Essence and structure of socialization. The concept and structure of socialization The structure of the socialization process

The elements of the psychological structure of a personality are its psychological properties and features, usually called personality traits. But psychologists are trying to conditionally fit all this difficult-to-observe number of personality traits into a number of substructures. The lowest level of personality is a biologically conditioned substructure, which includes age-related sexual properties of the psyche, innate properties such as the nervous system and temperament.

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30 STRUCTURE OF THE PERSON. SOCIALIZATION OF THE PERSON

The elements of the psychological structure of a personality are its psychological properties and characteristics, usually called "personality traits". There are a lot of them. But psychologists are trying to conditionally fit all this elusive number of personality traits into a number of substructures. The lowest level of personality is a biologically conditioned substructure, which includes age, sexual properties of the psyche, innate properties such as the nervous system and temperament. The next substructure includes the individual characteristics of human mental processes, i.e. individual manifestations of memory, perception, sensations, thinking, abilities, depending both on innate factors and on training, development, and improvement of these qualities. Further, the level of personality is also its individual social experience, which includes the knowledge, skills, abilities and habits acquired by a person. This substructure is formed mainly in the learning process and has a social character. The highest level of personality is its orientation, including inclinations, desires, interests, inclinations, ideals, views, beliefs of a person, his worldview, character traits, self-esteem. The substructure of the orientation of the personality is most socially conditioned, formed under the influence of upbringing in society, and most fully reflects the ideology of the community in which the person is included.

The difference between people is multifaceted: on each of the substructures there are differences in beliefs and interests, experience and knowledge, abilities and skills, temperament and character. That is why it is not easy to understand another person, it is not easy to avoid inconsistencies, contradictions, even conflicts with other people. In order to understand oneself and others more deeply, certain psychological knowledge is needed, combined with observation.

In psychology, there are two main directions in the study of personality: the first is based on the identification of certain traits in the personality, and the second is the definition of personality types. Personality traits combine groups of closely related psychological traits.

Hierarchical structure of personality (according to K. K. Platonov)

Short name of the substructure	This substructure includes	The ratio of biological and social
Directional substructure	Beliefs, worldview, personal meanings, interests	Social level (almost no biological)
Experience substructure	Skills, knowledge, skills, habits	Social -biological level (much more social than biological)
Reflection shapes substructure	Features of cognitive processes (thinking, memory, perception, sensation, attention); features of emotional processes (emotions, feelings)	Biosocial level (more biological than social)
Substructure of biological, constitutional properties	The speed of the course of nervous processes, the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition, etc.; gender, age	Biological level (social is practically absent)

Personal socialization is the process of personality formation in certain social conditions, the process of assimilation of social experience by a person, during which a person transforms social experience into his own values and orientations, selectively introduces into his system of behavior those norms and patterns of behavior that are accepted in society or a group. Norms of behavior, norms of morality, beliefs of a person are determined by those norms that are accepted in a given society.

The term "socialization" corresponds to the concept according to which a person (child) is initially asocial or his sociality is reduced to the need for communication. In this case, sociality is the process of transforming an initially asocial subject into a social personality, owning socially accepted patterns of behavior, who have adopted social norms and roles. It is believed that such a view of the development of sociality is primarily characteristic of psychoanalysis.

There are the following stages of socialization:

1. Primary socialization, or stage of adaptation (from birth to adolescence, the child learns social experience uncritically, adapts, adapts, imitates).

2. The stage of individualization (there is a desire to distinguish oneself from others, a critical attitude to social norms of behavior). In adolescence, the stage of individualization, self-determination "the world and I" is characterized as an intermediate socialization, as it is still unstable in the outlook and character of a teenager.Adolescence (18-25 years) is characterized as a stable conceptual socialization, when stable personality traits are developed.

3. The stage of integration (there is a desire to find one's place in society, to "fit" into society). Integration goes well if the properties of a person are accepted by the group, society. If not accepted, the following outcomes are possible:

Preservation of one's dissimilarity and the emergence of aggressive interactions (relationships) with people and society;

Change yourself, "become like everyone else";

Conformity, external conciliation, adaptation.

