Parsnip early years. Biography of Boris Pasternak

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (January 29 (February 10) 1890, Moscow, The Russian Empire - May 30, 1960, Peredelkino, Moscow region, USSR) - Russian poet and writer of Jewish origin, Nobel Prize laureate in literature (1958).

Life and art

The future poet was born in Moscow into an intelligent Jewish family. Pasternak's parents, father - artist, academician of the Petersburg Academy of Arts Leonid Osipovich (Isaak Iosifovich) Pasternak and mother - pianist Rozalia Isidorovna Pasternak (nee Raitsa Srulevna Kaufman, 1868-1939), moved to Moscow from Odessa in 1889, a year before his birth ... In addition to the eldest, Boris, Alexander (1893-1982), Josephine (1900-1993) and Lydia (1902-1989) were born in the Pasternak family.
The Pasternak family maintained friendship with famous artists (I. I. Levitan, M. V. Nesterov, V. D. Polenov, S. Ivanov, N. N. Ge), musicians and writers, including Lev Tolstoy, visited the house. In 1900, Rainer Rilke met the Pasternak family during his second visit to Moscow. At the age of 13, under the influence of the composer A. N. Scriabin, Pasternak became interested in music, which he studied for six years (two sonatas for piano written by him have survived).
In 1903, when he fell from a horse, he broke his leg and, due to improper fusion (the slight limp that Pasternak hid, remained for life) was released from military service. In the future, the poet paid special attention this episode as awakening his creative powers (it happened on August 6 (19), on the day of the Transfiguration - cf. the later poem "August"). In 1905, he fell under the Cossack whips - an episode that was included in Pasternak's books.
In 1900, Pasternak was not admitted to the fifth gymnasium (now Moscow school No. 91) because of the percentage rate, but at the suggestion of the director, the next year, 1901, he entered the second grade immediately. From 1906 to 1908, Vladimir Mayakovsky studied in the fifth grammar school, two classes younger than Pasternak, in the same class as Pasternak's brother Shura. Pasternak graduated from high school with a gold medal and all the highest marks, except for the law of God, from which he was released. After a series of hesitation, he abandoned the career of a professional musician and composer. In 1908, he entered the legal department of the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University (later transferred to philosophy). In the summer of 1912, he studied philosophy at the University of Marburg in Germany with the head of the Marburg neo-Kantian school, prof. Hermann Cohen. Then he proposed to Ida Vysotskaya, but was refused, as described in the poem "Marburg". In 1912, together with his parents and sisters, he visited Venice, which was reflected in his poems of that time. I saw my cousin Olga Freudenberg in Germany. He was connected with her by many years of friendship and correspondence.
After a trip to Marburg, Pasternak also refused to further focus on philosophical studies. At the same time, he began to enter the circles of Moscow writers. He took part in the meetings of the circle of the symbolist publishing house "Musaget", then in the literary and artistic circle of Yulian Anisimov and Vera Stanevich, from which the short-lived post-symbolist group "Lyrics" grew. Since 1914 Pasternak joined the fellowship of futurists "Centrifuge" (which also included other former members of "Lyrics" - Nikolai Aseev and Sergei Bobrov). In the same year, he became closely acquainted with another futurist - Vladimir Mayakovsky, whose personality and work had a certain influence on him. Later, in the 1920s, Pasternak maintained ties with Mayakovsky's Lef group, but in general, after the revolution, he held an independent position, not entering into any associations.
The first poems of Pasternak were published in 1913 (a collective collection of the Lyrica group), the first book, The Twin in the Clouds, at the end of the same year (on the cover of 1914), was perceived by Pasternak himself as immature. In 1928, half of the poems "The Twin in the Clouds" and three poems from the collection of the group "Lyrics" were combined by Pasternak into the cycle "The Initial Time" and greatly revised (some were actually rewritten completely); the rest of the early experiments during Pasternak's life were not reprinted. Nevertheless, it was after "The Twin in the Clouds" that Pasternak began to realize himself as a professional writer.
In 1916, the collection "Over the Barriers" was published. Fearing a possible draft into the army, Pasternak spent the winter of 1916 in the Urals, near the city of Alexandrovsk, Perm province, accepting an invitation to work in the office of the manager of the Vsevolodo-Vilvensky chemical plants B.I.Zbarsky as an assistant on business correspondence and trade and financial reporting. It is widely believed that the prototype of the city of Yuryatin from Doctor Zhivago is the city of Perm, located near the village of Vsevolodovo-Vilve.
Pasternak's parents and his sisters leave in 1921 soviet Russia at the personal request of A.V. Lunacharsky and settled in Berlin. Pasternak began an active correspondence with them and with Russian emigration circles in general, in particular, with Marina Tsvetaeva, and through her - with R.-M. Rilke. In 1922, Pasternak married the artist Evgenia Lurie, with whom he spent the second half of the year and the whole winter of 1922-23 visiting his parents in Berlin. In the same 1922, the poet's program book "My Sister - Life" was published, most of whose poems were written in the summer of 1917. The next year, 1923, a son, Eugene, was born in the Pasternak family.
In the 1920s, the collection Themes and Variations (1923), the novel in verse “Spektorsky” (1925), the cycle “High Sickness”, the poems “Nine hundred and fifth year” and “Lieutenant Schmidt” were also created. In 1928 Pasternak turns to prose. By 1930, he was completing his autobiographical notes "Security Letter", which outlined his fundamental views on art and creativity.
The late 1920s and early 1930s saw a short period of official Soviet recognition of Pasternak's work. He takes an active part in the activities of the Union of Writers of the USSR and in 1934 delivers a speech at its first congress, at which N.I.Bukharin urged to officially name Pasternak the best poet Soviet Union... His large one-volume edition from 1933 to 1936 is reissued annually.
Having met Zinaida Nikolaevna Neigauz (nee Eremeeva, 1897-1966), at that time the wife of the pianist G.G. Neuhaus, together with her in 1931 Pasternak took a trip to Georgia, where he met the poets T. Tabidze, P. Yashvili. Having interrupted his first marriage, in 1932 Pasternak married Z.N. Neuhaus. In the same year his book "The Second Birth" was published - Pasternak's attempt to merge with the spirit of that time. In 1938, in his second marriage, Pasternak's son Leonid was born.
In 1935, Pasternak took part in the work of the International Congress of Writers in Defense of Peace, which was taking place in Paris, where he had a nervous breakdown (his last trip abroad). In January 1936, Pasternak published two poems, addressed with words of admiration to I. V. Stalin, but by the middle of 1936, the attitude of the authorities towards him was changing - he was reproached not only for “detachment from life”, but also for “his worldview, not appropriate epoch ”, and unconditionally require thematic and ideological restructuring. This leads to the first long period of Pasternak's alienation from official literature. With the waning interest in Soviet power, Pasternak's poems acquire a more personal and tragic connotation. By the end of the 30s, he turned to prose and translation, which in the 40s became his main source of income. During this period Pasternak created the classic translations of many tragedies by Shakespeare, Goethe's Faust, and Maria Stuart by F. Schiller.
In 1935, Pasternak stood up for her husband and son Akhmatova, who were released from prison after letters to Stalin Pasternak and Akhmatova. In 1937 he shows great civic courage - he refuses to sign a letter approving the execution of Tukhachevsky and others, demonstratively visits the house of the repressed Pilnyak. 1942-1943 spent in evacuation in Chistopol. He helped many people financially, including the daughter of Marina Tsvetaeva.
In 1952, Pasternak had his first heart attack, described in the poem "In the Hospital", full of deep religious feelings:

