How to fasten the timber to each other in the corners. Timber joints in corners and straight walls

If you decide to build a wooden house from a bar, then you will undoubtedly need the help of specialists, or at least get acquainted to begin with such a concept as joining a bar along a length. Its further maintenance also depends on how well you know about the construction of a wooden house, or in extreme cases this knowledge will be useful when dismantling the building. Often you have to deal not only with wood processing but also with the connection of structural parts.

Usually, the standard length of a rough, profiled or glued beam is 6 meters, therefore, when erecting a log house of a wooden house, which is longer in length than the standard, you have to use technologies for joining along the length.

The beam is joined along the length in cases where one side of the house is longer. The bars are joined on one side with a dressing, and the next row on the other side. This order excludes the incorrect finding of two joints located one under one. Profiled beams are usually connected in several ways in accordance with GOST 30974-2002, the name of which is: “connections of corner wooden cobblestone and low-rise log structures. Classification, designs, dimensions ". Typically, this standard applies to T-shaped joints, as well as corner joints of low-rise buildings that are erected from a log or bar. These standards are not obligatory, but there is one thing, but these requirements must be taken into account when certifying products, such as profiled timber or production as a whole.

The type of splicing used depends on the load on the beam - the loads can be in compression, tension and bending.

For the method of joining the timber along the length (splicing), you also need to use various types of joints, for example, such as:

Half-tree connection
Key connection
Root spike connection
Oblique lock connection
Connection on a patch lock

The connection of the timber under the compression force must use the cuts shown in the figure above. The length of the fastening is equal to the width of the bar + 10 cm. Also, when building a house from a bar, the connection must be reinforced with dowels.

The drawing shows tensile locks that resist longitudinal movement. They also need to be reinforced with pins.

Depending on the type of connection, the ends of the timber to be connected are cut in a certain way. At the moment of connection, a warming jute is placed in the lock.

You can read more about the joints of beams and logs here

Video standard half-tree connection:

All photos from the article

This article is about how to splice a bar lengthwise. It is clear that different splicing methods are used for unloaded, tensile, bending, and compressive products. We will try to get to know them and formulate rules that will make the connection not only strong, but also beautiful.

Without load

The simplest scenario is the splicing of a non-stressed part. The most typical example is the crown of a wall made of timber.

The only requirement for the connection is that it must not be purged.

Let's clarify: the splice points must necessarily be shifted from crown to crown. Otherwise, the mechanical strength of the wall may still suffer.

The simplest solution is a half-tree connection... Each of the parts is cut to half the thickness; splice length should not be less than the transverse dimension of the bar. Sealing of the connection is ensured by a lining of insulation (usually jute tape). Often the connection is made vertical; thus, the probability of blowing is reduced to zero;

The root spine connection is not much more difficult... On one of the parts to be connected, a spike is cut out in size 1/3 - 1/4 of the thickness of the bar, on the second - the corresponding groove;

Another option for splicing a crown is a key connection... Slots are selected on both bars; after laying the crown, a wooden dowel is driven into them.

A simple overlap joint implies that the spliced \u200b\u200bbeam is not very thick (which is quite typical for rafters). The length of the overlap should be at least three times the width of the timber or board. Bolts or studs are used for fixing;

Butt splicing is also practiced, but with the obligatory reinforcement of the connection with side plates. They can be made of board or thick plywood; perforated galvanized steel plates can also be used.

Furniture, railings

The instructions for splicing bars in the independent manufacture of furniture or fences inside the house differs markedly from the recommendations relevant for rafters or beams. In this case, aesthetics comes first.

How to make a connection with your own hands, which will be not only durable, but also beautiful? The technique itself has already been studied by us: spikes are formed at the ends of the parts by milling, after which they are glued end-to-end.

Recall: pressing is mandatory and should take at least 5-6 seconds. Then the part is fixed in a stationary position while the glue is drying.

Thorn cutter. The price of the product is from 200 to 800 rubles, depending on the size.

However, the result is highly dependent on a number of subtleties.

The bar is matched by color and texture;
The wood species must be the same. Humidity can vary by up to three percent;
Defects on spliced \u200b\u200belements should be located on one side - the back;
Between the cutting of the thorns and the gluing, no more than a day should pass. Otherwise, uneven drying of the wood will affect the accuracy of the fitting of the spikes and the quality of the glue seam;
Any excess glue squeezed out during pressing is removed immediately. After it dries, it will be much more difficult to clean the part.

