What was placed by the French in 1812 on the bell tower. Temple of the Library Trinity on Sparrow Mountains
In December 1812, Napoleon dropped his retreating army from Russia and fled to Paris under the protection of two hundred selected guardsmen. December 14, 1812 is considered to be the end of the end of the Patriotic War. It is these days that Napoleon said one of his legendary aphorisms "from the Great to Funny - only one step, and let him judge the offspring ..."
Napoleon twice watched to Russian princesses
Napoleon, as you know, the title of Monarch was not inherited. At one time he had the idea of \u200b\u200bFix - to marry a representative of some monarchical house, which would allow him to legitimize his coronation. In 1808, he woves to the Grand Duchess Catherine, the sister of Alexander I, but receives a refusal. He was reported that the princess was engaged to Prince Saxen-Koburg. In 1810, persistent Napoleon attempt repeated. This time the Great Princess Anna became the object of his lust, which at that time was 14 years old. But Napoleon refused again. Of course, the reasons for the beginning of the war these events did not become, but the Russian-French "friendship" was significantly "jumped".
Napoleon wanted to enter the serve in the Russian army
It is known that Napoleon was an excellent mathematician and even revealed a way to build a square with one line with two sneakers. He loved the opera very much, but at the same time he never distributed applause and did not allow it to do others. Back in 1788, Lieutenant Napoleon wanted to enter the serve in the Russian army. But just up to a month before Napoleon filed a petition, in Russia issued a decree that ingeneses, entering Russian service losing one rank. Careerist-Napoleon on this, of course, did not agree.
Map with errors
Barclay de Tolly military intelligence worked just fine. It is known for certain that Napoleon in 1812, unaware nothing, used a copy of the "capital" map of Russia, which the French intelligence in St. Petersburg was mined before the war. But, by advancing Moscow, the French collided with a problem - errors were deliberately included in the card.
Russian officers died and from their
Simple soldiers at the recognition of "their own - strangers" were focused primarily on speech, especially if a person was approaching in the dark and from afar. Russian officers preferred to communicate in French, not in Russian. For this reason, the educated Russian officers died from their hands.
"Sharmery" and "Bistro"
In the autumn of 1812, the soldiers who were exhausted by cold and the partisans of the Napoleonian army became the "brave conquerors of Europe" and hungry overannants. They no longer demanded, as a few months ago, but they asked for the Russian peasants to eat. Appeals "from Ami" ("Dear friend"). The peasants in French were strong not and the French soldiers began to call "charming".
When the Russian army entered Paris with a response, so to speak, a visit after the Napoleonic army was unclearly expelled and Moscow, Russian soldiers in Parisian restaurants behaved without a special ceremony, did not bother her careful relationship to the interiors and loudly demanded vodka with a snack , accompanying the requirements of the words "quickly! Fast!".
A certain enterprising Frenchman, seeking to avoid the ruin of his institution, invented to meet Russian soldiers at the entrance with a tray, which immediately stood "drink and eat." This is an institution and laid the foundation of a new type of restaurant business - "Bistro", and the word in France gothes.
Kutuzov did not wear a black bandage
Mikhail Illarionovich Glenchev-Kutuzov, headed by the Russian army in the war with Napoleon, received one after another 2 injured in the head. And each medicine of that time was regarded as death. The bullet was twice from the left temple of Kutuzov in the right. "Death through chapter it was rushed!" - spoke of Kutuzov Derzhavin.
Simple soldiers talked about him not otherwise, as a chief of heaven. This is understandable: bullets of smooth-bore pistols and the rifles of the end of the XVIII-th was delivered to the skull to smithereens. Scary injuries though the vision of the great commander, but he had finished her right eye before the end of the days and could read. I put on the eye on the eye of Feldmarshal Kutuzov just a few times in life - as a rule, on marches, when dust rose. There is no one lifetted image of the cutuzu with a bandage. On the commander she was put in 1944 the creators of the film "Kutuzov".
Most of the prisoners of the French remained to live in Russia
The Patriotic War of 1812 became the first after the Mongol-Tatar invasion with massive infusion of alien blood. At the beginning of 1813, the number of French prisoners of war in Russia amounted to 200 thousand people, and most of them remained to live in Russia. Many prisoners of Russian noblemen took to their service. Of course, they were not suitable for work in the field, and teachers, governors and managers of serf theaters were perfect.
Terentyev Andrey
June 24 (June 12, on the old style) of 1812, the Patriotic War began - the liberation war of Russia against Napoleonic aggression.
The invasion of the troops of the French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte to the Russian empire was caused by the exacerbation of Russian-French economic and political contradictions, the actual refusal of Russia from participation in the continental blockade (system of economic and political measures applied by Napoleon I in the war with England), etc.
Napoleon sought to global domination, Russia prevented the implementation of his designs. He expected, applying the main blow to the right flank of the Russian army in the general direction on Vilnius (Vilnius), defeat it in one-two general battles, to master Moscow, to force Russia to surrender and dictate a peace treaty to her.
June 24 (June 12, by the old style) of 1812, the "Great Army" of Napoleon, without an announcement of the war, triggered through Neman, invaded the limits of the Russian Empire. She numbered over 440 thousand people and had the second echelon, in which there were 170 thousand people. The "Great Army" included in its composition the troops of all the countries conquered by Napoleon countries of Western Europe (French troops were only half of its numbers). She was opposed by three Russian army-disposed Russian army with a total number of 220-240 thousand people. Initially, Napoleon acted only two of them - the first, under the command of General from the infanteria, Mikhail Barclay de Tolly, who covered the St. Petersburg direction, and the second, under the command of General from Peter Bagration, focused on the Moscow direction. The third army of General from the cavalry of Alexander Tormasov covered the southwestern borders of Russia and began military actions at the end of the war. At the beginning of hostilities, the general leadership of Russian forces was carried out by Emperor Alexander I, in July 1812 he handed over the main command of Barclay de Toll.
Four days after the invasion of Russia, the French troops occupied wine. July 8 (June 26 in the old style) they entered Minsk.
Ripping the idea of \u200b\u200bNapoleon to divide the Russian first and the second armies and defeat them one by one, the Russian command began to be a planned tap for connection. Instead of the phased dismemberment of the enemy, the French troops were forced to move behind the escorting Russian armies, stretching communications and losing superiority in the forces. Returning, the Russian troops led the airship fights (battle taken with the goal to delay the upcoming opponent and to ensure the retreat of the main forces), inflicting significant losses.
To help the current army to reflect the invasion of the Napoleonic army to Russia on the basis of the manifesto Alexander I dated July 18 (July 6, on the old style) of 1812 and his appeal to the residents of the "First Capital of our Moscow" with a call to perform temporary armed formations - popular militia. This allowed the Government of Russia in a short time to mobilize large human and material resources to war.
Napoleon was striving to prevent the junction of Russian armies. July 20 (July 8, on the old style), the French took Mogilyov and did not give Russian armies to connect in the Orsha district. Only due to the thrust terrigard battles and the high art of the fulfillment of the Russian army maneuver who managed to upset the opponent's plans, they were connected to Smolensky on July 22 (July 22), while maintaining their main forces. There was also the first large battle of the Patriotic War of 1812. Smolensk battle went three days: from August 16 to August 18 (from 4 to 6 august to the old style). The Russian regiments reflected all the attacks of the French and retreated only by order, leaving the enemy a burning city. He was left with the troops almost all the inhabitants. After fighting for Smolensk, the United Russian Army continued to waste towards Moscow.
Unpopular neither in the army, nor in the Russian society, the rewarding strategy of Barclay de Tolly, leaving the enemy of a significant territory forced the emperor Alexander I to establish the position of commander-in-chief by all Russian armies and on August 20 (August 8 in the old style) to her general from the infanteria Mikhail Goplenchev Kutuzov, possessed by large combat experience and had popularity among the Russian military and among the nobility. The emperor not only put it at the head of the current army, but also subordinated to him militia, reserves and civil authorities in the war-torn provinces.
Based on the requirements of Emperor Alexander I, the mood of the army, thirsty to give the enemy the fight, the commander-in-chief of Kutuzov decided, relying on the pre-elected position, 124 kilometers from Moscow, from the village of Borodino near Mozhaisk, to give the French army, the general battle to apply it may be greater damage and Stop the offensive to Moscow.
By the beginning of the Borodino battle, the Russian army had 132 (according to other data 120) thousand people, French - approximately 130-135 thousand people.
He was preceded by the fight for Shevardinsky Reduce, began on September 5 (August 24, in the old style), in which Napoleon's troops, despite the more than three-time superiority in the forces, only to the outcome of the day, with great difficulty, managed to master the Rarut. This fight allowed Kutuzov to solve the idea of \u200b\u200bNapoleon I and in a timely manner to strengthen his left wing.
Borodino battle began at five o'clock in the morning on September 7 (August 26, old style) and lasted until 20 pm. Napoleon never managed to break through the Russian position in the center or bypass it from the flanks. Private tactical successes of the French army - Russians retreated from the initial position about one kilometer - did not become victorious for her. Late in the evening, frustrated and blood-to-hearted french troops were allocated to the original positions. The Russian field fortifications taken by them were so destroyed that they had no sense to hold them. Napoleon's Russian army has failed to win. In the Borodino battle, the French lost up to 50 thousand people, Russians - over 44 thousand people.
Since the losses in the battle turned out to be huge, and the reserves spent, the Russian army left the Borodino field, retreating to Moscow, while leading the ruggard fights. September 13 (on September 1, by the old style) on the military council in the filients, the decision of the Commander-in-Chief "For the sake of the Army and Russia" to leave Moscow to the enemy without a fight was supported. The next day, Russian troops left the first-hearth capital. Together with them from the city, most of the population left. On the very first day of the introduction of French troops, fires began to Moscow, devastating the city. Within 36 days, Napoleon languished in the burned city, in vainly, waiting for an answer to his proposal to Alexander I on the world, at the terms favorable for him.
