Is there a connection between the cyst and OK (oral contraceptives)? Taking hormonal contraceptives, or About the "rest" of the ovaries Can the ovaries hurt from hormonal pills.

In modern society, there is a rather successful opinion that the education of taking or canceling OK, that is, oral contraceptives, can affect the formation of cysts in the pelvic organs. If the connection is actually between the cyst and oral contraceptives?

Most ovarian cystic masses are functional or retention cysts that form from the structures of the ovary, namely the corpus luteum and dominant follicle. Such cystic formations can develop in the opposite direction.

The corpus luteum cyst and follicular cyst are the most common.

A corpus luteum cyst can form at the site of a follicle that has burst, in other words, after ovulation. In some cases, the cyst contains blood. As a rule, a cyst is formed due to the presence of inflammatory diseases of the ovary, which occur in a chronic form.

Occurs quite often. It is formed with cystic changes in the follicle without ovulation occurring due to hormonal failure. The follicular cyst does not have severe symptoms, so it can be detected during an ultrasound examination.

An endometrioid cyst is rare. It is formed if endometrioid-like tissue extends beyond the uterine mucosa, in simple words, due to the growth of the endometrium.

Cysts and ok (oral contraceptives)

Let's look at the impact of oral contraceptives on the processes that are the basis for the formation of a cyst of the pelvic organs.

The impact of oral contraceptives reduces the thickness of the endometrial wall. The endometrium is the inner layer of the uterus. This fact is an obstacle to the formation of an endometrioid cyst.

When taken, the follicle does not mature, ovulation does not occur. This acts as a prevention of the formation of a follicular cyst and a corpus luteum cyst, that is, the most common types. All this is due to the fact that the ovaries are at rest.

Taking oral contraceptives helps to increase the viscosity of the mucous membrane of the cervical canal, and this acts as a preventive moment in the development of inflammatory diseases of the reproductive system, which is often the cause of the formation of cystic formations.

Treatment of cysts with oral contraceptives

Oral contraceptives are often prescribed by a doctor to stop growth and eliminate cysts, because many cystic formations begin their development due to the overactivity of the reproductive system. Taking oral contraceptives contribute to the inhibition of biological processes that can cause cysts.

Hormonal disruptions in the female body can provoke the development of a functional cyst, the abolition of oral contraceptives gradually leads to the restoration of hormonal balance, but in this case there is a risk of relapse.

It is believed that OC withdrawal and cyst formation go hand in hand. In fact, with the abolition of oral contraceptives, only a part of women who are predisposed to this phenomenon are exposed to the development of cystic formations. These women include those who suffer from pelvic inflammatory disease, elevated levels of estrogen in the body.

Cancellation of OK contributes to a sharp increase in the level of pituitary hormones, this is a favorable factor for accelerated growth of the follicle without ovulation, with the formation of a follicular cyst in women who are susceptible to this. Women who are not predisposed to the formation of cystic masses should expect to ovulate when OCs are discontinued.

Oral contraceptives (OC) in the form of tablets are now so common that about 70% of women of childbearing age take them. Moreover, in some cases, the need for contraceptive hormonal drugs is not due to their direct purpose (protection against unwanted pregnancy), but for the treatment of any diseases caused by hormonal imbalance. With the disappearance of the reasons that caused the need to take OK, many women are wondering what consequences to expect after the abolition of contraceptives. Therefore, we will further consider the natural processes in the body and the negative side effects that occur when drugs are discontinued, how to properly stop taking them, and why the ovaries hurt after stopping the drug.

In order to understand the consequences of stopping OCs, it is necessary to find out how these drugs work and what effect they have on the female reproductive system.

Oral contraceptives are synthetic hormones that suppress ovulation and change the ratio of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone. When the amount of these hormones changes, the structure of the uterine endometrium and cervical mucus changes, due to which the sperm either does not connect to the egg at all (that is, fertilization does not occur), or the fertilized sperm does not attach to the walls of the uterus.

Also, when taking OK, the functions of the ovaries are turned off, all the work for them is performed by artificial hormones. Therefore, if after the cancellation of OK, the ovaries hurt, this indicates that the organs are restoring their natural activity. You should wait a few cycles for the appendages to start producing their own hormones, after which the pain will stop.

