Do-it-yourself metal ladder from a profile pipe. Diy ladder from a profile pipe: we disassemble the device of marching and screw structures, we carry out installation

Made of a shaped steel pipe, this is a rather popular design, as it has many advantages. As a rule, experienced craftsmen are engaged in its construction, since it should turn out to be absolutely safe from all points of view. That is, to be able to calmly withstand any possible loads from the movement of people and goods, and convenient for lifting and lowering everyone living in the house, including children and family members who have reached a venerable age.

Is it possible to assemble a ladder from a profile pipe with your own hands? The question is ambiguous, since its construction still requires very high specific skills. Of course, it would be more correct to entrust the installation to specialists. But if the owner of the house has basic engineering knowledge, has successful experience with all the tools necessary in this case and is used to always relying on his own strength, then additional information about this type of stairs and about carrying out installation work will not be superfluous for him.

Advantages of ladder structures made of shaped pipes

A ladder made independently from shaped pipes has a number of significant advantages over both wooden and ready-made metal structures that can be found on sale. These advantages include the following:

The opportunity to significantly save money allocated from the family budget for construction or renovation.
Correctly made and assembled staircase structure will last a very long time, without the need for repairs and restoration.
This material makes it possible with equal success to manufacture almost any type of staircase, even one with the most intricate design.
The profile steel pipe is perfectly combined with other materials as per technical and operational characteristics, as well as their ability to "fit" into any interior style.
It is possible to attribute to the advantages the speed of manufacture of parts and their installation. But this advantage of metal structures will be true only if the master is fluent in tools, and his work will be carried out according to pre-developed drawings with precise dimensions.
The construction of a staircase from a shaped pipe can be carried out at any stage of the construction process, including in an already built house.
The metal structure, with appropriate processing and finishing, is suitable for installation both outside and inside the building. Its strength qualities, neat and aesthetic appearance make it versatile.

The high strength of the steel profile allows us to manufacture a simplified version of the frame, in which one profile tube acts as a support for the steps, installed along the central line of the structure.

Varieties of stairs from a profile pipe

As mentioned above, almost any staircase design can be made from a profile pipe. To be convinced of the correctness of this statement, it makes sense to consider some of them in more detail.

Profile tube prices

shaped tube

Marching stairs

The flight staircase can consist of one or more spans, which, in turn, are connected to each other either by a horizontally installed transition platform, or by a section with winder steps. Both options are approximately equally popular, and the design is chosen depending on the area of \u200b\u200bthe room in which the staircase is planned to be installed.

A staircase consisting of one flight is most often installed in a spacious room. If you have to use it in a room of a smaller area, then in this case you have to give it a large slope angle. This sometimes has to be done when equipping staircases to the attic or basement.

A single-flight structure installed inside a two-story house allows efficient use of all the space under the stairs. For example, under it you can place a wardrobe or a small pantry, and sometimes even a small bathroom can be placed.

Another area where single-flight staircases are used is the entrance to the house from the side of the street, if the building is erected on a high base. As a rule, in this case, the march has a low height and an insignificant angle of inclination.

A two-flight staircase is often mounted in a room designed specifically for this structure - the so-called staircase. However, this option is quite possible in residential premises - it all depends on the area that can be allocated for the installation of an interfloor passage.

To maximize space savings, such stairs are often installed along walls converging in the corner, that is, marches are made perpendicular each other. This option also allows a small storage room to be set up under the stairs.

In the construction of a staircase with two or more flights, which are of great length, platforms are most often mounted on turns, which, among other things, give the frame a higher strength than the run-in steps.

Many home owners prefer to design transition platforms for stairs with small spans. It should be noted that this option is really more convenient than winders, which have different widths along their length. So, the side of the step, fixed to the wall, is much wider than the opposite, located at the center of the turn. In this regard, there is a very large risk of stumbling and getting injured.

Prices for wooden stairs

wooden ladder

We can agree that a staircase with winding steps often looks more original, and somewhat more compact. But, as mentioned above, this design option is less safe in operation, compared to stairs with similar basic parameters, but the spans of which are connected by platforms. This is especially important to consider in cases where elderly people or small children live in the house.

Of course, it also happens that the area allotted for the construction of the stairs, well, in no way allows you to equip the platform between the spans. It is in this case that a section with winders is installed instead of it.

If, for a number of reasons, it is necessary to build a staircase with run-in steps, then you will have to carefully calculate its parameters, since the structure must fully meet the existing rules for the safety of movement along it. Detailed information on how to create a project and make the necessary calculations for subsequent installation is offered in the article of our portal.

Spiral staircase

A spiral staircase can be called the most compact design, since it takes up the least useful area of \u200b\u200bthe room. Such an interfloor passage "fit on a patch" with dimensions of only 1500 × 1500 mm.

The spiral staircase looks, of course, original and aesthetically pleasing, but such a compact design has quite a few drawbacks.

The first of them can be called the fact that it will be almost impossible to lift a massive piece of furniture or household appliances along it to the second floor, since it is not very convenient to climb along this structure even with empty hands. mounted in case of emergency, that is, if it is impossible to build another structure due to the small area of \u200b\u200bthe house. True, this is also practiced - such a structure is created as an additional, more decorative function, and for lifting oversized loads in the house there is also a marching staircase.