Conclusion

One of the main stages in the construction of a block building is the assembly of a log house. Before starting construction, you need to know how to properly fasten the timber.

Otherwise, the quality of the work is out of the question.

The need to connect wall elements appears in the following two cases.

When cutting the corners of the building.
If you need to build up timber when its length is not enough.

The methods for fastening the timber are various. They are selected based on the specific situation.

Varieties of corner mount

The methods of fastening the timber to each other during the construction of log cabins differ significantly from the joining of log counterparts. In our technological age, the old methods of joining lumber are gradually being modified.

At the moment, two types of fasteners are used in wooden housing construction.

Fixing the corners with the remainder. Its most widespread varieties are: "in oblo" and "in a bowl".
Fasteners without residue. Its most popular subtypes are “in the tooth” and “in the paw”.

Connection of the corners of the frame "into the bowl"

The bar is connected "into the cup" thanks to the keyways.

There are several varieties of them: one-, two- and four-sided.

With the first type of lock, a perpendicular groove is made in each of the beams using a cut... It is cut from one side, usually from the top. This cut must fit in its width to the perpendicular section of the timber.

Note!
For the most part, homebuilding companies use this particular fastening technology for profiled timber.
This is due to the fact that the production of such grooves requires minimal time and effort.

The methodology for creating the next type of groove locks includes sawing timber from two sides, in other words - from below and from above... The depth level of perpendicular cuts is about a quarter of the bar height.
The connection is very high quality. However, it requires high qualifications from carpenters, otherwise they may chip or crack when cutting grooves and laying beams.
The four-sided lock for the bar is sawn from all sides... This method of fixing the corners makes it possible to construct log cabins with increased strength and reliability. The grooves on all sides facilitate the installation of the walls, since their crowns fit like a designer. This method requires very high professionalism from employees.

End-to-end fixation

This type of connection is the simplest and fastest. The bars are joined together. Then they are fixed with studded metal plates, fixed with staples or nails.

At the same time, the strength and density of the corners obtained mainly depends on the skill level of the carpenters. It is necessary to carefully adjust the ends of the beams being aligned, since they need an absolutely flat surface. However, even experienced craftsmen do not always cope with this task. The corners are not airtight, in addition, they experience regular perpendicular loads.

Note!
Although this type of corner joints is the fastest, its quality is minimal.
Heat losses through such corners are very large.
Therefore, it is best not to use butt-joining beams when building residential buildings, but to use other, more complex types of connections.

Corner connections with dowels

Such a fastening of the timber to each other is done with dowels, that is, with wedges made of hard wood, so that the corners are strong.
The installation of inserts into the grooves of the timber makes it possible to suppress its shifts in the joints of the log house.
It should be borne in mind that the strength of the corners depends on the type of wedges. They can be longitudinal, transverse or oblique. The latter type is difficult to manufacture, however, when using it, the most durable corners are obtained with low thermal conductivity.

Warm corner lock

It is not for nothing that the fixation of the beams into the root thorn is also called the “warm corner”. This type of connection effectively conserves heat in the house.

Therefore, it is very popular in the construction of cobbled buildings.

The basis of the technology is as follows: in one of the beams to be combined, a groove is cut with our own hands, on the other, a spike is cut out, having dimensions corresponding to the groove.
When constructing a log house, it is laid in the groove recesses. In its capacity, you can use linen, jute cloth or felt from the same raw materials.
It is very important that the elements of the lock connection fit tightly with each other. Thus, heat loss will be minimal.
To increase the strength of the frame structure, alternate spikes and grooves in the corner rows, and fasten them additionally with round ones made of wood.
When using pins, notches, fat tail and other “groove / thorn” fasteners in the joints, be sure to leave vertical slots between the elements of the lock. They are needed to compensate for wall shrinkage.

Half-tree mount

Another simple type of cutting corners is "half-tree". This name stuck among professionals, due to the fact that cuts are created at half the thickness of the timber. The assembly of a block house with this method begins with drilling holes for dowels or dowels at points near the corner joints.

Before attaching the beam to each other, calculate the length of the dowels so that it is enough for several rows. There is also a more modern version of this compound. With it, dowels are added to corner joints to increase their strength and heat capacity.

