The instrumental case answers the question with examples. What questions do cases answer? Basic meanings of cases

Basic meanings of cases.

Case is syntactic by definition. The meaning of a case is traditionally called the syntactic relation (meaning) that it expresses.

All Russian cases are ambiguous. Unlike the grammatical semantics of number, the meaning of case is not formed by the opposition of different case forms (combinations like eat bread, eat bread, in which there is a contrastive use of two objective cases in one syntactic position are a kind of exception). The meaning of case depends differently on case inflection and is associated with the lexical meaning of nouns and the syntactic places they occupy. When characterizing cases, the following syntactic positions are distinguished: 1) position with a word in the structure of a phrase, 2) position with a member of a sentence, while the position with a link is separate, 3) position with a sentence as a whole, 4) autonomous position (heading, address, main member of the nominative sentence). In some cases, it is necessary to take into account the so-called internal context, i.e. the distribution of the noun itself in the form of one case or another.

As already noted, the meaning of case depends on three circumstances: on the case form, on the lexical meaning of the noun, and on the syntactic position occupied by the case. Taking these circumstances into account, cases, following E. Kurilovich, are divided into two types, grammatical (abstract) and semantic (concrete).

Grammatical (E. Kurilovich also calls them syntactic) are cases with the meaning of object and subject. Their specific feature is that the meaning of the case depends primarily on the syntactic place, that is, it is predetermined by the word or word form to which the case refers. When using such a case, the speaker actually has no choice. For example, the word form laughs names the laughing object. This subject in Russian is expressed twice, by the personal ending of the verb and the nominative case of the subject. The form of the verb is consistent with the nominative case, the ending of which realizes the verbal subject valency. That is why the I. p. of any noun, regardless of the lexical semantics of the word in word form laughs expresses the meaning of the subject of the action: Man laughs, nature laughs, the soul laughs. Token walk around in meaning be like relative in its sign function, it opens up a position for V. p. with the preposition -na. The prepositional case form has the meaning of an object, which is formed only by the semantics of the verb and does not depend on the lexical meaning of the noun itself: resemble a father, a European, a savage, a monkey, a statue and so on.

Semantic cases, including prepositional combinations (they are also called adverbial), differ from grammatical ones in that their meanings are determined primarily by case endings (as well as prepositions) and the lexical semantics of nouns. They are less dependent on syntactic places, although they cannot occupy any syntactic position. So, the meanings of the forms in the forest, under the table, (early) morning, (late) evening, by lunchtime, in July, for courage, without rain, speckled, with a smile, because of a thunderstorm etc. can be defined outside the sentence structure.

Semantic cases and prepositional case forms are heterogeneous. First of all, among them we can distinguish adverbial and indicative forms. The first ones fall under the concept of free case proposed by G. A. Zolotova: free cases have the property of being used as headings, that is, being syntactically independent. The second ones are associated with the implementation of the attributive valence of verbs and nouns: write in small handwriting, write with errors, fur coats, elastic stockings, treetops, bird voices. In addition, semantic cases include cases with the meaning of a differentiated object (addressee, instrument, means, intended purpose, etc.: write to a friend, hit him with a spear, feed him porridge, buy a handle for the door).

N. Yu. Shvedova identified the so-called complementary syntactic relations as a separate variety, and in connection with this, cases with a complementary meaning. Complementary relations arise in subordinating phrases with informationally insufficient (absolutely not used) supporting words (turn into disaster, be distinguished by endurance, burst into laughter). The complementary case, together with the main word, forms a combination that, from the point of view of meaning and content, “does not have the properties of separateness.” Complementary cases do not have a role in the semantic structure of a sentence.

The selection of grammatical, semantic and complementary cases reflects different methods of entering a case into the structure of phrases and sentences, i.e. into the syntactic form.