The main Russian army, leaving Moscow, made a march maneuver and settled down in the Tarutinsky camp, securely covering the south of the country. From here Kutuzov turned a small war by the forces of army partisan detachments. During this time, the peasantry of the Velic-Russian provinces covered by the war rose to a large-scale folk war.
Attempts by Napoleon to join the negotiations were rejected.
October 18 (October 6, according to the old style) after the battle on the ink river (under the village of Tarutino), in which the avant-garde of the "Great Army" was defeated under the command of Marshal Murat, Napoleon left Moscow and sent his troops towards Kaluga to break through to the southern Russian Gubernia rich in food resources. Four days after the leaves of the French, the capital entered the capital of the Russian army.
After the battle at Maloyaroslavets, October 24 (October 12, by the old style), when the Russian army blocked the path to the enemy, Napoleon's troops were forced to start the retreat on the ruined old Smolensk road. Kutuzov organized the persecution of the French for the roads held south of the Smolensk road, acting by strong avant-gardes. Napoleon's troops lost people not only in clashes with pursuers, but also from the guerrilla attacks, from hunger and cold.
The flanks of the retreating French army of Kutuzov tightened troops from the south and north-west of the country, which began to actively act and apply defeat. Napoleon's troops were actually surrounded by the Berezine River near the city of Borisov (Belarus), where on November 26-29 (November 14-17, on the old style), their battle was held with Russian troops, trying to cut off the path of waste. The French emperor, by misleading the Russian command of the False Crimpor, was able to translate the remains of troops in two dysphech brushed across the river. November 28 (November 16, according to the old style), the Russian troops attacked the enemy on both banks of Berezina, but, despite the superiority of the forces, because of the indecision and incoherence of actions were not successful. On the morning of November 29 (November 17, on the old style) on the orders of Napoleon, the bridges were burned. On the left bank, there were calls and crowds of sentencing French soldiers (about 40 thousand people), most of whom drowned when crossing or captured, and the total losses of the French army in the battle at Berezine amounted to 50 thousand people. But Napoleon in this battle managed to avoid full defeat and retreat to the wine.
The liberation of the territory of the Russian Empire from the enemy ended on December 26 (December 14, by the old style), when Russian troops occupied the border towns of Bialystok and Brest Lithuanian. The enemy lost on the battlefields to 570 thousand people. The loss of Russian troops amounted to about 300 thousand people.
The official end of the Patriotic War of 1812 it is customary to be a manifestic, signed by Emperor Alexander I 6 January 6, 1813 (December 25, 1812 by the old style), in which he declared that he kept the word given to them not to stop the war to complete the enemy from the territory of the Russian Empire.
The defeat and death of the "Great Army" in Russia created the conditions for the liberation of the peoples of Western Europe from Napoleonic tyranny and predicted the collapse of the Napoleon Empire. The Patriotic War of 1812 has shown the complete superiority of Russian military art over the military art of Napoleon, caused a nationwide patriotic ascent in Russia.
(Additional
Trophies, glory, all the good, for which we donated to everyone, became us in a burden; Now it's not about how to decorate your life, but about how to save it. At the same time, the army's great crash, like a large ship, broken by the terrible storm, not hesitating, threw ice and snow into this sea and snow everything that could make and delay her movement (From the notes of the emperor of Napoleon i Philip field de Segury)
Napoleon's retreat from Russia
Jersey Coszak
Napoleon's retreat from Russia (fragment)
Jersey Coszak
In the waters of the Smelevsky lake, trophies exported from Moscow were thrown out: flooded guns, ancient weapons, the Kremlin decorations and a cross from the bell tower of Ivan the Great.
A few words about how the Napoleonic Great Army fell into a share in Russia. It so happened that the nebarean losses of the army exceeded the fighting, which, however, happened in those times often. As we remember, in the first half of the hike, the terrible heat, dust, covered eyes and penetrating everywhere, and not only in the upper respiratory tract, endless stress marches, diseases were tormented and mowed fighters. People dressed from thermal blows, heart attacks, intestinal, pulmonary infections and simply from physical overwork.
Retreat after Smolensk
Adolf Northern
Road
Yang Helminsky
Hard road
Yang Helminsky
Literally a few days after the outcome of the French army, interruptions began with the supply of her food, and the farther, the worse.
In the evening began to feel hunger among those parts that managed their reserves. Until once, every time you boiled soup, everyone gave his portion of flour, but when it was noted that not everyone was involved in the folding, many became hiding to eat that they had; Fir is only a conine soup, which began to boil over the past days.
Cooking for dinner
Alexander Apsit
Not only the meat of the fallen and specially clogged horses, but also birds, bears, all that came across the path of hungry people were going to work.
- From yesterday I ate just half the crows raised by me on the road, and several spoons of praise from cereals, in half with oat straw and rye, quiced gunpowder.
Flight of the French with families from Russia.
Bogdan Villevalde
In thoughtfulness. 1812.
Wozek Koxa
Return
Jersey Coszak
Two french hussara
Wozek Koxa
In addition, the ahead of time it was necessary to take care of the coming winter, especially since on the way to Moscow some soldiers extending from the strong heat got rid of warm uniforms. And from Moscow, they did not take warm winter things with them and it became one of the fatal mistakes. As Dominic Pierre de la Fliz wrote, Assistant Chief Surgeon of the French Army and the Imperial Guard Jean-Dominica Larreya: ... Our French seems to have not foresee her. Poles, more awaited, and familiar with the edge, in advance, still in Moscow, stored fur coats scored in stores and ranks, because no one prevented them in this, and their vans were full of this good. He also claimed, and apparently, on this basis, as he lived in France, and in Russia (after the Russian captivity, he did not want to return to his homeland, he remained in the Russian Empire, married) that those who believe that The French Army, Italians, Spaniards and Portuguese killed from the cold, as unusual residents of the South. On the contrary, the doctor believed that this is a Russian man who grew up in a warm, stuffy hollow, was more sensitive to cold than the French and Italians who accustomed to him in their abpense rooms; They are well tolerated 5-6 ° frosts in light clothes.
Frenchwire waste from Moscow
Yanuaria Sukhodolsky
Good weather stood under Maloyaroslavets, and under Vyazma, but it did not help the French army to win battles. Member of the hike Henri Boele (Future Writer Standal) wrote: It would be a mistake to think that winter in 1812 came early; On the contrary, in Moscow stood the most beautiful weather. When we spoke from there on October 19, there were only three degrees of frost, and the sun brightly shone. Although it should be noted that spent the night in the open air even at low positive temperatures, high humidity that cause fuses are sometimes more dangerous for severe frosts.
Retreat from Russia
Theodore Zheriku
It is said that leaving Moscow, the emperor Napoleon intended to send everyone wounded, to avoid revenge of the Russians, saying:
- I will give all the treasures of Russia for the life of one wounded ...
Dutch regiment during retreat from Russia
Kate Rocco
In fact, it turned out otherwise. Cares, full of wounded, often knitted on Russian roads, remained without help, despite the cries of help and moans dying. Everyone passed by. At first, the order of Napoleon was performed, along which everyone who had a carriage was obliged to sit down to himself one wounded, each marked in the cart was a patient or wounded, but it lasted for a short time. Later they were simply thrown onto the road.
Return from Russia
Theodore Zheriku
... a lot of patients and wounded, who were not able to go, were forced to leave on the road; Between them were women and children, hunger and hunger and continue walking. In vain, they persuaded us to help them, but we did not have money ... ... the wounded flew, as was able to know who is on crutches, who with a bandaged hand or head; Having done a few steps, they sat down on the edge of the road.
The moment we left the battlefield, was terrible and sad; Our poor wounded, seeing that we leave them on the field of death surrounded by the enemy - especially the soldiers of the 1st Voltzhora regiment, most of whom the legs were fragmented by a booth - with difficulty dragged for us on the knees, rushing the snow with her blood; They raised their hands to the sky, the emitting souls, shouting and begging for help, but what could we do? After all, the same fate every minute expected us every minute; Departing, we were forced to leave on the mercy of the fate of all who fell in our ranks. (From the memories of Sergeant Bourgona)
Return of the French army from Russia
J. Rousseau
Return of Napoleon from Russia in 1812
Marie Gaston Onfre de Breville
Retreating French
Casimir Pulatsky
Gusar on snow
Wozek Koxa
Russian frosts began in early November, very severe after Smolensk, they alternated with thaws, but in defeat the French did not play a decisive role, since the army was demoralized before their offensive. Did not contribute to the strengthening of combat capability and daily endless transitions. People have so weakened, even hardened, that, having fun, could not climb and frozen; The whole road was removed by corpses. Despair, hopelessness and fear that have engulfed many, contributed to an increase in losses, especially after Smolensk, when the hopes were collapsed for warm and little decent food.
The main reason for the death of the French in the coming frosts was in the absence of warm clothes, in a lack of nutrient food and vodka, without which it is impossible to do, being constantly in the cold. (Napoleon's campaign to Russia in 1812, de la Fliz)
Backyard
Vladimir Zvorikin
Backyard
Alexander Apsit
Soon, chronic hunger and exhaustion led to the fact that many soldiers, obeying the instinct of self-preservation, began to raise one by one or groups in search of food and asylum, lagging behind their columns. But in vain, everything in the district was also devastated in the period of invasion. Defectants met the Cossacks, partisans or local peasants who did not ceremony with them, undressed, drove into the Smolensk road, and they were killed at all.
In 1812. Captured French
Illarion Spanks
As aptive noticed Lion Tolstoy, Partisans destroyed the Great Army in parts. They picked up those left the leaves who flew out themselves from the withered tree - the French troops, and sometimes they shake it a tree ...