Dovetail

The most reliable, durable and with minimal heat loss method is the T-shaped cut of the dovetail corners. It looks like a “root spine”, only the protrusion is not rectangular, but trapezoidal. The grooves are given the same shape. It should be noted that the price of such a cut is quite high.

At the moment, such subspecies of T-shaped joints of a bar are known:

locking grooves on plug-in spikes;
symmetrical trapezoidal spikes, called "frying pan";
rectangular thorns, called "half-cords";
asymmetrical trapezoidal spikes - "deaf frying pan";
a straight groove on the main spike, in addition to the log house, with its help, an imitation of a bar is also attached.

There is one more subtype of this mount: "in the paw". With it, horizontally located grooves and grooves in the form of trapezoids are cut in the bars. They should be perfect for each other. Since such sawing is quite difficult to carry out, this type of cut is rarely used.

Longitudinal connection methods

When erecting large buildings, the length of which exceeds the standard dimensions of a beam of 6 meters, it becomes necessary to fasten two beams along.

In this case, the instruction allows the use of one of the following connection types.

Oblique lock.
"Longitudinal thorn on pins / dowels".
“Half a tree”.
Longitudinal root spine.

This raises the question of whether it is possible to fix the beam with reinforcement or other metal clamps. It is possible, although this is practiced less often than using wood fasteners.

The fastening of the beams with the help of spikes on the dowels is quite strong. For such a connection, cuts are made for identical grooves at the ends of two beams. Then they fit very close to each other, then a wedge-shaped insert made of hard wood is driven into the groove.

The dowels can also be made of steel. Their shape is different - there are trapezoidal, prismatic, rectangular, serrated and even inserts.

Longitudinal building-up of lumber "in half-tree" is similar to similar fastening of corners. The ends of the elements to be joined are cut to a width that is half of their thickness. The strength of the fasteners is increased by using pins.

They can be replaced with staples, large nails or mounting plates. This type of connection is fast and simple. However, its strength is too small for the bearing (external) walls of a large cobbled building.

When connected into longitudinal root spikes, a groove is cut out on one of the ends of the beams, on the other side a ledge. To increase the strength of the fastening, it can be made trapezoidal. So you exclude horizontal movements of the beams in the frame.

The connection of timber and logs into one whole structure is a key stage in the construction of buildings and structures. To carry out this procedure, various methods and methods are used, which are selected individually for each type of structure. The correct laying of the timber affects the overall service life and reliability of the structure, therefore, when assembling the crowns of wooden buildings, specialists use certain methods and rules.

Why do you need the correct joining of timber and logs?

Correct joining of timber and log materials during the construction of a wooden building is necessary to ensure the overall reliability of the structure. The use of special connection rules allows you to improve the bearing capacity of the house in the corners, as well as to increase the overall rigidity of the structure. For each type of lumber, the method of connecting the elements is selected individually. Also, the correct docking may be necessary in cases where the standard sizes of materials are not enough for the construction of a specific structure. In order to build up logs or beams along the length, it is necessary to carry out their correct laying, which will ensure good rigidity and reliability of the connection.

Ways to join logs

The log is a round lumber from which further construction of a log house is possible. Logs have a long service life, therefore they are used for the construction of various types of buildings. The construction technology of these materials is the oldest and most practical. The connection of elements can occur in two main ways: with a departure and without a departure. When using the 1st method, part of the laid log will protrude onto the extreme plane of the wall, which gives the building an overall unique aesthetic appearance and a certain style. In the case of using the second technology, lumber is laid in such a way that ideally even corners are obtained at the end. The advantage of overhanging is that such a structure is more stable and protected from external factors.

Basic methods for stacking solid logs:

In a bowl or bummer.
Into okhryap.
Into a Siberian bowl or into an oklop.
Into the paw.

These methods are the most reliable and popular, therefore they are actively used for laying logs with a projection outward. However, this installation option requires much more lumber.

Log joining method No. 1: "In a bowl or burnt"

This method of joining lumber is the oldest, time-tested and reliable option for the construction of residential and technical buildings.

The technology has three main subtypes:

1. Half-tree - the easiest way to connect the corner. In addition to the main cut out bowl, it is required to cut an additional longitudinal groove for the installation of subsequent logs. To seal the fastening between the logs, any material is placed for caulking the finished log house.

Joining logs: a simple bowl - half a tree

2. Salted ridge - the variant is similar to laying "in a half-tree", but differs in the place of the cut for the main longitudinal groove. With this method of installation, the fastening cutouts are made from the bottom, which ensures maximum seam tightness.