A look at case from the point of view of the nominative function of a sentence (in other words, proposition) reveals an interpretive property in cases: cases not only name the participants in the situation, but also express the relationships between them. If in a sentence Masha grabbed the dog with her hand swap cases: The dog grabbed Masha's hand, a statement with a different meaning is formed. The meaning of the absolute majority of Russian sentences cannot be organized without the interpretative role of cases. This role should be especially noted in the nominative case. Any actant designated by the nominative case, as it were, rises in rank (S. D. Katsnelson) and becomes the source, the initiator of the situation indicated in the sentence.

The nominative case form is the original case form of the word. In this form the name of the creatures. used to name a person, object, phenomenon. I. p., combined with forms of the verbal predicate, regularly has the meaning of the subject of the action: C A swift stream runs through the mountains, The noise of birds never stops in the forest.(Tyutchev); The girl entered the room; The night passed unnoticed; if the predicate is expressed in the form of the passive voice, I. p. names the object of the action: Space is studied by people; when the nominative case is used as an appendix, it has the meaning of a sign: The siskin was slammed shut by the villainous trap(Krylov); in the position of the main member of the nominative sentence, the I. p. names an existing object, i.e., it has existential meaning: Night, street, lantern, pharmacy(Block); Here is the disgraced house(P.); the nominative nominative is used in the name function: "Anna Karenina" in the function of address - nominative vocative: Show off, city Petrov...(Pushkin); Father, father, stop threatening...(L.); Make noise, make noise, obedient sail(P.); when expressing quantitative relations, the nominative quantitative semantics is highlighted: There are few words, but the grief is a river, the grief is a bottomless river(N. Nekrasov). The nominative case is widely represented in the nominal predicate. This is a nominative predicative: The nobles are all related to each other(Block); Talent is the only news that is always new(Parsnip); You are authenticity. You are charm, you are inspiration itself(Parsnip), Her husband was still fiancé at that time(Pushkin), One joy and even passion of Zhdanov were songs(L. Tolstoy).

Genitive case is used both after verbs and after names. The meanings and syntactic use of the genitive case are very diverse.

The verb genitive case indicates an object in a number of cases: a) if the transitive verb has a negation: not to cut the grass, not to tell the truth; 6) if the action passes not to the entire object, but to part of it (genitive part, or genitive disjunctive): drink water, eat bread, chop wood. This case also has the meaning of absence, deprivation, removal, fear of something: He lost his parents in early childhood(Ch.); No matter how hard we tried to avoid the fords, we could not get rid of them(Ars); These chapters did not escape the common fate. Gogol burned them at different times(Cor.); meaning of desire, achievement: ...I wish you glory (P.).

The adjective genitive case indicates a number of attributive relations: belonging - father's house, sister's room; relationship of the whole to the part: hotel corridor, treetop; qualitative relations (qualitative assessment): khaki cap, tears of joy, man of honor and some others.

Nouns in the genitive case, used in the comparative form of adjectives, denote the object with which something is compared: more beautiful than a flower, faster than sound, sweeter than honey, whiter than snow.

The genitive case has the meaning of the subject: the nightingale was singing, no people came to the meeting, there were no boys in the house, there were no windows in the corridor; carrier of the trait: paleness of face, beauty of soul; replenishing: a matter of conscience, a matter of honor, a measure of length, dates: the first of April, the ninth of May.

The modern genitive case combines the former attributive (definitive) and partitive (quantitative) cases (cf.: coolness of the forest And cubic meter of forest, in the second case, it is already possible to replace it with the now more common ending - cubic meter of forest; in the first case this is impossible). The modern prepositional case is also a combination of two cases: locative (walk in the garden) and explanatory (talk about the garden). The demarcation of these forms was again preserved in semantics and stylistics, but not at the level of case as such.

The modern genitive case is oriented towards one of two possible forms - the form with the ending -A; the ending -у in modern language is clearly on the decline. It is preserved as the remainder of the quantitative case when denoting the actual quantity (a lot of people), although replacement is possible here too (many people gathered in the square); saved - at and in adverbial combinations (with frightened, die of hunger) and in stable expressions like give it some pepper, a mosquito won't hurt your nose etc. Selective ending -y can also only be used to denote quantity in some material nouns, for example: glass of tea(but more often already - glass of tea), but only - taste of tea, tea production; Wed more: lump of sugar(option - sugar cube) And sugar production(no options); bowl of soup(option - a bowl of soup) And plate of milk(no options). Today the form with -y should be assessed as a decreasing form, acquiring a stylistic connotation of colloquialism.

