How the city of Mangazeya looked like in the illustrations. What is Mangazeya? The first Russian polar city of the 17th century in Siberia

V 1601 by order of Tsar Boris Godunov, in the lower reaches of the Taz River, near the Yenisei portages, was laid city ​​of Mangazeya. In the local, Zyrian dialect, the word meant "land near the sea." The city was built near the shores of the Gulf of Ob - the Gulf of the Kara Sea.

These shores are unwelcome: grass-covered hummocks, shrubs, low-growing trees. Not a soul around. Only bursts of waves hitting the high right bank of the river. Nothing disturbed the sleep of the local land until the time when the king's people came and began to cut down trees and build the fortress walls of the future trading quarter.

The “Painted List” for 1626 says: “a river above the Taz ... stood a beautiful chopped five-towered Kremlin - detinets ...”

Mangazeya became the end point of merchant trade caravans from Europe to Siberia. It completed the Mangazeya sea route, an ancient Arctic route that connected the Russian Pomorie (White Sea) with the great Yenisei. Peasants from all over Russia rushed to the city, looking for freemen and wanting to get rich in the sable trade.

Life began to boil in Mangazeya very quickly. Merchant people were not transferred either in winter or in summer. So much money and goods were divorced that it was enough to rebuild the church, and the Gostiny Dvor, and even their own courtyards were equipped very soundly.

There were all sorts of rumors about the wealth of Mangazeya and it was no coincidence that they called it “gold-boiling”. City bigwigs fought, as usual, because of the money. In 1630, as a result of an artillery duel between adherents of two major quarreled Mangazeya governors - Grigory Kokorev and Andrey Palitsyn, the famous Gostiny Dvor was destroyed.

In 1619, by another royal decree, the Mangazeya sea route, under pain of severe punishment, was banned - in order, on the one hand, to block foreign trading companies from accessing the fur-rich market - annually up to one hundred thousand skins of silver sable were mined in the Yenisei taiga and taken for sale to Mangazeya! On the other hand, the boyars wanted to stop the uncontrolled trips there by the peasants of Pomorye.

In 1642, the city burned down badly, and in 1672, by another order of the new Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, it was completely abandoned. The county center, which it was, moved to the banks of the Yenisei River, to the Turukhansk winter hut - to New Mangazeya.

Centuries passed - more than 300 years - and a scientific expedition of the Institute of the Arctic and Antarctic, headed by Doctor of Historical Sciences Mikhail Ivanovich Belov, went to the places where the once "gold-boiling" Mangazeya became famous. Researchers quickly found traces of an urban settlement beyond the Arctic Circle.

Excavations have shown that Mangazeya was a typical medieval Russian city with a Kremlin and a suburb, with craft workshops and trade rows. Three Kremlin towers are well preserved - Spasskaya, Uspenskaya and Ratilovskaya; the other two had previously been washed away by a landslide.

The fortress walls were erected in 1604 by the governors of Moscow, Prince Mosalsky and the boyar Pushkin. The former voivodship yard was excavated on an area of ​​800 square meters. In the central part of the settlement, the remains of buildings were found - foundries, and in them among the slag - parts of crucibles and smelting furnaces.

Raw precious stones were found in the jeweler's dwelling - agates, carnelian, emerald grains, silver and copper rings, rings and pectoral crosses. A shoemaker's workshop was excavated with a bunch of leather scraps and a special cobbler's knife.

On the banks of the Taz River, there were also the remains of the Gostiny Dvor and right there lay magnificent bone and wooden chess, chests, sleds, skis, knives and axes, drills, faience and glassware, leather shoes, clothes and much more. Among the finds are a wonderful comb carved from a mammoth bone, several hundred coins from the times of Ivan III, Ivan the Terrible, Boris Godunov, copper coins of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich - the very ones whose issue caused the famous "copper riot" in Moscow.

The researchers determined not only the boundaries of the Kremlin and the contours of the settlement, but also traces of three religious buildings, first of all, the cathedral church of the Holy Trinity, the Assumption Church, which stood behind the fortress wall and the chapel of St. Basil of Mangazeya - a young man who was villainously murdered by local pagans. The story says that after a fire in 1642, the coffin with Vasily “came out” of the earth, after which miracles of healing occurred among those who touched the relics of the young man. Later, Vasily's coffin was taken to New Mangazeya.

The famous trade settlement existed in the north of Tyumen for only a few decades. Many trading people came to him from Russia - Permians and Vyatchans, and Vymyachis and Pustozers, and Usoltsy, and Vazhans, and Kargopols and Dvivyans, and Vologdas - and all Moscow cities trading people ... "

They walked along the streets paved with the keels of ancient ships - koches - laid on edge. They happened to see Mangazeya in all its splendor, listen to the chimes of wooden churches, live in houses with double walls to protect them from the northern winds...

Nowadays, only the imagination allows us to restore the appearance of the once noisy polar “city of Kitezh”. Flashed Mangazeya on the pages of history and sank into oblivion. A third of the ancient settlement has already been taken away by the river, but what the expedition of M.I. Belova is an invaluable asset of Russia.

Irina STREKALOVA

At the end of the 16th century, Yermak’s detachment cut through the door to Siberia for Russia, and since then the harsh lands beyond the Urals have been stubbornly settled by small but persistent detachments of miners who set up prisons and moved further and further east. By historical standards, this movement did not take so long: the first Cossacks clashed with the Siberian Tatars of Kuchum on the Tour in the spring of 1582, and by the beginning of the 18th century, the Russians secured Kamchatka. As in America around the same time, the conquistadors of our icy lands were attracted by the riches of the new land, in our case it was primarily furs.

Many cities founded during this advance are safely standing to this day - Tyumen, Krasnoyarsk, Tobolsk, Yakutsk were once advanced forts of service and industrial people (not from the word "industry", they were hunters-fishers), who went further and further beyond "Fur El Dorado". However, no less towns suffered the fate of the mining settlements of the times of the American gold rush: having received fifteen minutes of fame, they fell into disrepair when the resources of the surrounding regions were exhausted. In the 17th century, one of the largest such towns arose on the Ob. This city existed for only a few decades, but entered the legend, became the first polar city in Siberia, a symbol of Yamal, and in general, its history turned out to be short but bright. In the fierce frosty lands inhabited by warlike tribes, Mangazeya quickly became famous.

The Russians knew about the existence of a country beyond the Urals long before Yermak's expedition. Moreover, several sustainable routes to Siberia have developed. One of the routes led through the basin of the Northern Dvina, Mezen and Pechora. Another option was to travel from the Kama through the Urals.

