Do-it-yourself concrete house. Do-it-yourself sawdust concrete houses

Concrete is a building material consisting of crushed stone, sand, water and cement. The preparation of concrete involves a thorough mixing of the ingredients and pouring it into containers, where the subsequent hardening of the concrete solution is carried out. To build a warm house, special fillers are added to the mixture to improve the quality of concrete. The concrete composition for the construction of houses has many advantages, one of them is the possibility of preparing a mortar and building a structure with your own hands.

Pros and cons of a concrete house

When working with a concrete house, the following advantages are distinguished:

speed of installation;
reliability;
longevity;
high strength of the structure;
relatively small financial costs;
in the house of a monolithic structure there are no gaps through which the cold passes;
soundproofing of the room;
the possibility of using any finishing material on top of concrete;
the possibility of building buildings with their own hands;
concrete has various geometric shapes, which simplifies the installation process;
with even pouring of the solution, the formation of cracks is reduced;
the use of light mixtures in the composition does not require deepening the foundation.

Do-it-yourself concrete houses have the following disadvantages:

the need for additional equipment for high-altitude work;
due to the metal reinforcement of the walls, the house will need grounding;
when using fixed formwork, it is necessary to ensure ventilation of the room so that the house breathes;
welding the frame will require large labor costs, which are also needed if possible;
a warm house can only be after proper insulation;
if the design provides for a fixed formwork, polystyrene is used, and when burned, it releases toxic substances that are harmful to human health.

Tools and materials for work

When erecting buildings and structures made of concrete, the following tools and equipment cannot be dispensed with:

mixer for connecting concrete components;
do-it-yourself containers for mixing concrete mix;
reinforcement;
solution transfer trolley;
building hair dryer;
perforator;
knife to cut foam;
various tools;
wire cutters;
roulette;
wire;
a hammer;
sand;
fittings;
cement;
concrete mixer;
crushed stone;
formwork.

Construction methods

The construction of concrete houses occurs in two ways: using removable formwork and fixed formwork. The removable method implies an individual layout of the formwork, the purpose of which is to accurately repeat the contours of the future structure. Removable formwork is made of plastic, metal or wood. This method performs the pouring of concrete mortar with minimal heat transfer, which allows you to save heat in the room. The non-removable method makes the walls thin, but at the same time retains all its structural properties. Such formwork has a heat-insulating layer and built-in reinforcement.

With fixed formwork

Fixed formwork for the foundation.

The fixed formwork method has the following types of construction: angular, longitudinal, window-sill, window-sill. This method of building walls has an inner layer of thermal insulation, which saves on heating. Simplifies the installation of the structure due to its lightness and creates a different configuration of the premises.

The thermal insulation of the material is especially important for buildings and structures, because its absence requires the construction of walls of great thickness. Among the shortcomings, the formation of danger is observed as a result of the release of toxins into the atmosphere, which appear during the fire of buildings.

Construction technology

The formwork is placed on the waterproofing layer and fastened into the grooves, this technology creates a strong pouring with concrete, as a result of which there is no leakage of the mixture at the joints. When pouring the formwork, it is forbidden to use heated solutions, they are able to form condensate in large quantities, which will increase the humidity of the room. Using fixed formwork, a house with a good layer of thermal insulation is provided, which will only require covering the polystyrene foam boards with facing material.

With removable

Using a removable formwork, choose the methods of its insulation. One of the options is to insulate the gap with warm plaster, the second method is the well facade. The well facade is a brick lining of a monolithic wall, and the gap between them is sealed with insulation. The well facade is the optimal solution for insulation, which provides the walls with breathable qualities. Thus, the house in the summer is resistant to overheating and will keep cool indoors, and in the cold season it will keep warm and resist freezing.

Construction technology

The technological process consists of pouring the formwork in several stages. Start laying the mortar no more than 50 centimeters of concrete. Leave the mixture to dry, the next layer is applied after the final hardening of the previous one. After pouring the solution, it is compacted using a deep vibrator. Next, the mold is shifted up after the solution has completely hardened.

The concrete mixture is laid until the required wall height is reached. To make the structure durable, a reinforcing mesh is installed in the walls. Wall decoration and installation of thermal insulation material is carried out one and a half months after laying the concrete solution, waiting for the final strength of the structure. Thermal insulation material can be:

Styrofoam;
mineral wool;
warm plaster;
extruded polystyrene.