Dative case (most often after verbs, but also possible after a name) is used mainly to designate the person or object to which the action is directed (dative addressee): say hello to a friend, threaten an enemy, order to troops. In addition, the object value may be: envy a friend. help a friend, teach him to read and write), subject: the boy is funny, the child is not well, my friend is not interested in my work, my sister has to go to college, there will be a storm today; attributive: a monument to Pushkin, the price for such a person is a penny.

In impersonal sentences, the dative case can name the person or thing that experiences the state expressed by the predicate of the impersonal sentence: Sasha can't sleep(N.); But Tatyana suddenly became scared(P.); My patient is getting worse(T.).

Accusative case is used mainly with verbs. Its main meaning is to express with transitive verbs the object to which the action passes completely: catch crucian carp, clean a gun, sew a dress, make castings. In addition, the accusative case can be used to express quantity, space, distance, time. In this meaning it is used with both transitive and intransitive verbs: I sang all summer without a soul(Kr.); Arriving in Tiflis, I began to hear him[Name] on all paths, in all places, every day, every hour(G. Usp.); walk a mile, weigh a ton, cost a penny etc. In impersonal sentences - the bearer of a procedural feature: my arm is aching, my head is simply bursting; 4) replenishing: make a difference, take part.

Instrumental case is used both in combination with verbs and with names. The instrumental case of the verb has the basic meaning of a tool With a long twig the man drove the geese into the city to sell(Kr.); cut with a knife, hit with a hammer; means of action: drink tea, eat plums; The old woman propped herself up with her palm(L.T.) ; mode of action: come by bus, fly by plane; etc.

The instrumental verb case can also have meanings of place, time, space: A slightly beaten path led through the forest(A.N.T.); On a blue evening, on a moonlit evening, I was once beautiful and young(Yesenin); As a boy, I heard ditties on the shores of Lake Ladoga(S. Antonov); Dubrovsky raised his head. He was driving along the shore of a wide lake.(Pushkin).

The instrumental case of a verb can have the meaning of the producer of an action: The novel “Smoke” was written by Turgenev in 1867) Can carry the meaning of the subject in passive constructions and impersonal sentences: Ranks are given by people, but people can be deceived(Griboyedov)

Finally, the instrumental predicative is highlighted, which is used to express the nominal part of the compound predicate: The first Russian scientist [M. V. Lomonosov], who revealed to us what sciences are, had to become a chemist, a physicist, a historian, a political economist, an orator, and, in addition, a scientist(Dobrolyubov). In this case, the attribute of the object named by the subject is indicated: Fetisov was a bit of an artist(Yu. Nagibin)

The prenominal instrumental case is used: a) with nouns with the meaning of an instrument of action: kicking, vacuuming; action manufacturer: guarding the garden by a watchman; action contents: foreign language classes; definitive: ringed mustache, pancake cap; in relatively rare cases - with the meaning of the mode of action: tenor singing; b) with adjectives to indicate the area of manifestation of a characteristic with the meaning of limitation: known for discoveries, strong feelings.

The instrumental case has the meaning of an object: manage the plant, causer object: be proud of your son, admire the sea, an object that limits the manifestation of a characteristic: poor health, rich in friends; comparisons: It happens that a courier on a greyhound will sway your heart. (Parsnip); Longing as a passenger will slide through the volumes(Parsnip); He wore overalls and replaced his ring mustache with a tassel mustache.(Fedin); indicative - with a verb, often based on internal context (speak in a whisper, look with a gentle gaze).

Prepositional case is used with both verbs and names, but always only with a preposition.

Verb prepositional case with preposition o (about, about) used to designate the subject of thought, speech, i.e. object: And for a long, long time grandfather spoke with sadness about the plowman’s bitter lot (N.); It is clear that only military failures forced the Austrian government to think about internal improvements etc.