If the area of \u200b\u200bthe room allows and there is a desire to establish an aesthetic version of the staircase in the likeness of a spiral staircase, then it is better to choose a rotary structure similar to it. Having erected it, you will not have to mount an additional straight staircase, since according to such a design, with a pronounced large turning radius and a large march width, it is quite possible to raise any furniture to the second floor.

Prices for metal stairs

metal ladder

In a swing staircase, all steps are the same size, so there will be no inconvenience both during the descent andrise to the second floor. However, this design is rather complicated both in calculations and in installation. Therefore, its construction, or at least the development of the project, is best left to experienced specialists.

Stepladder

A profile pipe can also be perfect for making a step-ladder, which is often necessary in the daily life of a private house. In order to mount such a mobile ladder, you will need a profile pipe with a cross section of 40 × 40 or 50 × 50 mm for support posts, and 20 × 20 mm for rungs.

In addition to the profile pipe, a special hinge mechanism is required. It is clear that a specific type is selected based on the dimensions of the profile pipe section, since the hinge is put on the posts, and then attached to them with self-tapping screws or bolts.

The hinges at the mounting sites have special holes through which they will be fixed on metal posts. In addition, a stopper is provided in the design of the hinge, which is designed to fix the ladder posts in the required position.

If you intend to make such a structure yourself, you need to fix the tips or horizontal jumpers-stops on the lower side of the racks, which will make the ladder safe to use.

Naturally, for the manufacture of any metal structure, special tools and the ability to work with them will be required. A pre-drawn step-ladder drawing is also required, according to which it will be much easier to carry out installation work. As an example or "starting point" - one of the options is shown in the illustration above.

Varieties of frames from a profile pipe

It is impossible to ignore the question of what kind of frames for flights of stairs made of a profile pipe can be. The material seems to be the same everywhere, but the principles of the structure of the structure have significant differences.

Stair step prices

The most economical option for using a profile pipe in the manufacture of stairs is a frame on the central stringer. This option can be made in two versions - it is a broken kosour, repeating the shape of the steps, or a straight one, made of one-piece profile pipe along the entire length of the march.

A broken stringer is more difficult to manufacture, since it is assembled from separate pipe sections, cut at the correct angle, which are connected to each other into a common part by welding. Then, on each of the horizontal surfaces, the kosour is welded so-called "outsole" (assembly site) made of sheet metal 3 ÷ 4 mm thick. Tread boards will be fixed on this "sole". To fix them, four to six holes are pre-drilled in metal plates. Through them self-tapping screws will be screwed into the wood. For this design, a profile pipe with a sectional size of 80 × 60 mm may well be suitable.

The second version of the central stringer is made from one pipe, usually with a cross-sectional size of 100 × 50 mm, which is cut only at the ends, at a certain angle. Then, plates or peculiar legs are welded to the end parts of the pipe that forms the span, with the help of which the stringer will be fixed to the floor and to the floor.

On the stringer pipe, markings are made, along which supports for the installation of steps will be welded. The stands consist of a leg, also of a section of a shaped pipe, with cut at the right angle (depending on the steepness of the flight of stairs) with butt ends, on which "soles" with holes are welded to fix tread boards on them.

For massive stairs, a more reliable version of metal structures is usually chosen, consisting of straight stringers, onto which frames for steps are welded. For their base, a pipe 80 × 60 or 100 × 50 mm is used, and for the manufacture of a frame under steps - profile 25 x 25 mm or even a corner with shelves of the same size, which gives a certain savings in metal costs. In the lower and upper parts of the frame, supports cut from a metal sheet are fixed by welding.

A more complex version of a ladder made of a profile pipe is a broken structure consisting of two stringers, in some cases fastened together with jumpers.

How frame structures of this type are made and assembled will be discussed in detail in the instruction table below.

Calculations the main parameters of a ladder from a profile pipe

Starting to talk about calculations, you must immediately say how to correctly determine the choice of a profile pipe by its size. The first thing to remember is that for a standard small home staircase on two stringers, you should not choose a pipe with too thick or thin walls. Too thick metal will make the structure too heavy and thin sections unreliable.

To correctly determine this parameter, you can refer to the data presented in this table. In this case, the length of the march is calculated between the support points. That is, it is possible to provide reinforcement elements - racks abutting against the floor surface and kosour in order to make the free span length shorter, if necessary.

Table of maximum loads on flights of stairs, depending on their length and profile pipe parameters:

Stairway length in mm	1000	2000	3000	4000	5000	6000
Pipe section size and metal thickness mm
50 × 25 × 2	684	167	69	34	16	6
60 × 40 × 2	1255	308	130	66	35	17
80 × 40 × 2	1911	471	202	105	58	31
80 × 40 × 3	2672	658	281	146	81	43
80 × 60 × 3	3583	884	380	199	112	62
100 × 50 × 4	5489	1357	585	309	176	101

However, the dimensions of the pipe should already be selected after the design of the staircase is selected and its basic parameters are determined, calculations are made and a drawing is drawn up.