The removable form is made of wood, metal or plastic. When using a plywood sheet, it is cut with a file with fine teeth and drilled from both sides, this method eliminates the destruction of the coating. When plywood is stored at the bottom of the formwork, it is protected from moisture penetration to its surface. To make the disassembly of the formwork not difficult, the plywood is covered with a special mixture and fasteners are fixed on it.

Concrete-based houses are famous for their strength and durability. The quality of such a building is significantly superior to that of any other building material, be it brick or wood. In the past, only industrial buildings or high-rise residential complexes were erected on a concrete base. Today, most people building their own home are increasingly turning to this home building technology.

A concrete house is a durable, warm structure that does not require the purchase of expensive equipment and materials.

At the moment, the idea of building a house of concrete has gained wide popularity in our country. For this reason, land owners planning to build a private house or cottage want to get acquainted with the construction technology in more detail in order to build a concrete house with their own hands. In addition to strength and durability, such a structure does not require expensive building materials. The construction of a concrete building is not a labor-intensive process, when compared with structures for the construction of which brick is used.

A concrete house can be finished and decorated with any material, and its walls can be insulated with a heat-insulating layer during the construction process. This is due to the special technology of fixed formwork. Below are several methods for building a concrete house with your own hands, which include the above technology.

Pros and cons of concrete-based buildings

Technical characteristics of concrete of different grades.

Concrete construction has both advantages and disadvantages. Among the advantages, a high-strength cast frame can be noted, which increases the stability of the structure in case of exposure to such phenomena as seismic activity, the proximity of groundwater and precipitation, which have a devastating effect on the structure of the structure.

The structure is devoid of joints, which are ubiquitous in buildings built from other materials. Heat energy is released through the joints, which leads to an increase in material costs during the cold season. The monolithic structure is devoid of this drawback.

A concrete house can be built on any type of soil layer, in addition, the construction of a structure can be carried out in any weather conditions. The construction of such a house can be completed in a short time, concrete will cost much less than other building materials, such as brick.

A concrete structure does not reduce reliability when the structure is uneven. When sawdust, expanded clay and perlite are added to the solution, there is no need to pour a massive foundation, since the walls of the house become lighter.

If the house is built using the fixed formwork method, there is no need for a separate arrangement of the heat-insulating layer. In addition, this will reduce the thickness of the walls.

To work with concrete, you will need a number of tools.

Concrete walls are characterized by high sound insulation, which is achieved due to solidity. And the overlap between floors can be constructed from various building materials.

Since the building is located evenly, micro-slits and cracks will never appear in it.

Concrete houses also have disadvantages, but they are much smaller. When erecting the upper levels of the house, it is impossible to do without a special pump for concrete mortar. Laying concrete slabs as floor slabs is a rather laborious process. This procedure will require high strength scaffolding.

If the fixed formwork method was chosen, in the future it will be necessary to equip the supply and exhaust air exchange. Otherwise, there is a possibility of an increase in humidity, which will lead to the formation of mold and wear of building materials. The formwork must be plastered, as it is a flammable material that releases harmful substances when burned.

The concrete structure must be grounded without fail. This is due to the fact that there are iron pins in the structure of monolithic plates.

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Tools and equipment for work

To build a concrete house, you will need the following tools, supplies and equipment:

To build walls, you need to build a formwork.

construction mixer and concrete mixer;
shovels and container (when mixing the solution manually);
a cart or stretcher for transporting the solution;
building hair dryer;
reinforcing network;
wire cutters or construction scissors;
knife for cutting foam;
hammer and nails;
roulette and level;
steel and wood supports;
wire hook for knitting;
perforator;
set of industrial tools.

Self-construction of a concrete house will not require building materials that are not in the above list.

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Building a concrete house with your own hands

Scheme of removable formwork for erecting walls.

As mentioned above, the construction of a concrete house can be carried out in two ways: fixed and removable formwork. Each construction method has its own characteristics both during construction and in the process of maintaining walls and other elements of the building.

Removable type of formwork is calculated for each layout individually. The purpose of its arrangement is the ideal repetition of all the contours of the planned building. The main formwork material is wood, metal or plastic.