"Doctor Zhivago"

The novel "Doctor Zhivago" was created over ten years, from 1945 to 1955. Being, according to the writer himself, the pinnacle of his work as a prose writer, the novel is a broad canvas of the life of the Russian intelligentsia against the background of the dramatic period from the beginning of the century to Civil War... The novel is imbued with high poetics, accompanied by poems of the main character - Yuri Andreevich Zhivago. A novel touching on intimate questions human life - the secrets of life and death, questions of history, Christianity, Jewry, was sharply negatively received by the Soviet literary environment, rejected for publication due to the author's ambiguous position towards the October coup and subsequent changes in the life of the country. For example, E. G. Kazakevich, by that time the editor-in-chief of the Literaturnaya Moskva magazine, having read the novel, said: “It turns out, judging by the novel, the October Revolution is a misunderstanding and it was better not to do it”, K. M. Simonov , editor-in-chief of "Novy Mir", also reacted with a refusal: "We must not give the tribune to Pasternak!" Publication of the novel in the West - first in Italy in 1957 by the pro-communist publishing house Feltrinelli, and then in Great Britain, through the mediation famous philosopher and diplomat Sir Isaiah Berlin - led to a real persecution of Pasternak in the Soviet press, his expulsion from the Union of Writers of the USSR, outright insults against him from the pages of Soviet newspapers, at meetings of workers. The Moscow organization of the Union of Writers of the USSR, following the Board of the Union of Writers, demanded the expulsion of Pasternak from the Soviet Union and the deprivation of his Soviet citizenship. Among the writers who demanded deportation were L. I. Oshanin, A. Bezymensky, B. A. Slutsky, S. A. Baruzdin, B. N. Polevoy and many others (see the transcript of the meeting of the All-Moscow Meeting of Writers in the section "Links" ). It should be noted that a negative attitude towards the novel was also expressed by some Russian writers in the West, including V.V. Nabokov.