Partisans in ambush
Alexander Apsit
Partisans
Alexander Apsit
Alexander Apsit
Do not cheat - let go!
Vasily Vereshchagin
The picture is devoted to the peasant struggle with the enemy in 1812 in the center of its generalized image of the hero of the partisan traffic in 1812, about which the artist learned from oral traditions. In my search, I was collected that I could only from the oral people's traditions of old people, such as a legend of the partisan, the elder with one of the villages of Mozhaisk County Semen Arkharookovich, whom I portrayed in the picture do not waves - let me come!
Partisans lead prisoners of the French. Illustrations for the novel Lion Tolstoy War and Peace
Dementi Schmarinov
It happened that the peasants themselves fell into the hands of the French, which they also did not spare.
With arms in hand - shoot
Vasily Vereshchagin
Napoleon sentences partisan shooting
Alexander Apsit
Military penalty. Shot of the lieutenant colonel PI Engelgardta in October 1812
Jaci engraving on the origin of P. Vineron
At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Pavel Ivanovich Engelhardt, Lieutenant Colonel retired, lived in his estate of the Dyagilevo Smolensk province. When the enemy occupied Smolensk, he armed his peasants along with several other landowners, organizing a folk detachment. The Egergardt detachment caused a rather serious damage to the enemy, the grabbies of French visits and attacking individual groups of the French, who are laid throughout the ureette.
Shot of the lieutenant colonel PI Engelgardta in October 1812
Semen Kolin
Engelgart shooting
Engraving of an unknown author
Later Pavel Ivanovich was captured, they say, he was passed his own peasants. The French tried to incline him to the treason of Fatherland, go to the service, but unsuccessfully. From was sentenced to shooting. In Smolensk, the execution of the molokh gate was accomplished. Mastly, without allowing you to tie my eyes, from accepted death.
By the way, about the prisoners in the war of 1812 and their destiny can be heard or read from a brilliant narrator,
historian Alexei Kuznetsov
The retreat of the Great Army
L. Shrap
The army went hung around with a cold fog ... It seemed that the sky fell and merged with this earth and with this hostile people to finish our death!
While our soldiers hardly had a path with a raging snow whirlwind, the wind was planted. These drifts hid from us ravines and rivisins on an unfamiliar road; The soldiers fell into them, and the weakest of them found their grave there.
Snow whirlpool and from above, and from below whorested them in the face; He seemed violently rebelled against their campaign. Russian winter, in his new form, attacked them from all sides: she made his way through their light clothes and torn shoes. The grooved dress was frozen on them; This ice shell squirorn and curled the body; A sharp and fierce wind did not allow breathing; Beard and mustache were covered with ice icicles. Unhappy, trembling from the cold, still dragged until some kind of debris, branch or corpse of one of the comrades made them slip them and fall. Then they were taken to moan. In vain: they immediately entered the snow; Small holmikov let's know about them: there were their graves here! The whole road was covered with these elevations, like a cemetery. Nature, as if Savan enveloped the army! The only objects allocated from MGLU were ate, these grave trees with their gloomy greens, and the magnetizing the immobility of their dark trunks, their sad species complemented the sight of the common mourning, wildlife and the army dying in the middle of the dead nature! (From the notes of the emperor of Napoleon i Philip field de Segury)
In the process of working on a book on the Temples of Moscow in 1812, I simultaneously collected mention of the monuments of the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square during the French invasion. The source served both special literature devoted to individual monuments and numerousmemories of the Russian and French on the entry of the Napoleon's army to the Kremlin, his undermining and condition after the departure of the French from the ancient capital. ..
Kremlin until 1812
View of the Moscow Kremlin from the side of the stone bridge. Artist F.Ya. Alekseev, beginning XIX century
Before the fire of 1812, there was no direct path between Borovitsky and Spasskit Gates. Between the Borovitsky gates and the place where the South-West Angle of the Grand Kremlin Palace was now, the oldest church of Moscow was consecrated in the name Nativity of John the Forerunner on Borbuilt in stone in 1461 and rebuilt in 1508-1509 by Zodhi Alasis. This temple was demolished in 1846, when the construction of the Grand Kremlin Palace ended, as she overthrown the view from the palace to the West Zamoskvorechye.
Plan of the Moscow Kremlin. Sotin P.V.
For the alasis church on the site of the Big Palace was old Palace,built by V. V. Rastrelli back in the 1750s and by 1812 a very dilapidated.
Old Rastrelli Palace, view from the south of Zamoskvorechye. Figure F. comporesi, 1780s.
In 1812, the building of the palace suffered from a fire arranged in the Kremlin the retreating Napoleonic army.
Southern facade of the Winter Palace Rastrelli. Figure M.I. Makhaeva, 1763
By arrival in Moscow Alexander I in August 1816, the palace was restored on the project of architects A.N. Bakarev, I.L. Mironovsky and I.T. Taman with the participation of architect V.P. Stasova. In 1817 he was injected with the third floor. In 1839, Nicholas I approved the draft of the new Greater Kremlin Palace of architect K.A. Tone. The old palace was disassembled.
From the old palace to the clove of the slope to the Moscow River there was a launched regular garden. Left from Borovitsky gate stood old stables and small houses.
In 1862, the currently large Kremlin Palace was already standing on the site of the old palace, in the place of the same stable - the modern building of the Armory, between which the Square was formed. Between the Borovitsky and Trinity Gate, the Commandantskaya Street continued this area, on the left side of which in 1862 they had passed the fun palace and before the fire of 1812. Other houses, residential buildings, so-called cavalier corps were built on the right side.
In Ivanovskaya Square near the bell tower of Ivan the Great from 1735 to 1836 there was a large pit, in which the king bell was lying, hot in the fire of 1737. And giving a fragment. Only in 1836 A. A. Montferran raised the bell with a fragment and put on the granite platform, on which he stands and now.
On the eastern side of Ivanovo Square in 1812 stood Miracles monastery With the house of Metropolitan in the southern end of it.
Miracles Monastery.
In 1812, the house of Metropolitan was two-story, and in 1824 he was prescribed by the third floor. Behind the house of Metropolitan, in 1820, transformed into the Nikolaev palace, was with several churches.
Alekseev F.Ya. The view in the Kremlin on the Senate, Arsenal and Nikolsky Gate 1800.
From Ivanovskaya Square to Trinity Gate extended Troitskaya Square. In 1812, it was the building of the Armory, built in 1807-1810 by the architect I. V. Echotov, but in 1852 converted to the barracks with removing all decorations from him. After 1812, ancient Russian artillery guns were delivered near this building. On the eastern side of the Troitskaya Square stood in 1812, as worth it, Arsenal. In the 1830s, along the main facade of Arsenal were laid on special layers of 879 guns, shot down from Napoleon's troops in 1812. Along the face of Arsenal facing south, the Senate Square was held to the Nikolsky gate. Opposite the arsenal on it stood the building of the Senate (now the House of Council of Ministers of the USSR).
View of the Cathedral Square of the Moscow Kremlin. Jacomo Kurengy, 1797.
East of Ivanovo Square to Spasskaya Gate goes Spasskaya Street. Until 1817, on the verge of it with Ivanovo Square stood ancient church of Nikola GostunskyBut in 1817 she was demolished.
The south side of the Spasskaya Street was freed from the buildings back in the XVIII century. In 1850, Spasskaya Street and the square formed on the site of the south side of her to the blocking of the slope to the Moscow River were called the Tsarist Square.
Red Square until 1812
In 1812, the Red Square was a space closed from the East to the living room yard (upper trading rows).
Alekseev, Fyodor Yakovlevich. Red Square in Moscow. 1801.
On the western side of the square, the RVA in front of the Kremlin walls, there were two-story trading series, also with large risals to the East - opposite the rizalits of the living room. Between those and other risals were in the south a small space, through which there was no temple of Vasily blissful nor the SPRC gates of the Kremlin. On the north side of the area, the Nikolsky gates of the Kremlin and the building of the present places were closed (where the State Historical Museum is now).
In the fire of 1812, trading rows of the Rib burned, part of this building and the upper trading rows also collapsed from the fire. Architect O. I. Beauov demolished the remnants of trading rows at the RVA, reduced the rizalitis of the living room, corrected his facade and put a portico with the columns and the fronton, over which the small dome was built, echoing with the dome of the Senate Building in the Kremlin. Before Portorik, a monument to Minin and Pozharsky was delivered. Ditch fell asleep and the boulevard put on his place. Bridges through the ditch in Spasski and Nikolsky gates as unnecessary were demolished. The Church of Vasily Blessed, standing on the "forehead" of the slope from the square to the Moscow River, from the East, from the South and from the West was supported by the wall of granite counterparts. The Kremlin embankment from the modern street of Lazz to Moskvoretskaya Street already at the end of the XVIII century was planted by the Alley of Trees under the Kremlin Wall. In 1812, they burned down, but then the alley was restored. From the side of the Moscow River, the embankment was dressed in a dashest stone with stairs and congresses to water for water suits and water carriers.
Large stone bridge, built in 1686-1692, in 1857-1859. It was replaced by a new, iron, on stone bulls.
Wooden Moskvoretsky Bridge was burned with Cossacks on September 3, 1812 and was restored after the liberation of Moscow from the interventionists, burned down again in 1829. The iron bridge in its place appeared only in 1870.
The entry of French in the Kremlin 14 (2 Art.) September 1812.
On the eve, on Sunday, 13 (1) of September at 9 am A.D. Bestuzhev-Ryumin "... went to the Assumption Cathedral. Divine Liturgy sent a vicarious bishop, and the ministry with extraordinarily was produced. "
Moscow in September 1812. Artist: S. Cardelli.
