle of the governors with the use of cannons and squeakers led to the fact that a significant part of the settlement (gostiny dvor, merchant barns, etc.) was destroyed. Alarmed by numerous complaints and denunciations, the tsar dispatched the Tobolsk clerk to study the situation on the spot, and recalled Palitsyn and Kokorev to Moscow. They did not incur any punishment, but after this incident, only one governor was appointed to Mangazeya.

After the departure of the grumpy governors, the city healed its wounds for a long time, but a new blow was dealt to it by the catastrophic fire of 1642, in which the Kremlin burned down along with all the buildings. After the fire, the Kremlin was rebuilt in the same place.

The reason for the abandonment of Mangazeya by the population has not yet been reliably established. The prohibition of the sea route played a role here, but it was not decisive. It has been suggested that the number of fur-bearing animals in the Pura and Taza basins decreased due to intensive fishing, and as a transit transport hub from the Yenisei to the Ob, Mangazeya was not very convenient. It is possible that this was superimposed on the aggravation of relations with local tribes. One way or another, in 1672 the streltsy garrison was transferred to the Yenisei, where New Mangazeya (the area of the present-day Turukhansk) was founded. The inhabitants of the posad also followed the archers. The Taz River is empty.

In the polar climate, the buildings of the city were destroyed for a very long time. For some time after Mangazeya was abandoned, there was a yasak hut at this place, then a fishing camp. At the beginning of the 20th century, the remains of the walls and one tower could be seen on the site. Now on the site of Mangazeya there is a meadow covered with rare trees and tall grasses. The collapsed buildings of the posad, untouched by archaeologists, form small mounds, at the bottom of which, under the grass, one can find the logs of the lower rims of log cabins that have not yet decayed. The archaeological study of this place, begun in the 1960s by the expedition of M.I.Belov, continues.

If you happen to visit Mangazeya, be sure to look at it from the river - at slender spruce trees on a high cliff. Imagine in the place of their towers and the walls of the Kremlin, and to the right - where the coast drops to the mouth of Mangazeyka (as it is now called Osetrovka) - the buildings of the settlement with a high tower of the Gostiny Dvor, decorated with a clock.

Mangazeya lived a short life for the city - only 71 years. But its importance for the development of vast areas of the north of Siberia can hardly be overestimated. The world's largest gas fields - Urengoyskoye, Medvezhye, Zapolyarnoye, Russkoye, are located in Russia. And in this no small merit belongs to the now forgotten small polar city.

There will also be holidays in the Mangazei streets - travelers, archaeologists, tourists. Happy will be the one who sees its magnificent ruins!

Mangazei settlement in 2007

The logs of the Kremlin.

Reconstruction of Mangazeya, carried out by the expedition of M.I.Belov.

A pillar at the confluence of the Taz and Mangazeyka.

Ancient harbor. Previously, the water level was higher, and the Pomor kochi stood here.

Excavation traces.

We have not met a more delicious red currant during the entire expedition.

The detail of a koch, recovered by archaeologists, is a stem or sternpost. Length about 2 m, weight over 100 kg.

The boards of the onboard set were sewn in bumps with a spruce root.

This is how the Mangazei governors saw Taz.

The shore under the hill fort. Coins and other items can sometimes be found here.

Coastal erosion destroys Mangazeya. The Kremlin wall overlooking the river, together with two towers, has already collapsed into the river. Along the entire coast, logs and boards sticking out of the cliffs come across.

Camp of archaeologists. This group has been working in Mangazeya for the seventh year already.

Cross on the site of the main temple of Mangazeya - Trinity Church.

General view of the settlement.

The logs of the Kremlin.

Sometimes you can find felling, along which buildings were formed.

This field separated the Kremlin from the village.

The building has been destroyed, but under a layer of grass one can still see the decayed logs of the lower rims.

Sunset over the island.

View of the Mangazeya settlement from the river.