So, to make a staircase, you need to decide on the following parameters:

The number of flights in the structure.
The height of the stairs or each of the flights, and slope angle that should be the same throughout the staircase, regardless of the number of flights.
The design of the connection of two flights - a platform or winder steps.
Number, width and height of steps.
The perimeter of the staircase in the ceiling.
Based on the calculated dimensions and the drawn up drawing - the amount of material required for the installation of the structure.

In each specific case, all these parameters may be different, since the area of \u200b\u200bthe premises allocated for the stairs and the height of the ceilings differ, therefore measurements are always made individually.

The dimensions of the ceiling opening will depend on the slope angle of the upper flight of the structure. And such an opening should begin in the place where the distance from the ceiling to the step of the stairs will be 2000 mm, that is, a little more than the height of a tall person.

The angle of inclination of the staircase depends on the height of the rise (and this is the height of the flow plus the thickness of the floor) and the area that can be allocated for the building, that is, on the length of the horizontal projection of the flight onto the floor plane. If the size of the room does not allow for one march (and this happens quite often), it is divided into two or even more. In this case, the calculation will already be carried out for each march separately, but subject to the mandatory conditions - the angle of steepness and the dimensions of the steps are maintained throughout the entire staircase.

Well, knowing these values, it is easy to determine the length of the span itself.

Below are two calculators that should help you determine these values.

Unlike ancient times, when any metal products were made only by forging, now they actively use welding to connect individual components, such as corners, channels and shaped pipes. He will tell in this material how to weld a ladder from a profile pipe, as well as what types of these products can be.

Certainly, you should not discount the professional blacksmiths, whose works are of high quality and aesthetic beauty. However, these are products, rather, piece, and they are quite expensive. But almost everyone can create a ladder from a professional pipe, if only he knows how to handle a welding machine and has prepared all the necessary materials.

Staircase appearance

Since profile products are becoming more and more popular, you can find any modifications of stairs from a profile pipe on the network. Even rather bold solutions in the form of glass structures without railings or "duck step", that is, an almost vertical flight of stairs with a step width for one leg, were not ignored. However, the easiest way for novice builders to make a marching ladder from a professional pipe with their own hands, which is most popular among house owners.

In order to correctly select the parameters of this design, you can make drawings of a staircase from a profile pipe with your own hands, taking as a basis one of the most suitable projects and adapting it to specific dimensions.

A march is a design that is located between the turntables. Distinguish between straight, two- and multi-march structures. If we are talking about a spiral staircase, then all the steps in it are located around one axis. They are used to climb inside a building - between floors or to the front door, as well as to cross uneven terrain.

Stationary ladders made of square pipes are considered to be the strongest and most reliable. However, if necessary, you can use foldable portable products.

The following materials are used to assemble the staircase:

metal elements - corners, welded parts, shaped pipes;
wood;
reinforced concrete;
composite materials.

There can be several ways of mounting parts for a staircase, however, welding of metal structures is considered the most reliable.

The fastening of the steps of the stairs can be:

on the bolts;
on kosoura;
on the string.

The set of materials that will be needed to build a ladder from a profile pipe with your own hands will depend on the method of fastening the steps. To make it easier to choose the type of construction for a specific room or area, you can view a number of photos.

Some experienced craftsmen recommend making only kosoura or the base of the structure from a profile pipe, and using materials with a lower mass for steps. The best choice for the base of the stairs would be a profile with dimensions of 60 × 40 mm.

It is worth noting that profile structures have a number of undoubted advantages:

Good resistance to mold and corrosion, making them suitable in places with constant temperature fluctuations and no heating.
A ladder made of a profile pipe can last for a long time, and if it is disassembled, the metal can be sold as unnecessary or handed over as scrap.
The assembly and installation of a metal modular or welded frame is done quickly and easily.
Since the appearance of the staircase from the profile is rather laconic, it will not be difficult to combine it with the interior available in the room.
Profiled pipes will be quite affordable for most buyers, so the cost of the project will be low. Many people find it easier to work with metal than with wood.
The metal frame made of profiles surpasses any other similar structures in strength.
The time for installing a staircase to the second floor from a profile pipe is much less than when working with wood, if, of course, you have a welding machine and the skills to work with it.
An important fact is that due to the presence of a metal base, in such a staircase you can combine a variety of materials - glass, marble, tiles and even plastic.

Please note that if the assembly of a light structure is supposed, then it is better to choose a profile with thin walls. It is optimal to use a pipe with a diameter of 5-7.4 mm, which will be strong enough and withstand vibration from the load.

Structural elements

When using the stairs, a person stands on steps, the width of which can reach the full width of the foot, or reach the heel of the shoe.

In order for the structure to hold, kosoura are used - side strips with cut sections on which steps are placed. In addition, bolts can be used to connect the treads and fix the entire structure. Bowstrings are the end and bottom beams that support the steps. The vertical sections of the stairs that support the steps are called risers. They are needed to strengthen the entire structure.

As a rule, one flight of stairs in a structure of a shaped pipe has 18-20 steps laid on stringers. It is installed along the walls and the corner, or suspended between two floors, and it consists of two marching spans. Often the number of steps is made odd in order to start and end the ascent for each next march from the same foot. This rule is used both in small cottages and in large office buildings.