The opening in the middle of the formwork walls is the actual volume of the final building wall. It is calculated by determining the lowest possible temperature in an existing region. The calculation also depends on the thermal conductivity of the monolithic wall. The formwork walls are fixed with nuts, studs and washers. To simplify the dismantling of the shields, after pouring the concrete solution, corrugated tubes must be put on the studs. This will help protect them from direct contact with the mixture.

This formwork method allows the pouring of concrete solutions with low thermal conductivity. Walls made in this way will be able to store more heat energy inside the building, but their degree of strength may decrease.

It is worth paying special attention to the reinforcing layer. To do this, either steel or plastic reinforcing nets are placed in the formwork. To increase the strength of the walls, you can supplement the design with a reinforcing crate.

Filling the solution is carried out in several approaches. For 1 cycle, it is necessary to pour no more than 0.5 m of concrete. The next approach is done after the previous mixture has hardened. The concrete solution must be compacted with a deep vibrator, paying special attention to the end parts. As soon as the mortar hardens, it is necessary to move the formwork upwards. Filling is carried out in this way until the required height of the walls being erected is reached.

For the strength of the structure, the wall is reinforced.

Finishing work and laying of heat-insulating material can be carried out only after 1-1.5 months after pouring concrete, since the structure must be finally strengthened.

Materials such as mineral wool, polystyrene foam, warm plaster and extruded polystyrene foam can be used as thermal insulation.

In some cases, a heat-insulating layer is created on the basis of a well facade. To do this, you need to step back a little from the concrete base and lay out another wall with a hollow brick or stone. The resulting gap can be covered with any insulating material. It is worth remembering that this method of insulation has less durability compared to polystyrene foam and brick.

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Such formwork can have a variety of designs: longitudinal, window sill, window sill, corner. The fixed formwork has a similar structure to the children's Lego constructor.

This method of building walls is very popular due to the built-in thermal insulation layer. After all, when arranging fixed formwork, you can save a lot of money.

The advantage of fixed formwork is that it has built-in reinforcement and a heat-insulating layer.

After placing the waterproofing material at the base of the building, a foam formwork is placed on it, which is fixed with the help of special guides into the spike and into the groove. This ensures reliable pouring of the concrete solution, preventing any leaks at the connection points.

Volumes of foam formwork come in various sizes. If necessary, it is possible to order the required amount of material at a factory that specializes in the production of expanded polystyrene. The plates have a standard width of 15 cm, where 5-8 cm is a foam layer. This thickness allows you to maintain room temperature indoors at 5 ° C outdoors without the use of a heating system.

In the process of pouring such formwork, it is forbidden to use any warm solutions. It is recommended to use only concrete mixtures. This is due to the fact that warm solutions have an increased sensitivity to vapor permeability. This causes an excessive amount of condensation to form, which leads to an increased level of humidity inside the house.

Upon completion of construction, there is no need to take care of the thermal insulation layer. It will only be necessary to cover the polystyrene boards with decorative trim or sheathe the building with composite panels.

Construction of monolithic walls: we'll talk about this in this article on the website site. Monolithic walls from lightweight concrete compared to bricks are just as strong, but less thermally conductive and more economical. For this reason construction of monolithic walls today is gaining considerable popularity. Due to this circumstance, we have created this article. In it, we outlined all the technology in detail. construction of monolithic walls with your own hands.

There are two technologies for erecting concrete monolithic walls. Their difference lies in the use of different formwork structures. In the first option, a removable (the structure is removed after the concrete has hardened) is used, and in the second, a fixed (dismantling is not provided) formwork.

Construction of monolithic walls with removable formwork

The removable formwork used in the construction of monolithic walls is most often made of metal or wood and is prefabricated. Metal formwork has the form of assembled (as a designer) shields. More popular wooden, it is knocked together from boards and plywood right at the construction site. This type of formwork can be reused.

During installation, the formwork is set to a height determined by the thickness of the concrete layer, which is planned to be poured at a time. This value can be veiled from 20 to 200 cm, and sometimes even more. The width of the formwork structure, and hence the wall itself, is calculated based on the thermal conductivity of the concrete and the region of construction.