Kremlin. Free reconstruction)

Mangazeya- the first Russian polar city of the 17th century in Siberia. It was located in the north of Western Siberia, on the Taz River at the confluence of the river. Mangazeyki.

In the monument of ancient Russian literature "The Legend of the Unknown Men in the Eastern Country and the Talk of the Pink" late - early 16th century, found in manuscripts from the 16th to the 18th century, and representing a semi-fantastic description of 9 Siberian peoples living beyond the "Yugorskaya land", it is reported:

“On the eastern side, beyond the Ugra land above the sea, there live Samoyed people called Molgonzei... And their food is deer meat and fish, but they eat each other among themselves ... "

Notes (edit)

Literature

Belov M.I. Mangazeya: Material culture of Russian polar sailors and explorers of the 16th-17th centuries. Ch. 1-2. M., 1981.
Belov M.I. Pinezhsky chronicler about the exploration campaign of the Pomors to Mangazeya (end of the 16th century) // Manuscript heritage of Ancient Russia. Based on materials from the Pushkin House. L., 1972.S. 279-285.
Belov M.I., Ovsyannikov O.V., Starkov V.F. Mangazeya. Mangazeya sea passage. Part 1. L., 1980.163 p.
Butsinsky P.N. Compositions. T. 2. Mangazeya. Surgut, Narym and Ketsk. Tyumen, 2000.267 p.
A. A. Bychkov"The primordially Russian land of Siberia." M .: Olymp: AST: Astrel, 2006.318 p. - ISBN 5-271-14047-4
Vershinin E.V. On the correlation of data from written sources and archeology during the excavations of Mangazeya // Russian. Materials of the VII Siberian Symposium "Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Western Siberia" (December 9-11, 2004, Tobolsk). Tobolsk, 2004.S. 14-18.
Vizgalov G.P. Russian Posad housing construction in the north of Western Siberia in the 17th century (based on the materials of new studies of Mangazeya) // Russian. Materials of the VII Siberian Symposium "Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Western Siberia" (December 9-11, 2004, Tobolsk). Tobolsk, 2004.S. 19-25.
Kosintsev P.A., Lobanova T.V., Vizgalov G.P. Historical and ecological studies in Mangazeya // Russian. Materials of the VII Siberian Symposium "Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Western Siberia" (December 9-11, 2004, Tobolsk). Tobolsk, 2004.S. 36-39.
Lipatov V.M. Legends and true stories about Vasily of Mangazey // Russians. Materials of the VII Siberian Symposium "Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Western Siberia" (December 9-11, 2004, Tobolsk). Tobolsk, 2004.S. 40-43.
Nikitin N.I. The Siberian Epic of the 17th Century: The Beginning of the Development of Siberia by Russian People. Moscow: Nauka, 1987.173 p.
Nikitin N.I. The development of Siberia by the Russians in the 17th century. Moscow: Education, 1990.144 p. - ISBN 5-09-002832-X
Parkhimovich S.G. Magical building rituals in Mangazeya // Russian. Materials of the VII Siberian Symposium "Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Western Siberia" (December 9-11, 2004, Tobolsk). Tobolsk, 2004.S. 47-53.
Parkhimovich S.G. New studies of the Mangazeya settlement // Tyumen Land: Yearbook of the Tyumen Regional Museum of Local Lore: 2005. Issue. 19. Tyumen, 2006.S. 159-167. - ISBN 5-88081-556-0
Ya.G. Solodkin Voevods and heads of Mangazeya of the first half of the 17th century (New materials) // Western Siberia: history and modernity: Local history notes. Issue 4. Tyumen, 2001.S. 16-19.
Poletaev A.V. Autumn of Mangazeya (Two documents on the history of "old" Mangazeya)
Portal R. La Russes en Sibérie au XVII siècle // Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine. 1958. Janvier-Mars. P. 5-38. Rus. per .: Portal Roger. Russians in Siberia in the 17th century

Links

"Gold-boiling" Mangazeya (article on the website of the Yamalo-Nenets Regional Museum and Exhibition Complex named after I. Shemanovsky)
"Gold-boiling" Mangazeya (article on the site "History in stories")
P. N. Butsinsky On the history of Siberia. Mangazeya and Mangazei district (1601-1645).