The prepositional case can also have a tense meaning: in youth, old age; concessions or conditions: In hunger, in the cold in the city of Vologda we lived happily, we were young(A. Yashin); indicative, including in the position of the link: A big hat covered in frost, a mustache, a beard in silver(N. Nekrasov); apple tree in blossom, lined skirt; means or method of action: fly by plane, arrive by truck, fry in oil; replenishing: participate in war, participate in elections.

With an excuse in (in) used to indicate a place, space, or object within (or inside) of which an action is performed: Baimakova is anxiously rummaging through a large, forged chest, kneeling in front of it(M.G.); and also to indicate condition, appearance. On her windowsill there was a balsam in bloom(M.G.); The river in all its beauty and grandeur, like solid glass, spread out before them(G.).

With an excuse on used to indicate the surface where something is located, occurs: Every muscle plays on the arms, on the back, on the shoulders; to indicate the limit, boundary of the distribution of any action, state: Nikolai Petrovich was born in the south of Russia, like his older brother Pavel(T.); In some places in the village gates creaked(N. Usp.).

With an excuse at used to indicate being near, in the presence of someone: We sat down on a log left by the timber driver in the winter along the road(Priv.); The general quickly dictated several lines of a short order under Saburov(Sim.).

The prepositional adjectival case is used with nouns (mainly verbal) that control the prepositional case:

With an excuse O(thought, speech, report, message, etc. about something): The rumor about this incident reached Kiril Petrovich on the same day(P.); The thought of Nicholas marrying a rich bride occupied the old countess more and more(L. T.);

With an excuse at - to indicate location: a garden at the institute, a sister at the sanatorium;

With an excuse V- to indicate a place, space, object: live in in the trenches, snow storage.

Prepositions play a significant role in expressing case meanings. By joining nouns in various case forms, prepositions help to reveal and clarify the meanings of the cases.

So, when used with the genitive case, prepositions around, before, because of and others express spatial relationships of objects or actions: walk around the house, get to the village, leave the table, stand at the gate.

Prepositions to, by when used with the dative case, they indicate approaching an object, an object, or a place of action: lean towards the table, walk across the field, drive along the road.

When used with the accusative case, prepositions in, for, on reveal the meaning of the direction of action on an object: drive her into the wall, hug her by the neck, look at her sister.

When used with the instrumental case, prepositions for, over, under, with and others express spatial meanings, indicate the direction of action on an object, etc.: fly over the forest, live under a mountain, go for berries, be friends with a friend.

The instrumental case is used both in the noun (with a noun) and in the verb (with a verb) position. Interestingly, nouns in the instrumental case can have different meanings, which are described in detail here. The article provides ways to determine the instrumental case with examples, and a list of the most common prepositions.

What is the instrumental case?

Instrumental case in Russian– indirect case expressing subjective, objective, attributive and adverbial meanings. Instrumental case answers the questions – By whom? How?, can be used in verb or noun positions.

Examples of nouns in the instrumental case: proud daughter, enjoy art, light up match, written student, stand sideways, go columns, be cashier.

How to determine the instrumental case?

To find out the case of a noun, by the way it is necessary to ask questions of the instrumental case (Who? What?), and also highlight the case ending of the noun.

Case endings of T. p. are presented in the table.

Declension	Unit number		Mn. number
1st declension	-oh(s),	Smile Ouch, smile oh, Statu to her, statue by her, Sweet tooth Ouch, sweet tooth oh, Uncle to her, uncle by her	-ami(s),	Smile ami, Statu yami, Sweet tooth ami, Uncle yami
2nd declension	-om (eat)	Gingerbread ohm, Royal eat, Kolts ohm, Storage eat		Gingerbread ami, Royal yami, Kolts ami, Storage ami
3rd declension	-Yu	Horse Yu, Sadness Yu		Horses yami, horse mi, Sad yami
Divergent	-ey, -her, -eat	Children to her, children by her, Put eat, Banner eat		Children mi, Put yami, Banner ami

note. In the instrumental plural form, nouns of all declensions have the same endings. The exception is the indeclinable noun “child” and some additional forms of similar nouns of the third declension.