Alexey Dmitrievich Bestuzhev Ryumin, the former witness to the joining of the French in the Kremlin wrote: "At 4 o'clock in the afternoon, the gunshot shots by idle charges, the entrance of the enemy in the Moscow Apartments was announced through the Arbat and other streets. I counted the shots, there were 18. The ringing on the Ivanovo bell tower of duck. Soon the Trinity Gate in the Kremlin, which were tightly clipped, and only one wicket for the passage was left, broken, and several Polish Ulann drove into the Kremlin through it. Place this from the windows of the Vulture Department is visible, for some windows right against the Trinity Gate. I cried: "True, it's an enemy!" - "E, no!" I answered my sign, who came to the Department with me to say goodbye; "This is our arjergard retreating." But we saw that those who drove the Ulans began to chop the arsenal several people with a weapon, which they had just been taken, and already a man had fallen over, and the rest, throwing the weapon and becoming knees, asked for pardons. Ulans came up with their horses, beat off the guns from the guns, and without taking the use of unwanted, they took the people and planted them in the newly arms of the Armory / ... / Soon, for the advanced Polish Ulann, the enemy cavalry began to enter. The general was driving ahead, and the music thundered. When this army was part of the Kremlin, then on the wall clock, which in the Department showed 4 and a half hours. This army was part of the Trinity and Borovitsky Gate, passed by the Senate Building and entered the China-City through the Spasskit Gate; The procession of this cavalry continued to deep twilight continuously. Entered the Kremlin cannon and shot to the Nikolsky gate, single charge; Probably this shot served as a signal. "
French in Moscow. Unknown German artist, 1820s.
Francois Joseph D "Isarn de Vilor recalled:" The detachment of the French avant-garde, under the team of General Sebastiani, who belonged to the King of the Neapolitan king, headed to the Kremlin. Passing into the Gate of the Kremlin, who goes to Nikolskaya Street, the general saw about two hundred armed citizens who gathered a crowd In the Kremlin; he turned to some kind of curious, who was at the goal with him and told him: "You speak French. Flight and tell these people so that they put the weapons - otherwise I will shoot on them." Curious is very embarrassed This assignment (he knew very little in Russian), but a prompted by a sense of compassion, which was invited to prove to prove in fact, went to the Russians with negotiations to warn too unequal battle. Despite this, the French, all navigating forward, were met by several rifle shots, For which they responded with two cannon; but thanks to the negotiators, the battle stopped on it. The Russians dismissed the guns and peacefully diverged "
Fire of Moscow. Artist: V. Mazurovsky.
According to the memories of F.N. Shcherbakov: "French troops joined the Kremlin at two o'clock; The people were Russian thousands, on the occasion of parsing in the arsenal of weapons, including me, Shcherbakov, with the two such comrades, took a gun, two guns and a saber; The French, seeing such a confluence of the people, made a shot from the gun by a single charge shot, for dispersed. The people, the whole drunk, violent, shouted: "The Frenchman entered, charge the guns! Up the enemy from Moscow! " There were no cartridges, the silica had wooden rifles, the folded were in the boxes, the new ones were not yet used. At this time, I jumped out of the iron grid in the Arsenal window on the cornice, and then descended on the Sazhen board 3 on the moss, which is now from the pool, the first Kremlin garden, the weapon threw everything and came to Kudrino to the house of Prince Dolgoruky to his parents. "
Fire of Moscow. Artist Yogan Adam Klein.
On Monday 14 (2 Art.) September, the merchant Yakov Chilikin went to the Kremlin. Later he recalled: "... I go past the commandant to the old arsenal, I see many people crowded around it; I go, ask the reason; I have been told that I am allowed to take anything as much as you like, and coming out for another day, i.e. 3rd with other and I was rejected, took 2 guns and 2 sabers, but for what? Right and I do not know myself, brought to the apartment; After lunch, I decided to go to arsenal to choose a couple of pistols / ... / went to arsenal, I went to it, I choose a saber and a couple of guns, suddenly the shot from the gun at the arsenal himself and followed the other. People came from this to extremely excitement; I rushed to the courtyard; People run back and forth; between them and the Cossacks on horseback also did not know where to go; I resort to goal, but what see? The French horse guard flies, as on the wings, by the Commandant's home and us to Nikolsky goal; Imagine in what position we were! I was so frightened that my hands and legs trembled, I got through the great power to the corner of the gate, then a shot of a cannon from our side was still made; Friendly a little, moved away from the wall and see two winds from the soldiers with guns shooting in the French, and the other was shouted! Hooray! But the French did not leave their order, jumping with naked sabers by us and, despite the audacity of our two soldiers, did not shoot a single shot against us. Some of us began to say that they will not be touched; I, hoping at this, came out from the gate and went to the angle to get into the Nikolsky gate, and did not have time to move 10 kept, as one French officer jumped out of the corner (where should I go) for our Russian, which I fled to meet me with a gun, caught up and cut him out; I see Sie, I do not remember how I got again to the gate; Seeing that death is inevitable, I do not know what to do, however, I frank from fright, ran into the inside of the arsenal, relying on the power of God, but did not have time to run up to half the stairs, as a blow from the gun followed; I looked around, smoke stacked the entire passage at the gateway; it can be seen, already the French were very annoyed by our drunk brands that such a folknet; / ... / I'm going with the Spirit, running into the inside of the arsenal, the people in He runs back and forth, looking for each of their salvation, but nowhere can everywhere can Find, and there is no reason in such a place. "
Fire Moscow in 1812. I. L. Ruegans, 1813.
MOSCOP I.K. Kondratyev wrote in 1910: "In 1812, on the day of the French entry into Moscow, September 2 (Art.), The advanced detachment of them, who was under the entry of the Neapolitan King of Murat, coming to the Trinity Bridge, noticed that the gate was locked and The walls around them are devoted to armed people, whereas according to the verbal agreement of the king with General Miloradovich, military actions were discontinued for all the time speeches of Russian troops from the capital. The French stopped, but at the same moment a volley came from the guns installed against them. Then the French saw that they were not dealing with troops, but with unfortunate residents who in hatred of enemies wanted to repel Napoleonic army from the Kremlin. "
Chapel of the Iversky Icon of the Mother of God at the Resurrection Gate Built in 1782 on the site of the old chapel of 1669 was demolished in 1929 and restored along with the Resurrection Gate in 1994-1996.
In 1812, a miraculous icon of the Iverland Mother of God was located in the chapel, who participated in the Cross of Augustine. On the eve of the entrance of the French to Moscow, O. Grigory (Warriors) wrote: "Take the Iver Icon from the chapel from the Voskresensky gate sent immediately Archimandrite of Lawrence. This is what he transmits in his notes about the Pervertensky Monastery: "I came to the chapel, although at night (in the first hour), oneklog found many of the emerging, then in the chapel for the fusion of the miraculous icon; And the candles burning in the lamps poured bright light along the street itself. Therefore, in order to be increasingly the icon, so to speak, to hide from praying, I ordered Yieromonakh Isaac to fit in priestly clothes, to carry a burning candle in front of the icon, and with singing of the psalters of the Virgin verses, to transfer the icon in the celi of monastic, which raises others that Icon rises for the sore, like that, as usual, it happens, and in place, put a list of the icon that unhindered from the people was fulfilled. Icon, by bringing to the Celi, was put in the prepared box and sent to the house of the Holy .
Under the French: "In the Iverly chapel there was Gauptvakta, Savior Savior was preserved at the Napoleon horses; In the Senate and in the Armory Chamber was his headquarters. Borovitsky and the Tyaninsky gates were the worsen of the Rips, the shafts have done around them and put on them the guns for the strict supervision of the guard. Nikolsky gates were in the same position. In the Kremlin and the French included with a special allowance of the authorities: QUI VIVE? - We asked the hourly, and, after two-time demand, fired in the wrong ".
According to Tolovyevaya's stories (Novosilleva): "Before the entry of Napoleon, we could not take all warehouses of copper coins from Moscow, and the huge bags of Pyatakov and the pennies were in the hands of the French, who were established from the Resurrection Gate, near the stone bridge and in other parts of the city, the genus of changeable shops, And they sold our copper coin with a huge concession for gold and silver. "
24 (10) NOVE IVER IKON was returned to the chapel: "1812, on November 10, Augustine, served in the Sretensky monastery, reading a special prayer with tears who interrupted the reading of it; Then he suffered with the congestion of the icon of the Iverland of Our Lady to the chapel at the Resurrection gate and, before writing an image to the previous place, made a water department for the door of the chapel, around which the area, the ruins of buildings and the burnt walls of houses were covered with people. "
Cathedral of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary on the Ravy , more known as the Church of Basil Blessed was erected between 1555 and 1561.
Pokrovsky Cathedral. Engraving, 1839
L.E. Belyankin, in a book dedicated to the history of the temple, wrote: "In 1812, at the time when Moscow hesitated from the enemies, this cathedral was ruined, excluding appearance; In all the pasties, everything was scattered, even with the thrones themselves not only clothes, but also sneaks; Some thrones and altars were broken. It survived only what happened in Vologda under the supervision of the Dyakon Peter Mikhailov. Temples bottom filled with horses. / ... / In 1812, December 1st of the day after the ruin, the Lower Cathedral Temple of Vasily Blessed was consecrated by the republic's represented by Augustine Bishop Dmitrovsky, vicar of Moscow. At the end of the Divine Ministry, there was a procession around the city of China with a sprinkling of holy water than the city of China consecrated. "
Large Moscow Fire 1812 and Kremlin
Vasily Alekseevich Perovsky personally saw the French in the Kremlin 16 (4) of September: "I entered the Kremlin through the Nikolsky gate; Senate area covered with papers. All guns were put forward from Arsenal; The Grenadiers of the Napoleonic Guard went through the square and sat on a large cannon; They occupied the inside of the arsenal. Further, the steps of the Red Porch were watch versals, two equestrian grenaders in the front uniforms. / ... / weather was pretty good; But the terrible wind, reinforced, and maybe produced by the raging fire, barely allowed to stand on his feet. Inside the Kremlin there was still no fire, but from the site, behind the river, it was seen only the flames and terrible smoke clubs; Occasionally, somewhere where it was possible to distinguish the roof of the unfortunate buildings and the bell tower; And to the right, behind the grain chamber, behind the Kremlin wall, risen to heaven black, thick, smoky cloud, and was heard a crackling from the collapsed roofs and walls. "
Fire Moscow 1812, 1965. Artist V. Astaltsev.