In what cases and how to properly cancel the contraceptive

You can stop taking OK on a voluntary basis or if there are medical indications. In the first case, the reasons may be:

a woman is planning a pregnancy, so protection is no longer required;
another method of contraception is chosen (condom, cap, spiral, etc.);
unwillingness to take hormones for a long time, etc.

Sometimes it becomes necessary to urgently stop taking OK, for example, in cases of the following diseases:

diabetes;
renal and / or liver failure;
oncological diseases;
phlebeurysm;
hypertension II or III degree;
during surgical interventions (hormones can have a negative effect on anesthesia or the course of the operation).

If one of these diseases is diagnosed, you should stop taking the drug at the time prescribed by your doctor.

What to expect when discontinuing the drug

The restoration of reproductive function takes place in several directions: the own production of hormones is restored, the structure of the endometrium is restored, the viscosity of cervical mucus decreases, the chemical composition of the vaginal flora changes.
Violations of the menstrual cycle are possible due to the fact that throughout the entire time of taking OK, the body's own reproductive abilities were atrophied, they were replaced by drugs. Therefore, it takes some time to restore the normal functioning of the organs.
Bleeding in the middle of the cycle occurs with a sharp withdrawal of the drug. In order to prevent this unpleasant consequence, it is necessary to drink the OK package to the end, that is, before the start of the next menstruation.
Changes in libido are related to hormone levels. Moreover, changes can be both in the direction of increasing sexual desire, and its complete absence. This symptom is temporary and should not cause concern.
The appearance of acne is also associated with hormones. Contraceptives contain hormones that suppress the production of androgens. Namely, they are the cause of the appearance of skin rashes.
A change in the state of the nervous system, which manifests itself in mood swings, depression or irritability, sometimes fatigue or weakness.
Gain, or vice versa, weight loss. When taking birth control pills, weight may increase slightly. This is due to the fact that under the action of hormones in the body, glucose is broken down faster, therefore, appetite increases. Also, OK are able to retain water in the body. If, after discontinuation of the drug, the weight has decreased, this is a natural process. If it has increased, you need to check the ratio of sex hormones and the thyroid gland. Perhaps there is any endocrine disease.

One common consequence of stopping OCs is ovarian pain. They occur after the abolition of the following drugs.

Duphaston

This hormonal drug is a synthetic analogue of progesterone and can be prescribed for various diseases caused by a lack of this hormone (myoma, dysmenorrhea, etc.). After the abolition of Duphaston, many women notice aching pains in the ovaries, which usually last until the start of the next menstruation.

In some cases, single cysts appear that do not require specific therapy and resolve themselves in 1-2 cycles.

Bysanne

This contraceptive is also used for treatment. After discontinuation of the drug, many women note that the ovaries are aching. If with Bysanne it hurt in the ovaries or uterus, and this pain does not go away within a week, this can indicate both the natural recovery of the body and some kind of pathology, therefore, in this case, it is advisable to consult a doctor.

Metformin

The drug is not a contraceptive, it is used to treat diabetes mellitus of the first and second types. However, in some cases it is prescribed for the treatment of polycystic disease (under the strict supervision of a physician).

If the ovaries get sick while taking Metformin, this may indicate that the ovulatory cycle is being restored, since with polycystosis this process is disrupted until the complete absence of menstruation. Usually, discomfort in the ovarian region disappears during the first week of administration, and after discontinuation of the drug they are infrequent.

upland uterus

It is not a synthetic contraceptive and does not contain hormones, but its properties are such that it can correct the hormonal background of the body and is used in the treatment of many gynecological diseases, including infertility caused by the lack of ovulation.

If, when taking a boron uterus, the ovaries are pulled and there are aching pains in the lower abdomen, this is a normal reaction of the body to a folk remedy, even if the symptoms are present in the first half of the cycle. Since ovulation begins from the boron uterus, the ovaries begin to function more actively, hence the unpleasant symptoms. Over time, the pain will subside as the body adapts.

In the treatment of infertility, this plant shows excellent results, moreover, it is not a synthetic agent (that is, it is safe), therefore it is very popular in gynecological practice.