The inner surface of the formwork (in contact with the concrete) should be as smooth as possible. For this purpose, plastic or laminated chipboard is used.

Do-it-yourself construction (erection) of monolithic walls made of concrete (reinforced concrete):

Assembly and installation of formwork. From boards 30-50 mm thick and bars of "ribs" nailed to their outer side, shields are assembled. Panels (connected shields) are set opposite to each other. The distance between them is set by temporary struts (horizontal bars between the shields). If the width of the walls exceeds 500 mm, then to strengthen the structure, the "ribs" are connected by "battles" - a horizontal bar. Opposite panels are connected with tie bolts or wire twist. At the end, with a step of 1-1.5 m, spacer slope racks are installed.
Reinforcement of monolithic walls. A reinforcing mesh (plastic or steel) is installed in the formwork, or, which is more important, a frame made of reinforcement.
Filling the walls with concrete. The concrete mixture is laid in layers (no more than 50 cm). The filling of each subsequent layer takes place after the "seizure" of the previous one. The poured mixture is compacted with a deep vibrator. After the concrete has hardened, the formwork is moved to a higher level, followed by concreting.

It will take 4-5 weeks for concrete to acquire maximum strength. After this period, you can start warming and finishing.

A wall reinforced with reinforcement, the diameter of which is 8 mm or more, will be quite cold. The reason for this is the "cold bridges" that create the metal parts of the frame.

In case when monolithic walls houses are built using, instead of conventional concrete can be used mixtures with much lower thermal conductivity. These include: expanded clay concrete, slag concrete, perlite concrete, sawdust concrete, wood concrete, etc. Walls made of such materials will be warmer, but at the same time less resistant to increased loads.

Construction of monolithic walls with fixed formwork

The fixed formwork used in the construction of monolithic walls of the house is blocks or panels of various materials. They are mounted in a formwork structure, which is reinforced and poured with concrete. After the concrete has set this formwork is not removed, it becomes a functional part of the wall.

The most common type of fixed formwork is blocks (thermoblocks) made of expanded polystyrene with voids. These are plates (usually 50 mm thick) located at an average distance of 150 mm from each other and interconnected by removable or non-removable jumpers.

Do-it-yourself construction of monolithic concrete walls:

Formwork installation: fixed formwork elements are laid out on the prepared foundation surface. Blocks are fastened to each other with the help of connecting "locks". They give the structure the required level of tightness and exclude the possibility of concrete leakage. The formwork is erected to a height of up to 50 cm. After pouring the concrete, the next “batch” of blocks is laid out. During this time, the concrete has time to dry. Thus, the work is practically uninterrupted.
Reinforcement of fixed formwork: horizontal reinforcement rods are laid in special grooves of the blocks. Next, vertical reinforcement is installed. The rods are connected with a knitting wire.
Formwork pouring concrete: the concrete mixture is laid in a layer of 50 cm (to the height of the formwork: point 1) and compacted with a vibrator.
Wall decoration of the house. As a result of construction work, walls are obtained in the form of a “sandwich”, where reinforced concrete is located between two plates of expanded polystyrene. Such a design needs protection from mechanical damage, as well as a fireproof coating. To do this, the walls of the house, both from the front and from the inside, are finished with non-combustible material (at least 30 mm layer): drywall, plaster.

Formwork blocks are supplied in standard sizes, so they have to be adjusted on site by sawing.

For pouring fixed formwork, only concrete should be used. The use of warm mixtures is prohibited. The reason is that the vapor permeability of expanded polystyrene is lower than that of warm mixtures - 0.05 Mg/(m*h*Pa) on the 0.09 Mg/(m*h*Pa). Consequently, in warm concrete compressed between polystyrene foam, condensate will inevitably accumulate. And this will inevitably lead to the formation of mold and mildew.

