Why do you need a level on a construction site? Types, differences and step-by-step instructions for working with it, methods of leveling. Using a level with a staff and getting accurate measurements How to use a level at a construction site

The level is an indispensable tool on a construction site; it can solve a lot of problems during repair work. The device allows you to accurately measure the difference in height of two designated points, which, of course, is the most important point in any construction and geodetic surveys. To know how to use the level, you should familiarize yourself with the general recommendations.

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To understand how to use a level, you do not need to take special courses or study to become a geologist. It is important to simply understand the specifics of working with the device, for which we offer this article.

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What is leveling and leveling

A level is a technical device with which surveyors and builders take measurements of high-altitude points. His main task in the measurement process is to build a stable horizontal line, relative to which any deviation will be noticeable.

Leveling is a complex process, which is not so easy to master, but it is possible
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In other words, using a level, the difference in heights of two or more points on the earth’s surface is determined in relation to a conventional level (for example, a reservoir).

Types of levels, their purpose

Levels are divided into subgroups according to two indicators: measurement accuracy and operating principle. According to the first parameter, the following varieties are distinguished:

highly accurate. The error in measurements is 0.2-0.5 mm per 1 km. dv. progress;
accurate. The error in measurements is 0.5-2.0 mm per 1 km. dv. progress;
technical. The error in measurements is 2-10 mm per 1 km. dv. progress;

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During work, at each stage, it is important to accurately record the device data in order to eliminate possible errors. Based on the operating principle, products are divided into:

geometric. The sighting beam is emitted, the level is brought to a horizontal position, which makes it possible to measure the difference in the location of the points. Points must be marked on the territory using special slats. Such leveling can be simple or complex (carried out from 1 or more points that change sequentially);
trigonometric. Devices called theodolites are indispensable when measuring permissible inclination levels. The distance and inclination are measured between the device and the control point, and then the required value is calculated using the formula;
hydrostatic. Devices that consist of two communicating vessels. In them, the difference in heights at various elevations is determined by the liquid level. Such vessels, which are connected to each other using a hose or sleeve, are installed at control marks. The technique is quite accurate, but is limited in distance by the length of the sleeve or hose;
optical-mechanical. Devices that make it possible to determine the parameters of points using a light beam and special slats. The devices are equipped with an optical tube to make visual observations. To make measurements with such a device, special skills and abilities are required;
laser. Precision devices that project a narrow beam using a laser onto various surfaces. Such products are easy to use and make it possible to work with both points and planes;
digital. Laser or optical products that display the received data in digital form will store it and, in some cases, partially analyze it. The devices are highly accurate and make it possible not to require the help of an assistant. However, they are expensive and susceptible to mechanical damage.

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Levels can be used for various tasks where it is necessary to perfectly accurately correlate the position of two points relative to each other horizontally or vertically. For example, the level of inclination of the building relative to its foundation.

Device of laser and optical levels

Levels are a budget type of equipment that is often used by craftsmen. They are quite accurate and reliable when working in different conditions.

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The device is equipped with a cylindrical level for horizontal alignment and an elevation screw for orientation in space. Before use, the level must be mounted on a tripod and leveled using lifting screws. The integrated bubble level will help you determine the correct position. The telescope is aimed at the installed staff using the sighting device and adjusted for sharpness by rotating the eyepiece ring.

Laser products have recently been replacing optical analogues, attracting buyers with their comfort, compact size, simple use and great functionality.

The devices make it possible to take fairly accurate measurements, as well as build straight lines in several planes at the same time. Laser levels are more focused on repair and construction work indoors; household appliances rarely cast a beam with a range of more than 30 m.

Instructions for leveling with an optical device

For proper installation and configuration of the optical device, it is important to correctly study the instructions.

First of all, you need to set up a tripod. By loosening the screws, the tribrach legs are set to a comfortable height for measuring. Then the screws are tightened again. The device is attached to the head of a tripod. We also align the device horizontally with the bubble level.

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Installation of the device

The device is installed and secured using a fastening screw, which is located on the tribrach. Preparatory work involves adjusting the optics and installing the level in a horizontal position.