The Pomors developed the most extreme route. On kochs - ships adapted for navigation in ice - they walked along the Arctic Ocean, making their way to Yamal. Yamal was crossed by portage and along small rivers, and from there they went to the Gulf of Ob, also known as the Mangazeya Sea. "Sea" is hardly an exaggeration here: it is a freshwater bay up to 80 wide and 800 (!) Kilometers long, and a three hundred-kilometer branch to the east - the Taz Bay - departs from it. There is no unambiguous opinion about the origin of the name, but it is assumed that this is an adaptation to the Russian language of the name of the Molkanzeev tribe, who lived somewhere in the mouth of the Ob.

Pomeranian koch in an engraving from 1598

There is also a variant that raises the name of the land and the city to the Zyryan "land by the sea". The "Mangazeya sea route", with knowledge of the route, observance of the optimal time for setting off and good orientation skills of the team, took them from Arkhangelsk to the Gulf of Ob in a few weeks. Knowledge of the many nuances of the weather, winds, tides, and river fairways could make the path easier. The technology of moving ships by portage was also worked out long ago - they dragged loads on themselves, ships were moved using ropes and wooden rollers. However, no skill of sailors could guarantee a successful outcome. The ocean is the ocean, and the Arctic is the Arctic.

Even today, the Northern Sea Route is not a gift for travelers, but then voyages were made on small wooden ships, and in which case it was not necessary to count on the help of the Ministry of Emergency Situations with helicopters. The Mangazeya route was the route for the most desperate sailors, and the bones of those who were unlucky became the property of the ocean forever. One of the lakes on the Yamal perevoloka bears the name, which is translated from the language of the natives as "the lake of the dead Russians." So there was no need to think about regular safe travel. Most importantly, there was not even a hint of some kind of base at the end of the journey, where one could rest and repair ships. In fact, the Kochi made one long way to the Gulf of Ob and back.

There were enough furs at the mouth of the Ob, but so far one could not even dream of a permanent trading post: it is too difficult to supply it with everything necessary in such conditions. Everything changed at the end of the 16th century. The Russians defeated the loose "empire" of Kuchum, and soon servicemen and industrial people poured into Siberia. The first expeditions went to the Irtysh basin, the first Russian city in Siberia - Tyumen, so the Ob, simply by the force of things, turned out to be the first in line for colonization. The rivers for the Russians were the key transport artery throughout the entire Siberian conquest: a large stream is both a landmark and a road that does not need to be laid in impenetrable forests, not to mention the fact that boats increased the volume of transported cargo by an order of magnitude. So at the end of the 16th century, the Russians moved along the Ob, building up the coast with fortresses, in particular, Berezov and Obdorsk were laid there. And from there, by the standards of Siberia, it remained a step to step to the Gulf of Ob.

As you move north, the forest gives way to the forest-tundra, and then to the tundra, crossed by many lakes. Not being able to gain a foothold here, having come from the sea, the Russians managed to enter from the other end. In 1600, an expedition of 150 servicemen left Tobolsk under the command of the governor Miron Shakhovsky and Danila Khripunov. The Gulf of Ob, to which they rafted without any special adventures, immediately showed its character: the storm beat the kochi and barges. The nasty start did not discourage the governor: it was decided to demand that the local Samoyeds deliver the expedition to their destination by deer. On the way, however, the Samoyeds attacked the travelers and badly beaten them, the remnants of the detachment retreated on the selected deer.

The following circumstance adds intrigue to this story. In correspondence with Moscow, there are hints of participation in the attack (or at least its provocation) by the Russians. It's not such a surprise. Industrial people almost always overtook the servicemen, climbed into the most distant lands and did not have any warm feelings towards the sovereign people, who carry centralized taxation and control. It can be said for sure that some Russian people were already building in the area of ​​​​the future Mangazeya: subsequently, archaeologists found buildings of the late 16th century on Taza.

A drawing of the land of the Turukhansk city (Novaya Mangazeya) from the “Drawing Book of Siberia” by S. U. Remezov (1701). Swedish copy; Mangazeya at the end of the 18th century.

Nevertheless, apparently, some part of the affected detachment nevertheless reached the Taz Bay, and a fortification, in fact, Mangazeya, grew on the shore. Soon, a city was also built next to the prison, and we know the name of the city planner - this is a certain Davyd Zherebtsov. A detachment of 300 servicemen went to the fortress - a large army by the standards of time and place. The work was progressing, and by 1603 a guest yard and a church with a priest had already appeared in Mangazeya, in a word, the beginning of the city was laid.

Mangazeya turned into a Klondike. True, there was no gold there, but a huge country full of sables stretched around. The bulk of the inhabitants traveled around the neighborhood, stretching for many hundreds of kilometers. The garrison of the fortress was small, only a few dozen archers. However, hundreds and even thousands of industrial people constantly crowded in the town. Someone left to get the beast, someone returned and sat in taverns. The city grew rapidly, and craftsmen came for industrial people: from tailors to bone carvers. Women also came there, who did not have to complain about the lack of attention in a harsh and devoid of heat land. In the city one could meet both merchants from central Russia (for example, a merchant from Yaroslavl donated to one of the churches), and fugitive peasants. In the city, of course, there was a moving out hut (office), customs, a prison, warehouses, trading shops, a fortress with several towers ... It is interesting that all this space was built up in accordance with a neat layout.

Furs were bought from the natives with might and main, detachments of Cossacks reached from Mangazeya even to Vilyui. Metal products, beads, small coins were used as currency. Since the Mangazeya district of cyclopean proportions could not be tightly controlled entirely from one place, small winter huts grew around. The sea passage has sharply revived: now, despite all the risk, the delivery of goods that were urgently needed locally - from lead to bread, and the return transportation of "soft junk" - sables and arctic foxes - and mammoth ivory, has become more accessible. Mangazeya received the nickname "gold-boiling" - as such, there was no gold there, but there was plenty of "soft" gold. 30,000 sables were taken out of the city every year.

The tavern was not the only entertainment of the inhabitants. Later excavations have unearthed both the remains of books and excellently crafted, decorated chessboards. Quite a few in the city were literate, which is not surprising for a trading post: archaeologists often found objects with the names of the owners carved on them. Mangazeya was not just a transit point at all: children lived in the city, the townsfolk started animals and ran a household near the walls. In general, animal husbandry, of course, took into account local specifics: Mangazeya was a typical old Russian city, but residents preferred to travel around the neighborhood on dogs or deer. However, pieces of horse harness were later also found.