Before starting the welding of a ladder from a profile pipe, all the same metal elements are laid in pairs, and treads and risers are attached on top. The steps themselves can be made from lightweight materials placed in a metal frame, for example, they can be laminate or wood.

The standard calculation of a ladder from a profile pipe looks like this:

the gap between adjacent steps (riser height) should be about 14-22 cm;
the angle of inclination of the flight of stairs is made at 30-40º, which is equal to the ratio of 1: 2 or 1: 2.5 length to height;
the width of the steps is 20-30 cm, and if a small slope angle is chosen, then it is slightly wider than the stop.

The order of work and procurement of materials

Internal and ladders have a completely different design, and the simplest one is considered to be one-march on the kosoura for the porch. The most difficult is the metal spiral staircase.

The sequence of work on assembling a frame from a profile for a single-flight staircase is as follows:

designing and drawing up a drawing;
marking;
dividing the profile into segments of the desired length;
assembly of the main frame for the installation of steps;
welding of risers and steps;
installation of the structure in place and pouring concrete on the site;
installation of handrails;
laying wood in the frames for steps;
final decoration.

There are several ways to assemble the frame for a staircase from a profile. It can be made from paired profile pipes or steel stringers, or you can use a channel in which the steps will be welded on top of the base or inside the frame.

If we are talking about the construction of an internal staircase with wooden steps, then the march is fastened first at the top point, and only then it is fixed at the bottom. In this case, the ladder is fixed to the anchors in the walls and the platform, which serves as the first step.

Note that we should not forget about the control of the horizontal position of the steps. When all the main work is completed, you can start welding the railings.

The process of assembling a spiral staircase from pipes and profiles

They prefer to install a spiral staircase in order to save space. To create it, you need a main support pipe and blanks from a profile for steps. To work, you will need two pipes, one of them with a smaller diameter will become the supporting one, and the other with a slightly larger section will be cut into blanks of 20-22 cm. The same sections of the profile for the steps will be welded to these sleeves. The resulting blanks will be stacked on top of each other and fanned out until they fill the entire height of the ladder.

The railing for a spiral staircase must be spiral. The base and the console are made of a steel profile, they are welded together. Pay attention that the sleeves fit tightly and do not dangle - the backlashes can be compensated for with O-rings. The assembled frame will need to be welded and covered with a layer of primer.

For handrails, it is better to use graceful airy metal structures, and handrails can be made of plastic or wood.

You can fix the spiral staircase in two places between floors or to the wall using brackets. However, there are other fixation methods. For decorating a metal staircase, it is better to use special paint - the most relevant colors are black, brown, metallic.

Any installed ladder should be not only beautiful in appearance, but also safe for users. Therefore, if you are not confident in your abilities, then it is better to entrust the assembly and design of such products to specialists.

When designing any metal structures, the question arises - what kind of rolled metal and what section should be used in order to ensure the reliability of the structure under the influence of expected loads. You can find methods of accurate calculations or use software resources that allow you to calculate almost any structure. However, this is almost always within the power of only professionals who know how to use software tools that know the technology of production of metal structures and have an idea about metal rolling.

Very often, when designing small and not complex objects, for example, stairs to the second floor, one has to choose from experience, as they say "by eye" to choose rolled metal. In order to somehow justify your choice, and at the same time instill confidence in yourself and in the customer, we offer a variant of the simplest ("for beginners") calculation.

Let's say we need to build the metal frame of the stairs to the second floor.

Let it be: the length of the stairs is 3m. , tilt angle 30 0, assumed load: 200kg. - weight of the structure and 500kg. - additional load. It is necessary to select a profile pipe for the supporting beam (bowstring)

The calculation is carried out with a certain degree of approximation. Figure 1 shows a diagram of a ladder beam,

Fig. 1 where:

L - beam length,

q - angle of inclination of the stairs

In our case: F \u003d 500kg.

L \u003d 300cm.

q \u003d 30 0

P \u003d 200kg.

For simplicity of calculation and, taking into account that in the end the staircase to the second floor will be quite rigid, allowing the distribution of loads, the existing circuit (Fig. 1) will be reduced to a circuit with a uniformly distributed load,

Fig. 2 where: b is the horizontal component of the beam,

For our case: b \u003d L * cos q \u003d 300 * cos 30 0 \u003d 260cm.

Q \u003d F + P \u003d 500kg. + 200kg. \u003d 700kg.

G \u003d Q / b \u003d 700kg. / 260cm. \u003d 2.7kg / cm.

Under the influence of loads, the pipe will begin to bend. With minor deflections after removing the load, the pipe will return to its original state. If the load exceeds the allowable value, deformation (irreparable bending) of the pipe may occur. In order to avoid deformation, it is necessary to compensate the bending moment (arising from the action of the load) by the moment of resistance of the pipe In our case, the formula for the bending moment:

M \u003d q * b 2/8 substituting the data we get: M \u003d 22815kg.cm.

The moment of resistance of a pipe depends on the material of the pipe (ladder beam) and is calculated by the formula:

W \u003d M / R, where: R is the calculated resistance of the metal

pipes, for steel St.3 - R \u003d 2100.