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Focusing the optical-mechanical unit

You should start by leveling the device horizontally. To do this, two lifting screws are turned at once, the level bubble is placed in the center. This point is called “zero point”.

Next you should move on to focusing the optical level. The spotting scope is aimed at any surface. The eyepiece ring rotates to ensure a clear view of the reticle. The device is placed on the rail, the focusing screw helps to adjust the appropriate visibility of the scale.

Centering is carried out during installation of the device over the point, working using the “forward” method. The fixing screw is loosened and the plumb line is suspended.

The device moves along the head of the tribrach until the plumb line points to the required point. The screw is tightened.

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Measuring and recording observations

After installing the device in the center between two points, you should proceed to measurements.

A measuring rod is installed at the control point. Its exact location is controlled using the vertical line of the sight.

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How to use an optical level when building a foundation

To know how to operate the level, you must follow a certain sequence of actions. Work algorithm:

The product is installed in such a way that all corners of the base can be clearly seen in a fairly narrow field of view (90° or less). This will make it possible to prevent errors in measurements.
With an assistant holding the rod, the outer corners are “shot” and their height is recorded.
The height of the others is subtracted from the height of the highest corner and the difference is recorded - this will become the thickness of the bulk layer.
With the help of building materials, all points of the foundation are brought to the same level.
The cord is stretched horizontally, steel spacers are placed between the bed and the base.
To roughly fit the strap to the lace, linings are placed in the required place.

Errors when using an optical level

For beginners who are starting to work with the device for the first time, the following points must be taken into account:

It is necessary to ensure the safety of the device. Although it is protected by various coatings, it is susceptible to impacts. To completely eliminate level errors, care should be taken to ensure that each fastening element and components work properly.
You should use auxiliary tripods and fasteners. This will make it possible to preserve the device even during sudden gusts of wind.
You should not blindly trust the information provided in the manual. It is better to check the functionality of the device yourself.
It must be remembered that when using the device, the assistance of an assistant is important.
When installing the rail, it must be exactly on the surface to avoid distortion.
Do not allow the device to overheat, this may affect the accuracy of measurements.

How to work with a laser level, educational program for beginners

This device is quite simple to use, however, before starting work, you should study the manual.

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How to measure distance with a laser level

A number of devices have special rangefinders, which will make it possible to build a plane in auto mode, as well as calculate the distance. Otherwise, you will need to use ordinary tape measures.

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How to use a laser level when installing a floor

The level is indispensable when installing floor joists. After starting the device, a so-called zero level will appear around the perimeter.

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How to use when working on walls

The scope of application of the level is extensive. It can be used to control the laying of brickwork, install lighting fixtures and shelves, align handrails on stairs, lay panels, and for other work that requires determining the exact position of an object in relation to any plane.

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How to check the error of a laser level

To check the accuracy of a fixture, there are a large number of methods. The simplest is a test in a small room, which you can easily measure yourself to clarify the calculations. The device is installed exactly in the center of two walls, which are located approximately 20 m apart. The level is turned on and the point indicated by the laser cross is marked on the wall. The plane builder is rotated 180 degrees and a mark is made on the wall opposite.

The distance between points a1 and a2, between points b1 and b2 is measured. The distance is subtracted from the other (a1 and a2) − (b1 and b2), the finished indicator is compared with the specified accuracy. When the data does not exceed the accuracy in the manual, then the level is functioning properly.

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How rotating laser levels are used in open areas

Such levels are considered one of those that, thanks to the high-speed rotation of the laser head, will project a beam (it will also become noticeable in bright solar radiation).

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A characteristic feature of the functioning of such products is that they work perfectly on 360° and point planes. For example, the scanning option will allow you to select only the place where you want to align a door opening or window.

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The level is equally necessary when taking measurements in open spaces, during the construction of large-scale objects, as well as during repair work. If you liked our article, be sure to rate it. In addition, we are always happy to answer your questions, which you can leave in the feedback form.