Nobel Prize

From 1946 to 1950, Pasternak was nominated annually for the Nobel Prize in Literature. In 1958, he was nominated by last year's laureate Albert Camus, and Pasternak became the second writer from Russia (after I. A. Bunin) to receive this award.
The awarding of the prize was perceived by Soviet propaganda as an excuse to intensify the persecution. In the writing environment, this fact was also perceived negatively. Here is what Sergei Smirnov said about the award ceremony:
... that they managed not to notice Tolstoy, Gorky, Mayakovsky, Sholokhov, but they did notice Bunin. And only when he became an emigrant, and only because he became an emigrant and an enemy of the Soviet people.
Despite the fact that the prize was awarded to Pasternak "For significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for the continuation of the traditions of the great Russian epic novel," the efforts of the official Soviet authorities should have been remembered for a long time only as strongly associated with the novel "Doctor Zhivago", anti-Soviet the essence of which was constantly revealed at that time by agitators, literary critics, lecturers of the Knowledge Society. Personal pressure was also exerted on Pasternak, which ultimately forced him to refuse the prize. In a telegram sent to the Swedish Academy, Pasternak wrote: “Due to the significance that the award awarded to me received in the society to which I belong, I must refuse it. Do not consider my voluntary refusal to be an insult. "
Despite the expulsion from the Union of Writers of the USSR, Pasternak continues to remain a member of the Literary Fund, receive royalties, and publish. Because of the poem "Nobel Prize" published in the West, he was summoned to the USSR Prosecutor General R.A. Rudenko in February 1959, where he was charged under Article 64 "Treason to the Motherland", but this event had no consequences for him , possibly because the poem was published without his permission.
In the summer of 1959, Pasternak begins work on the remaining unfinished play "The Blind Beauty", but the soon discovered disease (lung cancer) in the last months of his life makes him bedridden.
Dmitry Bykov, a biographer of Pasternak, believes that the disease developed on a nervous basis during the persecution and blames the authorities for the death of Boris Leonidovich.
Pasternak died of stomach cancer on May 30, 1960 in Peredelkino. Hundreds of people (among them N. Korzhavin, B. Sh. Okudzhava, A. A. Voznesensky) came to his funeral on June 2, 1960, despite the poet's disgrace.

After death

Zinaida Nikolaevna Pasternak died in 1966 from the same disease as her husband. The Soviet government refused to grant her a pension, despite the petitions of many famous writers; she is buried in Peredelkino. Son Leonid Borisovich died in 1976 at the age of Doctor Zhivago.
Evgenia Vladimirovna Pasternak died in 1965.
In 1987, the decision to expel Pasternak from the Writers' Union was canceled, in 1988 Doctor Zhivago was first published in the USSR (Novy Mir), in 1989 the Nobel laureate's diploma and medal were awarded in Stockholm to the poet's son, E. B To Pasternak. Several collections of the poet's works were published under his own editorship; in recent years, numerous collections, memoirs and materials for the biography of the writer have been published in Russia.
Boris Pasternak has 4 grandchildren and ten great-grandchildren.
Doctor Zhivago was filmed in the USA in 1965 by director David Lin and in 2002 by director Giacomo Capriotti, in Russia in 2005 by A. Proshkin.