Joining logs: simple bowl - fired comb

3. The fat tail is a modernization of the "oval ridge". This type of connection provides for cutting additional protrusions inside the cutout, which will provide the best joining of the logs at the corners.

Connection of logs: a simple bowl - into a fat tail

The installation technique is quite simple and does not require the use of additional materials. In the upper part of the logs, a special round groove is cut out, which resembles a bowl in shape (previously the cut was called "oblo"). Each subsequent log is fixed in the finished groove. Thus, several walls can be built at once.

Ready-made buildings constructed using this log stacking method:

The main advantage of stacking "in a bowl" is that logs of any quality and type can be used to construct a building. This method is used both for the rapid construction of residential buildings and for the construction of technical rooms. Each option is versatile and popular to use.

Log connection method No. 2: "In okhryap"

The way of joining logs - "in okhryap"

The method of joining the logs "in the ocher" is quite reliable, subject to the general technology of laying the log house. The main advantage of this option is the high stability of the corner joints. Due to the grooves that are cut on the logs, the building has good stability and seam tightness. During cutting, the lower grooves are equipped with small notches and teeth.

The connection of logs in the "in ocher" method is considered the middle option between the main connection of lumber with a projection outward and without a projection. When constructing buildings using this installation option, practically no additional processing of intermediate joints is required.

Log joining method No. 3: "Into a chuck or a Siberian bowl"

The connection of the “chuck” or “Siberian bowl” type is a universal technology that is very similar to the “half-tree” method. This option does not require special knowledge and skills and is quite simple to set up. Before laying, each log is processed, in particular, special bowls are cut out in the lower part. Specialists cut an additional deep longitudinal groove in the bowls made.

Joining logs "into a chuck" or "Siberian bowl"

Using this groove, the upper log will be fastened. The main feature and difference of the lumber stacking "in flare" is that the place for cutting the bowl can change in the crown, depending on the needs of the structure. Most often, the bowl is cut at the bottom of the log.

The finished structure is characterized by high tightness of the seams, as well as the strength and bearing capacity of the corners.

Log joining method No. 4: "In the paw"

This connection option does not provide for unnecessary projections of logs beyond the common wall plane. The corner constructed in this way will have strict outlines and geometric shapes. The installation technology as a whole is similar to the method of installing logs "in ochryap", but it has some structural differences.

There are two subspecies of joining round logs without protrusions:

Paw with undercut.
Dovetail.

The angular type of installation of round logs is the most difficult and is a rather complicated system of grooves and channels that ensure the most reliable fixation of all base rims to each other.

Before the installation procedure, each log is trimmed in certain planes, in particular, the surface is trimmed at the joints and at the ends. With the help of a special tool, grooves for fastening are formed at the ends of the log. Due to these grooves, large logs are reliably connected to each other.

In turn, the dovetail mount option is quite simple in terms of manufacturing technology, but requires certain installation skills. Each log is mounted taking into account the slopes of the spikes, which should ensure the wedging of the joints. This installation option increases the overall stability of the building.

Methods for joining timber

A bar is a square or rectangular lumber made of natural wood with a diagonal section of at least 100 millimeters. Less than 100mm. Is a bar<.

Due to the processed ends and sides, it is considered the most versatile and widely used material in construction. Almost any building can be built from a bar, while the installation technology is quite simple and reliable. The main advantage of this sawn timber in the construction industry is considered to be its ease of installation and machining.

There are 4 main connection methods in total:

Compound with residues.
Compound without residue.
T-shaped.
Longitudinal.

As with logs, the timber can be fixed with and without protrusions. At the same time, depending on the specific construction of the building, only one technology of joining materials is selected.

Bar connection method No. 1: "With the rest"

The technology of joining a wooden beam "with the remainder" can only be used for installation options "in the field".

"In the field" - the bars are installed with the rest of the material outside the common plane of the wall.

In total, there are three main systems for mounting a bar "in the field":

One-way connection type.
Double sided.
Four-sided.

One-sided is considered to be the simplest and easiest to install. For this, a transverse groove is cut out on top of the beam using a special tool, the total width of which is equal to the width of the lumber. Installation and fastening of each subsequent row is carried out thanks to these grooves.