Pregnancy after withdrawal of OK

After stopping oral contraceptives, pregnancy cannot be planned immediately.. It is necessary to wait until the hormonal background is fully restored, the pain in the ovaries subsides, and they begin to function properly.

Usually, recovery takes 2-3 months, but sometimes this process can last up to six months. Pain in the ovaries, of course, subsides quite quickly (provided that these are natural pains not caused by any pathologies), but it takes a little longer to restore hormone production.

In order for the recovery process to proceed quickly and without unpleasant complications, you need to follow a few rules when canceling the drug:

You should consult with the attending gynecologist whether it is advisable to stop drinking OK at this very moment. The patient's health and potential risks should be assessed.
In any case, you should finish the pack to the end, otherwise there may be a sharp hormonal surge that provokes bleeding in the middle of the cycle and a subsequent delay in menstruation.
You can stop taking the drug in the middle of the cycle if unpleasant side effects appear: pain in the mammary glands, acne, nausea, etc.
If the drug was taken not for the purpose of contraception, but for the treatment of any hormonal disease, then after cancellation it is imperative to take tests to determine the amount of hormones and subsequently carry out regularly.

Given the unpleasant consequences of taking oral contraceptives, you should not be afraid of them. This is not only a reliable method of contraception, but also a means for the treatment of many gynecological diseases, as well as infertility. Pain in the ovaries after the abolition of OK pass quite quickly, in most cases they are not a pathology, so they just need to be endured.

An ovarian cyst is one of the most common diseases of the female reproductive system. The cause of the appearance of cysts is considered a hormonal imbalance. That is why the therapy of this pathological process is often based on the use of oral contraceptives.

The effect of OK on the ovarian cyst

A cyst is a vesicle filled with fluid. Growing, it can cause the development of polycystic ovaries, and, as a result, infertility. When walking, physical activity, during sexual intercourse, cysts provoke the appearance of pain in the lower abdomen.

There are cases when cystic formations resolved on their own at the onset of the next menstruation, but most often it is necessary to use OK for treatment with an ovarian cyst.

These drugs are prescribed individually, depending on the state of the hormonal background of women and the presence of concomitant diseases.

Note. Gynecologists give preference to COCs for ovarian cysts. Combined oral contraceptives contain certain doses of estrogen and gestagens, which contribute to the rapid restoration of normal hormonal balance.

Drugs for the treatment of ovarian cysts

Treatment of disorders of the female reproductive system is often accompanied by the appointment of hormonal drugs.

Important! Such medicines can be taken only after a complete examination, because they have enough contraindications, and improperly selected hormonal drugs will negatively affect health, can also contribute to the appearance of excess weight, menstrual irregularities.

Most often, the following drugs are used to treat diseases of the female reproductive system:

Jeanine - with an ovarian cyst, this combined oral contraceptive is prescribed to rest the organ. At the level of the hypothalamic-pituitary system, the production of follicle-stimulating hormone is blocked, that is, there are no ovulations. The permeability of the cervical secretion for spermatozoa decreases, and the implantation of the egg also does not occur. As a result, during the period of taking OK, the female reproductive system has the opportunity to completely relax and recover.
Yarina with an ovarian cyst has the same effect as Janine. The difference between these hormonal contraceptives is only in the quantitative ratio of hormones. It is to select the appropriate drug that you must first donate blood for hormones.
Jess with an ovarian cyst is one of the most effective drugs. Jess has a pronounced antiandrogenic effect. The main active ingredient is drospirenone. The main feature of the treatment with this drug is the absence of a break "between packages". That is, after the end of the tablets in the package, they immediately start taking the tablets from the next pack.

When taking OK, the ovarian cyst resolves due to the fact that menstruation becomes regular, the hormonal balance normalizes, and there is no maturation of new follicles.

Hormonal contraceptives are increasingly used not only to prevent unwanted pregnancy, but also as part of complex therapy in the treatment of most disorders of the female reproductive system.

For the treatment of ovarian cysts, Jeanine is used very often.