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

, Russian Empire, Russian Historical Glossary

MANGAZEYA - trade and fishing center and port in 1601-72 in Western Siberia, on the right bank of the Taz River. Founded by voivode V.M. Masalsky-Scar. Named after the local Nenets tribe. Devastated by fires, moved to a new location (until 1780 it was called Novaya M., now the village of Turukhansk is the regional center of the Krasnoyarsk Territory).

This land has been known in the world and in Russia since ancient times ("The Legend of the Midnight Kingdom" of the 11th century, entry under the year 1096 of the "Tale of Bygone Years"). In reality, Mangazeya is a large country, which is clearly visible on the maps of the 16th century. She was known to Novgorod merchants in the XII century (Leonid Martynov. "The Tale of the Tobolsk Voivodeship." Legends were written about the riches of this fabulous country.

Mangazeya. Reconstruction based on materials from excavations 1968-70.

At the beginning of the 17th century, there are several campaigns of Russian servicemen to Mangazeya. The first campaign ended in failure, the second turned out to be more productive: on the right bank of the Taz River, where the chapel of the holy Martyr Basil of Mangazeya now stands, in 1601 a Russian city was founded with the same name of the territory - Mangazeya. The city became an outpost of Russia in Western Siberia: trade and collection of yasak from the aborigines brought the Russian treasury up to 80% of its income at that time.

Before the great fire of 1619, Mangazeya had a fortress, 200 houses, 2 churches, a guest house with 20 trade shops, bakeries, salt and powder shops, a wine cellar, and 2 drinking houses. In the city, besides the Cossacks, there were a hundred archers with cannons. The governors sitting in Mangazeya were in charge of all the Taz and Lower Yenisei foreigners. The local Entsy population was dissatisfied with their position and extortions from the tsarist officials, which led to several uprisings against the Russians. During the last uprising, which took place in 1669, the tsarist troops had to leave the city.

As a result of numerous military clashes between the Entsy and the Russians, Nenets, and Selkups, the number of the indigenous inhabitants of the region has decreased. The Enets lose control over the territory of Mangazeya and go east to the Yenisei.

To this day, the legendary country of Mangazeya is the richest region of Russia, where huge reserves of oil, gas and polymetals are concentrated. And today the name "Gold-boiling Mangazeya" has not lost its meaning. Ships are called by the name of the ancient Entsy clan, there is an oil company of the same name. The memory of the country of Mangazeya and the Moncassi family has not faded away, passing through the centuries. And to this day, representatives of the Moncasi family live in Russia - the heirs of ancient Mangazeya ...

Yes, today, after 400 years, few people even know the name of Mangazeya. But once, in the middle of the 17th century, Moscow was one of the largest cities beyond the Arctic Circle, in the permafrost zone. And all of Taimyr, including the modern territory of the Norilsk industrial region, was part of the Mangazey district. The history of Mangazeya is the beginning of our Norilsk history.

For many travelers heading north, the "Land of Mangazeya" was a fabulous country. Legends have been written about this mysterious area full of animals for centuries.

The legendary Lukomorye, in Pushkin's tales, is part of the vast territory of the Mangazeya Okrug, the coast of the Ob Bay. Here is a 17th century map of Lukomorye. Its original is kept in Holland. But the author, place of creation and date are unknown.

The drawing "The Sea of Mangazei from the tract", like all Russian drawings of that time in general, is deployed from south to north. In the drawing, the compiler does not yet separate the Ob and Taz Bays, according to the concepts of the 16-17 centuries, this is a single Mangazeya Sea.

The map is conditional. The territories represented on it do not coincide with the images on modern maps. But despite the inaccuracies, the ancient drawing contains not only valuable physical and geographical data, but also the necessary ethnographic and biological information. It shows the depths, color and nature of the water, the settlement of the Nenets tribes and the animal world. In the center of the lip there is an inscription: "The water is fresh. They rest three times during the day. The fish in it is a whale and a beluga and a seal." Modern ichthyological research confirms this characteristic.