On the same day, 16 (4) of September, the fire came close to the Kremlin walls.Napoleon transfers the main apartment in the Petrovsky Palace for the city so that the fire does not cut it off from the troops.
According to A.D. Bestumeva-Ryumin, - "On September 4, the fire acouted the range of the Kremlin, and the Trinity Tower with a clock has already burned out, in the reasoning of which all the old guard soldiers, apartment in the Senate House, there were about 5,000 people (they themselves told themselves), sent Were to the extinguishing of fire. "
Moscow in 1812: Napoleon leaves the Kremlin. Artist: M. Orange.
According to P.V. Sytin: "The fire of 1812 destroyed all the wooden buildings at Moskvoretskaya Street. After the fire on the site of old wooden houses and the shops were built stone. Kremlin wall in the Kremlin wall in 1817-1819. There was a loose, and in his place was opened to the south of Spassky Gates, between the Kremlin Wall and the Cathedral of Vasily Blessed, Vasilyevskaya Square. "
Kremlin with french
Cathedral of the Savior Transfiguration on Bor in the Moscow Kremlin (1882).
IN Cathedral of the Savior Transfiguration on Bor from 16 (4) on September 17 (5), he was captured by Vasily Alekseevich Pepovsky. That's what he wrote in his memories: "One of the adjutants of General Beatier approached me:" Follow me, "he said, and came down from the stairs; I am behind him; He stopped at the door of the Church of Savior on Bor, and asked to enter it. "You will not wait here for a long time, beyond a little, you will immediately come." - "What did General Beatier decide about me, will they let me go?" - Without giving me any answer to me, he came out, locked the heavy iron door behind him, pulled a thick valve, put the castle, turned the key and left! Left alone, I came to despair; Losing hope to avoid captivity, I was in a painful position; However, it was consumed by the fact that at least not locked me in the basement. Having stayed a few hours in the church, and seeing that no one comes after me came to mind that I had forgotten about me. I was not mistaken; I spent the whole day in a sorting place, no one came to the door! From the morning I was on my feet, I walked a lot, did not eat anything, and although hunger did not feel, but moral and bodily weakness mastered me.
View of the Kremlin and the Church of the Savior Transfiguration on Bor. Gravy Demerter. XIX century.
I was in some volatile, severe infection. The evening came, and night came; I lay on the stone floor. Zarechny fire through the window illuminated the inside of the church. The shadow of the ancient iron grilles fell to the floor; Everything calmed me around me, it was heard only a deaf, distant noise of fire and sent signals. " 17 (5) September in the church is located on the post by the soldiers of the old Napoleonic Guard. The temple of Savior-on-Bor was demolished on May 1, 1933
The Cathedral of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin in the Kremlin. The Blagoveshchensky Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin was erected between 1484 and 1489. IK Kondratyev wrote: "An Annunciation Cathedral has four attacks: 1) the equity of Christ in Jerusalem; 2) Archangel Gabriel, 3) Cathedral of the Most Holy Virgin and 4) St. Alexander Nevsky. - In the first 3 tails in the iconostasis, all the images of high ancient Greek work and are all decorated with silver sacrifice salary and crowns. It is wonderful that in 1812, all these three faces remained inviolable, so that there were not even touches of locks and seals. "
"Arkhangelsk and the Annunciation Cathedrals were subject to the same participation with the Assumption and Kremlin Certicals; Only to surprise, in the last three top churches with iconostasis in silver remained completely inviolable. " "The fourth only above the church was robbed and the iconostasis is destroyed; In it, on the highest permission, the temple was arranged in the name of St. Alexander Nevsky and in the iconostasis, the images of the saints, tessented by all the states of the Romanova House, ranging from Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich to Emperor AlexanderI. , in the name of the cartridge of which this throne was built in the Blagoveshchensky Cathedral. "
In the 1827 guide, it was indicated: "In the invasion of enemies in 1812, a lot was lost and stolen. In proof, let's say that by the exile of the French found between the wreckage of copper and iron, of course, who was not accustomed to predators, the broken gold frame from the image of the Mother of God weighing 12 pounds, which is placed on the present image. "
Ivan the Great belltower It was elevated between 1505 and 1508.
In one of the stories about the 1812 year, the collected T. Tolovycheva (Novosillezova) described about one person, who under the French "was more than once in the Kremlin and saw on Gauptvakta, which was then for Ivan the great, arranged by the French for a blacksmith: a few people worked on it . They were piles of crosses, riz, salaries with images and various stuff from precious metals. They were poured into ingots or burned. "
Ivan the Great belltower. Artist: Alekseev F.Ya. 1800.
Dominique Jean Larrey (DJ Larrey) - Father "Ambulance", the main field surgeon of the French army, who participated in all Napoleon's military campaigns I left the description of the Ivan's Great Bell Tower: "There is almost a cylindrical tower between the two temples, known as the Ivan's bell tower. Great. She looked like an Egyptian minaret. Inside it was suspended, many bells of various values \u200b\u200bwere suspended, and one - the amazing magnitude, which historians mention, stood near her on Earth. From the height of the tower, you can see the whole city, which was presented in the form of a star with four forked ends, and the multicolored roofs of houses and gold and silver tops of numerous churches and the bells are attached to the picture of a very picturesque view. "
On Wednesday, 16 (4) of September, according to an eyewitness, "New Savitat: from the bell tower of Ivan the Great Golden Cross took off; They will take it, heard, in Paris and the dome of the house of the disabled wrapping. Napoleon himself from the Kremlin Palace observed zi workers. Russian workers from such a godless business, it is clear, flatly refused. Then carpenters and roofers caused from their own French army. The huge cross, one, was not forces for them; To restrain on the chains could not, and it crashed from a height of the bridge. No one, fortunately, did not kill. "
In the guidebook of 1827, a curious legend is given: "Someone said Napoleon, that the cross this is gold, and that the people retain a legend, as if with the removal of this cross inevitably there should be freedom and glory of Russia. The predator wanted to take advantage of the simplicity of the people and weaken his spirit, and maybe he wanted to turn this Mnimo-Golden Cross into money, or in the form of trophy to send to Paris. He ordered his removal; When it was presented to him conjugate with sim inconvenience, that is, the making of the stage, for a long time and finally a special courage to work at such a height, then he ordered to ask if there was no Russian who remained in Moscow who wanted to take up this business - Of course, The case was promised to promise - the latter was captivated by some unhappy Russian and - the former emperor of the French himself witnessed, with what ease and agility this hunter on the rope climbed to the cross, flattened and lowered it; But when Napoleon saw that the cross was only born with copper stuffed sheets, then, or annoying to deceiving his hope, or wanting to enroll on a well-known rule, he was preached, ordered immediately to shoot a traitor. "
The bell tower of Ivan the Great after the leaves of the French. Figure 1812
"Moscow Vedomosti" on March 29 (Art.) 1813: "The cross from the head of Ivanovo bell tower is now found in the Kremlin at the wall of the Grand Assumption Cathedral, the relatives of the northern doors between different iron fragments, with the chains belonging to it and screws, koi, Like the cross, they were messed with worr-gold. It is damaged in many places, probably from falling from a high height. "
According to rumors who were broadening among Muscovites with incredible speed, "Napoleon, worried about doubt and despair, drove the windows on the head of Ivan the Great to find out and observe our troops."
The evidence was preserved, which was able to penetrate the Kremlin, immediately after the expulsion of the enemy: "... He (Ivan the Great) did not suffer damage, but the part of his bell tower was blown away ... The destroyed part of the bell tower was presented in the form of a huge heap of crushed stones, It was lying three big bells (from a thousand to three thousand pounds), like light wooden vessels, turned upside down the bottom of the explosion. "
Augustine (Vinogradsky), Archipel. Moscow. Portrait. Unless Artist (TSL. Patriarchings).
"The Great Bell of Assumption - the Moscow Anniversary of the victories of the celebrations and the festivities - from the fall of his in the explosion of the bell tower loose and lay on Earth without language; He should have been pouring. After many of the Master's quest, who would take care of this important thing, finally reinforcedly introduced it to the kelcon of the bell plane in the Balkan, the merchant Mikhail Bogdanova, who also lived the master, the 90-year-old old man of Jacob Zavyalov, a former employee at the Alderman Mercles at the casting of the Assumption Blagovette In the penultimate year of the reign of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. On March 8, 1817, Augustine himself was consecrated and made the bookmark of a new bell in four thousand pounds; When, when casting it, it came a decisive minute to descend from the casting furnace of melted copper into the form set in the same pit, where the previous bell cast, the previously retired in a special room to pray for a successful commitment of this, from which all the welfare of the breeder depended on which all the welfare of the breeder. God won his prayer. Already shortly before his death, Augustine, listening to the Troitsky coupling of this bell on the bell tower, thanked God that he helped him arrange this monument for Moscow; They are also made and the inscription depicted on it in order to convey to the posterity of the memory of the castings of this huge bell in Russia, which in the simple people and Donyne will hear Augustine. "
The view of the bell tower and the bells of Ivan the Great to the explosion by the French. Engraving, 1805.