Note. Since the drug has an antiandrogenic effect, it is also effective for eliminating inflammation on the skin. Therefore, OK is often prescribed to patients with problem skin.

Yarina in the treatment of ovarian cysts contributes to a gradual decrease in the size of the cyst. Since ovulation is suppressed, existing cysts are gradually resolved, and new ones are not formed.

If a woman is predisposed to the formation of cysts on the ovaries, the doctor is likely to recommend taking oral contraceptives.

One of the most common consequences of discontinuing oral contraceptives is pain in the lower abdomen. The article explains why this happens and whether this state of the body is considered normal.

To understand why certain consequences appear after the abolition of OK, it is necessary to understand how these drugs affect the reproductive system.

Reference! OK - synthetic type hormones that suppress ovulation and change the ratio of LH and FSH. When the hormonal composition changes, the structure of the endometrium also becomes different. Cervical mucus is also affected - it becomes very dense, forming a kind of plug in the cervix that separates the sperm from the egg. Even if he manages to pass this obstacle, the zygote will not be fixed in the uterine wall.

If the patient takes OK, the key functions of the ovaries seem to be turned off, and all the work is assigned to synthetic hormones. When, after the abolition of contraceptives, discomfort in the ovaries is fixed, this means that they are engaged in the return of natural activity. Before drawing conclusions, it is recommended to observe your condition for several cycles.

Many complain that after stopping oral contraceptives, they experience pain in the chest and lower abdomen. It is these parts of the body in girls that react especially sharply to even minor disturbances in the functioning of the whole organism. Any such medication contains a huge amount of hormones that affect the mammary glands and the reproductive system in general.

Important! When additional substances cease to flow, the woman feels pain.

This situation is considered normal. Pain indicates that the body tuned in to provide stable protection, but then abruptly abandoned it. Now the production of hormones will occur naturally, and this often leads to stress for the body.

Doctors emphasize that taking OK on a regular basis is also unfavorable for health, because:

there is an addiction to the unnatural production of hormones;
there is a negative effect on the mammary glands and ovaries;
the composition of cervical mucus changes;
the fallopian tubes begin to malfunction;
pathology of the endometrium develops;
infertility occurs.

Important! Regular intake of such drugs can eventually completely extinguish one's own fertility. Therefore, the doctor should choose medicines based on the clinical picture.

To minimize negative consequences, it is recommended to drink tablets according to a predetermined schedule at a given time.

After stopping OCs, women begin to notice that their bodies function differently.

Initially, the course of the menstrual cycle changes.

If its duration goes beyond 21-35 days, then it is better to inform the gynecologist about this.

Some 2-3 cycles do not have periods. This is the time when the body adjusts to the natural production of hormonal substances. There are also other side effects:

causeless bleeding;
nausea and headaches;
acne, blackheads, comedones appear on the face;
change in emotional state;
decreased sexual desire;
increased sweating.

If these factors do not disappear on their own, but continue to cause discomfort for 5-6 months, then the girl needs an additional examination.

Women taking oral contraceptives should be prepared for the fact that replacing her hormones with synthetic ones will not go unnoticed. As a rule, in the first month after the start of taking, a daub is observed, similar in color and consistency to the discharge in the last days of menstruation. This is quite normal, as the body is rebuilt to new "conditions" of work.

However, some women, when taking birth control, are worried about pain in the ovaries and appendages. In this case, you should immediately go to the doctor for a consultation. Most likely, pain signals that the selected OK is not suitable for a woman.

But in no case should you stop drinking contraceptives on your own, there are special exit schemes that the doctor prescribes in each case.

One of the most common consequences of self-abrupt OC discontinuation is vaginal bleeding that won't stop on its own.

Soreness of the appendages can be felt if the drug is chosen incorrectly by the doctor, or the woman began taking it without consultation, that is, on her own.

When the discomfort is temporary, it is better to monitor your condition, but constant pain should be a mandatory reason to go to the hospital.

A comprehensive examination will help clarify the situation. It includes such activities:

chair examination during which the doctor performs palpation. Sometimes this is enough to understand the causes of pain;
passing an ultrasound. This method is considered informative. The transvaginal method is suitable for analyzing the work of the ovaries, since the introduction of an ultrasound probe into the vagina will allow the diagnostician to examine in detail the paired gland and the retrouterine space;
passing general tests blood and urine;
hormone tests.