The word "Mangazeya" is of Zyryan origin. It means "the end of the earth" or "land near the sea."

The way to Mangazeya was well known to the Pomeranian peasants for a long time. Mangazeya sea passage. - The Arctic route connecting Pomorie with Siberia passed along the coast of the Pechora Sea, through the Yugorsky Shar Strait to the Kara Sea, crossing the Yamal Peninsula along the system of rivers and lakes from west to east and going out into the Ob and Taz Bay. It is here at the confluence of the river. Taz in the Gulf of Ob by the Pomor industrialists and merchants, according to historians, no later than 1572 a stronghold was founded - the Tazovsky town.

This place was also convenient for anchorage of Pomor ships - kochi - the main ice ships of that time.

Looking at the modern, powerful icebreaker-class vessels at the docks of the Dudinsky port. One involuntarily thinks: what kind of courage and courage one had to possess to set sail on the seas of the Arctic Ocean on a nomad, such a fragile boat. The drawing of the koch, created by an unknown medieval author, helped scientists recreate the appearance of the ship.

The front side of the board, discovered during the excavations of Mangazeya, shows the entire vessel, and the reverse side shows its individual parts: a side set and an oval contour line. This is not so much a drawing as a kind of construction drawing of that time. Using it, an experienced carpenter could determine the proportions of the main parts of the ship he needed, obtain information about the steering gear and the bot's set, and position the masts.

Kochi appeared in Russia on the coast of the White and Barents Seas in the 16th century. The name of the vessel comes from the concept of "kotsa", which means ice protection. Iron brackets were stuffed along the waterline of the vessel, on which the ice was frozen. It seemed to be dressing in an ice coat. The ship had an egg-shaped hull. For this feature, the Mangazei kochis were called round ships. When the ice melted, the hull of the vessel was squeezed to the surface without receiving damage. The sails were sewn from linen and rovduga, made from reindeer suede. These were the first Russian naval class ships adapted for Arctic navigation.

The small carrying capacity of the kochi, 6-8 tons, allowed them to swim along the very edge of the coast, where the water did not freeze for a long time. This is clearly seen in the painting by the artist S. Morozov "Pathfinders of the Peter's time in 1700." Canvas. Butter.

The snow-covered expanses of the North have long attracted Russian and foreign travelers. Some of them, striving for the unknown, thirsted for new discoveries, others were looking for fame, and still others were ways of getting rich quick. For many centuries Siberia has been and remains a source of wealth, a source of replenishment of the state treasury.

If today the main riches of Siberia are: ore reserves, oil and gas deposits, then in the past Siberia was famous for the wealth of fur, sea and fish industries, an abundance of mammoth bones.

Mammoth bones were delivered in huge quantities to the central regions of the country and beyond. Products made from it were in demand in the local market. Buttons, household items and details of reindeer harness were made from mammoth bones: a needle for weaving nets, cheek pads.

Goods brought to the north by Russian merchants: household items, firearms (flint guns), jewelry, beads, large blue beads, which in Russia were called dressing, were fabulously expensive and went in exchange for soft junk, skins of fur animals, sable, ermine, beaver, polar fox.

The exchange was clearly unequal. The metal cauldron cost as much as it could hold sable skins.

Expensive beads were used by local tribes in the manufacture of jewelry and clothing embroidery.

It is the rich sable trades of the Mangazeisk region, the fame of which spread throughout Russia, that attract the attention of the Moscow sovereign.

In 1600, Tsar Boris Godunov sent to the river. Taz and Yenisei from Tobolsk to a hundred riflemen and Cossacks led by Prince Miron Shakhovsky and the rifleman's head Danila Khripunov. In the Gulf of Ob, the Kochi fell into a storm, some of the expedition members died. The survivors were attacked by the Nenets tribes that had long lived in the Mangazeya district, and were forced to return back to Berezov.