Substituting the values M and R , we get that W \u003d 10.86 cm3

The moments of resistance of profile pipes are calculated and summarized in tables, which can be found in the corresponding topics on the Internet. According to the tables, we need to take pipes from which W more than that obtained in our calculations (\u003e 10.86). The moment of resistance is greater than the value of 10.86 for pipes 70x70, 80x80, etc. If we take a pipe 50x100, then on the side 100W \u003d 24cm3, i.e. almost two and a half times more than in our calculation. Thus, for the beam (bowstring) of our stairs to the second floor, a profile pipe 50x100 is quite suitable. Rolled metal for load-bearing elements of stairs should be taken with a three to fivefold margin of possible loads. Additionally, it is necessary to check the deflection of the beam (bowstring, ladder stringer). In the case of a uniformly distributed load, the deflection is determined by the formula:

f \u003d 5 Gb 4/384 EI where: f - maximum deflection

G - evenly distributed load

b - horizontal projection of the beam

E - modulus of elasticity (tabular data)

I - moment of inertia (tabular data).

For our case G \u003d 2.7kg / cm., b \u003d 260cm., E (for steel St. 3) \u003d 20.4 * 10 5 kg.cm 2 (reference data), I (for a pipe 50x100) \u003d 137cm. 4 (tabular data). Eventually:

f \u003d 0.6cm.

The deflection is insignificant, but at the beginning they simplified the task and led it to the variant of a uniformly distributed load. In reality, the load will be concentrated and the deflection can be three times more. On the other hand, we will calculate only one beam (bowstring, kosour). If we take the classic version with two, for example, kosour, then the deflection will again decrease. In general, if deflection is not allowed, then you should make supports, connect several pipes or look for others options.

In conclusion, it must be emphasized that we did not try to make accurate calculations, but tried to prove that pipes 40x80 or 50x100 used in the construction of stairs are quite correct.

The choice of a profile pipe for the installation of stairs is due to the fact that such a structure is easier to operate and much more variable in design, it is suitable for use both in the house and on the street. However, making a reliable structure with your own hands is possible only if you have experience in welding.

Protruba is a versatile material that is both lightweight and durable, aesthetic in itself and goes well with other building and finishing materials.

It is possible to make from a metal profile both stationary stairs located in the house and on the street, and mobile structures for household purposes.

Any staircase consists of steps and a support system - a kosour, on which the steps are supported from above, or bowstrings, to which the steps are fixed with an end.

The support system for ladders from a professional pipe is usually a supporting beam, on which steps are laid on top.

Distinguish:

rectilinear kosour - a straight beam is located along the entire length of the staircase, legs are welded to the main beam on which the steps will rest;
a broken kosour consists of interconnected horizontal and vertical pipe sections, forming a stepped structure, directly on which the steps rest.

The type of staircase is determined by the configuration of its main elements: marching, spiral staircases and stepladders differ in structure. Additional details such as railings and balustrades add convenience and aesthetics to the design.

Marching

Structures of this type are the most convenient for descent and ascent and are quite simple in design and installation, therefore they are most often erected in private houses.

The staircase consists of one or more marches - arranged in a row of parallel steps, resting on one kosour or two or three parallel ones.

The single-flight structure can be installed inside the house if there is sufficient space. With a shortage of free space that can be used to organize the movement between floors, the stairs are erected in several marches. At the same time, when cornering, the structure is supplemented with a platform or winders.

The staircase provides additional strength, but significantly eats up space. To save space between the flights, run-in steps are made - their edges are not parallel, the width decreases from the edge of the stairs to the turning point.

To make the structure more reliable and save space, marching stairs are placed along the walls, and they try to organize turns in the corners between two walls.

Marching structures are also erected on the street - if the house has a high basement or a non-residential ground floor, one or two-flight porch is made.

Note! Winders due to the difference in the width of their surface are more traumatic. Children and the elderly are especially at risk of stumbling and injury.

Screw

Ladders of this type are the most aesthetic and economical in terms of space, but also the most difficult to design and install, therefore they are not widely popular.

The support system consists of one spiral kosour, on which the wide edge of the step is supported in the form of a truncated sector, and a central pillar, to which the steps are attached with the narrow edge of the step.

The screw structures look really original, and they can literally fit on a patch. But climbing a narrow spiral staircase is difficult on your own; there can be no question of lifting furniture and household appliances along it.

To solve this problem, you can erect an additional flight staircase on the street, and leave the screw structure in the house more for beauty.

It is almost impossible to imagine a house without a staircase. Even if the building has only one floor at its disposal, the stairs are mounted on the porch or ascent to the attic and attic.

There are a lot of materials for creating such structures, but today the option made of a metal tube of rectangular cross-section has acquired particular importance for the consumer. There are many reasons for this, but the main ones are ease of construction and excellent performance.

Today we will analyze how a ladder is made from a profile pipe with our own hands: a video and detailed instructions will be attached.

Any serious work begins with the fact that you need to draw up a project of the structure being built, well, or at least make sketches in the form of a sketch. Calculation of ladder structures does not belong to the category of higher mathematics, but it is still worth considering it carefully so as not to end up with inconsistencies during the assembly of the ladder.

Calculation of the flight ladder

So, let's first take a look at how calculations are made for marching metal stairs from a profile pipe.