To learn how to use a level, you do not have to graduate from surveyor courses or a geological institute. Just read this article carefully, watch the video inserts and experiment with the device, and you will be able to make high-precision measurements no worse than a qualified engineer.

Ground leveling methods

Levels are a large group of devices that are used to determine and record the exact height position of various objects. Moreover, objects can be completely arbitrary points and sections of the earth’s surface, and not specific landmarks.

The task of any leveling is to measure the difference in heights between the marks (levels) of the future building (structure). In practice, the overall quality of construction depends on the magnitude of such excess and its proper measurement. For example, from the planned “zero” level of the first floor of a house, the depth of the foundation, groundwater flow, drainage system design, view, etc. are calculated.

Existing leveling techniques are quite diverse:

Hydrostatic method based on the property of the same position of liquid in communicating vessels. Highly accurate and capable of measuring beyond the line of sight between individual points. Hydrostatic measurements involve the need to lay and fill long hoses and tubes with liquid, which is not always convenient;
Barometric method - used in planning and marking out extensive architectural complexes; it requires high-precision barometers and special computer programs. In personal residential construction, barometric measurements are not used;
Trigonometric measurements using are good because they do not require assistants with additional slats. Theodolite measurements are carried out both in horizontal and vertical angles, however, this device is more difficult to master than an ordinary level, and the cost of a theodolite is several times higher;
Geometric measurements of elevation angles using standard levels are performed only in one plane and require the installation of auxiliary marks (the same slats), their movement from place to place and entries in the measurement log

The simplicity and reliability of measurements with an ordinary level, its good compatibility with the needs of private and residential construction make it most popular in the design and planning of many works - from pouring the foundation to checking the accuracy of a gable roof.

Typical device and classification of modern levels

The design of the level is simple. The main optical-mechanical unit with a built-in lens system is located on a durable tripod. This unit must ensure strict horizontality of the sighting beam, with minimal deviation. Lenses can produce both direct and reverse (inverted) images. In the latter case, the measuring rods should also be turned upside down when installed on the ground.

Level sensors are built into the upper part of the body of each level. Robust and accurate installation of the device on the ground determines the quality of all subsequent measurements. An experienced operator constantly checks the readings of these sensors, adjusting them if necessary using the tilt handles of the optical-mechanical unit. This allows you to notice in time the random deviation of the device from the exact position on the ground and not repeat the measurements again.

Before using a level and a staff, it is necessary to describe the main types of instruments for geometric measurements of excess height. The simplest and most economical levels are those with cylindrical levels (one or several), which are located directly on the sighting pipe. Significantly more expensive and significantly more accurate are meters with automatic compensation for installation “flaws”; they are convenient when working on problematic soils - crushed stone, sand, etc. Levels with an electronic measurement system are used in the professional design of large objects and are quite difficult to set up and operate.

According to the class of measuring accuracy, leveling devices are divided into three main groups:

Technical instruments, marking N-10, N-12, etc.;
Precision instruments, markings from N-3 to N-9;
Particularly precise instruments, markings from N-05 to N-2.5.

The numbers in the name indicate the average measurement error in millimeters per kilometer. That is, even a technical level gives a deviation of about 1 cm per 1 kilometer of distance to the object - this is more than enough for accurate design and competent planning of the vast majority of construction work.

How to use a level - step-by-step instructions for beginners

The practical application of an ordinary level is described by the following sequence of measuring actions:

How to use a level - step by step diagram

Step 1: Set up a tripod

The mounting screws on all three legs of the tripod must be loosened, after which each support is extended to the required length (this length may vary, because the level often has to be installed on rough terrain). The top of the tripod should be set to a horizontal position, after which the fixing screws on all three supports should be tightened. Most devices are equipped with smooth adjusting mounts on each “tripod leg”; they are used to fine-tune the horizontality of the upper platform.