Later, in winter, Miron Shakhovskoy with a small detachment on skis, again went on a hike to the lower reaches of the Taz, where in the summer of 1601, on the site of a Pomor town, a prison was hacked.

Mangazeya has an amazing fate with her name associated with many glorious pages in the history of Russia and Siberia, the first campaigns beyond the Urals, geographical discoveries near the Frozen Sea, the development of trade and crafts in the taiga and tundra.

Fate was not merciful. The northern city did not last long. After 70 years, it was abandoned by the inhabitants and soon forgotten.

Systematic archaeological research of the legendary Mngazeya began at the initiative of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute. A comprehensive historical and geographical expedition led by Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Belov, for several field seasons, explored the cultural layer and the remains of the wooden structures of the settlement with an area of more than 3 hectares ...

The members of the expedition had to make a lot of efforts, since the entire area of the monument was covered with a thick layer of sod, overgrown with forest and bushes.

"Dive into the water, ice snakes.

Part you, snow curtain,

The gates of gold of boiling Mangazeya

Opening in front of me and you! "

Leonid Martynov

Archaeologists have discovered over a thousand items that characterize the life of the ancient city. The work resulted in a two-volume monograph by M. Belov.

The finds of Belov's expedition made it possible to recreate a picture of a large Russian medieval city, numbering about 500 buildings, with rich provincial estates, domes of churches, craft workshops and a gostiny dvor. With a population of up to 2000 people.

In 1607, under the governors of Davyd Zherebtsov and Kurdyuk Davydov, the construction of city defensive structures began, consisting of continuous gordens - cages. The construction of five towers of the Kremlin dates back to this time. In which the archers were serving, watching the Mangazeya district. The Mangazeya garrison consisted of 100 archers.

Outside the walls of the Kremlin, the total length of which was more than 280 meters, there was an order hut - the administration of the voivode, riflemen's guards, voivodship estates, mirroring one another. In remote Russian cities, two governors were appointed at the same time.

Remains of the provincial court discovered during excavations.

It also houses one of the most significant religious buildings in the city - the five-domed Trinity Church. The church played a significant role in the life of the city. She was the keeper of the royal treasury and at the same time, the lender gave funds to the inhabitants of the posad for the development of trading, trades and crafts.

Burials were discovered under the floor of the church. Burials were made on the site of the burned down church even before re-construction. This is the tradition. Subsequently, Mikhail Belov, on the basis of archival documents, suggested that people of noble origin of the voivode were buried here - Grigory Teryaev, his wife, one of the confidants, his two daughters and a niece.

They died, returning from Tobolsk in the fall of 1643, with a caravan loaded with grain supplies for the starving Mangazeya. Grigory Teryaev tried to deliver bread by sea, sacrificing for this not only his life, but also the lives of his loved ones.

Throughout the entire period of its existence, M. was the center of Russian culture and Orthodoxy in the north of the country.

The legend associated with another religious building of the city is still alive in the people's memory. At the beginning of the 20th century, believers visited the building of the chapel of Vasily of Mangazey on the settlement. The name of Vasily of Mangazeisky in Siberia in the 17-18 centuries was widely known as the name of the defender of the poor and disadvantaged. It was the cult of industrialists and explorers.

Legend says: Vasily the youth worked for an evil and ferocious rich Mangazeya man. Once a theft happened in the merchant's house, which he reported to the voivode, accusing Vasily of theft. The massacre was not slow to come true. The accused was tortured in the Kremlin, in a congress hut, but he flatly denied his guilt. Then the enraged merchant, hitting the boy in the temple with a bunch of keys, killed him.

To cover up the murder, the merchant and the governor decided to bury the body in a hastily put together coffin in a vacant lot. Later, many years later, after the great fire of 1742, when almost all of Mangazeya was on fire. The coffin broke through the pavement and came out of the ground. Obviously its survived to the surface of the permafrost. The murdered man was found.