Museums

The first state museum of Boris Pasternak in Russia was opened in 1990 in Chistopol, where he lived in evacuation during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1943).
The State House-Museum of BL Pasternak also operates in Peredelkino, in the house where the writer spent the last years of his life. The poet's tombstone in Peredelkino has been repeatedly desecrated over the past two decades. In Moscow, on a house in Lavrushinsky lane, in which for a long time lived Pasternak, a memorial plaque to his memory was installed.

Bibliography

2005 - in October, the Slovo publishing house published the first in the history of the writer complete works in 11 volumes with a total circulation of 5,000 copies. The collection was compiled by the poet's son EB Pasternak and his wife EV Pasternak. The introductory article to the meeting was written by Lazar Fleishman.
The first two volumes of the collection contained poetry, the third - stories, articles, essays, the fourth - the novel "Doctor Zhivago", the fifth - journalism and drama, the sixth - poetry translations. The poet's extensive correspondence took four volumes (a total of 1675 letters). The last, eleventh, contains the memoirs of contemporaries about B.L. Pasternak.
The publication is accompanied by a multimedia disc containing recordings of Boris Pasternak reading his poems, his music, translations of dramatic works not included in the main collection.
The complete collection includes draft versions of Doctor Zhivago, including fragments and versions rejected by the author, the first edition of the translation of Hamlet, extracts from the poem Lieutenant Schmidt, unknown quatrains from the poem Spektorsky, translations from the Belgian poet Charles van Lerberg.
USSR postcard with original stamp, artist Y. Artsimenev, 1990
"When he roams around" - a cycle of poems by Pasternak - was published in full posthumously in "Chosen" (Moscow, 1961).
On Early Trains, a book of poems by Pasternak, first published in 1943.

Based on materials from Wikipedia

Name: Boris Pasternak

Age: 70 years

Place of Birth: Moscow

A place of death: Peredelkino

Activity: poet, writer, novelist, translator

Family status: was married

Boris Pasternak - biography

The surname Pasternak is well known in literary circles, he is not only a poet, prose writer, but also a translator. The development of his talent and the beginning of his creative biography were largely given by his father. To reveal the gift of writing, you need to start the story from Boris Leonidovich's childhood.

Childhood, the poet's family

Boris was undoubtedly fond of art by his parents. My mother played the piano perfectly, my father was a famous artist, he was friends with Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, he made illustrations for his works. Leonid learned from his father to capture moments, and from his mother to selflessly love his work. A creative atmosphere reigned in the family since childhood. Home concerts were held at high level with the invitation of real professionals, musicians.

Composer Alexander Scriabin took part in such creative events. Little Bor, according to his parents, was destined to become a musician, he studied at the conservatory. An unexpected passion for philosophy was the reason to stop studying music.

Boris Pasternak - study

Philosophy captured Boris so much that he decides to study at the philosophy department of Moscow University. For this, his mother sends him to Germany in a city that was engaged in teaching with a philosophical bias. Everything worked out for Boris perfectly, but, apparently, philosophy was also not for him, and a completely different biography was prepared for him.

Boris Pasternak - poetry, poetry

Having fallen in love for the first time, having experienced a strong passion, the future poet is fond of writing poetry. This turned out to be stronger than him, his favorite philosophy helped him define a new state - the art of poetry. Returning to Moscow, he becomes close to other aspiring poets. They create their own narrow group "Centrifuga", Pasternak meets Vladimir Mayakovsky, who helped Boris find his own view of the poetic world.

The war began, it was 1914, but the aspiring poet was not taken to the front because of a serious leg injury he received in childhood. Then he got a job at a military plant, moonlighting in the library. The family was divided due to the emigration of parents to Germany, Boris and his brother remained to live in Moscow. In 1922, the poet published a book, the most diverse in terms of the poems included in it: nature, love, revolution. Everything the poet writes about takes on a human living form.

Parsnip is a feature of poetry

Pasternak's work, one way or another, was studied by all his contemporary poets. fell under the influence of his poetic dreams. But during the revolutionary time there was no time to understand someone's dreams. His poetry does not manage to become necessary for the alarming era of Russia, syntactic constructions become stingy, formulations are simple. The poet's works are not published, and in order to survive, he is engaged in translations.

His pen touched the work of Goethe, Schiller, Byron. The war stirred up the patriotic feelings of Pasternak, he writes poems about the war. But the author is attracted by prose. This not only draws him into his networks, but also works great. Critics like it, they give a wonderful assessment of the first story of Boris Leonidovich. Then his largely autobiographical novel Doctor Zhivago was born. In 1958 Pasternak was awarded Nobel Prize.