Step 2: Installation of the level

The leveling pipe itself is installed on a tripod using several mounting screws, after which you have to work with the level sensors. By rotating the adjusting screws, it is necessary to achieve an accurate, central position of the bubble levels relative to the lines marked on them. For convenience, first place the bubble in one “window”, without paying attention to the other. Then they set up the second level, already tracking the position of the first, observing how it changes as it is installed. By gradually adjusting the position of the device, we achieve its exact horizontal position on the installation site.

When the device is installed horizontally accurately, leveled and focused, we begin engineering surveys. Two slats should be placed in front and behind our device. The front one will show the value of the measured height, the back one will serve for calibrating the values. First, the level is aimed at the black side of the rear staff; after focusing, the value is recorded along the middle and rangefinder lines. Then they focus on the front (main) staff, and the average value on its red side is recorded. This method is called centerline leveling, is characterized by high accuracy of results and convenience of repeated measurements.

Dear users of the website portal, this article describes simple ways to use levels, as well as their types. Anyone who wants to master the full skill of working with a level needs to read textbooks on geodesy; for those who want to understand how to work with a level for everyday needs, the descriptions in this article will suffice. The question “how to use an optical level correctly” will be partially closed.

Level– a tool for determining height differences.

Measurements are geometric and trigonometric. In simple terms, the work performed by a level is different, this is the construction of topographic maps, determination of height differences on the planes of building structures, site, for further landscape alterations and organization of drainage, determination of the height of certain planes with the removal of elevation marks.

Classic « optical level", time-tested, reliable and accurate. The entire Soviet Union was measured with an optical level, lengthwise and crosswise. During this titanic piece of work, the optical level did not fail, it is reliable, it does not need batteries. The operating principle is simple. We look through the eyepiece, see a mark on the measuring rod (write it down), move the rod, look into the eyepiece, see another mark (write it down again), subtract the second one from the first mark, and get the height difference. This requires minimal knowledge of mathematics, geometry, great attentiveness, and good eyesight. More to work with optical level You definitely need a partner who will hold the ruler. Each optical level is accompanied by a talmut with a description and instructions for setting it up; it makes no sense to describe it in detail here, only in a nutshell.

We place a tripod with a level screwed to it, approximately vertically.
Using the three largest bolts at the base of the device, we adjust the horizontal position. We unscrew them so that the air bubble (you will find it anywhere) is always in the center, and when rotated 380 degrees, the position of that bubble is maintained. It is most important.
If everything is set up correctly, then you can take measurements (in some older models of levels, the image is upside down).

A more advanced and accurate device is “ laser level" or " laser level" In essence, the device is similar to a regular level, only instead of an air bubble, a float with a laser pointer floats in the water. A float immersed in water relative to the ground is always in a horizontal position, no matter what angle it is turned. It turns out that during use, you just need to place the laser level vertically, turn it on, fix the initial location of the luminous point (the point of contact of the laser beam with the surface of the body), and then dance from this point, turning the level in the direction you need and measuring with a regular ruler elevation changes.

In capable hands, laser level you can measure and do any types of geodetic work available when using other levels. Moreover, the time spent on work will be significantly less, since the installation of a laser level requires little time. Another advantage of a laser level is that if you work hard, you can do all the work alone.

Minus laser level, this is an attachment to sources of electricity, batteries, accumulators, solar cells. If you shake the device, the calibration may be lost; the laser pointer moves relative to the float, which leads to errors that grow with distance.

To check elevations, no adequate alternative to the theodolite has been invented.

In case you don’t have a full-fledged level. The simplest level is " level“, almost everyone knows how to use it, it is based on the principle of gravity, air is lighter than water, water is below, air is above, that is, in a flat glass tube filled with water, there is a small bubble of air, which in this environment tends upward, with an absolutely horizontal position of the tube, the bubble will always be in the middle. In addition to the fact that it is very convenient for them to look for local irregularities in walls, ceilings, and floors, the level can be used in a small area to determine height differences.

Of course, geodetic work carried out with a level is not convenient and accurate, since it takes a lot of time, perhaps this is the main drawback of this device. But ordinary level it is very simple and is not afraid of falls, dirt, or inept handling. Another significant plus in the direction of the usual level is the relatively low price

To work with a level, you must have certain skills and knowledge. This device is indispensable during the construction of objects of varying degrees of complexity. It ensures the accuracy of the placement of all objects in space and prevents irreparable errors.