4. The labor stage of socialization covers the entire period of a person's maturity, the entire period of his labor activity, when a person not only assimilates social experience, but also reproduces it through the active influence of a person on the environment through his activity.

5. The post-labor stage of socialization considers old age as an age that makes a significant contribution to the reproduction of social experience, to the process of passing it on to new generations.

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Consideration of the process of socialization in the context of pedagogy obliges to highlight three parameters:

Goal Setting Parameter- today it is understood as the realization by education of the goal of self-realization by a person of his strengths and abilities in accordance with the needs of society, an understanding of what is brought up not only by the school and parents, but also by the socio-cultural, spiritual environment, the established relationships in which the child is really included.

Second parameter- is associated with the search for a new content of education, the recognition of the priority of national and universal values requires the justification of the axiological guidelines of this process, the determination of ways to include the child in the national and universal social experience. universal and national values are represented in communication with nature, in national folk traditions, in the family environment, in the relations of children with adults and in their joint activities.

Third parameter- associated with the search for effective ways of appropriating social experience by younger students, changing the path of learning, to the path of mastering the child's social experience, which is a product of the socialization process. This requires the inclusion of the child in the process of independent acquisition of social experience and the development of social relations.

The pedagogical characteristic of the problem of socialization is expressed by five approaches:

1. Sociological approach. Socialization is seen as the transmission of culture from generation to generation, as a general mechanism of social inheritance, covering both the natural influences of the environment, and organized - upbringing and education.

2 . Factor-institutional approach. Socialization is defined as a set of factors, institutions and agents of socialization.

3. Interiorization approach. Socialization is the assimilation by a person of norms, values, attitudes, stereotypes developed by society, as a result of which she develops a system of internal regulators, habitual forms of behavior.

4. Iterationist approach. Socialization as the most important determinant involves interpersonal interaction, communication, without which the formation of a personality and its perception of the picture of the world is impossible.

5. Intra-individual approach. Socialization is not limited to adaptation to the social environment, but is the creative self-realization of the individual, the transformation of oneself, is built as an "activity model" of self-education.

However, a multidimensional approach is more reasonable, i.e. taking into account all mechanisms of socialization.

Pedagogically, the main aspect of socialization is its content.

The content of the socialization process is determined by the culture and social psychology of society, on the one hand, and the social experience of the child, on the other. For pedagogy, it is important to study the relationship of these aspects of socialization, to identify and justify the level of their significance for a child of a certain age, a member of a certain group, included in a particular society.

The structure of the socialization process, including a number of interrelated components :

1. Communicative component. It incorporates all the variety of forms and methods of mastering the language and speech of other types of communication and their use in various circumstances of activity and communication.

2. cognitive component involves the development of a certain range of knowledge about the surrounding reality. It is implemented to a large extent in the process of education and upbringing, including the media, in communication and manifests itself primarily in the self-educational aspect, when the student seeks and assimilates information according to his own needs and initiative in order to expand, deepen, and clarify his understanding of the world.

3. Behavioral Component- an extensive and diverse area of action that a child learns: from hygiene skills, everyday life to skills in various types of work. In addition, it involves the development of various rules, norms, customs, taboos developed in the process of social development, which must be learned in the course of familiarization with the culture of a given society.

4. Value Component. A human being, being included in the life of society, must not only understand and correctly perceive objects, various social phenomena and their significance for people, but also “appropriate” them, make them personally valuable.

Means of socialization: in the most general sense, these are elements of the environment that manifest themselves at different levels.

Pedagogically means of the first level become its factors: the socio-political life of society, ethno-cultural conditions, the demographic situation.

Pedagogical tool of the second level socialization institutions should be considered: family, school, peer society, religious organizations, mass media.

Third level- these are relationships as an objective connection between a person and an object, or one person and another, as well as a response to objects, things, phenomena, events, as that “subjective position” that a person takes.