Boris Pasternak - biography of personal life

To understand Pasternak's prose, you need to know everything about his life, about the muse, which gave him inspiration for creativity. 1922 - the marriage of Boris. He married an artist Evgeniya Lurie, there was tenderness and femininity in her, striving for goals and independence. This not only conquered the poet as a man, but also made it possible to create. A year later, a son, Eugene, was born.

The beggarly existence and the desire of his wife to make a career as an artist undermined the family man from the inside. The poet's correspondence with Marina Tsvetaeva added fuel to the fire. The wife arranges scenes of jealousy, and after having been married for 10 years, Pasternak breaks off his first relationship and marries another woman.

The marriage lasts a long time, another son of the poet is born, but, unfortunately, the wife died of a cancerous tumor. It was Zinaida Neigauz who managed to show what the present looks like family happiness... The woman already had two children, but this did not stop the poet in love. Everything was fine, but Pasternak lost interest in his once passionately beloved wife. After the Great Patriotic War, Boris Leonidovich met the one that inspired the poet, a lot is devoted to her poetry.

Olga Ivinskaya worked as editor of the magazine “ New world". He rushed between two women, life presented him with a choice. During this period of time, the poet was in disgrace with the authorities, for getting to know him, the poet's new passion was sent to a camp for five years. Boris helps Olga's family in every possible way.

A serious heart attack put the poet to bed. Ivinskaya did not leave his bed, wrote down everything he said. There were no facts of Pasternak's betrayal of his wives, but he could not be faithful to any one woman either, since he had an ardent nature, which is characteristic of all creative people.

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak was born January 19 (February 10) 1890 in Moscow. B. Pasternak is the son of the academician of painting L.O. Pasternak and the talented pianist R.I. Kaufman.

Growing up in a professional artistic family, Pasternak early discovered artistic predilections. As a child, he was good at drawing; under the influence of A.N. Scriabin studied musical composition. In 1909abandoned the profession of a musician and in the same year entered the history and philosophy faculty of Moscow University; spring 1912 goes to Germany, studies at the University of Marburg for the summer semester, studies with Professor Hermann Cohen, the head of the Marburg neo-Kantian school. However, Pasternak breaks just as abruptly with philosophy as a subject of professional studies, although philosophical issues remained in the center of Pasternak's attention - from his early work "Symbolism and Immortality" to the novel and letters recent years... In the almanac "Lyrics" ( 1913 ) the poems of Pasternak were first published. In the summer of 1913, after passing university exams in Moscow, he completes the first book of poems "The Twin in the Clouds" (1914 ). In the pre-revolutionary years, Pasternak was a member of the futuristic group "Centrifuge" (I. Aseev, S. Bobrov, etc.). His early experiments were marked by the influence of A. Blok. But Pasternak organically rejects the symbolist transcendence and supersensibility. Stronger ties connect him with futurism. V. Mayakovsky is a figure close to him both in the feeling of kinship and in a sharp, ongoing dispute. At the same time, futuristic slogans about a break with the past, with the "old" culture are alien to Pasternak. The poetry of the young Pasternak already reveals a connection with the traditions of Russian philosophical lyrics of the 19th century (M. Lermontov, F. Tyutchev) and German (R.M. Rilke).

In the summer of 1917 written "Sister my life" (publ. 1922 ), in which almost the most important feature poetry Pasternak - its inseparable fusion with the natural world, with life in general. The atmosphere of revolutionary changes entered Pasternak's poetry indirectly, expressing itself in an increase in poetic tone, in a whirling collision of images. Parsnip breaks with descriptiveness, external picturesqueness, landscape, refuses traditional forms of poetic narration, breaks the usual syntactic links... The poet seeks to find a special form, where "faces" are displaced and mixed, and subjectivity comes not only from the narrator, but, as it were, from the world itself. Already in the pre-revolutionary verses ("Over the Barriers", "My Sister Life", "Themes and Variations"), the first appearances in the epic were outlined (the poems "Bad Dream", "Decade of Presnya", "Decay").

In 1921 the Pasternak family left Russia. He actively corresponded with them, as well as with other Russian emigrants, among whom was Marina Tsvetaeva.