The meaning of nouns in the instrumental case

In phrases and sentences, nouns in the instrumental case can have different meanings:

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Subjective (the nail was hammered in, the mistake was made by the employee);
Object (admire music, have skills);
Definitive (vacuuming, she was clumsy);
Circumstantial (draw with a pencil, point with a ruler, work in the evenings, create as a team, sing with a viola).

Instrumental prepositions

Nouns in the instrumental case are used as a direct object (decorate with a pattern, speak in a bass voice), and with prepositions (stand in front of the house, fly over the sea). Prepositions are used with nouns in T. p. - behind, before, under (under), with (with), above, between, between.

Examples of nouns in the instrumental case with prepositions: walk under rain, saucer under the cup, it is seen behind the cloud, carry behind the back, dispute between students, path on a joke, protrude in front of an audience, country house near Moscow, Brother with sister, speak with a friend.

Parts of speech are studied in elementary school. Some of them are combined into special groups based on special characteristics. Pronouns, numerals, nouns and adjectives are included in the group of inflected parts of speech, that is, those that change according to numbers and cases. You need to understand what declension is in order to correctly write the endings of the forms of one word that changes according to cases.

How to determine the case of a noun - learning to determine the declension

The Russian language divides all nouns into 3 declensions:

Type 1 – words m.r. and zh.r. ending in -a or -ya. For example, rainbow, road, snake, track.
Type 2 – words m.r. and s.r. ending in -o or -e or having a zero ending. For example, education, house, oatmeal.
Type 3 – zh.r. words ending in a soft sign. They have a zero ending. For example, doe, tribute, spruce, night.

Words of the same type of declension have the same endings when changed by case. Therefore, when doubts arise when spelling case endings, you need to look at the change rules for the entire declension group to which the word belongs.

How to determine the case of a noun - features of cases

We ask the question to the noun from those members of the sentence with which it is connected.
Nominative case – questions Who? What? For example, healer, forest. You can use an additional word: ( There is) Who? – medicine man, (there) what? - forest.
For questions whom? what? the genitive case answers with an additional word No. For example, ( no) who? - healer, (no) what? - forests.
Dative. Questions are asked about the noun to whom? what? with an additional word give. For example, (give) to whom? - to the healer, (give) what? – forest.
Accusative. Using questions whom? What? with an additional word I see. For example, ( I see) who? - healer, (I see) what? - forest.
Instrumental. Asking questions by whom? how?. You can use an additional word admire. For example, ( admire) who? - healer, (admire) what? - forest.
The last, Prepositional case, answers questions about whom? about what? using the word think. For example, think about whom? - healer, what to think about? - forest.

How to determine the case of a noun - how to distinguish the Nominative case from the Accusative case

Some forms of the Nominative and Accusative cases are sometimes the same because they answer the same question What?

Let's consider the proposals:

The snow was falling in large flakes.
When we went outside, we saw snow.

Word snow answers the question What? in both sentences, has the same form, but different syntactic meaning.

In the first case, snow is the subject, in the second it is the circumstance. That is snow performs the action in the first sentence, and in the second the action is performed on it.

Noun snow in sentence 1 it is in the Nominative case, in sentence 2 it is in the Accusative case.

We looked at the questions and auxiliary words of each case. We considered the case of coincidence of word forms of the Nominative and Accusative cases. We looked at how the syntactic role helps determine case in case of difficulties.

It is difficult to imagine the Russian language without cases. They are the ones who help us speak, write and read correctly. In total, there are six cases in the modern Russian language, each case has its own question and its own ending. To make it more clear, we will look at each case separately, and also analyze what questions the cases answer.

Cases in Russian

Nominative - answers the questions “who?”, “what?”. Example: dog, book;
Genitive – answers the questions “who?”, “what?”. Example: dog, book;
Dative - answers the questions “to whom?”, “what?”. Example: dog, book;
Accusative - answers the questions “who?”, “what?”. Example: dog, book;
Creative - answers the questions “by whom?”, “with what?” Example: dog, book;
Prepositional - answers the questions “about whom?”, “about what?”. Example: about a dog, about a book.