Alas! Taking off rapidly, Mangazeya quickly fell. There were several reasons for this. First, the circumpolar zone is not a very productive place as such. The Mangazeans traveled hundreds of miles from the city for an obvious reason: the fur-bearing animal from the immediate vicinity disappeared too quickly. For local tribes, sable was not of particular importance as an object of hunting, therefore, in northern Siberia, the population of this animal was huge and sables lasted for decades. However, sooner or later, the fur-bearing animal had to dry up, which happened. Secondly, Mangazeya fell victim to bureaucratic games within Siberia itself.

Map of Tobolsk, 1700

In Tobolsk, the local governors looked to the north without enthusiasm, where huge profits floated out of their hands, so from Tobolsk they began to scribble complaints to Moscow, demanding that the Mangazeya sea passage be closed. The justification looked peculiar: it was assumed that Europeans could penetrate Siberia in this way. The threat looked dubious. For the British or Swedes, traveling through Yamal became completely pointless: too far, risky and expensive. However, the Tobolsk governors achieved their goal: in 1619, archery outposts appeared on Yamal, deploying everyone who tried to overcome the barrier. It was supposed to expand trade flows to the cities of southern Siberia. However, the problems overlapped one another: Mangazeya was already impoverished in the long term, and now administrative barriers were added.

In addition - the king is far away, God is high - internal turmoil began in Mangazeya. In 1628, two governors did not share powers and staged a real civil strife: the townspeople kept their own garrison under siege, and both of them had guns. A mess inside the city, administrative difficulties, impoverishment of the land ... Mangazeya began to fade. In addition, Turukhansk, aka New Mangazeya, was growing rapidly to the south. The center of the fur trade shifted, and people left behind it. Mangazeya still lived by inertia from the fur boom. Even the fire of 1642, when the town was completely burned down and the city archive, among other things, perished in the fire, did not finish it off completely, as well as a series of shipwrecks, due to which there were shortages of bread. Several hundred fishers wintered in the city in the 1650s, so that Mangazeya remained a significant center by Siberian standards, but this was already only a shadow of the boom at the beginning of the century. The city was heading towards final decline slowly but steadily.

In 1672, the Streltsy garrison withdrew and left for Turukhansk. Soon the last people left Mangazeya. One of the last petitions indicates that only 14 men and a certain number of women and children remained in the once bursting with wealth town. At the same time, the Mangazeya churches were also closed.

The ruins were abandoned by people for a long time. But not forever.

A traveler of the middle of the 19th century somehow drew attention to a coffin sticking out of the shore of the Taz. The river washed away the remains of the city, and fragments of a variety of objects and structures could be seen from under the ground. Even at the beginning of the 20th century, where Mangazeya stood, the remains of fortifications were visible, and in the late 40s, professional archaeologists began to study the ghost town. The real breakthrough came at the turn of the 60s and 70s. An archaeological expedition from Leningrad spent four years excavating the Golden Boiling.

The polar permafrost created enormous difficulties, but as a result, the ruins of the Kremlin and 70 various buildings buried under a layer of soil and a grove of dwarf birches were brought to light. Coins, leather goods, skis, fragments of koches, sleds, compasses, children's toys, weapons, tools... There were amulets like a carved winged horse. The northern city revealed its secrets. In general, the value of Mangazeya for archeology turned out to be great: thanks to permafrost, many finds that would otherwise crumble to dust have been perfectly preserved. Among other things, there was a foundry with a master's house, and in it - rich household utensils, including even Chinese porcelain cups. No less interesting were the prints. They found a lot of them in the city, among others - the Amsterdam trading house. The Dutch went to Arkhangelsk, maybe someone got beyond the Yamal, or maybe this is just evidence of the export of part of the furs for export to Holland. The half-thaler of the middle of the 16th century also belongs to the finds of this genus.

One of the finds is full of gloomy grandeur. Under the floor of the church was found the burial of an entire family. Based on archival data, there is an assumption that this is the grave of governor Grigory Teryaev, his wife and children. They died during the famine of the 1640s while trying to reach Mangazeya with a grain caravan.

Mangazeya lasted only a little over 70 years, and its population is incomparable with the famous cities of Old Russia like Novgorod or Tver. However, the disappeared city of the Far North is not just another settlement. At first, Mangazeya became a springboard for the movement of Russians into the depths of Siberia, and then presented a real treasure to archaeologists and an impressive history to descendants.

Everything you wanted to know about the expedition "Secrets of Mangazeya" - in the presentation at the link.
https://yadi.sk/d/bOiR-ldcxrW6B
Information on how to become a member of the expedition is located here -

The Mangazeya Group of Companies is a fast-growing, Russian private structure, relying on rich organizational and managerial experience, professionalism and energy of personnel, clear and verified development programs, high technologies and modern equipment, as well as stable factors of financial and economic growth in the medium and long term. perspectives.

The Mangazeya Group of Companies aims both to strengthen and expand its presence in its traditional areas of business activity, and to open new areas of activity, including in the markets of foreign countries.

Principles:

Open, honest, mutually beneficial and equal cooperation with partners, customers and employees

Rational and careful use of human resources, the desire to maximize the disclosure of the professional capabilities of employees and the observance of their legal rights.

Story

• In 2001, Sergey Yanchukov founded the Clearing-Nafta company, which was engaged in the export of oil and oil products.
• In 2007, Sergey Yanchukov gained control over the Mangazeya Oil Company, which has licenses to develop gas condensate fields in the Krasnoselkupsky district of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
• In 2012-2013, the development and gold mining divisions of the Group were created: Mangazeya Development and Mangazeya Zoloto.
• According to the results of 2015, the gold mining division of the Mangazeya Group of Companies (the Mangazeya Mining company) became the leader in terms of growth in gold production in the Trans-Baikal Territory.
• In 2015, the Mangazeya oil company began designing the Terelskoye field.
• The result of Mangazeya Development's work in 2016 was the completion of construction and commissioning of the company's first project, the Izmailovo Lane residential complex.
• In 2016, Mangazeya Zoloto began preparations for the construction of the Nasedkino mine.

Partners:

We offer participation in projects for the exploitation of gold deposits, gas condensate deposits, geological exploration, construction of residential complexes.

We are interested in:

• additional investments and projects
• new technologies and equipment
• advanced organizational and managerial experience

Geography of activity

Residential complex
"Izmailovo Lane"

House
"Marina Grove"

Residential complex
"Picasso"

Residential complex
"YOU AND ME"

Deposit Terelskoye

Savkinskoye field

Nasedkino deposit

Zolinsko-Arkiinskaya area

• Gold mining

  • Savkinskoye field
  • Nasedkino deposit
  • Zolinsko-Arkiinskaya area

• Gas production

  • Deposit Terelskoye

• Building

  • "Izmailovo Lane"
  • "Marina Grove"
  • "Picasso"
  • "YOU AND ME"

KEY PRIORITIES AND VALUES

Our main priority is to build a strong and reliable industrial group that successfully operates in various sectors of the economy and, under any circumstances, fulfills its obligations to customers and partners.