In 1922 B. Pasternak marries artist Yevgenia Lurie, with whom he visits his parents in Germany in 1922-1923... AND September 23, 1923 they have a son, Eugene (died in 2012).

Breaking up the first marriage, in 1932 Pasternak marries Zinaida Nikolaevna Neigauz. With her and her son in 1931 Pasternak went to Georgia. In 1938 they have a common son, Leonid (1938-1976). Zinaida died in 1966 from cancer.

In 1946 Pasternak met Olga Ivinskaya (1912-1995), to whom the poet dedicated many poems and considered his “muse”.

New steps of Pasternak the lyric poet to the epic are made in the poem "High Sickness" (first edition 1923 , the second is 1928 ), in the poems "Nine hundred and fifth year" ( 1925-1926 ) and "Lieutenant Schmidt" ( 1926-1927 ) Parsnip makes a bold attempt to speak a new, not yet mastered language.

In the following years Pasternak turned to a dilemma: the paths of poetry and the paths of history, their relationship and dispute - the story "Airways" ( 1924 ) and the novel in verse "Spektorsky" ( 1931 ), depicting the human fate of the era of war and revolution.

In 1930-1931 Pasternak creates a book of poems "The Second Birth" (ed. 1932 ). It opens with the lyrical cycle "Waves", filled with a sense of breadth, suddenly opening up the sea. As before, Pasternak's house and world, everyday life and being are merged. The poet wants to look at life "without veils." He is too sharp-sighted, intently penetrating to be content with a romantic haze, vague, interest in the exceptional outside the everyday.

In the 20s Pasternak was engaged in translations of Hans Sachs, Kleist, Ben Johnson. Since the beginning of the 30s... he often visited Georgia, translated many Georgian poets - N. Baratashvili, A. Tsereteli, G. Leonidze, T. Tabidze, S. Chikovani, P. Yashvili. At the first All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers ( 1934 ), the controversy around Pasternak's poetry is escalating. His position in the literature is gradually becoming more complicated, which is largely due to his departure into the field of translation. In the pre-war years and during the Great Patriotic War, Pasternak translated a lot of Western European poets. Fluent in English, German, french, he undertakes a large series of translations from Goethe, Shakespeare, Shelley, Keats, Verlaine, Petofi.

Before the war, Pasternak created a cycle of poems "On the Early Trains", which outlines a departure from the old poetics and striving for a classically clear style. A "new" dimension, a new facet is emerging more clearly than before: the people are like life itself, its basis (cycle "The Artist", 1936 ). In August 1943 Pasternak traveled to the front as part of a brigade to prepare a book about the battle for Oryol. The poet turns to reportage, essays, poetry, reminiscent of diary entries. In 1943 the collection "On Early Trains" is published, including poems from the pre-war and war years, in 1945 - collection "Earthly space". The poet consistently and persistently seeks to "clarify" the language, to simplify the figurative system.

Almost all his creative life, Pasternak also writes prose. In the almanac "Our days" ( 1922, № 1) the story "Childhood Luvers" was published. Already here the deep kinship of Pasternak's prose and poetry was revealed.

After the war, Pasternak decides to return to the novel in prose, conceived long ago. The poet attached great importance to it. In the center of the novel "Doctor Zhivago" is an intellectual akin to Spektorsky, who stands at the tragic crossroads between the personal world and social life associated with active action. The novel expresses deep disappointment with the idea of \u200b\u200brevolution, disbelief in the possibility of social restructuring of society. The hero of the novel rejects the cruelty of the White Guard camp and does not accept revolutionary violence and the sacrificial submission of the individual to the fate of the revolution. The pages of the novel about the life of nature and the love of heroes were written with great force.

Transfer of the novel abroad, its publication abroad in 1957 and awarding Pasternak the Nobel Prize in 1958 - all this provoked sharp criticism in the Soviet press, which ended with the expulsion of Pasternak from the Writers' Union and his refusal from the Nobel Prize.

In 1952 Pasternak survived a heart attack, but despite this, he continued to create and develop. Boris Leonidovich began a new cycle of his poems - "When will he roam" ( 1956-1959 ) This was the last book of the writer. An incurable disease - lung cancer, led to the death of Boris Pasternak May 30, 1960 in Peredelkino.