Level - device features, scope of application

A level at a construction site is an indispensable device. With its help, you can find the level of location of certain points relative to a specific base. Before any construction begins, site planning is carried out, which involves eliminating unevenness. The easiest way to do this is to use a level. You cannot do without this device when performing many other works - when arranging a foundation, pouring floors, installing formwork.

Design features

The main structural element of the level is called the telescope. It is equipped with a lens system that can magnify the image twenty times or more. This element is mounted on a special stand – a tribrach. It has three lifting screws, with which the device can be adjusted exactly to the level. To facilitate this process, there is a bubble level on the stand.

The design of the unit also includes a tripod. It is better to choose aluminum options, which are lightweight and durable. Some devices have a dial with which you can measure or construct angles.

The telescope contains a flywheel. With it you can adjust the sharpness of the image. To adjust the device to the visual acuity of a particular person, a regulator is used on the eyepiece.

Additional equipment and inventory

To work with a level, you need to purchase not only the device itself with a tripod, but also some additional equipment. You need to have a special ruler with divisions and numbers printed on its surface, which will make it easier to take the appropriate measurements. The scale is presented in the form of red and black stripes, 1 cm wide.

On the bar there are numbers in increments of 10 cm. The measured value is decimeters, and all numbers are written in two-digit form. 60 cm is designated as 06, 120 cm - 12, etc. For ease of use, each of the five stripes is united by a vertical line. Therefore, the entire bar is covered with peculiar letters E - in the usual and mirror form.

Some old models of levels reverse the image, so all the numbers on the staff are in the same unusual form. Each level must be accompanied by a passport and instructions for use. The documentation for the device indicates the date of the last verification, which guarantees its operating efficiency.

Other equipment included as standard for each model:

protective case for storing the telescope;
maintenance key;
a plumb line for installing the device strictly at the specified point;
soft cloth for cleaning lenses.

Step-by-step instructions for working with the level

How to use a level without the necessary experience? Beginners should follow simple instructions while working.

Step 1 – Tripod Installation

the fastening screws on the legs are relaxed as much as possible;
the supports of the device extend to the required length;
the tripod is set in the desired position, taking into account the horizontal level;
screws on the tripod are secured on all sides.

Step 2 - installation of the level

The leveling tube is secured to a mounted tripod using several mounting screws. Using level sensors (by rotating them) a strictly horizontal position of the device is achieved. It is necessary that the bubbles on the scale be in the area of the indicated marks.

First, it is advisable to accurately set the first of them. Only after this do they proceed to adjusting the second screw, focusing on the previous one. Only such a step-by-step adjustment of the level will help achieve good results in your work. The optical axis of the device must be strictly horizontal.

Step 3 – focusing the optical assembly

After installing the level in the desired position, they proceed to adjusting its telescope, focusing on the operator’s visual acuity. To do this, you need to move the device to a well-lit object, and turn the regulator until the marking grid is displayed as clearly as possible.

The same work must be done on other objects that are illuminated less well. Focus adjustments are carried out as long as necessary.

How to determine the excess of points?

Working with an optical level involves determining the difference in height of several points on the surface. To do this, you need to have a special measuring rod and an assistant who will transfer it from one place to another.

To perform the work, you must adhere to the following instructions:

Select the first point at which the rail is installed in a vertical position.
In order for the bar to stand as level as possible, it is necessary to adjust its position, focusing on the reticle on the device.
The level is pointed at the staff. By rotating the eyepiece, maximum image clarity is achieved.
The values of the measuring rod where the horizontal line of the reticle is located are written down in a notebook.
The bar is moved to another point and all the work is carried out first according to a similar scheme.
The level is positioned motionless. Therefore, the higher the measured value on the staff, the lower the specific point is.