We implement an honest and responsible approach in building a business, giving priority to the interests of investors in strict accordance with the law and taking into account the interests of local communities.

We ensure the dynamic development of existing and new assets by attracting the best specialists, modernizing production processes and equipment, ensuring high quality products for the end user.

We participate in charitable projects to protect the environment, support children's educational institutions, social infrastructure and sports facilities.

• Targeted financial assistance children's preschool and school educational institutions.
• Support for socially significant programs and objects of the Russian Orthodox Church.
• Construction of multifunctional residential complexes with social infrastructure in Moscow

Functional structure

Legal support of business Mitronina Victoria Igorevna Administrative Director Administrative Department Sedov Ilya Vladimirovich Director for Information Technology Information Technology Department Vladimir Pavlovich Polyakov Director for Foreign Economic Relations Department for Foreign Economic Relations Roman Sergeevich Kashuba Director for Strategy and Investments Department for Strategy and Investments Grigoriev Anton Pavlovich Legal Director support of strategic projects and corporate activities Karelin Dmitry Valeryevich Director for legal support in the field of subsoil use Boyko Alexander Nikolaevich Director for legal support of development activities and construction Arutyunyan Lyudmila Oganesovna Deputy General Director for operational control and audit Operational control and audit Oil company Zoloto Development Yanchukov Sergey Valentinovich Founder and owner of the Mangazeya group of companies, Chairman ь Board of Directors, General Director of the Corporate Center

Polyakov
Vladimir Pavlovich

Director for Foreign Economic Relations

In 1994 and 1996 Graduated from the Institute of Asian and African countries at Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov in the specialties "Philology" and "Political Science" of Asian and African countries. In 2005, he graduated from the All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade with a degree in foreign economic activity of an enterprise. From 1999 to 2013, he worked on the staff of the Trade Representation of the Russian Federation in China. Since 2013 - Director for Foreign Economic Relations of Mangazeya Center LLC.

Kashuba
Roman Sergeevich

Strategy and Investment Director of Mangazeya Center LLC
Business Development Director of Mangazeya Development LLC

Graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations with a degree in Finance and Credit.

For ten years, he held various positions in the Troika Dialog group of companies, a leading Russian investment bank, and later at Sberbank CIB, the investment arm of the largest bank in the Russian Federation, where he provided investment banking services to companies from the mining industry in Russia and the CIS.

Since 2014, he has been working in Mangazeya Group of Companies in senior positions.

Currently, he holds the position of Director for Strategy and Investments at Mangazeya Center LLC.

Functional subordination:

• Strategy and Investment Department of Mangazeya Center LLC
• Strategy and Investment Department of Mangazeya Zoloto LLC
• Business Development Department of Mangazeya Development LLC

Grigoriev
Anton Pavlovich

Director for Legal Support of Strategic Projects and Corporate Activities

In 2013 he graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation with a degree in jurisprudence with knowledge of a foreign language

From 2011 to 2014, he worked at Technoservice Management LLC

Since 2014 he has been working at Mangazeya Center LLC

Since July 2018, he has been the Director for Legal Support of Strategic Projects of Mangazeya Center LLC.

Functional subordination:

• Department of legal support for strategic projects of Mangazeya Center LLC

Boyko
Alexander Nikolaevich

Director for legal support of development activities and construction

In 1995 he graduated from Rostov State University with a degree in jurisprudence.

Prior to joining the Mangazeya Group in December 2014, he held the position of Legal Director at the National Investment and Construction Committee LLC.

Karelin
Dmitry Valerievich

Director for legal support in the field of subsoil use

Graduated from the Chita State Pedagogical Institute. N.G. Chernyshevsky with a degree in "teacher of Chinese and English, translator-referent of Chinese". Graduated from the Trans-Baikal State Pedagogical University. N.G. Chernyshevsky with a degree in law.

Since 1997, he has held leadership positions. From 1997 to 2008, he worked in the Department of Justice of the Chita Region as Deputy Chief Bailiff - Head of Department, Counselor of Justice, and later - Deputy General Director for Legal and Legal Affairs. Since 2008, he has been appointed director of the representative office of OAO Zhireken Mining and Processing Plant.

Since 2014, he has been working at Mangazeya Center LLC and currently holds the position of Legal Director.

Fodor
Elena Alexandrovna

Deputy General Director for Economics and Finance, Mangazeya Center LLC

In 1992 she graduated from the Kuzbass Polytechnic Institute, Faculty of Economics and Organization in Construction, majoring in Engineer-Economist.

At the beginning of her career, she worked in the State Tax Inspectorate and municipal government structures. From 2000 to 2003 - chief accountant in various commercial structures. From 2003 to 2011 – financial director in one of the subsidiaries of AHML JSC. Then for 3 years she worked as the financial director of O1Group.

Since 2014 – Deputy General Director for Economics and Finance of Mangazeya Development LLC.

From May 2018 - Deputy General Director for Economics and Finance of Mangazeya Center LLC.

Functional subordination:

• Financial and Economic Department of Mangazeya Center LLC
• Department of Accounting, Tax Accounting and International Financial Reporting Standards Mangazeya Center LLC
• Financial department of Mangazeya Zoloto LLC
• Planning and economic department of Mangazeya Zoloto LLC
• Department of accounting and tax accounting of Mangazeya Zoloto LLC
• SBE Agro Accounting Group
• Financial department of Mangazeya Development LLC
• Planning and economic department of Mangazeya Development LLC
• Accounting department of Mangazeya Development LLC
• Accounting SBE GAS

Founder and owner of the Mangazeya group of companies,

Chairman of the Board of Directors

Was born on December 15, 1975 in Odessa. In 1999 he graduated from the Odessa State Economic University with a degree in finance. Qualification - "economist".

In 2001, he founded a trading company for the sale and export of oil and oil products. In 2007, he acquired a controlling stake in OAO Oil Company Mangazeya, owned by the Russian Federation, and became the head of the company. In 2011-2012 created the Mangazeya Group of Companies, which included the development company Mangazeya Development, the oil company Mangazeya and the gold mining company Mangazeya Mining.

Since 2015, he has been a member of the Board of Trustees of the Holy Trinity Sergius Lavra and the Moscow Theological Academy.