Types of concrete solutions for monolithic construction

Monolithic construction allows the use of solutions with different thermal conductivity and vapor permeability:

Concrete - a cottage with such walls needs to be insulated. The reason for this is the high thermal conductivity of the material 1.51 W / (m * C) with a vapor permeability of 0.03 Mg / (m * h * Pa);
Reinforced concrete is even colder than concrete, since the armored frame acts as a "cold bridge";
Expanded clay concrete - with such walls the house will be warm enough. The thermal conductivity of expanded clay concrete is 0.66 - 0.14 W / (m * C) with a vapor permeability of 0.09 - 0.3 Mg / (m * h * Pa). These indicators may vary depending on the density of the mixture (the larger the porosity of expanded clay concrete, the warmer the walls will be);
Slag concrete - concrete from slag. The same expanded clay concrete is only less durable;
Sawdust concrete - a mixture of cement, sand, sawdust (needles) and water. Such walls will be warm, durable, fire-resistant and environmentally friendly. But there is one thing, such material must be necessarily covered with a waterproofing layer;
Arbolite (wood concrete) - a combination of wood chips with cement. Compared with sawdust concrete, the material is more durable and warm;
- cellular concrete, obtained by hardening a mixture of cement, sand, water and a foaming agent. The material has a thermal conductivity of 0.29 - 0.08 W / (m * C), together with a vapor permeability of 0.11 - 0.26 Mg / (m * h * Pa).

We would like to warn you that do-it-yourself flood house- This is a very bold project that needs to be approached very responsibly. If you do not have the necessary cement work skills, it is better to entrust the construction of the building to professionals.

Since we first talked about the difficulties, we will mention one more. The hardening process of the cement mixture is long, it takes at least 28 days. In addition, it is desirable to build flooded concrete houses at positive temperatures.

Now about pluses. In terms of costs, such a house will cost less than a brick one. It will also be quite durable. And most importantly: you can fill with cement any, the most bizarre shapes and volumes, “playing” with curvilinear figures and creating a unique building, which no other material will allow you to do.

Stages

The flood foundation for a house using this technology should be deeper and wider than for a brick building - by about one third. When the foundation has hardened, we knit reinforcement to the protruding bars of its frame with wire, which will “hold” the concrete wall. We put up the formwork. In a completely flooded structure, the formwork must be assembled around the entire perimeter, not forgetting the empty openings for doors and windows.

The construction of bay houses may not be monolithic. In this case, cement columns and lintels will become the support of the entire structure, and the wall space between them can be closed with other materials: slabs, bricks, etc. The optimal width of cement supports in this case is 400 mm. The jumpers have the same width. The height of the latter according to the norm is 400 mm (and 200 mm for openings on the second floor).

When building a flooded house with your own hands, it is permissible to use floor slabs - if you are confident in the strength calculations made. Cement lintels are able to support this weight. We finish the work by installing the roof.

Characteristics of a concrete building

Unfortunately, it is impossible to talk about the construction of the whole building in one article. But we tried to answer the basic questions so that you get an idea of how to make a flooded house correctly.

When asked which house is the most durable, the answer is obvious - monolithic. And if earlier the technology of monolithic construction was used only for the construction of high-rise buildings or industrial facilities, today you can increasingly find a monolithic cottage or a private house. Such technologies are able to bring even the most amazing design ideas to life, not limited to straight-line designs. In addition to the amazing strength, which is enough to withstand a slight earthquake, such cottages are also popular because they are quickly and easily erected, do not require expensive materials and labor, and are also reliable and durable. The walls of monolithic cottages can be finished with any materials without restrictions, and the technology of fixed formwork allows you not to equip additional wall insulation.

Monolithic construction of cottages: advantages and disadvantages

Construction using monolithic technology is carried out entirely at the construction site by pouring concrete into the formwork. Due to this feature, this technology has its advantages and disadvantages.

Today, monolithic construction is sung with such praises that it seems that there are no shortcomings at all, and nothing can be better than a monolith. Let's figure it out really a lot of benefits:

Due to the integrity of the monolithic structure, the mechanical strength of the entire building is increased, it is resistant to destruction caused by soil shifts, gullies and earthquakes.
The absence of seams in the building box makes the cottage warmer, as there are no so-called "cold bridges".
Work on the construction of a monolithic cottage can be carried out at any time of the year, on any soil.
Fast construction.
Low financial costs.

The possibility of curvilinear construction, projects of monolithic cottages can be arbitrarily intricate.
Provided that insulated concrete mortars with additives are used: expanded clay, perlite, sawdust, slag, etc., the structure becomes light enough so that it is not possible to equip a heavy buried foundation.
The walls of a monolithic cottage can be insulated and finished with various materials.
When using fixed formwork, additional insulation is not required, and the total thickness of the wall will decrease. Also, the walls will have exceptional sound insulation.
The possibility of arranging any interfloor overlap: slab, monolithic concrete, wood.
Uniform shrinkage of the building, which eliminates the appearance of cracks.