A flight staircase is a structure assembled from one or more sections with a direct rise. Depending on the number of marches, one-march and multi-march versions are distinguished. The choice depends entirely on the location of the ladder and the desired lifting height.

In multi-flight structures, marches are connected using platforms or winders

Such stairs can be turned 90 degrees - they are placed when there is enough space for a long march. The site is most often located closer to the floor level of the first floor, in the corner of the room

180 degrees - this design allows you to fit two smaller flights. The rise of such a ladder is gentle and convenient for movement. Continuing the structure, you can make an ascent to any number of floors.

270 degrees - in this case, the staircase has three flights, each of which turns 90 degrees relative to the neighboring ones The design is very compact, which allows it to be installed in tight spaces, such as a small bay window or corridor.

Knowing the types of structures, you can start calculations.

You need to act in the following sequence:

We decide on the place where we want to install the stairs.
Having estimated the scale of the room and the height of the floors on the second floor, you can determine the number of marches. Remember that at this stage all conclusions are just an estimate. In more detail, we can see everything when calculating.
We measure the height of the rise, taking into account the thickness of the floors.

Advice! You should not neglect millimeters, so as not to make a mistake in the calculations. Do everything at once as accurately as possible.

To make it convenient to move up the stairs for both adults and children, it is necessary to optimally select the ratio of the length and height of the step. These parameters are also called the dimensions of the tread (the place where the foot rests during lifting) and the riser (vertical decorative strip). The optimal sizes fit into the following ranges: length 25 - 33 centimeters, height 15 - 22 centimeters.
As for the ratio, it should fit into the formulas 2x + y \u003d 60 (64) or x + y \u003d 47. All values \u200b\u200bare indicated in centimeters and adjusted to the step width of a person of average height (175 - 180 centimeters).
The number of steps is calculated very simply - it is enough to divide the height of the opening by the height of the riser. Having received this value, you can calculate the length of the march - you need to multiply it by the length of the tread.
These values \u200b\u200bare directly related to the angle of inclination of the stairs. As you understand, we got an imaginary triangle, transferring which to scale on paper, you can accurately measure the angle of inclination.

Advice! It is most convenient to carry out drawings and calculations on a lined sheet from a school notebook in mathematics.

But for the calculation we lack one more quantity - the length of the march itself. Any sixth grade student who is familiar with the Pythagorean theorem can calculate it. Well, we remember: a² + b² \u003d c² (the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs). Let's say the height of our imaginary floor is 260 cm, and the length of the stairs is 400 cm. We perform the calculation: (260 * 260) + (400 * 400) \u003d 227600. We extract the root and get 477 cm with a "tail" - this is the length of the march.
We look to see if it will be possible to fit such a staircase into the intended place, if not, then you can try to change the parameters of the tread and riser, or, if the angle of inclination suits you, then save it by breaking the rise into several marches.
In general, the angle of inclination for a home staircase is very important, since both small children and the elderly will walk along it. The more gentle the ascent is, the easier it will be to overcome it. According to regulatory enactments, the value of this parameter should be from 23 to 45 degrees.

But it is best when the magnitude does not exceed 33 degrees, since steeper stairs are less comfortable. Lower values \u200b\u200bare more suitable for ramps than stairs.

Advice! When making calculations, you are unlikely to be able to fit the parameters to whole numbers - there will always be a small remainder. Round the result up. All deviations from the specified parameters can be eliminated by means of the lower fascia stage

Calculation of a spiral staircase

The spiral staircase is very beautiful and is chosen by designers for this very reason, moreover, it takes up much less space than the marching version of the design. But it also has a lot of disadvantages: such a staircase is considered the most dangerous when climbing; it is difficult or impossible to lift oversized cargo along it; the price that the craftsmen call for the assembly is prohibitively high.

But if you have nowhere to go, and you need to install just such an option, do not be discouraged! We will tell you in detail how to make such a metal frame for a staircase from a profile pipe, as well as how to properly finish it.

Savings "on the face". The only thing that is required of you is the ability to work with a welding machine and a work force that will move large workpieces.

Calculation of a screw structure may seem too complicated to someone, but we assure you that following us, you cannot be mistaken, as you only need to use a few formulas. As a last resort, you can always use special calculators that can be easily found on the Internet.

So, remember the designations of the staircase parameters:

H - span height. As in the case of a flight staircase, it takes into account the thickness of the floor.
H1 - the distance between the turns of the stairs. That is, the distance from one step to another, located exactly above it. The minimum comfort value that should be observed is 2 meters. So, even a tall person will not hit his head when lifting.
h - step height. Risings on spiral staircases are rarely made, but the parameter remains unchanged, as for marching stairs. For comfortable lifting, this value is reduced here to 12 - 22 centimeters.
h1 - step depth. An ambiguous value, since the steps of the spiral staircases are trapezoidal. GOSTs and SNiPs set the size of the smaller edge at 10 cm, and the larger side, in principle, is not limited (depending on the width of the rise), but the recommended value is about 40 centimeters.
Working step depth - this is a conditional line along which a person will lift. Its parameters must be calculated so that the value fits into the normalized 25 - 33 centimeters.
L - the length of the ladder along a given radius.
R - outer radius. This value should not be less than 80 centimeters. When placing stairs in a rounded bay window, it is advisable to increase it to the inner radius of the room in order to be able to support the free edges of the steps on the walls.
r1 - working radius, the same line along which a person moves when lifting.
r - radius of the central support. It will be required for calculations when there is no internal pillar in the structure, and the staircase rests on the stringers or adjacent walls. The execution of such stairs will be an impossible task for beginners, so we will not paint them.