After the expulsion of the enemy from Moscow, rush work began on the restoration of destruction in the Kremlin. The observation of the works was led by a specially appointed Commission, which the Moscow Bishop of Augustine (Vinogradsky) has relied. "In 1813, when dealing with the material of destroyed Bells, four large bells were open to Ivan, there were four big bells, on these bell tower first hanging. In surveying by the Commission on the resumption of the Greater Assumption Cathedral at the Mossener of the Bell Business Moskovsky merchant Mikhail Efimov, Astrakhantsev, turned out to be: 1) on Greater Assumption the bell (which after overclit) the former crack outside, measure 8 1/2. The appearance arrived at 2 1/2, inside the bracket, at which the language was hanged, broke; 2) at the bell Reut of eight ears, four ear on one side broke out ... 3) Sunday bell with tongue safe, and 4) daily bell is also safe. "
Contemporaries wrote about the surviving large bells: "With a terrible explosion (1812), three of the big bells: Reut, swan and Sunday (seven) remained unscathed and only among the first of them, the ears are repulsed ... the most big bell called Uspensky, Weight in 3555 pound, perfect crashed ... The bell is replaced by a new one, there is a weight of 4000 powder; he will Lithing the Master Bogdanov and the previous portrait of the imperial pictures of more images ... It's a pity that you can not praise the finishes of these, which was incomparably more than on Former ... "
Synod by decree of 1813, November 10, he prescribed two bells Sunday and daily to hang on the pillars so that the Blagoves in these bells belong to the last three cathedrals ... In the end of the same November, the bells on the pillars, under the tent, near the altars Arkhangelsk Cathedral hanged ... "
In 1624, the Master of the North side of the bearer, the Master Benzen Cucumbers elevated the so-called Philaret brazing, ended with white-named pyramids and a tile tent. The second and third of her floors were allocated to the patriarchant sacristy. In 1812, Napoleon's troops retreating from Moscow tried to blow the bell tower. She survived, but the belfry and philaret extension collapsed. In 1819, they were restored by the architect D. Livelyadi in the type of old, but with some elements of the XIX century architecture. "The supervisor of the Emperor was entrusted with the will of the emperor, the renewal of the Ivanovo bell tower, which one of the philaret bell tower and the church, with her the church under the bells) was undermined by the enemy and fell in the ruins of his own, and the other part, Gosunovskaya, only cracked to the bottom from terrible explosion. When reviewing the reprehensive surviving Ivanovsky pillar, when architects dispelled in opinions about the strength of a two-year-old building, then Augustine sent Simonovsky Archimandrite Gerasim to inspect the bell tower. He entered on her, rang in the bell. Hearing the ringing, Having said: "If Ivan-Great was resistant from the French, he will now stand, hear how calling!". He agreed with those who were offered only to break the crack and in the same form to resume this monument. Lacking still cross with Ivanovo bell tower. It was believed that he was taken from Moscow among the trophies of Napoleon, however, he was found in the stomgests. "
Vereshchagin V.V. Marshal Davu in the miracle monastery. 1887-1895. GIM
IN Miracle monastery A short time was placed headquarters Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davu. In the Altar of the Cathedral Church In the name of the miracle of ArchReart Mikhail, a bedroom Marshal was arranged. Power of St.Alexy was desecrated and thrown out of cancer.
Arkhangelsky Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Photo from here.
Cathedral Mikhail Archangel (Arkhangelsk) in the Kremlin It was built in 1505-1508. In 1812, the French kidnapped silver cancer from the Arkhangelsk Cathedral with the relics of St. The wonderworkers of Chernigov, Grand Duke Mikhail and Boyarin of his Fedor.
Deputiation of the Old Believers of the Preobrazhensky cemetery to Napoleon. Artist I. M. Lvov. Postcard, published in 1912 in Moscow I. E. Selino /
Researcher A. Lebedev leads an interesting story associated with the holy relics of St. Tsarevich Dmitry in the Arkhangelsk Cathedral. "Tradition transmits such a story: the French did not touch the relics and only robbed decorations on cancer; The Russian Old Believers immediately at the exit of the French from Moscow, the power of Tsarevich was taken out of cancer and wanted to carry from the cathedral, the priest of the Ascension Monastery, Ivan Yakovlevich Veniaminov, who lived in Moscow during his enemy, and with the help of passers-by Orthodox, took away from the Old Believers . Relics and hid them in his monastery, in the main cathedral behind the iconostasis, on the choir. The splitters as if he had slept for this and beat so much that he soon died, opening himself shortly before his death about the place of finding the relics to his native brother, the priest of Kazan, in the land of the church. The latter, on returning to Moscow of the Holy Augustine, brought him about St. Recents, for which I received a gairr's reward. "
Robbery in the Arkhangelsk Cathedral. Postcard start. Xx in.
In the French, according to Tolovyevaya's stories, "... In the Arkhangelsk Cathedral [it was arranged] Pantry: they lay bags of oats and rye, finally, the reserve of potatoes and cats with Solonina." According to an eyewitness: "French cook is sleeping for the Altar of the Arkhangelsk Cathedral; It is preparing a kushan near the window; She sewed a dress from Riz Popovsky, velvet and others. "
A. Lebedev: "By the way, to tell another living, eyewitnesses, the recorded story about this enemy invasion, who left the horrible footprints and an indignant soul memory. The enemies not only came from local icons and cancer with St. the reels of dear silver - the murcled rhizes, but even the icons themselves disappeared, using them instead of doors, shops, beds, etc. Little, they, despite the considerable height of 3 and 4th belts of the main iconostasis, tried and there with icons to rip copper Gold-plated salaries, which seemed to them with gold, or at least sober-aging; Deceiving in the calculations, they, nevertheless, many salaries were drunk, leaving here the traces of their barbaric act. By entering into the temple of various unceasing, they defiled it, and the exposure of the throne and the altar from the closures and damage them clearly proved wild ignorance, and the greedy to the robbery was likened to ancient Tatars. In addition to this raininess over the shrine, they did not spare and tombstones over the ashes of Prince Afanasia-Yaroslav Vladimirovich, who is near the Western entrance, to half the destroying, in the hope of discovering anything precious, and the time to satisfy the greed of his predatoryness; But, without having received the desired, no longer decided to break peace of other dead. Examples of the frenzy, they all the cast-iron platforms in the cathedral were closed by barrels with different wine, which were taped from urban cellars, and barrels with the same product rolled into the tombs. "
"When leaving Moscow," annoyed and embittered predators broke the barrels and kegs with wine in the cathedral; Wine, leaked from the barrels, flooded the cathedral for a few tops, as eyewitnesses told, soon by the flight of enemies, returned to Moscow. Priest of the Arkhangelsk Cathedral , Athanasius Mikhailovich Näkovyev lived at the cross head at all the time of his enemy stays in the capital, and several times, the spread and rolled them, was encouraging to transfer different gravity for them to the distant distances. On the night of their flight from Moscow, the father of the lowered all the terrible powder The explosions in the Kremlin, and on the other day, coming through the Cossack chain, came to the Archangel Cathedral and was an eyewitness as broken barrels and boots with a vulnerable floor and a semi-dilated monument of Prince Afanasia-Yaroslav Vladimirovich, equal to the rules of the shrine. On outrageous I have repeatedly had to hear from Afanasiya Mikhailovich himself who served in the Cathedral of 40 le T from 1800 - 1841 " .
The restoration of the cathedral began at the end of 1812. "Highly-minded Augustine for the Cathedral in the continuation of three months, November and December 1812, and especially January 1813, managed to prepare the Arkhangelsk Cathedral, before other cathedrals for sanctification, which, to the great joy of Moscow citizens, was solemnly with the clergy. February 1 in countless concrete people of all classes. During this all-headed Kremlin church festival in the glooring of the Cathedral, the rebels of all monasteries, archpriests with the priests of the Cathedral and Rouge Churches of the Kremlin, and the whole Chinese forty, with a bell tower in the Kremlin, Chinese and Zamoskvoretsky forty. The main shrine in this course was the relics of St. Tsarevich Dimitri, who, after 200 summer peace in the Sea, were acquired by the circle of it; Equally, on the other day, on February 2, the power of Sia was carried out in the godpanition of the Kremlin around the Kremlin, which was accompanied by bell tower, in the continuation of a whole day with a ringing at all Moscow churches and a cannon. Such celebrations were opened the entrance to the Kremlin for all classes, Dotola is not available anyone available, on the occasion of the work in the Kremlin for cleaning it and correction ".
Total Palace and Home Temple of Mother's Praise . The racing palace, and now located between the Commandant and Trinity Tower of the Kremlin, was built in 1651. According to N.M. Snegherev: "In 1812, the racing palace who served as a premises for the French Guard was preserved from a fire and exploding, and in 1813 he was contained in him a tweeted French general vandam." General Dominic-Joseph Rena Wandam, Count D "UNSEBURG (1770-1830) was captured in the battle at Culm 18 (30) August 1813.
Church of the relocation (position of honest ridea of \u200b\u200bthe Most Holy Virgin in Velvern) in the Kremlin. Built in 1484-1486 on the site of the burnt church of the same name 1451. Researcher of the church of N.D. I have written Izov: "In 1812, a large crack was discovered in the altar arch of the temple, of course, from the explosions made by the enemy. / ... / But besides damage in the wall, the church suffered from the hands of predators. Although the best utensils were taken away in advance, but the remaining plundered, as well as three small icons, as well as salaries and will be robbed with some images. Therefore, as an on-line exposed with other temples, the Vicoarensk Church demanded that consecrated in 1813. "
In the church Catherine Great Martyr, located in adjacentness with the Church of the State Risea of \u200b\u200bthe Virgin, had an image of St. The martyrdom of Catherine, Evdokia and Joasaph, Tsarevich Indian. According to I.K. Kondratieva: "On the image of sv. Catherine is a precious crown, generously decorated with diamonds - Dar Catherine II, happily preserved from looting in 1812. "
Savior Savior Cathedral (Veroshospassky) in the Kremlin was built in 1635/1636
"In the invasion of enemies to Moscow in 1812, all the richest church utensils [Spassky Cathedral] was exported in advance from Moscow to Vologda, and therefore was preserved safely, and the remaining in the temple was looted. The iconostasis remained in the main temple, but the royal gates were crammed, the walls of the temple were beaten with nails, the altar is broken and on it at the exit of enemies from Moscow, there were unloaded bones and crumbs of white bread, in the church and the meal stood beds without beds, and on windows and Semi empty bottles. "
According to A. Popov, in 1812, after the care of the enemy from Moscow, in the Verkhospassky Cathedral, except for looting, the entire wall painting turned out to be beaten nails. The cathedral was again decomposed in 1836. In the Verkhospassky Cathedral, the throne served as a table for dinners, there were beds in it.