Infinitely diverse and complexly interacting means of socialization perform certain functions in the process of socialization:

The first group consists information and educational means, which ensure the dissemination and assimilation of certain social information (media, school, etc.);

The second group includes organizational and regulatory means that create in the process of socialization certain organizational opportunities and conditions for the formation of a person's own social experience (forms of organizing people's activities);

Third group- regulatory and controlling means, the functions of which are to provide a system of social standards (social norms, value orientations, traditions, stereotypes, values);

The fourth group - stimulating means that are manifested at the political, civil, ethical and everyday levels, provide "spiritual" and "material" stimulation of the social activity of the individual.

The mechanism of socialization of the individual is realized through the activity of the individual, and its organization, motivation, comprehension, experience, stimulation - this is the essence of education.

TO, socialization, education and self-education act as subsystems of the integral process of personality formation.

Theoretical model of personality socialization as a pedagogical system.

agents of socialization.

Institutions, groups and individuals that have a significant impact on socialization are called agents of socialization. At each stage of the life path, its agents of socialization stand out.

1. During the infancy period, the main agents of socialization are parents or people who constantly care for and communicate with the child.

2. In the period from three to eight years, the number of socialization agents is growing rapidly. In addition to parents, they become friends, educators, other people around the child. In addition, the media are included in the process of socialization. Television plays a special role among them.

A number of studies have shown that the role of television grows as the child grows, often crowding out the influence of parents and peers by the age of 8-12. Television contributes to the formation of value orientations, claims, role models of behavior.

3. Extremely important in the process of socialization is the period from 13 to 19 years. During this period, the attitude towards the opposite sex begins to form, aggressiveness, the desire for risk, independence and independence increase. Important during this period is:

Changing the role of agents of socialization

Change in value orientations, including the existence of parallel value systems

Increased susceptibility to negative assessments of others

Mismatch between the level of social aspirations and low social status

The contradiction between the strengthening of the orientation towards independence and the growing dependence on parents.

As studies conducted by Lennard have shown, the process of socialization is influenced by the form of communication adopted in the family: internal and external. External - is aimed at developing contacts and interests in the outside world. Orientation to the discussion of one's own problems and feelings is an example of internal communication. Lennard argued that this way of communication is accompanied by an invasion of parents and the privacy of children and hinders the development of their self-awareness.

3. Factors of socialization

The socialization of the personality proceeds in interaction with a huge number of various conditions that more or less affect its development. These conditions are called factors. Allocate 4 groups of socialization factors:

- megafactors, which include space, the planet, the world, and which in one way or another affect a person through other groups of factors;

- macro factors- country, ethnic group, society that affect people through two other groups of factors;

- mesofactors, the conditions for the socialization of large groups of people, distinguished: by place and type of settlement, by belonging to the audience of certain media, by belonging to certain subcultures. They influence socialization both directly and indirectly through the fourth group of factors;

- microfactors- family, neighbors, micro-society, peer groups, educational, state, religious and public organizations.

environmental factors- this is everything that directly and indirectly affects a person: a family, a kindergarten, a school, a school team, a teacher's personality, informal youth associations that include a child, the media, books, etc.

I. Bronfenbrenner identifies four groups of such factors that affect the socialization of a person. These include: microenvironment- this is what directly surrounds a person from birth and has the most significant impact on his development (in particular, it includes: family, parents, living conditions, toys, books that he reads, etc.); mesosystem - the emerging relationships between various areas of life that determine and significantly affect the effectiveness of education (these include, for example, school and family; associations that include family members; the environment of the family and the streets where children spend their time, etc.); exosystem- these are public institutions, authorities, administrative institutions, etc. (they indirectly affect the social development and upbringing of the child); macrosystem - these are the norms of culture and subculture, worldview and ideological positions that prevail in society (it acts as a normative regulator of the upbringing system of a person in the environment of life).

A.V. Mudrik identifies three groups of factors influencing the socialization of a person. These include: macro factors- space, planet, world; mesofactors- ethno-cultural and regional conditions, type of settlement, mass media; microfactors- institutions of socialization" (family, preschool institutions, school, university, labor collective), religious organizations, peer group and subculture.