As in the previous case, we start by measuring the span. Suppose we have it equal to 3 meters. Then we determine the outer radius of the structure, focusing on the dimensions of the room in which the installation will be performed. For convenience of calculations, let's take 1 meter.

Next, we define the entry and exit points. Let's say that they are above each other, that is, the angle of rotation when lifting will be exactly 360 degrees. This data will be sufficient to calculate the external lift length.

As we remember from the school geometry course, the circumference is calculated by the following formula: L \u003d 2πR - where L is the length, R is the radius, and π is a constant, which is approximately equal to 3.14.
We consider: 2 * 3.14 * 100 (cm) \u003d 628, that is, 6m 28 centimeters.
Now you need to find out the number of steps, but for this you first need to determine the working length of the march. It is believed that a person climbs along a radius that is 2/3 of the outside. Based on this, the answer can be obtained in three ways.

First, 628 * 2/3 \u003d 419, rounded up;
The second, according to the formula Lrab \u003d 4 / 3πR \u003d 4/3 * 3.14 * 100 \u003d 419, also with rounding;
Third, first calculate the working radius and perform the calculation using the formula for finding the circumference: 2/3 * 100 * 3.14 * 2 \u003d 419 - 4m 19 centimeters.

Now, knowing the working length, we can choose the optimal tread width. Let's say we want 30 centimeters. We divide the working length by this number: 419/30 \u003d 14 with rounding. This is the number of steps in the span.
It remains to check the height of the tread. For this, the span height is divided by the number of steps: 300/14 \u003d 21.42. The value is a bit steep, so let's try to reduce the tread width to 25 centimeters: 419/20 \u003d 17; 300/17 \u003d 17.6 cm. Now the rise will be smooth and comfortable.
Oh yes! We almost forgot! We fully determine the geometry of the step, calculating its external length: 628/17 \u003d 36.9. Not enough! Then again we return to the selection of parameters until we find the optimal value.

But this is not the end, it remains to determine the size of the output area, taking into account the value of h1. As you climb, each step will subtract the riser height from the total span height. Due to the fact that h1 is limited by a limit of two meters, the width of the site should not be more than 4-5 treads - do not forget about the thickness of the floor.

The process of assembling a staircase frame from a profiled pipe

After all the drawings are ready, you can start making the stairs. Exact adherence to all the dimensions obtained in the calculations will not allow you to make a mistake when marking the blanks, so be careful.

Tools and materials

To complete all the work, we need the following tools:

	It is also possible to fasten the elements with the help of bolted connections, but such a structure will loosen over time from loads, and you will need to conduct a constant revision of the bearing units. Welding will create a monolithic structure that, moreover, will look more neat.
	They are used in conjunction with a welding machine and are consumables.
	A grinder (angle grinder) and a cutting disc for metal will allow you to cut pipes.
	Abrasive and flap discs are used in weld seams. The first option is intended for rough sanding, and the second will allow you to bring the surface to a perfectly smooth state.
	The hammer drill is required for drilling in concrete and brick surfaces of holes for fasteners, which can be steel anchors or pieces of reinforcement.
	Used in conjunction with a hammer drill for the purposes already described.
	A sledgehammer or large hammer will be needed when driving pins and anchors into the concrete surface.
	To drill holes in pipes for fasteners, you will need metal drills for steps. They can be installed in a hammer drill through an adapter chuck, or in an electric drill with high speeds.
	We will use the wrenches to tighten the anchors, although it is better to replace them with an appropriate drill bit.
	For a clear exposure of the horizontal and vertical, a small building level is required. It is better to purchase the option with magnetic tape so as not to be distracted by holding the tool during installation.
	An irreplaceable tool for such work. Easily allows you to mark workpieces for a cut in 90 or 45 degrees.
	Will be needed when marking parts. It is better to buy several markers, as their nibs deteriorate rather quickly on rough metal surfaces.

Let's also list the main materials with which we will work:

	Actually, the very profile pipe for the stairs. For work, options with different sections may be useful. We will tell you which profile pipe to use for the stairs as we explain the installation procedure for the frame. For a screw structure, you will also need a round pipe from which the support post will be made.
	Cutting it into pieces of 12-15 centimeters, we will make welded fasteners. To do this, a hole is drilled in the base, which is one step less than the diameter of the rod, and then the workpiece is driven into it with a sledgehammer. To the protruding end of the rod, we will be able to weld the racks and beams of the structure.
	The anchors replace the above described method of fastening the stair frame elements. For the convenience of the ligament, support platforms with drilled holes are welded onto the lower ends of the vertical posts, through which fixation takes place. The beams are drilled through and fixed horizontally. In fairness, it should be noted that the first method of fastening for beams is the most reliable.
	Pieces of plywood or similar materials can be stencilled under the steps so that they are the same size and shape.