At the expense of the pilgrims, a chapel was built on the site of the appearance of the coffin.

In the 60s, the abbot of the Turukhansk Trinity Monastery, Tikhon, tried to secretly take the relics to the Yenisei. But, according to the abbot, the coffin rose into the air and was not given to him. In the legend, fiction is closely intertwined with real events. During excavations, archaeologists found a chapel, under the ruins of which a cult burial was discovered, with the remains of limbs. Possibly priest Tikhon still took part of the skeleton to Turukhansk, leaving the rest of the bones in Mangazeya, at the burial site.

The secrets of the Trinity Church and the chapel of Basil of Mangazeisky were far from the only ones in a series of amazing discoveries and unexpected surprises revealed to the scientists who explored this mysterious Russian city. But we will talk about this in the next program.

On the territory of the posad there was a two-storey sitting courtyard with more than 20 barns and shops filled with goods from all over the world.

This is how he appeared before archaeologists.

No, not for nothing all over Russia, there was a glory about Mangazeya, like a boiling earth of gold. Trade in grain, overseas and Russian goods in exchange for furs brought fabulous profits to the artels of merchants and industrialists. One ruble invested in the economy of Mangazeya gave an increase of 32 rubles.

Annually M. dumped on the domestic market of the country up to one hundred thousand sable skins for a total of 500 thousand rubles. Income, for that period, equal to the annual income of the royal court.

Fisheries were especially well developed in the city, which stands on the banks of the river. This is evidenced by the many findings that characterize this type of activity. Wooden floats, birch bark sinkers of various shapes.

In Mangazeya, standing on permafrost, no bread was sown. Every year, whole coravans of ships came to the city, loaded with grain reserves, numbering from 20 to 30 kochi. But goats, sheep, pigs were raised. They bred cows and horses. They rode on horses only around the city; outside the city walls there was a swampy tundra.

Despite the large distances in time and space dividing ancient Mangazeya and Norilsk, the common Arctic features inherent in the appearance of these polar cities. The ancient city, like Norilsk, stood on permafrost, on piles. Not on reinforced concrete, of course.

Log houses were installed on layers of frozen chips with birch bark pads, which protected them from moisture and helped preserve the permafrost.

So, the first experience of building houses on stilts belongs to the Mangazeans.

Crafts: pottery, leather, bone carving.

But the main sensation of Mangazeya is the find of the foundry yard. On the ruins of which crucibles were found - ceramic pots for melting copper ore. Analysis of the found copper remains, carried out in 1978 at the Institute of Arctic Geology, showed that they contain nickel.

In the original document, the conclusion of the examination of copper ore, NN Urvantsev, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, one of the discoverers of the Norilsk deposit, comes to the conclusion that the Mangazeyans smelted Norilsk carbonate ore.

Oxide ores come to the surface, are low-melting, and are clearly visible due to their green or blue color. They were still used by people of the Bronze Age.

We are located at the foot of the Norilsk Mountains. Perhaps it was here, from time to time, that ore was mined in the required quantities and transported to Mangazeya on reindeer sleds. Despite the huge distance of 400 km., Between the Norilsk winter hut, presumably founded in 20-30 years. 17th century and Mangazeya, there were quite stable ties during that period.

Today the Norilsk Combine produces millions of tons of copper, nickel and cobalt. And the beginning was laid even in tiny medieval foundries and primitive furnaces, which have almost nothing in common with modern giant factories.

The enterprising Mangazei miners were the first to attempt to start the industrial development of the Norilsk deposit, long before the construction of the Sotnikovskaya copper smelting furnace.

Mangazeya copper, smelted in crucibles in very small quantities, was used for all kinds of crafts and decorations: crosses, rings, pendants, which were always in great demand among the local population.

But Mangazeya is not only a craft and cultural center, it is an outpost for the advancement of Russians to the North and East of Siberia. From here, in search of new lands and fur riches, the pioneers set off further, "meeting the sun", to the Yenisei and Lena. The link routes crossed the entire inner Taimyr from west to east.