Desocialization- a prefix meaning destruction, removal of something and socialization) - loss by a person for any reason or under the influence of factors unfavorable for his life (for example, prolonged illness, vacation, isolation from the natural environment, severe head injury, uncomfortable for this person conditions of self-manifestation, etc.) of social experience, which is reflected in its self-realization in the environment of life. The main causes of desocialization are due to various factors. A special place belongs personal, environmental and educational factors.

Personal factors are characterized by the potentials and state of a person that hinder the manifestation of his activity in his natural environment, self-limitations or a change in the nature of his usual activities, contributing to the acquisition of a different social social experience. The state of the body creates a mood, desire and ability to manifest itself in a certain activity. A negative (unhealthy) state affects the desires, interests and ability to exercise natural activity for a person.

Environmental factors characterize conditions that are atypical for a given person, affecting his ability to show natural activity. These factors include mainly: the novelty of the situation; pressure from the team, group, individual.

educational factors characterize the result or features of educational activities that negatively affect the self-manifestation of a person. Such educational activity can form a certain activity that does not correspond to the capabilities of the child and restrains its manifestation in any situation, in the presence of certain persons.

Desocialization can play a positive or negative role in a child's life and social development. positive role is that it helps a person get rid of negative social experience; contributes to the acquisition of new experience, the expansion of its social opportunities. This factor is actively used in the education of a person, in corrective and re-educational work with him.

Negative (negative) role desocialization lies in the fact that a person loses the accumulated positive social experience that he needs for natural self-realization. It has a negative impact on the professional activity of a person, on his self-manifestation in natural conditions for him.

Resocialization(from lat. ge ... - a prefix denoting a repeated, renewed action; opposite, reverse action or opposition and socialization) - the restoration of a person's lost social values and experience of communication, behavior, life. Resocialization and its results are also significantly influenced by various factors, including personal, environmental and educational.

There is a close relationship and interdependence between socialization, desocialization and resocialization. This factor provides invaluable assistance in educational work in the process of correcting and re-educating a person.

Human socialization begins at birth and continues throughout life. In the process of it, he assimilates the social experience accumulated by mankind in various spheres of life, which allows him to perform certain, vital social roles.

Role- this is the life of a person in the system of norms that determine his behavior, communication and relationships in a given social position . Social role - maintenance by a person of a certain social status in accordance with from the needs of everyday life, professional activities performed by the function etc.

Allocate various types of socialization in the process of which social roles are dotted. The main ones include: , family-domestic, professional-labor, subcultural-group. gender role socialization is the assimilation by a person of the experience of social behavior in accordance with his gender and its manifestation in everyday life, depending on age and the social status and role in society that change with him (boy or girl, bride or groom, already or wife, father or mother etc.). Family and household role- fulfillment by a person of a social role in accordance with the social bearing in the family. It is manifested in the assimilation and manifestation of the experience of family life, strengthening family relations, housekeeping, and raising children. Occupational role is carried out on the basis of the social experience of a person performing a certain professional activity. Subcultural-group role- this is a social role that he has learned and which manifests itself in a peculiar way, taking into account the culture of the environment where he lived, studied, communicated, worked, each region has sociocultural features of behavior, communication, speech, which contributes to the formation of the originality of society, the subcultural-group role distinguishes people of different regions, national and religious affiliation, social environment, age, professional activity Ypres.

The mastery of a particular social role by a person occurs gradually, in accordance with his age, the environment of life. In the process of socialization, he goes through certain stages, stages and steps.

There are various approaches to distinguishing the stages of socialization, for example, according to the nature of the course: spontaneous, relatively directed, socially controlled and self-governed.

Main stages of socialization of a person: identification, individualization, personalization.