Two-way is a more practical connection. When arranging a bar using this technology, the grooves are cut on both sides. The depth and nominal width of the groove is selected depending on the height and width of the material itself, but the minimum value should not be less than 1: 4 of the beam height. Two grooves provide greater reliability of the entire structure.

Four-sided is the most difficult, but effective way to connect the timber. In this case, special grooves are cut from all 4 sides of the timber. Sawing takes quite a long time, however, thanks to such processing, it is possible to ensure the maximum tightness of the lumber to each other. Due to the high density of the construction of the corners, the building is the most durable and structurally resistant to various influences.

Bar installation method # 2: "No residue"

The joining of a wooden beam by the "no residue" method is used in general construction quite rarely, since the reliability of this method is somewhat lower than joining "in a flash". The technology is successfully used in the construction of low-rise residential and technical buildings.

There are three main subspecies of "no residue" timber installation:

Butt.
On dowels.
On root thorns.

Each of the methods is used individually, but the most reliable of the three is the butt joint method.

Installation of timber "end-to-end"

Installation of beams "end-to-end" is reliable and is successfully used in the construction of residential civil, low-rise buildings and other technical structures.

Reliability is due to the fact that the lumber is stacked with ends and reliably knocked down with special metal staples, knitting needles or large nails. The total bearing capacity of such a structure will depend on the evenness of the ends, therefore, when using this method, it is necessary to cut the ends strictly at an angle. As a rule, regardless of the evenness of the timber, this installation option will necessarily require additional processing of the connecting seams to increase the tightness of the walls.

Installation of timber "on dowels"

Joining the timber to special dowels is the preferred option for the construction of small technical and residential buildings. When using this method, special slots and holes are cut on the beams, into which a key of a certain size is subsequently inserted. The bars are laid end to end and connected with dowels. The size of the slot should take into account the deepening of the lumber by 8-15 centimeters, depending on the size of the timber. The key is made from hardwood, most often oak or maple.

It should be noted that the connection using wooden dowels can be performed not only horizontally, but also vertically and at a certain angle. When arranging walls, it is recommended to combine all possible options.

Installation of a bar "on root spikes"

The installation of timber "on the root spikes" is a popular method of joining corners and walls, which is used in the field of industrial and civil construction. This option is widely used due to the high stability of the joints. For installation, a bar of a certain section is selected with no deformations along the planes. At the ends of the timber, special spikes are cut out, which are designed to connect two sawn timber.

When cutting thorns, it should be borne in mind that the surface to be treated should be as flat as possible relative to the other end of the timber with which the connection is planned. Docking is carried out with the ends to each other, and a sealing material is laid between the pins. Burlap, jute, or any other suitable material can be used as sealing material.

Connection method of bar No. 3: "T-shaped"

"T-shaped" - the connection is often used in cases where the construction of internal or external partitions is required. Making a T-shaped end takes less time than cutting special grooves in logs.

There are 4 types of T-joints in total:

Each of the methods is selected individually, taking into account all the design features and the type of building. The plug-in spikes should be made of a wood species that is an order of magnitude harder than the wood from which the timber is made.

Beam installation method No. 4: "Longitudinal connection"

Unlike the corner joint, the longitudinal one is most often used in the construction of outer walls, when the standard length of the material is not enough and it is necessary to "grow" to the design size. The most reliable and effective way to increase the length of the timber is considered to be its serial connection using grooves.

In total, there are 4 types of longitudinal connection:

In half a tree - used for joining timber in the construction of non-residential buildings for technical purposes. The beams are fastened with grooves cut, which are further fastened with steel nails at an angle of 45 degrees.
With a root spine - it is considered the most reliable way to fix two materials horizontally. For this, one end of the timber is cut out with a special groove, and a special spike is formed on the second. Two ready-made parts are connected to form a solid bar.
With a longitudinal spike on a key - provides a reliable connection of the timber along its entire length. The technology is completely similar to the corner installation of lumber. Two ends are cut out for a special spike.
With an oblique lock - the most reliable and complex connection, which requires the processing of two parts of the timber. On one part of the timber, special spikes and hooks are cut, and grooves for their fastening are cut into the second. The parts connected in this way form a strong lock.

In the manufacture of dowels that are used for joints, it is necessary to use hard wood species (most often oak, maple or ash). Additionally, for the reliability of the fasteners, sealing materials are used. Compliance with all technologies is a guarantee of a long trouble-free operation of the building.