Boris Pasternak, (1890-1960) Russian poet and prose writer

Born in Moscow, in the family of a famous artist. After graduating from the gymnasium in 1909 he entered the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University. Seriously interested in philosophy. To improve his philosophical knowledge in 1912 he studied at the University of Marburg in Germany. In 1913 he returned to Moscow.

His first collections of poems - "The Twin in the Clouds" (1914), "Over the Barriers" (1917) - were marked by the influence of symbolism and futurism (he was a member of the "Centrifuge" group). In 1922 his book of poems "My Sister Life" was published, which immediately put forward author among the masters of modern poetry. In the 1920s he was affiliated with the literary association Lef. During these years he published the collection "Themes and Variations", the poems "The Nine hundred and fifth year" and "Lieutenant Schmidt", began work on the novel in verse "Spektorsky" (1924-1930). In the 1930s, he was mainly engaged in translations (of Georgian poets, V. Shakespeare, I, -V. Goethe, I.F.Schiller, R.M. Rilke, P. Verlaine).

In 1943 he made a trip to the front, which resulted in essays and a book of poetry "On Early Trains" (1943).

The novel Doctor Zhivago brought him worldwide fame. For this novel Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1958. Threatened with expulsion from the USSR, he refused the prize.

Girl X is right, nothing is said about his death, I would add, “Harassment from other writers caused the poet's nervous breakdown, which eventually led to lung cancer and death. Boris Leonidovich did not manage to finish the play "The Blind Beauty". Pasternak died at home, in bed, from which he had not risen for a long time, in 1960, May 30 "

The life and work of Pasternak briefly set out in this article.

Parsnip biography short

Russian writer, one of the greatest poets of the 20th century, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1958).

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak was born February 10, 1890in Moscow, in the family of the academician of painting L.O. Pasternak. Musicians, artists, writers often gathered in the house, he grew up in a creative atmosphere.

IN 1903 year, the young man fell from his horse and broke his leg. Because of this, Pasternak remained lame for life, although he concealed his injury as best he could.

Boris becomes a student of the Fifth Moscow Gymnasium in 1905 year. He continues to study music and tries to write works himself. In addition, the future poet is engaged in painting.

IN 1908 year Boris Leonidovich becomes a student at Moscow University. He studies at the philosophy department. The first timid experiments in poetry fell on 1909, but then Pasternak did not attach importance to them. After graduation, he joined the Musagets, then the futuristic Centrifuga association. After the revolution, he only kept in touch with LEF, but he himself did not join any circles.

The first collection is published in 1916 year and is called "Above the Barriers".

IN 1921 year Boris Leonidovich's family emigrates to Berlin. After that, the poet actively maintains contact with all creative figures who left the country. A year later, he marries Evgenia Lurie. They had a son, Eugene. Then the book of poems "My Sister - Life" was published. In the twenties, a number of collections were published, the first experiments in prose appeared.

The next decade is devoted to the work on the autobiographical essays "Security Certificate". It was in the thirties that Pasternak received recognition. In the middle of the decade, the book "The Second Birth" appears, in which Boris Leonidovich tries to write in the spirit of the Soviet era.

IN 1932 year divorces Lurie and marries Zinaida Neuhaus. Five years later, the couple has a son named after grandfather Leonid.

Initially, the attitude of the Soviet authorities and, in particular, Joseph Stalin to the poet was favorable. Pasternak managed to achieve the release from prison of Nikolai and Lev Gumilyov (husband and son of Akhmatova). He also sends a collection of poems to the leader and dedicates two works to him.

However, closer to the forties, the Soviet government changed its position.

In the forties he translated foreign classics - the works of Shakespeare, Goethe and others. This is what makes a living.

The pinnacle of Pasternak's work - the novel Doctor Zhivago - was created for ten years, from 1945 to 1955. However, the homeland forbade the publication of the novel, so Doctor Zhivago was published abroad - in Italy in 1957 year. This led to the condemnation of the writer in the USSR, expulsion from the Writers' Union and subsequent persecution.

1958 - Pasternak received the Nobel Prize for Doctor Zhivago. The persecution caused the poet's nervous breakdown, which eventually led to lung cancer and death. Boris Leonidovich did not manage to finish the play "The Blind Beauty".

Pasternak died at home, in bed, from which he had not risen for a long time, in 1960, May 30.

Contemporaries describe Pasternak as a modest man, childishly gullible and naive. He was distinguished by competent, correctly delivered speech, rich in interesting phrases and aphorisms.