As written by N.D. I licked, - "In early January 1813, the abbot of the cathedral, Archpriest John Alekseev, denounced the conveyance. Augustine that the congregation of the Cathedral was safely returned from Vologda with church property, at the same time requested permission to print the cathedral and give him, noticing at this that the temple did not have any kind, no kindness. "The handing of the temple was made by the abbot of the Arkhangelsk Cathedral, Archpriece Alekseyev. To correct damage, both in the cathedral itself, and in the limit church was allocated from the amounts released by the Commission of Spiritual Schools, 651 p. 65 To. From the damage that came at the time in the cathedral, first of all, the chapters and crosses were noted, with the inspection of which the architect, it turned out that the moored crosses lacked some jewelry, like that of the tops and the contamines, copper were nailed on the main Emoxed sheets, and some of them did not exist on the roof. "
Konstantin and Elena Church, view from the North-West. Photo of the 1880s.
Church of St. Constantine and Elena. In 1812, the French ruined the Church of St. Constantine and Elena, built by the Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy when erecting the Kremlin between 1362 and 1367. According to I.K. Kondratieva: "In 1812, the church was completely broken and was intended for broke, but, according to the will of Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich resumed and solemnly consecrated by Metropolitan Philaret on September 22, 1837."In 1928, the Church of Saints Constantine and Elena was demolished.
Patriarchal Assumption Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin in the Kremlin. (Built between 1475 and 1479). Among the stories, the collected Tolovycheva there is one curious story: "..Hooked Napoleon to see the bishop service. Dylasev, or Flaw, as he was nicknamed, the priest of the Novinsky Monastery, volunteered to treat Napoleon's new spectacle for him. He appeared to the Assumption Cathedral (which was subsequently addressed to the stable) and served the liturgy under the bishop closure, for which Napoleon awarded him by Kamilavka. Death saved dilute from a strict court assigned to him after removing the enemy. "
In the Assumption Cathedral. Artist: V.V. Vereshchagin.
According to A. Popova, in the Assumption Cathedral instead of Panadilov hung the scales on which the glued gold and silver from the loose church and other treasures were hanging; Figures were written on the iconostasis: 325 Silver Pone and 18 Gold Pud. There were melted mountains and were arranged a stall for horses.
"Inspecting the Kremlin on the night of 20 (8th st .st.) November after mulabaling in the Sretensky monastery, Vladyka approached the Assumption Cathedral, which was locked and sealed. The accompanying Vladyka was afraid to enter the Cathedral from the fear of the explosion similar to what Napoleon did before leaving Moscow. But the archpastyr did not be frightened. Armed by the power of faith in the providence of God, he ordered to challenge the doors of the cathedral, said satellites: "pray" and bowed on the church threshold three times. Then, squeezing the entrance to the cross of the sign, the first one entered the cathedral and exclaimed: "God will resurrect and spread his gazes!" In the cathedral, there were traces of blasphemy, sacrifices, unbridles and anger ... / ... / On the site of Panadilov hung the scales, on which the enemies hung out of the head gold and silver. Chips, coal, manure lay along with stolen snow, applied in broken windows. Decorations with iconostasis removed. Icons together with broken utensils and vestments are scattered along the floor. The arrogance touched more than a century not opened cancer of the relics of St. Peter, - she was open enemies. Silver, adorned by Cancer of St. Philip, was kidnapped. With such an outrageous spectacle, Vladyka exclaimed the words of the Psalm: "God, Kidoshoha in the wealth of your own, desecuring the temple of Holy Your" (Psal. 78, 1). But a few more steps - and the sorrow of the Lord and the former with him quickly changed the feeling of reverent joy and tremble delight when approaching St. The relics of the saint ions: everything remains integrated here: St. Power, silver cancer, the image of the Savior in the Silver Oklade, Lampade and Silver Candlestick! According to old-timers, Muscovites, an invisible force did not allow predators to the relics of the saint ions, although they were attended several times; Once even they clearly saw. As the saint raised the threatening hand. Napoleon wanted to approach the cancer himself, but by making a few steps, quickly turned back and left the cathedral with the orders to lock and seal it. "
Procession to the Assumption Cathedral. Engraving 1749.
"According to the evidence of G.I. On the Cancer of St. Ions found after the enemy exit, rather Chervonians. Others affect that a miracle from St. The hand kept the hand of sacredtresses. " Essays of the life of the Moscow Archbishop of Augustine. M., 1848. Approx. S. 113. "In the cathedral, melted mountains were placed and the stalls for horses were arranged. The grave of St. Philip was destroyed, the heads of the graves of the Moscow Patriarchs were naked. And the Patriarch of Hermogene, who stayed in an intense state, lay on the floor. Only cancer of the saint ions remained untouched, like a silver candlestick before it. "
IK Kondratyev: "On the right side of the royal gratis, there is a local image of the furnace sack, called Golden Ryasa. / ... / In 1812, Icon was abused, but then completely pronounced. / ... / The image of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary / ... / In 1812, the enemies deprived of his rich salary, replaced by the new same Ustyuzhanov in 1818, as evidenced by the inscription at the bottom of the image. On the southern pillar - the image of the Mother of God, called Jerusalem. / ... / Genuine icon in 1812 disappeared and replaced with an accurate, also an ancient copy, which since ancient was in the Palace Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, that in the Seine. "
"The relics of St. Peter Metropolitan, the founder of the temple and the first Moscow saint. They are gained at the restructuring of the cathedral in 1472. Until 1812, they were under prior. Upon exit from Moscow, the enemies are found open and, with the blessing of the Holy Synod, were not again closed " .
About the Old Believers, who stole the icon of the Ierusalem Mother of God.
Voznesensky Cathedral of the Ascension Monastery. Fig. nach XIX century
Voznesensky maiden monastery On the right side of the SPRC gates inside the Kremlin survived the fire and was given in the proper form at the end of 1812.
It was not possible to find data on the stay of the French in the Church of the Twelve Apostles in the Patriarchal House in the Kremlin and the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin, that in the Seine.
Kremlin before the exits of the French from Moscow
According to memories collected by Tolovycheva: "Napoleonic generals did often reviewers from the Kremlin ponds [the ponds were on the place where the Alexandrovsky Garden]" .
According to M. Korelin: "Very many surrounding peasants came to the city, but not to sell life supplies, but to buy copper money in bags of 25 rubles in each, and a salt of quarters, as well as collect everything that remains in burnt houses and shops and that they could take away on their carts. A bag of copper money in 25 rubles (their huge mass was lying in the cellars of the Kremlin) cost as much as a quarter of the salt (which was also in large quantities) - 4 rubles or one silver ruble. Similarly, several silver rubles could buy entire packets of old credit tickets. The number of buyers increased daily as the peasants with whole shipments of salt and copper money were accidentally returned from Moscow in their villages. "
"After the execution of the French from Moscow, robbery resumed with a new force. When a French garrison was still in the Kremlin, who prepared the explosions, and the gates were guarded by soldiers, the peasants nevertheless tried to penetrate the Kremlin for salt and copper money and, without understanding the French okhikov, sitting under the shots of the sentries. After making sure that the usual entrances to the Kremlin became unavailable, they brought the passage in the wall to the place where copper money lay. "Now - the author says, - everyone was able to take so many copper money as he wanted, or, it was better to say how much could; But at the same time, people dressed like flies, because as soon as anyone came out of the bags made in the wall, they wanted to take prey from him; The bloody struggle began, and the one who remained alive was traveled with money..
Undermining the Kremlin by the French 23 (11) October 1812
At 5 o'clock in the morning on Monday 19 (7 st .st.) October, Monday Napoleon left Moscow and left Kaluga from the main army. In Moscow, sowing in the Kremlin, the division of Marshal Mortie remained. Mortita detachment left Moscow on the night from 20 (8) at 21 (9) October. When retreat, Napoleon gave an order to undermine the Kremlin. For many Kremlin buildings, including under the towers, mines were summed up. Six explosions one after another thundered at 10 am on October 23 (11) of October.
Fire of Moscow. Colored engraving. Unknown engraver. The first third of the XIX century.
According to Tolovyevaya's stories: "On the very day of their [French], the care of us was awakened by one in the twelfth such thunder and crackle, that we didn't have the lights. The earth was trembling under us as a living, and it seemed to me that another minute, and the coded vaults would collapse over our Heads. We began to wrap each other to make sure that everyone is alive, and ran out to see what happened. The fire covered it with the straight, it came silence again, and some of them fled, they were also injured by fear of their shelters. Once another explosion , And the stones were flying with Grad from all sides. Everyone was shattered. We rushed again into our basement. Finally, at the third explosion, it shook our church over our heads, that she cracked on top to bottom. The family did not sleep all night, and on the other day Vasily Mikhailovich saw scary traces of destruction. The Kremlin walls collapsed in several places, the bell tower of Ivan the great cracked, the palace burned down, the upper half of the Nikolskaya Tower was destroyed, and part of the iron roof of the arsenal is ripped and listed on Nikolsk Yu Street. "
Yakov Chilikin told how after the Blooming of the Kremlin, "we went to the embankment in such fear to the embankment [in an educational house], and imagine what were the blows! Even in Moscow, the water river became like milk white and smelled powder and gray, the fish sailed over the surface of the water already sleepy! And the water was so confused that the mouth could not be taken, and there was one day. "
P.V. Sotan: "Nevertheless, the bell tower" Ivan Great "bells were blown off the bells, took off to the air, the 1st Unnamed and Petrovskaya Tower, the Nikolskaya and little damage were very damaged and the corner arsenal towers were injured. The part of the arsenal was blown up. "
Nikolskaya Tower 24 (11) of October 1812. Book engraving.