Rules for transferring marks to the surface

A level at a construction site is an indispensable thing, since it can be used to determine the depth of digging a pit in each specific case. Let's consider a situation where it is necessary to obtain a recess with the bottom at a level of -2.000 relative to the floor of the building. To do this, the excavator operator must indicate his mark.

To perform this work correctly, set the rail at a point that corresponds to the floor of the building - at the design zero. At a construction site, such benchmarks are usually set up by a surveyor.

Let us assume that at this point it was possible to measure the value of 153. At the location of the future pit, a peg is installed and a rod is attached to it. Take the value that came out, for example, 168. A difference of 15 cm is set aside from the bottom of the peg upward. Next to it you can hammer another column. Its top should correspond to the mark made, which will provide the excavator with a more reliable reference point.

Instrument maintenance rules

It is necessary to work with the level carefully, which is explained by the sensitivity of this device to any damage.

After each work performed, it is recommended to wipe the eyepiece and lenses with soft flannel, which is usually provided by the manufacturer as part of the standard package for each model. The slightest contamination on the surface of the optical system leads to inaccurate measurements, which negatively affects the results of the work performed.

To ensure high accuracy of the equipment, it is regularly calibrated. It is done once every three years, about which a corresponding note is made in the passport for the device.

This should be left to professionals, but in some cases you can do it yourself. A regular sheet of paper is used, which is placed at a known distance from the marking strip. The optical system of the level is adjusted until the measured values coincide with the actual ones.

A construction level is one of the main geodetic instruments, which is very popular for any tool. There are several varieties of this device; the use of a specific model depends on the requirements for the required level of accuracy and efficiency of measurements, as well as the conditions of use.

The modern construction market offers digital, optical and laser levels, which are indispensable when carrying out both internal and external construction work.

Laser devices are often used indoors, since bright sunlight makes it difficult to see the laser beam clearly. In addition, you need to protect your eyes from the negative effects of the laser.

The level is used when installing interior partitions and windows, installing suspended ceilings, for leveling openings and correctly filling the floor. Special models of devices are also produced that are used for correct laying of tiles.

Most often used on construction sites optical type of level. Working with the device involves pointing the visual at a special rod with divisions, from which the resulting readings are subsequently taken.

So, the greater the magnification of the pipe, the more accurate the measurements will be. As a rule, modern models have a 20-32x magnification, but if this is not enough, you can additionally purchase eyepiece or micrometer attachments.

To use the device to determine the difference in height of two points, you must follow a certain sequence. How to use this correctly in order to correctly take the necessary measurements?

First of all it is necessary set up a tripod. To do this, extend the legs to the desired height by first loosening and then tightening the screws holding them.
To ensure that the device is in a horizontal position, fix the level on a tripod and tighten the screw. The tool stand should have lifting screws, which should be installed at a medium height.
The level should be set to the “zero-point” indicator.
It's time telescope focusing: the eyepiece must be adjusted to the vision of a particular person. Now you need to point the pipe at the rail using a viewfinder, and then turn the screw until a clear image appears.

Tip: to quickly aim the device, you can use a model with a built-in visor.

If there is a need to install a level over a point, centering is carried out. First the screw is loosened, then the load is suspended. Next, the tool should be moved along the tripod head until the weight points to the desired point. All that remains is to fix the loose screw.

The process of measuring and obtaining results is as follows:

Install the device in a horizontal position and secure the rack vertically.

Please note: modern models of construction optical levels are equipped with special compensators that automatically install the tool in the working position.

In addition, this system helps ensure correct measurements even with strong shocks and shocks that often accompany the construction process. The compensators are reliably protected from mechanical damage.

Point the pipe at the rear rail, set the level to the “zero point” position. Obtain a reading from the middle and range lines of the reticle.
Now the pipe should be pointed at the black side of the front rail and the resulting reading should be taken again.
Point the pipe at the red side of the same front rail, then take a reading along the middle line.
All that remains is to point the pipe at the black side of the rear rail and take the reading again.

The measurements obtained must be recorded in a special journal. To work even in difficult weather conditions, the levels are equipped with a housing with rubber inserts that protect the device from moisture and dust.