But also not without a fly in the ointment, disadvantages of monolithic construction:

For pouring concrete mixture at height, a concrete pump (mortar pump) is required. This is not a problem at all if you order construction from a company, and it is expensive if you do it yourself.
When pouring a monolithic floor slab, labor costs increase many times, special scaffolding will be required.
A monolithic cottage with a fixed formwork, which is also thermal insulation, is not able to "breathe" with walls, it will be necessary to equip the supply and exhaust ventilation. High humidity in the house.
Expanded polystyrene, which is used in fixed formwork, is a non-environmentally friendly material, which, although it has a G1 flammability class, which means that it decays within 2 minutes, it releases extremely toxic substances during smoldering, so plastering walls from fixed formwork is a mandatory requirement.
Time costs for the manufacture of formwork, taking into account the specifics of the project.
Mandatory grounding is required for the entire cottage, as the walls are reinforced concrete with metal reinforcement.

Given the prices for monolithic cottages and all their advantages, many neglect the disadvantages associated with the non-environmental friendliness of expanded polystyrene. It is understandable - cheap, fast, beautiful, durable, strong, who will think about their health there? Although it should be noted that if you do not use fixed formwork, but build walls from warm concrete, and then insulate it with more environmentally friendly materials, then the cottage will turn out not only cheap and warm, but also quite comfortable.

Technologies for the construction of monolithic cottages

In total, there are two technologies by which monolithic cottages can be built. They differ only in that in one case the formwork is removed after the concrete has hardened, and in the other case the formwork is fixed. Both technologies have their own characteristics and nuances in construction and operation.

Construction of a monolithic cottage with removable formwork

Removable formwork is made individually for each cottage project, as it must exactly repeat its curves and features. The most commonly used wood, plywood, plastic or iron.

The width of the empty space between the walls of the formwork should be equal to the width of the future wall, which is calculated taking into account the thermal conductivity of the concrete mixture and the region of construction. The formwork panels are fastened with washers, studs, nuts. To ensure that the formwork can be easily removed after pouring concrete, corrugated tubes must be put on the threaded studs, protecting them from contact with concrete.

The construction technology of a monolithic cottage with removable formwork suggests that it is possible to pour not only ordinary concrete, but also mixtures with much lower thermal conductivity, for example, expanded clay concrete, perlite concrete, slag concrete, sawdust concrete, foam concrete, aerated concrete, wood concrete and others. The walls will be much warmer and more vapor permeable, but will not be able to withstand too much load.

Also an important point is the reinforcement of the concrete wall. For this, reinforcing meshes, plastic or steel, can be used, and for greater strength, a reinforcement frame is connected.

Important! A wall reinforced with a frame of 8 - 18 mm reinforcement will be quite cold, since the metal parts of the frame will act as "cold bridges".

It is allowed to pour no more than 50 cm of concrete in one pass. Only after he "grabs" you can continue pouring. Compaction of concrete in the formwork is carried out using internal vibrators, special attention must be paid to the corners.

After the concrete hardens, the formwork is removed and rearranged higher. So, until the whole cottage is flooded.

In order for the concrete to take on maximum strength, it is necessary to let it stand for at least 4 to 5 weeks. After that, you can start warming and finishing.

Monolithic walls can be insulated with polystyrene foam, extruded polystyrene foam, mineral wool, "warm" plaster. At the same time, use the technology of a ventilated or wet facade.

A variant of a well facade is also possible, when an indent is made outside the concrete wall, then it is lined with facade bricks or tiles, and the free space is covered with insulation: expanded clay, ecowool, etc.

The indisputable advantage of this technology is that the house can be made as “breathable” and environmentally friendly as possible, although you will have to tinker with the assembly and disassembly of the formwork.

Construction of a monolithic cottage with fixed formwork

The use of fixed formwork is advertised with enviable constancy and perseverance. Indeed, according to this technology, the formwork is not only not removed after pouring concrete, it is also a layer of thermal insulation. When using this technology for the monolithic construction of cottages, the price is the lowest, since labor costs are reduced as much as possible.