The nominative case is the only case in the Russian language whose question is answered by the subject. The genitive case determines affiliation, kinship and some other relationships. The dative case determines the exact end point of the action, the addressee of the message. The accusative case denotes the direct object of the action. Creative defines an instrument, some types of temporary accessory. The prepositional one can be presented in the form of a question: “Are you thinking about who, what?”

Now you know what questions the cases answer.

Values	Questions	Examples
Tool, instrument of action	How?	The note was written in red pencil.
Character in passive form	By whom?	This work was written by our best student.
The nominal part of the predicate (predicate) after verbs: to be, to become, to work, to appear, to seem, etc.	By whom? How? Which one?	Ivan the Terrible was a cruel man.
Moscow is an ancient Russian city.	This man seemed familiar to me.	Place
Where?	The tourists walked through the forest for a long time.	The plane flew over the city.
The car stopped under the bridge.	In front of the Russian Museum there is a monument to Pushkin.	The car was parked behind the house.
The table is between the window and the bed.	Joint action	With whom?
Anton went to the gym with a friend.	Object characteristics	With what?

I love tea with milk.

Time

When?

We arrived in Moscow early in the morning.

Before the exam, the teacher conducted consultations.

We came to our friends between five and six o'clock.

At breakfast, the friends discussed all the problems.

Target

For what?

Anton went to the store to buy bread.

WE READ

A) Read the text “The First Smile” and say why it is called that.

Many kings offered their hand and heart to the girl. They gave her jewelry. They showed her their palaces. She could become the queen of the steppes or the queen of the mountains.

One day, the king of the sea arranged a feast in honor of this girl. And during this feast, when the fish performed a dance of love, and the waves and wind created wonderful music, the beauty agreed to become the wife of the sea king. A storm arose at sea, and a huge wave carried the girl into the depths of the sea.

And on the shore all the people were waiting for a new vase to appear. Vases of Grief. Vases of Despair, Vases of Treason... And maybe even vases of Death.

And in the morning a new beautiful vase appeared on the square. On it, the young master depicted the first smile of his beloved. People called this vase “First Smile”.

Everyone was smiling. Every living thing smiled. Only the sea king did not smile. The most beautiful of all women was his wife. He owned her voice, her breath, her eyes, her hands, he owned everything except her first smile. Because no one can ever give their first smile twice, just as no one can be born twice or die twice.

The sea king wanted to destroy the vase so that everyone would forget it. You can destroy the sea, but you cannot change what has already happened, and the sea king died of grief.

And the vase smiled. People all over the world knew about this vase. No one remembered what happened to the young master and his beloved. People have forgotten about the country where this all happened. There is only one “First Smile” vase left. True, she remained in a fairy tale, but the first smile will always remain the first smile.

B) Answer the questions.

Do such girls, such young people and such situations exist in life? The young master, when his beloved became the wife of the sea king, created a new vase. What would you do in his place? Do your people have similar fairy tales?

Q) Did you like this fairy tale? Is she beautiful? By what linguistic means is this beauty achieved? Find them in the text and, using them, retell the text.

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LESSON 1.

Russian alphabet. Vowels and consonants. Syllables. Rhythm of the word. Emphasis. Vowel reduction. Stunning of voiced consonants. Hard and soft consonants………………………………………………………………………………4

LESSON 2.

Intonation of narrative and interrogative sentences « This is Anton,” “Who is this?”, “What is this?”, “And you?” . Personal pronouns. Gender of nouns. Complex sentences with conjunctions “and”, “a”…………………………………………………………………………………...………..9

LESSON 3.

Constructions like “My name is Anton.” Nominative and accusative cases of personal pronouns. Possessive pronouns. Plurals of nouns and possessive pronouns………………………………………………………………………………………..........17

LESSON 4.

Verbs I and II conjugations (infinitive, present tense, imperative). Subject and predicate. Accusative case of inanimate nouns and personal pronouns in the meaning of a direct object. Adverbs of manner……………………………………………………….29

LESSON 5.