Bolts or self-tapping screws with washers are used to attach the steps to the frame. The bolted connection is through, and the fastening on the self-tapping screws can be made invisible by driving them into the step from below.

Assembling the marching structure

There are two main types of construction, although they are far from the only ones. The first is with an inclined beam and welded-on holders under the steps, and the second is with a broken string of pipes. Let's take a look at both options.

The first option is much easier and faster, but in the end it will be a little more expensive, and the appearance of the structure looks very simple and unassuming. It is better to use this method when the frame of the stairs is completely hidden after sheathing, or else build the structure on the same support with the platforms, as shown in the photo above.

The rise in the cost of the structure is due to the fact that a profile pipe for a staircase with a section of 100x100 or even 150x150 is used as a beam. In addition, you will have to weld pads of sheet metal with a thickness of 3 mm, which will also be more expensive than profiled pipes.
When assembling, the first step is to install the inclined supports. If the design provides for 2 marches, then first the frame of the intermediate platform is mounted, which will become the support for the beams.
There are two ways to weld up sites. The first is that after determining the angle of inclination, a metal sheet is horizontally welded to the beam. In order for it to withstand the weight of a moving person, a vertical support from a reinforcement or a piece of pipe is welded in front under it.
In the second method, triangles from pipes are first welded onto the beam, which are connected at a right or acute angle, in case you want the risers to go inward, in order to increase the tread area.
A platform is already welded on top of these supporting elements, although you can do without it. The edges of the tread between the parallel corners can be connected with cross-pieces made of pipes or, at all, you can immediately wind wooden steps on them, at least 4 cm thick.

Advice! In addition, it should be noted that the weight of this type of structure is large enough and the ladder can tip over sideways. To avoid this, we weld support pads made of metal 5 mm thick onto the racks - this way we will more evenly distribute the weight of the entire structure.

How to weld a ladder from a profile pipe, the video in this article will clearly show.

The second design option looks more beautiful, but it will take longer to assemble it. The optimal section of the pipe for it is considered to be 40x60 mm, more is possible, but keep in mind that the mass of the stairs will increase, which is not always justified.

There are also two ways to connect parts to make a finished stringer:

In the first method the pipe is cut into separate parts corresponding to the length of the treads and risers. Their edges are cut at an angle of 45 degrees (for a more accurate cut, it is better to get an end saw) and welded together, forming a ladder. In theory, everything is simple, but in reality you will have to perform a lot of welding work, and constantly monitor the accuracy of the location of the parts. To simplify the task, cut out a stencil from the plywood, inside which you lay the blanks.
The second way is much easier - we take a solid pipe and mark it in such a way that the corner cut point is the apex of an equilateral triangle. The second triangle will be rotated 180 degrees relative to the first, that is, its vertex will be on the opposite face. Draw triangles on both sides, and then cut them out of the pipe so that the face to which the vertices fit stays in place. Next, we will need to bend the pipe at this point and weld the connection.

Instead of a platform, we also weld on the crossbars on the stringers.

Making a spiral staircase

The installation of the spiral staircase begins with the installation of the central pillar of the support. Its diameter should not be less than 10 centimeters so that we can keep the size of the adjacent step edge. Saving when buying this element is inappropriate, since the axis of the spiral staircase is experiencing serious stress.

The lower edge of the pillar should rest against a solid, reliable foundation - best of all against a concrete ceiling. You will also need a support platform to distribute the weight of the ladder.

Advice! If you are installing a staircase at the same time as building a house, then in order not to buy expensive sheet metal, the support can be built in the form of a cross from sections of the same pipe, which is then walled up in a concrete screed.

Support for steps can be of two types, which depend on the section of the pipe used. In terms of strength and external aesthetic component, they differ little.

If pipes with a section of 20x20 or 30x30 centimeters are purchased, then it is better to weld a full-fledged frame around the entire perimeter of the tread. For convenience, we use the stencil again. It is very easy to calculate the angle of divergence of the edges. As you remember, in our theoretical calculations there were 17 steps. We take the angle of rotation and divide it by this value: 360/17 \u003d 22 degrees. That's the whole calculation.
The second option is much faster. It will need pipes with a cross section of 40x60. No patterns are required here - we take a piece of pipe 8 cm less than the length of the tread, apply a second segment from the end, which will correspond to the width of the step, and weld them with the letter "T". In the middle, you can also add a cross member, as shown in the photo.

Finishing

So you actually assembled a spiral staircase with your own hands. It remains only to refine it. Due to the fact that the number of materials for this is very large, and there are even more finishing methods, we will list only the main stages.

First, we grind the surface of the stairs, paying special attention to the welded seams. Ideally, they should not be palpable and should be smooth and even.
We cover the metal with a rust converter and wash it off according to the instructions on the package.

We prime the metal surface.
We paint the entire structure.
We sheathe the steps and make decorative trim around, if it is planned.

Most often, in private houses, wood is used as steps under such frames. It is enough to install only the treads, and the staircase will acquire an attractive appearance. "Ladders from a profile pipe" - the video that we have selected will show how this procedure is performed. Well, that's all for us! Until next time!