Sergey Yanchukov is married. Has six children.

He enjoys hockey, skiing and cycling.

History and geography Founded 1600 The vanished city 1672 Media files at Wikimedia Commons

	Cultural heritage object: № 8910002000

Part of the territory of Mangazeya. 1760

Mangazeya- the first Russian polar city of the XVII century in Siberia. It was located in the north of Western Siberia, in our time in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, in the Krasnoselkupsky district, on the Taz River at the confluence of the Mangazeika River.

Short description

The place where the city was located lies in the West Siberian lowland about 180 km upstream of the Taz River to the south of its confluence with the Arctic Ocean.

The name of the city, presumably, comes either from the name of the Samoyed prince Makazei (Mongkasi), or from the ancient name of the river Taz. In the monument of ancient Russian literature "The Tale of the Unknown People in the Eastern Country and the Tongues" of the late 15th - early 16th centuries, found in manuscripts from the 16th to the 18th centuries and representing a semi-fantastic description of 9 Siberian peoples living beyond the "Ugra land", it is reported:

“On the eastern side, beyond the Yugra land, above the sea, live Samoyed people, called molgonzei. Their poison is deer meat and fish, but they eat each other with each other ... "

In 1560, the English diplomat and representative of the Moscow company Anthony Jenkinson, having penetrated the Volga region, which had been annexed to Russia shortly before, managed to reach Bukhara. In 1562, in London, he published a "Map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartaria", on which he already indicated the name of the area "Molgomzeya" (Molgomzaia).

According to the historian N.I. Nikitin, the name Molgonzeya goes back to Komi-Zyryan molgon- “extreme, final” - and means “outlying people”.

History of Mangazeya

16th century and first settlement

As a permanent settlement, Mangazeya was founded on the initiative of the tsarist administration - as a stronghold for the advance of the Russians deep into Siberia and a fortified center for collecting yasak.

Prohibition of the sea route to Mangazeya

However, already in 1620 - at the beginning of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov - sailing "by sea", through the Yamal portage to Mangazeya, under pain of death, was prohibited.

There are several versions about the reasons for the ban:

In 1629, another two governors arrived in the city, Andrei Palitsyn and Grigory Kokorev, between whom enmity broke out, which led to an armed confrontation.

By decree of Peter I of 1708, the state was divided into 8 provinces, the city of Mangazeya became part of the Siberian province.

"Disappearance" of Mangazeya

The closure of the sea route led to the fact that the English, Dutch, as well as most of the Russian merchants stopped trading in Mangazeya, this led to the economic decline of the city. After another fire, the city could not recover, and Mangazeya disappeared: first as a city, port and trading post, and then as a historical and geographical concept [ ] . Silent echoes of the existence in antiquity of the “gold-boiling Mangazeya” remained in legends, oral tradition and a few documents buried in the archives. Historians and geographers showed no interest in the legendary Siberian city for a long time. In cultural, historical and geographical aspects, Mangazeya repeated the fate of Homer's Troy: over time, Mangazeya began to be considered a legendary city - it never really existed and, apparently, was simply invented and poetized in the people's memory and culture of national folklore [ ] .

Material and documentary evidence of the existence of Mangazeya

In 1940-1941, an expedition on the Soviet hydrographic vessel "Nord" discovered on the Thaddeus Islands and in the Sims Bay on the east coast of the Taimyr Peninsula the remains of the winter quarters of Russian explorers and objects from the early 17th century. Further studies of the finds, including human remains, carried out by archaeologists led by A.P. Okladnikov, led to the conclusion that around 1618, Russian sailors led by Akaki Murmanets managed to go around the Taimyr Peninsula, hitting the Laptev Sea by the northern sea route.

In 1956, the famous polar explorer and historian of geographical discoveries M. I. Belov suggested that the leader of the unknown expedition be considered the Mangazeya resident Ivan Tolstoukhov, and she herself was attributed to a much later time.

The famous Dutch geographer Nikolaas Witsen in the book "Northern and Eastern Tartaria" - the first European work on Siberia, published in 1692 in Amsterdam - referring to information received from the Tobolsk governor A.P. Golovin, reports that in the 1680s from Turukhansk down the Yenisei "60 people went to sea" in order to go from there to the Lena and "go around the Ice Cape". None of them returned. Witsen knew that this campaign was led by "Ivan, whose nickname is Fat Ear, the son of a prominent Russian nobleman."

In the logbook of the boat "Obi-Posttalion", sailing off the coast of Taimyr in the XVIII century, in July 1738 the following entry was made:

Parenago reported: “Written on the cross: 7195. The Mangazeya man Ivan Tolstoukhov put an end to this.

The inscription on the cross meant that Ivan Tolstoukhov erected it in 1687.

"Gold-boiling" Mangazeya and its role in Russian history and culture

Excavations have established that Mangazeya consisted of a Kremlin-detinets with internal buildings (a voivodship yard, a moving out hut, a cathedral church, a prison) and a suburb, divided into a trading half (gostiny yard, customs, merchants' houses, 3 churches and a chapel) and a craft (80 -100 residential buildings, foundries, forges, etc.). In total, the city had four streets and over 200 residential buildings.

New Mangazeya - Turukhansk

In 1607, the Turukhan winter hut was cut down at the mouth of the Lower Tunguska. In 1672, a Russian city was founded here - Novaya Mangazeya. Since the 1780s, Novaya Mangazeya has already been called Turukhansk and is listed in the Tomsk Governorate. Later the settlement is already called Staroturukhansk. The city does not exist today, and the village of Staroturukhansk is located in its place.

History of study

After the city was abandoned and ceased to exist, in the local languages ​​the settlement was called "Tagarev hard", which meant "Broken City".

The systematic scientific study of Mangazeya began in -1863, when the expedition of Yu. I. Kushelevsky on the schooner "Taz" arrived on these lands to establish the boundaries of the medieval settlement. Although the expedition did not manage to completely solve its problem, it more or less accurately determined the place of future excavations.

The first to discover, document the exact location of the abandoned city and make a brief description of it was the Russian traveler V. O. Markgraf. In 1900, making a trip along the rivers Yenisei, Ob and Ural, he examined the settlement and wrote about his find to the Russian Geographical Society. The next attempt to explore the legendary city was made in 1914 by the Tomsk biologist I. N. Shutov, who also examined the settlement and collected a small collection of objects found on the surface.

During more systematic Soviet expeditions in 1927 and 1946, the relief of the settlement was studied in detail and its first plan was drawn up. Research in 1946 was carried out by Russian archaeologist Valery Chernetsov, but the excavations were carried out for a short time and were curtailed in September.