Gender and number of adjectives (nominative case). Use of adjectives and corresponding adverbs of manner of action. Infinitive constructions with verbs love, want, be able. Pronouns yours, this, this, this, these (that, that, that, those). Accusative case of adjectives and possessive pronouns……………………………….43

LESSON 6.

Accusative case of animate nouns. Accusative case of adjectives, possessive and demonstrative pronouns. Past tense of the verb. Adverbs of time……………………………..58

LESSON 7.

Adverbs of place. Prepositional case (object of place) of nouns (singular and plural), adjectives, possessive pronouns. Use of prepositions “in”, “on”. Past tense of verbs be able to be, to happen, to be…………………………………………...68

LESSON 8.

Future complex tense of the verb. Accusative case to express time. Prepositional case in the meaning of the object of thought or speech. Prepositional case for expressing time………………………………………………………87

LESSON 9.

A general idea of verb types. Use of imperfect and perfect forms of verbs. Infinitive constructions with words possible, necessary……………………………………………………………………..99

LESSON 10.

Using perfective verbs in the future tense. Future simple and future complex tense. Accusative case of nouns denoting direction of movement. Verbs of motion go, go, walk, go, go, ride. Prepositional case of nouns with preposition on, indicating means of transportation. Use of prepositions through, after. Verbs begin / begin / begin; continue / continue / continue……………………………………..113

LESSON 11.

Group movement verbs go/walk with prefixes By- And at-. Genitive case of nouns, personal pronouns, adjectives in negative constructions, in constructions like “I have” and to indicate the place of beginning of movement. Genitive case with countable and uncountable nouns, with numerals………………………………………………………………………………………..132

LESSON 12.

Infinitive constructions with the word “should”. Dative case of nouns in the meaning of the addressee of the action. Dative case of adjectives, pronouns. Dative case to indicate age, in impersonal sentences, with a preposition By…………………………………...163

LESSON 13. The instrumental case of nouns, adjectives, pronouns to denote a joint action, an instrument of action (without a preposition), characteristics of an object (with a preposition With). Grammatical constructions with verbs be, become, work…………………...181

LESSON 14.

Aspectual and tense forms of verbs. Declension of nouns and personal pronouns. Case meanings. Collocations with verbs…………………………………………………………………………………..194

LESSON 15.

Complex sentences. Moscow is capital of Russia. The city where I study……………………………………………………………………………….207

LESSON 16.

Prepositional case of adjectives, ordinal numbers, attributive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns. Direct and indirect speech. Reflexive pronoun “oneself”…………………………......216

LESSON 17. Accusative case of ordinal numbers, attributive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns. Verbs of motion with prefixes. Direct and indirect speech (question without a question word and the corresponding answer)……………………………………………………...227

LESSON 18.

Genitive case of ordinal numbers, attributive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns. Short passive participles. Complex sentences with conjunction to and verb want in the main sentence……………………………………………………………...240

LESSON 19.

Dative case of ordinal, attributive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns. Dative case with the preposition “to”, indicating the direction of movement. Direct and indirect speech (imperative sentences). Indefinite and negative pronouns………………………………………………………………………………........ 245

LESSON 20.

The instrumental case of ordinal numbers, attributive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns. The instrumental case of nouns denoting place. Complex sentence with a conditional clause. Active and passive sentences. Instrumental case in passive sentences………………………………………………………254

LESSON 21. Declension of ordinal numbers, attributive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns (systematization). Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs. Superlative degree of adjectives with suffixes –aysh- and –eysh-…………………………………………………...267

LESSON 22.

Active participles. Subjunctive mood of verbs. Passive participles. Verbs with the postfix –sya (main meanings)……………………………………………………………………………………….........275

LESSON 23.

Formation of participles. Full and short form of adjectives. Using the infinitive in constructions with short adjectives. Systematization of the meanings of cases……………………………………………………286

BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………...296

LEARNING RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

PRACTICAL COURSE