After the arrangement and waterproofing of the foundation, formwork is installed on it, which is a form of expanded polystyrene, fastened with special profiles. These forms have a tongue-and-groove fastening system, which allows the connection to be so strong and without gaps that the leakage of concrete or its sagging at the junctions of the formwork forms is absolutely excluded.

The width of the formwork made of expanded polystyrene can be different, in the case of a large order, blocks of any required thickness can be produced at the factory. A standard block is considered to be a block in which there is an empty space for concrete 150 mm wide and on both sides polystyrene foam with a layer of 5 - 7.5 cm. This is quite enough to keep the house warm in winter and cool in summer, heating will only have to be turned on when the temperature drops below +5 °С.

After the formwork is installed, concrete is poured inside with a layer of 50 cm and compacted with a deep vibrator.

Important! Please note that only concrete can be used for pouring fixed formwork and warm mixes cannot be used. This is due to the fact that the vapor permeability of expanded polystyrene is negligible and equal to 0.05 Mg / (m * h * Pa), and the vapor permeability of warm mixtures is higher than 0.09 Mg / (m * h * Pa). If you squeeze warm concrete between layers of polystyrene foam, condensation will accumulate in it, as a result, mold and fungus will appear over time.

After erecting the walls, they do not need to be insulated, it is enough just to plaster them with decorative plaster or sheathe them with siding.

The advantage of fixed formwork technology is ease of erection, low cost and no need for additional insulation. But at the same time, such a cottage is a thermos that is not able to “breathe”.

Types of formwork for monolithic construction

According to the field of application, several types of formwork are distinguished: wall formwork, foundation, floors, tunnel formwork, ring wall formwork with modified radius. Due to this diversity, it is possible to use a monolithic fill for any element of the building structure.

Various formwork elements are also installed in different ways. The formwork of the foundation is installed on struts and horizontal supports. Wall formwork - with the help of racks, brackets and connecting locks. The slab formwork is laid on a structure of telescopic or volumetric retaining props.

Removable formwork is made of the following materials: steel, aluminum, wood, plastic. Depending on the material of execution, it has different properties. If plywood is used for formwork, then it must be cut with a fine-toothed saw so as not to damage the veneer and lamination. Drilling holes for pipes and cables in the formwork is necessary from both sides, for the same reason. Store plywood formwork in a dry place.

Before use, the removable formwork is treated with a special solution so that it can be easily removed.

Fixed formwork, as already mentioned above, consists of expanded polystyrene, does not require additional processing. Its forms are different: angular, longitudinal, window-sill, window-sill and others. In fact, the arrangement of a removable formwork resembles the connection of LEGO figures.

Types of concrete solutions for monolithic construction

The indisputable advantage of monolithic construction is the ability to pour solutions with different thermal conductivity and vapor permeability into the formwork.

Concrete- the simplest option and, unfortunately, the only one acceptable when pouring fixed formwork. A monolithic concrete cottage will be very cold, since its thermal conductivity is 1.51 W / (m * C), and the vapor permeability is 0.03 Mg / (m * h * Pa). Concrete walls should be carefully insulated.

Reinforced concrete- even colder than concrete, since iron reinforcement acts as "cold bridges". A monolithic reinforced concrete cottage requires insulation with expanded polystyrene, extruded polystyrene foam or mineral wool.

Expanded clay concrete has a thermal conductivity of 0.66 - 0.14 W / (m * C) and a vapor permeability of 0.09 - 0.3 Mg / (m * h * Pa). The indicators depend on the density of the mixture, the larger the porosity of expanded clay, the warmer and more vapor permeable the wall. The wall thickness for the region of the Moscow region is 50 cm.

slag concrete- the same as expanded clay concrete, only instead of expanded clay - slag. It is less durable, so the thickness of the walls should be 55 - 60 cm.

A mixture of cement, sand, sawdust (needles) and water. The walls are warm, fire-resistant and environmentally friendly, only outside they need to be protected with waterproofing material.