Nikolsky gate. "In the original form, your gate existed until 1812. This year, with the explosions of the Kremlin, the upper part of the gate was not led by the very image of St. Nicholas. As for the rest, the lower part of the gate, then not only she, but even the glass in the image of the wonderworker, despite the terrible shock caused by the explosion, remained unharmed. This wonderful event is testified by the head of the inscription. The gate was resumed by the architect of Rossi on the sample of Spasski. " Kondratyev IK Moscow Kremlin, Shrine and Estracy East. Description of cathedrals, churches and monasteries. M., 1910. P. 111.
Spas gate F. Alekseev.1800-1801.
Spassky gate. "In 1812, when the French wanted to blow up the Kremlin to the air, a subpople was made and under the Spasskit Gate; But still the fire did not reach the pub to the subpople, as the heavy rain shed, which wrapped her wick, and thus preserved both the Kremlin and the shrine, and this, memorable in the history of Moscow, the Spassky Gate with their gothic tower. During his stay in 1812 in Moscow, the enemies of our Fatherland, many of them were repeatedly taken to skip Riza from the image of the Savior, which did not have the goal, but did not have success. " Exile from the Kremlin on October 10, 1812 by the Cossacks of Ilovaysky residues of the detachment of Marshal Morty, who produced the explosions of the Kremlin. Ivanov I.A. (1779 - 1848) 1810th.
In October 1812, Napoleon, leaving Moscow, gives an order: lay the powder charges and blow up historical buildings in the Moscow Kremlin. The monstrous explosions were destroyed arsenal, water-contained and partially Nikolskaya Towers, the Kremlin's walls, arsenal and the grain chamber were severely affected. Most structures in the Kremlin destroy, nevertheless failed, due to the fact that he began heavy rain, and because Moscow residents had time to put out many already burning phytilites. But the Kremlin belfry with large bells to save, nevertheless failed. The blown bells collapsed, and the multi-tiered Ivanovo bell tower resisted.
The state of the Kremlin after the exit of the French
Plan of the destruction of the Moscow Kremlin in 1812. Black marked completely destroyed buildings. Ivan Eotov, 1813.
Around October 11, 1812, a list of burnt, blown and surviving structures was drawn up after leaving Moscow by the French. "Split and burned. In the Kremlin, the 1st Palace, 2nd Granovic Chamber, 3rd an extension to Ivanovo Bell Tower, 4th Commandant House, 5 Arsenal, 6th Tower Alekseevskaya to the sole, 7 Nikolskaya first damaged, 10th Senate is a bit damaged. Cathedrals have remained intake, the head is removed from the Ivanovo bell tower and the head is damaged, the Towers of Spasski and Trinity, also the Ascension Monastery. "
Moscow Arsenal. The destruction of 1812 (below) and the recovery project (at the top). View from the external (western) side. 1814.
Consecration of churches of the Kremlin
"Burrying his father and benefactor, an unforgettable Metropolitan Plato, who died on November 11, Augustine received the command from the sovereign to manage the Moscow Diocese to continue before the appointment of the new archpastor. With regard to the beneficiaries of the needy, Vladyka acted and as a petitioner about the benefit, and as the height of the selected charitable sums and as a benefactor from its own funds. / ... / December 1, to consecrate the Pokrovsky, Vasily of the Blessed, Cathedral, the Lord with a congestion arrived at the frontal place on the Red Square against Spasskit Gates. From here, when making a prayer service with a water construction, the Lord is crucified by the city with the words: "The Say's prominent grace of God sanctifies the ancient pious hail of this, boring the enemy of God and the enemy, dedicated. In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. " By making a prayer, the procession was divided into three compartments: one went to the Nikolsky gate, the other went on the embankment near the wall of China-Cities, and with the Third Redeement, the Lord marched himself for the Ilyinsky Gate. All three compartments came together with the barbaric gate and then returned to the Pokrovsky Cathedral. The solemn consecration of the White City followed December 12 - on the birthday of the sovereign. The necessary corrections in the Kremlin took about three months. In all this time, it was not allowed to be thoughtful. The discovery of the Kremlin began on February 1, 1813 by the consecration of the Arkhangelsk Cathedral. The relics of St. Tsarevich Dimitria, preserved by the zeal of the priest of the Resurrection Monastery, on this day were acquired around the cathedral, and the other day - around the whole Kremlin. The congestion inside the Kremlin was performed to consecrate the miracle of the monastery. Consecration of the Assumption Cathedral, which was replaced by the personal daily observation of the Lord, was postponed until August 30, the day of the asochimenitis of the Emperor's sovereign. Previously, this number, it was on Saturday Lazarev that was so consecrated in the Cathedral of the SVV. Ap. Peter and Paul, and 2 June, with the blessing of Holy Synod, was solemnly opened cancer of the relics of St. Peter, in order to "post-residents of Moscow, looking at the power of the relevant of God, could comfort himself in their sorces and, touching them with the lobsia of Holy, - Consistent with the hope that short-term sadness will be renewed by continuous and undisturbed benefits. " "On the day of the asoimenitis of the sovereign of the emperor of the previronment. Augustine committed a consecration of the Assumption Cathedral, and the relics of St. Peter were acquired around the cathedral, and within the cathedral to the undelated delight of the upcoming, we had Easter songs by order of the Lord "4. Chilikin Ya. November 13, 1812. Memories of the French stay in Moscow in the form of writing By G. P. Vonifatyev from November 13, 1812 - "An image of hostilities of 1812 / year / the composition of Barclay de Toll. St. Petersburg, 1912, p. 93-94.
35. Lebedev A. Moskovsky Cathedral Arkhangelsky Cathedral. M., 1880. P. 89-92.
The partisan traffic in the Patriotic War of 1812 significantly affected the outcome of the campaign. The French met fierce resistance from the local population. Demoralized, deprived of the opportunity to replenish their food reserves, the torn and frozen army of Napoleon was a cruelly bits of the bats and the peasant partisan squads of Russians.
Squadron Gusar Volatih and Fear of Peasants
A strongly stretched Napoleonic army, pursuing the retreating Russian troops, pretty quickly began to present a convenient target for partisan attacks - the French often turned out to be strongly removed from the main forces. The command of the Russian army decided to create mobile detachments for sabotage in the enemy rear and depriving his food and forage.
In the Patriotic War there were two main types of similar detachments: the volatile squadrons of army cavalrymen and the Cossacks, formed by order of the Commander-in-Chief of Mikhail Kutuzov, and the group of partisan-peasants, which united spontaneously, without the army leadership. The volatile detachments in addition to the actual sabotage shares were also intelligence. The peasant forces of self-defense mostly beat the enemy from their villages and villages.
Denis Davydova took the Frenchman
Denis Davydov is the most famous commander of the partisan detachment in the Patriotic War of 1812. He himself composed a plan for the actions of mobile partisan compounds against the Napoleonic army and suggested him by Peter Ivanovich Bagration. The plan was simple: to annoy the enemy in his rear, capture or destroy enemy warehouses with food and fodder, beat small groups of enemy.
Under the start of Davydov, there was more than a centrally of hussar and the Cossacks. Already in September 1812, they in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Smolensk village of Tsarevo-Zahnischi seized the French caravan of three dozen century. More than 100 French, from the accompanying detachment of Davydov's cavalry officers, were confused, 100 more captured. Other, also successful followed by this operation.
Davydov with his team did not immediately find support from the local population: the peasants initially took them for the French. The commander of a flying squad even had to put on Menzitsky caftan, hang on the chest of the icon of St. Nicholas, let go of the beard and switch to the language of Russian common people - otherwise the men did not believe him.
Over time, Denis Davydov's detachment increased to 300 people. The cavalrymen attacked French parts, sometimes had a fivefold numerical superiority, and broke them, taking the calls and freeing the prisoners, they even happened to capture the enemy artillery.
After leaving Moscow by order of Kutuzov, the volatile partisan detachments were created everywhere. Preferably, it was the Cossack compounds, each number up to 500 sabers. In late September, Major General Ivan Dorokhov, who commanded such a compound, captured the near Moscow City of the city. The United Partisan Groups could withstand the major military formations of Napoleon's army. So, at the end of October, during the battle in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Smolensk village of Lyakhovo, the four partisan detachments of the headlong were smashed by more than a half-and-andded brigade of General Jean-Pierre Ozhero, Pleniv and his own. For the French, this defeat turned out to be a terrible blow. Russian troops, this success, on the contrary, encouraged and set up for further victories.
Peasant initiative
The peasants have made a significant contribution to the destruction and exhaustion of the French parts. Their partisan divisions began to form before the instructions of Kutuzov. Willingly helping the volatile detachments and parts of the regular Russian army with food and fodder, men at the same time widespread the French everywhere - they destroyed the enemy forage faces and marauders, often at the approaches of the enemy themselves burned their homes and went to the forest. The fierce resistance in the field was intensified as the demoralized French army became increasingly turned into a grazing of robbers and marauders.
One of these detachments collected Dragun Yermolai Quarters. He taught the peasants to use a trophy weapon, organized and successfully conducted many sabotage against the French, capturing dozens of enemy weapons with food and livestock. At one time to the joint of the quarters included up to 4 thousand people. And such cases where peasants-partisans headed by personnel military, noble landowners, successfully wrapped in the rear of Napoleonic troops, were not single.