In the summer of 1964, a group of enthusiasts visited Mangazeya, which included the writer Boris Likhanov. In the next few years, these expeditions continued and found traces of ancient settlements in the vicinity of the former Mangazeya.

A full-scale scientific and archaeological study of Mangazeya began in the summer of 1968 with the arrival of a complex historical, archaeological and physical-geographical expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In the -1970s, then - in 1973, archaeological research was carried out here under the guidance of historian Mikhail Belov.

On August 19-20, 1967, the traveler and hereditary Pomor Dmitry Butorin and the writer Mikhail Skorokhodov repeated the trade route of merchants of the 17th century (“Mangazeya Sea Route” - the Northern Sea Route) from Arkhangelsk to Mangazeya on the Shchelya karbas.

see also

Notes

1. Likhanov B. Where Mangazeya stood // Siberian meridian. Tourist and local history collection of Western Siberia. Compiled by V. V. Ukhov and V. S. Likholitov. - M.: Profizdat, 1983. - 145 p. - No ISBN - circulation 50,000 copies. - S. 54-55.
2. Pestov I.S. Notes on the Yenisei province of Eastern Siberia. - M: Univ. type., 1833. S. 197.
3. About unknown people in the eastern country and the tongues of roses
4. Vasiliev V.I. 1994. S. 420.
5. Nikitin N. I. Development of Siberia in the 17th century (indefinite) (unavailable link). Retrieved October 6, 2016. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016.
6. Lyubimenko Inna Ivanovna
7. Lyubimenko I. I. The English project of 1612 on the subordination of the Russian north to the protectorate of King James I // Scientific Historical Journal. - St. Petersburg, 1914. - No. 5. - S. 1-16.
8. Labutina T.L. Englishmen in pre-Petrine Russia. - St. Petersburg: Aletheya, 2011
9. Virginsky V.S. The project of turning North-Eastern Russia into an English colony in the 17th century / / Historical magazine. - M., 1940; Dunning Ch. A Letter to James I Concerning the English Plan for Military Intervention in Russia // The Slavonic and East European Review. - Lnd., 1989. - Vol. 67. - No. L. - P. 95.
10. Belov M.I.: "In the footsteps of polar expeditions"
11. Staroturukhansk (Krasnoyarsk Territory)
12. Parmuzin Yu. P. Central Siberia. Essay on nature. - Moscow: Thought, 1964. - Illustrations. Cards. 312 p. - circulation of 3000 copies. - S. 5-6.
13. Likhanov B. Where Mangazeya stood // Siberian meridian. Tourist and local history collection of Western Siberia. Compiled by V. V. Ukhov and V. S. Likholitov. - Moscow: Profizdat, 1983. - 145 p. - No ISBN - circulation 50,000 copies. - S. 55.
14. Likhanov B. Where Mangazeya stood // Siberian meridian. Tourist and local history collection of Western Siberia. Compiled by V. V. Ukhov and V. S. Likholitov. - Moscow: Profizdat, 1983. - 145 p. - No ISBN - circulation 50,000 copies. - S. 55.
15. Likhanov B. Where Mangazeya stood // Siberian meridian. Tourist and local history collection of Western Siberia. Compiled by V. V. Ukhov and V. S. Likholitov. - Moscow: Profizdat, 1983. - 145 p. - No ISBN - circulation 50,000 copies. - S. 56-57.
16. Likhanov B. Where Mangazeya stood // Siberian meridian. Tourist and local history collection of Western Siberia. Compiled by V. V. Ukhov and V. S. Likholitov. - Moscow: Profizdat, 1983. - 145 p. - No ISBN - circulation 50,000 copies. - S. 56.
17. "On the route of the legend"
18. City of Mangazeya and the first Siberian saint

Literature

Books

• Belov M.I. Mangazeya. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1969. - 128 p. - 37,000 copies.
• Belov M.I. Excavations of the "gold-boiling" Mangazeya: Public lectures given in the lecture hall named after. Yu. M. Shokalsky. - L.: Publishing House of the Geographical Society of the USSR, 1970. - 40 p.
• Belov M.I. In the footsteps of polar expeditions. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1977. - 144 p. - 50,000 copies. .
• Belov M. I., Ovsyannikov O. V., Starkov V. F. Mangazeya: Mangazeya sea route. Part 1. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1980. - 164 p. - 3350 copies.

Yes, today, 400 years later, few even know the name of Mangazeya. But once, in the middle of the 17th century, Moscow was one of the largest cities located beyond the Arctic Circle, in the permafrost zone. And the whole of Taimyr, including the modern territory of the Norilsk industrial region, was part of the Mangazeya district. The history of Mangazeya is the beginning of our Norilsk history.

For many travelers who went to the north, the "Mangazeya Land" was a fairy-tale land. For centuries, legends have been made up about this mysterious area full of animals.

The legendary Lukomorye, in Pushkin's fairy tales, is part of the vast territory of the Mangazeya district, the coast of the Gulf of Ob. Here it is a map of Lukomorye of the 17th century. Its original is kept in Holland. But the author, place of creation and dating are unknown.

The drawing "The Sea of ​​Mangazeya from the tract", like all Russian drawings of that time in general, is turned from south to north. In the drawing, the compiler still does not separate the Ob and Taz Bays, according to the concepts of the 16-17th centuries, this is a single Mangazeya Sea.

The map is conditional. The territories presented on it do not coincide with the images on modern maps. But despite the inaccuracies, the ancient drawing contains not only valuable physical and geographical data, but also the necessary ethnographic and biological information. It shows the depths, color and nature of the water, the settlement of the Nenets tribes and the animal world. In the center of the lip there is an inscription: "The water is fresh. They rest three times a day. The whale and the beluga and the seal fish in it." Modern ichthyological studies support this characterization.

The word "Mangazeya" is of Zyrian origin. It means "end of the earth" or "land near the sea".

The path to Mangazeya was well known to the Pomeranian peasants for a long time. Mangazeya sea passage. - The Arctic route connecting Pomorie with Siberia passed along the coast of the Pechora Sea, through the Yugorsky Shar Strait to the Kara Sea, crossing the Yamal Peninsula along the system of rivers and lakes from west to east and leaving the Ob and Taz Bays. It is here at the confluence of the river. Taz in the Gulf of Ob by Pomeranian industrialists and merchants, according to historians, no later than 1572, a stronghold was founded - the Tazovsky town.

This place was also convenient for the parking of Pomeranian ships - koches - the main ice ships of that time.