Each person individually individual - it's a special world with its own possibilities And features. The category “individual” (in relation to a person means that this particular person is a single natural being, a representative of a species. He is the bearer of individual originality in a community of other people. The term “individual” is sometimes used as a synonym for individuality. Identification(from Latin to identify) means the identification of a person with someone, something. 3. Freud (1856-1939) introduced this concept and types of identification to characterize the processes of assimilation by a child of patterns of behavior that are significant for him:

but) primary identification in infancy - a primitive form of emotional attachment of the child to the mother;

b) secondary identification- display of the protective mechanism. According to Freud, a small child tries to identify himself with the most significant person for him. He copies some of the behavior of such persons. The child identifies with a loved one or with people he hates or envies;

in) adult identification associated with neurotic symptoms. The subject, because of the desire to be in the position of the object, psychologically gets used to his state, painfully experiencing it.

In the process of socialization, the development of the characteristics of a particular person takes place, and individuality is formed. This means that everything that is inherent in this person receives even greater originality, uniqueness, acquires a unique originality.

individuality means a special, original, natural and social peculiarity of a person’s manifestations in the world of his abilities and aspirations, personal relationships, characteristic of this individual And life meanings. Along with individualization, there is deindividualization - loss of self-awareness and fear of evaluation by the social environment. It arises in group situations in which anonymity is ensured and attention is not focused on the individual. This takes place under certain conditions in public associations, in boarding schools, sometimes in kindergarten and school groups. A similar phenomenon occurs with strict regulation of life and activity, administration, with the active and constant use of authoritarian pedagogy.

During the process of socialization, personalization(from lat. - personality) - a process as a result of which the subject receives an ideal representation in the life of other people and can act in public life as a person (Petrovsky).

There is also depersonalization - as a consequence of the alienation of the product of labor from its creator or the appropriation of the fruits of someone else's labor (for example, the separation of the architect from the results of his activities). Depersonalization is possible not only as a result of attributing other people's merits to oneself, but also as a "transmission" of one's shortcomings and mistakes to someone else.

Personality - this is a concrete person, endowed with consciousness, individuality, built up in the process of social development. In a broad traditional sense, it is understood as an individual as a subject of social relations and conscious activity. In a narrow sense, a person with a systemic quality is determined by involvement in social relations formed in joint activities and communication.

The socialization of a person is greatly influenced by hereditary and congenital features, environmental factors, personal role in self-development, self-improvement.

The person appears as object and subject socialization. As an object, it plays a significant role in the process of assimilation of social experience for development and self-development. It has a conscious (a person himself decides what and how to do and what to do in the interests of self-improvement) and unconscious (a person, under the influence of various factors, is included in activities that determine his social development) character. At the initial level of human development (in the early stages of his age), the role of the individual in socialization is expressed in the natural activity of the child in self-manifestation. In the future, with the development of consciousness, the importance of directed human activity in activity, communication, and work on oneself for self-improvement increases. Factors that determine the self-manifestation of personality at different age stages - this is a game, teaching, communication, professional activity.

Smelser defines education as the formal process through which society transmits values, skills, and knowledge. Educational institutions are agents of socialization. In this aspect, educational institutions contribute to the development of conformity.

Education promotes social change by preparing people to embrace new technologies and by reassessing existing knowledge. A number of authors emphasize that education performs the functions of social control. Education contributes to the distribution of people in society according to social status in accordance with the ability to learn. Thus, education is also part of the mechanism of social mobility.

Education has a practical and symbolic meaning. The practical value of education is reflected in specific knowledge, skills and abilities, the symbolic value is reflected in the social prestige of education, its influence on the processes of upward mobility.

An exceptionally important agent of socialization is the school. The school develops an idea of social values. Smelser notes that American schoolchildren memorize the oath of allegiance, not yet understanding its content, the ideas of patriotism are instilled in them even before they can question them. Thus, the education of future prudent citizens is carried out. At school, for the first time, children learn to work in a team, to correlate their needs with the interests of other children, and develop the skills of subordination to elders in status, even if these “senior” comrades are theirs. Thus, as Parelius points out, the school is a society in miniature.

The following types of education are distinguished, which have different effects on the socialization of individuals: mass and elite, public and private, centralized and decentralized, technical and general. In addition, within educational institutions, the formation of the personality of students, their attitude to learning and academic performance are influenced by peer groups.

The structure of the process of socialization as a pedagogical phenomenon.