In 1610, Russian merchants led by Kondraty Kurochkin sailed down the Yenisei, calling the newly discovered land Pyasida. What does treelessness mean. This is what our peninsula was called in the past. Local tribes inhabiting the newly discovered lands were immediately levied with tribute - yasak ...

The mangazer Ivashka Patrikeev, the mangazer in Taimyr, wrote in a petition to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich.

In the 17th century, the first Russian settlements appeared on Taimyr - Khantayka, Khatanga. Volochanka, Some of them have retained their ancient Russian names to this day, such as, for example, the village of Volochanka standing on the portage.

The name of the area is Norilsk and the river. Norilskaya, too, according to Urvantsev, have an old Russian origin, fishermen call "noril" or "diving" a flexible pole for underwater fishing. From the word "norilo" the river began to be called Norilka, and then the city received the same name ...

Until now, time has preserved tacit evidence of eras long gone from us in the form of traces of a drag in the tundra or objects left from that time. The photographs taken in Taimyr by members of the expedition of Vladimir Kozlov, undertaken in 1989, at the initiative of the Main Directorate for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments of the Ministry of Culture of Russia, testify to this more than eloquently.

There are remains of old fishing huts and entire villages that existed in the 17th century and later, in the form of ruins of log cabins with decayed logs on the floor or plates of wooden tiles. Traces of life that once boiled here.

It’s hard to believe, but the current capital of Taimyr Dudinka once also began with a similar winter hut, lost in the endless snowy expanses of the north.

In 1667, the Mangazei archer Ivan Sorokin set up a yasak hut below the Dudina River. The newly founded settlement was at the same time a convenient point for further development of new lands in the east.

The displacement of trade routes to the Yenisei and Lena, the predatory extermination of the sable in the Mangazey region, bribery and greed of the governors, who turned the local tribes against themselves, led to the desolation and gradual destruction of the city. On the initiative of the governor, the administrative capital was moved to a safer place, the Turukhansk winter hut, built by the Magazines back in 1607, and was named New Mangazeya.

In 1672, by order of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the last streltsy garrison left Mangazeya. The city, which once thundered with its exploits, crafts and riches, went into oblivion.

source http://www.osanor.ru/np/glavnay/pochti%20vce%20o%20taimire/goroda/disk/mangazey.html

What is Mangazeya? A legendary city, founded in 1601 in the Turukhan lands, which existed for only 70 years. Legends were written about the unprecedented riches of the city. Over the centuries, it became like a fairy tale, since the location of the legendary city was not known. During the expedition of the Russian traveler V.O. Markgraf, a settlement was discovered and described, which confirmed the stories about the existence of a rich Russian city beyond the Arctic Circle at the very beginning of the 17th century.

Formation of the name Mangazeya

For a long time, the word Mangazeya meant the legendary city, which was called "golden boiling". What is Mangazeya, how did this word appear? Scientists-ethnographers suggest that the name Mangazeya came from the name of Prince Makazey (Mongkasi) - the leader of the local Samoyed tribe, as the Russian pioneers called the local residents - the Nenets, Enets and Selkups, who ate their fellow tribesmen in times of famine. It is believed that the word Mangazeya comes from the old name of the Taz river. Another version says that the name came from the Molgonzei tribe, as the modern Entsy were called in the past.

First expedition

The first mentions of people living behind the land of Yugorskoy appeared at the end of the 15th century. There is evidence of this from Novgorod chroniclers who wrote that Samoyeds, called Malgonzees, live behind the Eastern country and Ugra. Russian sable fishermen had already mastered this region well at that time.

The history of Mangazeya began with the first troops sent to these places by Boris Godunov. The voivode Miron Shakhovsky with a hundred archers went there from Tobolsk, but, as it is assumed, as a result of the storm he lost ships and the further path of the detachment was by land. On Pur, the detachment was attacked by the Yenisei and Purov "samoyad". As a result of the collision, part of the archers died, and the wounded voivode himself continued on his way with the remnants of the detachment.