Looking at the modern, powerful icebreaking class vessels moored at the port of Dudinka. You involuntarily think: what kind of courage and courage you had to have in order to set sail on the seas of the Arctic Ocean on a koch, such a fragile ship. The drawing of a koch, created by an unknown medieval author, helped scientists recreate the appearance of the ship.

On the front side of the board, discovered during the excavations of Mangazeya, the whole ship is shown, and on the reverse side of its individual parts: the side set and the oval bypass line. This is not so much a drawing as a kind of construction drawing of that time. Using it, an experienced carpenter could determine the proportions of the main parts of the vessel that he needed, obtain information about the steering gear and the boat set, and position the masts.

Kochi appeared in Russia on the coast of the White and Barents Seas in the 16th century. The name of the ship comes from the concept of "kotsa", which means ice protection. Iron staples were stuffed along the waterline of the ship, on which ice was frozen. It was as if dressed in an ice coat. The ship had an egg-shaped hull. For this feature, the Mangazeya kochi were called round courts. When the ice melted, the ship's hull was squeezed out to the surface without getting damaged. The sails were sewn from linen and rovduga dressed with reindeer suede. These were the first Russian ships of the sea class adapted for the Arctic navigation.

The small carrying capacity of koches, 6-8 tons, allowed them to swim along the very edge of the coast, where the water did not freeze for a long time. This is clearly seen in the painting by the artist S. Morozov "Explorers of the time of Peter the Great, 1700." Canvas. Butter.

The snow-covered expanses of the North have long attracted Russian and foreign travelers. Some of them, striving for the unknown, longed for new discoveries, others were looking for fame, and still others were looking for ways to get rich quick. For many centuries Siberia has been and remains a source of wealth, a source of replenishment of the state treasury.

If today the main wealth of Siberia is ore reserves, oil and gas deposits, then in the past Siberia was famous for the wealth of fur, sea and fisheries, the abundance of mammoth ivory.

Mammoth ivory was delivered in huge quantities to the central regions of the country and beyond. Products from it were in demand in the local market. Buttons, household items and details of reindeer harness were made from mammoth bone: a needle for weaving nets, cheek pads.

Goods imported to the north by Russian merchants: household items, firearms (flintlock gun), jewelry, beads, large blue beads, which in Russia were called odekuem, were fabulously expensive and went in exchange for soft junk, skins of fur-bearing animals, sable, ermine, beaver, arctic fox.

The exchange was clearly unequal. A metal cauldron cost as much as it could hold sable skins.

Expensive beads were used by local tribes in making jewelry and embroidering clothes.

It is the rich sable trades of the Mangazeya district, the fame of which has spread throughout Russia, that attract the attention of the Moscow sovereign.

In 1600, Tsar Boris Godunov sent to the river. Taz and the Yenisei from Tobolsk, a hundred archers and Cossacks led by Prince Miron Shakhovsky and the head of the archery Danila Khripunov. In the Gulf of Ob, the Kochi fell into a storm, some of the expedition members died. The survivors were attacked by the Nenets tribes, who had long lived in the Mangazeya district, and were forced to return back to Berezov.

Later, in winter, Miron Shakhovskoy, with a small detachment on skis, again goes on a campaign to the lower reaches of the Taz, where in the summer of 1601, on the site of a Pomeranian town, he cuts down a prison.

Mangazeya has an amazing fate, many glorious pages in the history of Russia and Siberia are associated with her name, the first campaigns beyond the Urals, geographical discoveries near the very Cold Sea, the development of trade and crafts in the taiga and tundra.

Fate was unkind. The northern city did not last long. After 70 years, it was abandoned by the inhabitants and soon forgotten.

Systematic archaeological research of the legendary Mngazeya began at the initiative of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute. A comprehensive historical and geographical expedition led by Doctor of Historical Sciences Professor Belov, over several field seasons, explored the cultural layer, and the remains of wooden structures of the ancient settlement with an area of ​​more than 3 hectares...

The expedition members had to make a lot of efforts, as the entire area of ​​the monument was covered with a thick layer of turf, overgrown with forest and shrubs.

"Dive into the water, ice snakes.

Move apart, you snow veil,

Gates of golden boiling Mangazeya

Opening before me and you!"

Leonid Martynov

Archaeologists have discovered over a thousand items that characterize the life of the ancient city. The result of the work was a two-volume monograph by M. Belov.

The finds of the Belov expedition made it possible to recreate the picture of a large Russian medieval city, numbering about 500 buildings, with rich voivodeship estates, church domes, craft workshops and a gostiny yard. With a population of up to 2000 people.

In 1607, under the governors Davyd Zherebtsov and Kurdyuk Davydov, the construction of city defensive structures began, consisting of continuous gorodenny - cages. The construction of the five towers of the Kremlin also dates back to this time. In which archers served, observing the Mangazeya district. The Mangazeya garrison included 100 archers.

Behind the walls of the Kremlin, the total length of which was more than 280 meters, there was a command hut - the administration of the voivode, archery lodges, voivodship estates, mirroring one another. In remote Russian cities, two governors were appointed at the same time.

The remains of the voivodship court discovered during excavations.

It also housed one of the most significant places of worship in the city - the five-domed Trinity Church. The church played a significant role in the life of the city. She was the custodian of the royal treasury and at the same time, a lender gave funds to the inhabitants of the town for the development of trades, trades and crafts.

Burials were discovered under the floor of the church by archaeologists. Burials were made on the site of the burnt church even before the re-construction. Such is the tradition. Subsequently, Mikhail Belov, on the basis of archival documents, suggested that people of noble origin of the governor were buried here - Grigory Teryaev, his wife, one of his close associates, his two daughters and niece.

They died returning from Tobolsk in the autumn of 1643 with a caravan loaded with grain supplies for the starving Mangazeya. Grigory Teryaev tried to deliver bread by sea, sacrificing for this not only his life, but also the lives of his loved ones.

Throughout the entire period of its existence, Moscow has been the center of Russian culture and Orthodoxy in the north of the country.

The legend associated with another religious building of the city is still alive in the people's memory. At the beginning of the 20th century, believers visited the building of the chapel of Vasily Mangazeya on the settlement. The name of Vasily Mangazeya in Siberia in the 17th-18th centuries was widely known as the name of the defender of the poor and destitute. It was a cult of industrialists-explorers.

The legend tells: Vasily the lad worked for hire from the evil and ferocious Mangazeya rich man. Once a theft occurred in the merchant's house, about which he reported to the governor, accusing Vasily of theft. The massacre was not slow to happen. The accused was tortured in the Kremlin, in a moving house, but he completely denied his guilt. Then the enraged merchant, hitting the boy in the temple with a bunch of keys, killed him.