A mixture of cement, water and wood chips 40x10x5 mm. Chips are pre-ventilated or treated with lime. Wood concrete walls are warmer and stronger than sawdust concrete walls.

foam concrete- Chemically foamed concrete is a warmer material than conventional concrete. Its thermal conductivity is 0.29 - 0.08 W / (m * C), and the vapor permeability is 0.11 - 0.26 Mg / (m * h * Pa).

Do-it-yourself monolithic construction of a cottage

Usually, the construction of a monolithic cottage is ordered from a construction company. This is due to the fact that the work will require formwork, a concrete pump, scaffolding for floor slabs and other equipment that any construction organization has, and buying it for one time is unprofitable.

But for those who do not like simple ways and agree to spend money on a mortar pump, and make the floor wooden or order a floor slab and install it with a crane, building a monolithic cottage with their own hands will also be possible.

The project of a monolithic cottage can be done independently, downloaded on the Internet or ordered from a design organization, in the latter case, all the necessary calculations will be made for you: the strength of the load-bearing walls and the load on them, the required thickness of the fill and insulation.

When the project is ready, we equip the foundation. If the house is with a basement floor, then the basement ceiling can be made with a monolithic slab, and the foundation can be made with a strip. Usually they build a pile-tape foundation and carefully waterproof it.

How to build a monolithic cottage with removable formwork

Formwork is made of wooden boards with a thickness of 30 - 50 mm. If the temperature in the region drops to -30 ° C, we make the walls 55 - 60 cm thick. We tightly connect them together and drive them with racks of 80x80 mm, at a distance of 1 - 1.5 m from each other. The length of such shields should be 2 - 4 m, and the height 60 - 80 cm.

Below we install metal ties with bolts so that the shields do not burst when concrete is poured into them. At the top, the shields are fixed with wooden plates or the same ties.

We insert a reinforcing mesh or frame into the formwork, depending on the project.

For the manufacture of sawdust concrete, we take: 8 parts of dry sawdust, 1 part of cement M400 - M500, 3 parts of lime, 2 parts of sand.

Important! Sawdust should be weathered in the open air for at least a year.

First, we mix cement with sand, lime with sawdust separately, then combine both mixtures and mix thoroughly, adding water a little at a time. As a result, there should be enough water so that it does not flow out of the solution.

With the resulting solution, pour a layer of 20 cm into the formwork. We compact with vibrators and pierce with rods to thoroughly compact the solution. Then fill in the next layer. And so on until the formwork is practically filled (for convenience, we leave 5-10 cm empty on top).

It is possible to rearrange the formwork above only after 3 - 5 days. All this time, the concrete must be covered from the sun and precipitation with a film or roofing material.

After the completion of the construction of the walls, we give the concrete to gain strength within a month, then we equip the ceiling and the roof. The overlap should go on the walls at least 15 - 20 cm.

After the sawdust concrete has completely dried, you can insulate the walls from the outside if necessary. To do this, you can use "warm" plaster, which can be applied with a layer of up to 50 mm. It is an excellent waterproofing, heat insulator and at the same time easily releases steam to the outside.

How to build a monolithic cottage with fixed formwork

The construction of a monolithic cottage with fixed formwork is an extremely simple task. First you need to stock up on formwork elements. They are wall, corner and radius. It is necessary to calculate the number of each type of elements according to the developed project.

We install a fixed formwork on the foundation, assembling it like a LEGO constructor, connecting the block joints. To get started, the first row will be enough.

We carry out all the necessary sewer, water and ventilation pipes. Then, if reinforcement is required, we insert a reinforcing mesh. We prepare a concrete mortar from M500 cement, sand, crushed stone and water. We build up the formwork and pour a 50 cm layer, compact it with deep vibrators.

For a day, you can increase in height no more than 50 - 70 cm.

After the completion of the walls, they do not need to be insulated, and as a finish, you can make the so-called "wet" facade - plaster with decorative plaster on a fiberglass mesh.

Building a monolithic cottage with your own hands is greatly simplified if you call a couple of partners for help. Indeed, after overcoming a certain height, when erecting walls for pouring concrete upstairs, you will need to use a concrete pump. And coordinated actions can reduce time and organize the right work.

Quite often, special equipment is used in construction. A large selection of spare parts for road construction equipment from leading manufacturers, such as spare parts for Komatsu bulldozers, are presented on the website of the Imashinery Group of Companies.