There is an assumption that the Samoyeds were hired by Russian fishermen who did not want to pay to the treasury, since they understood that the appearance of sovereigns in these places would stop the freemen. The fate of the detachment remained unknown for a long time. In 1601, in the wake of the first expedition, a second detachment of two hundred archers was sent, led by the governors Savluk Pushkin and Vasily Mosalsky, who reached the foundation of the Shakhovsky prison and the church.

First settlement

The detachment of Pushkin and Mosalsky, reaching Mangazeya, located on the high right bank of the Taz River, three hundred kilometers from the mouth, proceeded to equip the fort and lay the posad. By that time, presumably Shakhovsky had died of his wounds, so Mosalsky and Pushkin are considered to be the first voivods. What Mangazeya was, they knew at that time in Russia, since rumors about these regions, where fur-bearing animals were found in large numbers, reached Moscow.

In 1603, by order of Tsar Boris Godunov, a new voivode Fyodor Bulgakov was sent. Together with him was a priest with church utensils. During his reign, the guest yard was founded. In 1606, Vasily Shuisky sent new governors - D. Zherebtsov and K. Davydov. State power was firmly established in this region.

The first city in the Arctic Circle

In 1607, a fortress was built - a Kremlin with five towers. At the entrance was the Spasskaya Tower, which had the shape of a quadrangle in its plan. There were two gates under it. Four towers are located at the corners of a powerful fence, which is 3 meters wide. Uspenskaya was built opposite the Osterovka river, the Davydovskaya tower - opposite the Tilovskaya and Zubtsovskaya towers overlooked the taiga.

In the Kremlin itself there were two churches - the Trinity and the Assumption, the governor's courtyard, customs, leaving the hut, and a prison. There were only one hundred officially registered sovereign people - archers and Cossacks.

There were built 200 huts, a church, a guest house, a public bath, barns, shops, inns. More than a thousand people lived in the settlement. These were artisans, mostly foundry and blacksmiths, as well as traders and tradesmen. There were many temporary residents in the city, mostly merchants, as well as vagabonds, drunkards and dissolute women.

Golden Mangazeya

What made Mangazeya richer, what was so special in this city? By hunting and trading in gold junk, this was the name of the skins of fur-bearing animals, which were found in abundance in the area. Hunters flocked here from all over the Tazovsky region, most of whom were natives. Here it was under which the role of money was played by the skins of fur-bearing animals, sable fur was especially highly valued.

Merchants carried essential goods, mainly salt, flour, other products, clothing and household utensils, which they exchanged for fur. Metal products were also highly valued, so the bulk of the inhabitants of the settlement were artisans. Fish farming, cattle breeding flourished, shipping was developed.

Why the city disappeared

In 1671, the garrison was ordered to leave the city together with the inhabitants and move to the Turukhansk winter hut, where a new Mangazeya was laid. Now it is the city of Staroturukhansk. The main reasons for the disappearance are:

The closure of the sea passage to was founded at the initiative of the state as a strong point for and for collecting yasak. He brought huge profits to the treasury. English, Dutch and German merchants traded here. The rumor about the sparsely populated lands reached the governments of these countries. The king, fearing the interest of foreigners, issued a decree to close the sea passage on pain of death. Foreign traders, and with them Russian merchants-Pomors, no longer came here. This is the main reason that turned Mangazeya into a vanished city.
A sharp reduction in the number of fur animals.
Introduction of new customs regulations when trade has become unprofitable.
Fires.
Hunger. From 1641 to 1644, not a single koch with bread and salt came to the city because of strong storms. Hunger and disease began.
Wealth and remoteness were the reason for the unlimited arbitrariness of the governor. The enmity between the two voivods, Palitsyn and Kokarev, led to an armed confrontation.

Gradually, the remnants of the settlement without inhabitants were destroyed and overgrown with taiga. The stories about the golden Mangazeya turned into legends and tales that excited the imagination of people trying to find the remains of the fabulous city.