To hide the murder, the merchant and the governor decided to bury the body in a hastily put together coffin in a wasteland. Later, many years later, after the grandiose fire of 1742, when almost the entire Mangazeya burned. The coffin broke through the pavement and came out of the ground. Apparently it survived on the permafrost surface. The deceased was found.

At the expense of the pilgrims, a chapel was built on the site of the appearance of the coffin.

In the 60s, the rector of the Turukhansk Trinity Monastery, Tikhon, tried to secretly take the relics to the Yenisei. But, according to the abbot, the coffin rose into the air and did not give him. In the legend, fiction is closely intertwined with real events. During excavations, archaeologists found a chapel, under the ruins of which a cult burial was discovered, with the remains of limbs. Perhaps priest Tikhon nevertheless took part of the skeleton to Turukhansk, leaving the rest of the bones in Mangazeya, at the burial site.

The secrets of the Church of the Trinity and the chapel of Vasily Mangazeya were far from the only ones in a series of amazing discoveries and unexpected surprises revealed to scientists who explored this mysterious Russian city. But we will talk about this in the next episode.

On the territory of the settlement there was a two-story gostiny yard with more than 20 barns and shops filled with goods from all over the world.

In this form, he appeared before archaeologists.

No, not in vain throughout Russia, there was fame about Mangazeya, as about a gold-boiling earth. Trade in grain, foreign and Russian goods in exchange for furs brought fabulous profits to the artels of merchants and industrialists. One ruble invested in the economy of Mangazeya gave an increase of 32 rubles.

Every year, M. threw out to the domestic market of the country up to one hundred thousand sable skins for a total of 500 thousand rubles. Income, for that period equal to the annual income of the royal court.

In the city, standing on the banks of the river, fisheries were especially well developed. This is evidenced by many finds characterizing this type of activity. Wooden floats, birch bark sinkers of various shapes.

In Mangazeya standing on permafrost, they did not sow bread. Every year, whole coravans of ships loaded with grain stocks, numbering from 20 to 30 koches, came to the city. But they raised goats, sheep, pigs. Raised cows and horses. Horses traveled only around the city, outside the city walls lay swampy tundra.

Despite the large distances in time and space that separate the ancient Mangazeya and Norilsk, there are clearly visible common arctic features inherent in the appearance of these polar cities. The ancient city, like Norilsk, stood on permafrost, on piles. Not on reinforced concrete, of course.

Log houses were installed on layers of frozen wood chips with birch bark pads, which protected them from moisture and contributed to the preservation of permafrost.

So, the first experience of building houses on piles still belongs to the Mangazeans.

Crafts: pottery, leather, bone carving.

But the main sensation of Mangazeya is the discovery of the foundry. On the ruins of which crucibles were found - ceramic pots for melting copper ore. An analysis of the found remains of copper produced in 1978 at the Institute of Geology of the Arctic showed that they contain nickel.

In the original document, the conclusion of the examination of copper ore, NN Urvantsev, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, one of the discoverers of the Norilsk deposit, comes to the conclusion that the Mangazeians smelted Norilsk carbonate ore.

Oxide ores come to the surface, fusible, clearly visible due to the green or blue color. They were used by people of the Bronze Age.

We are located at the foot of the Norilsk Mountains. Perhaps, it was here, from time to time, that ore was mined in the right quantities and taken to Mangazeya on reindeer sleds. Despite the huge distance of 400 km., Between the Norilsk winter hut, founded presumably in 20-30 years. 17th century and Mangazeya, there were fairly stable ties at that time.

Today, the Norilsk Combine produces millions of tons of copper, nickel, and cobalt. And the beginning was laid back in tiny medieval foundries and primitive furnaces, which have almost nothing in common with modern giant factories.

The enterprising Mangazeya miners were the first to make an attempt to start industrial development of the Norilsk deposit, long before the construction of the Sotnikovskaya copper-smelting furnace.

Mangazeya copper, smelted in crucibles in very small quantities, was used for all kinds of crafts and jewelry: crosses, rings, pendants, which were always in great demand among the local population.

But Mangazeya is not only a craft and cultural center, it is an outpost of Russian advancement to the North and East of Siberia. From here, in search of new lands and fur riches, the pioneers went further, "meeting the sun", to the Yenisei and Lena. Volkovye ways crossed the entire inner Taimyr from west to east.

In 1610, Russian merchants led by Kondraty Kurochkin sailed down the Yenisei, naming the newly discovered land Pyasida. What does deafness mean. This is how our peninsula was called in the past. The local tribes living on the newly discovered lands were immediately subjected to tribute - yasak ...

The collector of yasak in Taimyr, the Mangazeite Ivashka Patrikeev, wrote in a petition to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich.

In the 17th century, the first Russian settlements appeared on Taimyr - Khantayka, Khatanga. Volochanka. Some of them have retained their ancient Russian names to this day, such as the village of Volochanka standing on a portage.

The name of the locality is Norilsk and the river. Norilsk, too, according to Urvantsev, has an old Russian origin, "noril" or "diving" among fishermen is called a flexible pole, for underwater fishing. From the word "norilo" the river began to be called Norilka, and then the city gets the same name ...

Until now, time has preserved silent evidence of eras long gone from us in the form of traces of dragging in the tundra or objects left over from that time. The photographs taken on Taimyr by members of Vladimir Kozlov's expedition, undertaken in 1989, on the initiative of the Main Directorate for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments of the Ministry of Culture of Russia, testify to this more than eloquently.

There are remains of old fishing huts and entire villages that existed in the 17th century and later, in the form of ruins of log cabins with semi-decayed logs or plates of wooden tiles. Traces of the life that once boiled here.

It is hard to believe, but the current capital of Taimyr, Dudinka, once also began with a similar winter hut, lost in the endless snowy expanses of the north.

In 1667, the Mangazeya archer Ivan Sorokin set up a yasak winter hut below the Dudina River. The newly founded settlement was at the same time a convenient point for the further development of new lands in the east.

The shift of trade routes to the Yenisei and Lena, the predatory extermination of sable in the Mangazeya district, the bribery and greed of the governors, who set the local tribes against themselves, led to desolation and the gradual destruction of the city. At the initiative of the voivode, the administrative capital was moved to a safer place, the Turukhansk winter hut, built by the shopkeepers back in 1607, and received the name New Mangazeya.

In 1672, on the orders of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the last streltsy garrison left Mangazeya. The city once thundering with its exploits, crafts and riches has gone into oblivion.

source http://www.osanor.ru/np/glavnay/pochti%20vce%20o%20taimire/goroda/disk/mangazey.html