Attention! Based on the results of the examination, the doctor must decide whether to cancel OK or prescribe another drug that is more suitable for the patient.

For some women, the withdrawal of OK may be undesirable. There are certain reasons for this:

age;
exacerbation of certain pathologies;
some type of drug.

Before giving up pills, you need to weigh the pros and cons. The main decision here is made by the doctor. The following factors should be taken into account:

with the development of anemia increase in blood secretion secreted during menstruation;
the viscosity of the mucus will decrease, and this is fraught with multiple inflammatory processes;
during menopause significantly increased risk of developing osteoporosis;
may be observed increased hair growth on the body and face;
after canceling OK woman not immune from ectopic pregnancy if she is inclined to it;
decreased sexual desire because the lady is afraid of an unplanned conception.

You can't stop taking pills on your own. It is recommended to finish the pack to the end.

Statistics say that 70 million women around the world tend to sacrifice their figure, perfect skin and a favorable emotional state in order to take OK.

It is believed that if a drug in this category caused severe side effects, it would not be prescribed so often.

According to pharmacists, there is not a single group of drugs, like contraceptives, that would be subjected to such detailed clinical studies.

Combination tablets are already on sale, in which the hormonal dose is reduced. This category of drugs has much fewer side effects and, as a result, better tolerability.

Not everyone is allowed to take OK. Contraindications include:

the presence of diseases associated with thrombosis;
migraine, which contributes to impaired speech and vision;
numbness of body parts;
general weakness of the body;
diabetes mellitus with vascular complications;
pancreatitis;
liver damage;
oncology of the mammary glands;
unexplained bleeding from the vagina;
pregnancy;
breastfeeding period;
hypersensitivity to a particular drug.

Important! If there is a genetic predisposition to the above diseases, then it is better to choose a different method of contraception.

Temporary discomfort present in the ovarian region after abrupt or gradual withdrawal of OK is considered quite normal. It is necessary to monitor your own condition in order to prevent a significant deterioration in health. During the examination, the doctor will determine the cause of pain in the ovaries and tell you if the problem needs treatment or if it will disappear on its own after a while.

a source

Pain in the ovaries- for an explanation of the causes and treatment of this symptom, women often turn to the gynecologists of our Leib Medic medical center, which is conveniently accessible for treatment from many districts of Moscow. Treatment of pain in the ovaries is one of the specialized areas of our medical center, where experienced responsible doctors of various specialties work, including gynecologists. The cause of pain in the ovaries can be the following diseases, pathologies and conditions that require professional treatment or observation:

ovarian apoplexy
polycystic ovaries
ovarian cyst
the presence of microbial lesions of the ovaries
cancerous tumors of the ovaries
natural causes of ovarian pain
ovarian pain during abortion
pain in the ovaries when taking birth control pills
pain in the ovaries during artificial insemination

The female reproductive system is represented by the uterus and ovaries. The ability to produce offspring and the health of the unborn child depends on the state of the ovaries. However, more than 70% of women, especially in cities, suffer from various problems of the reproductive system, including the ovaries. In many ways, the reason for this is the lifestyle that modern ladies and especially clothes adhere to. After all, even in severe frosts, women prefer to wear mini-skirts instead of warm clothes.

Usually, pain in the ovarian region is cramping and stabbing. However, according to these signs, it is impossible to accurately determine that it is the ovaries that hurt. After all, inflammation of appendicitis, diseases of the kidneys and the digestive system have the same expression. Therefore, you should not engage in diagnosing yourself, you can apply for an appointment with a gynecologist at our medical center in Moscow.

In some cases, pain may be intermittent. In this case, the pain manifests itself either in the lower abdomen, or in the kidney area or in the pubic area. At times, leg cramps can be observed. Pain in the left ovary is rare and mainly indicates a harmful external effect. If there is pain in the left ovary, most likely, the matter is in the medications taken.

Pain in this area indicates the presence of problems with the reproductive system or hormonal phenomena. Both the nature of the disease can lead to complications, so you can not delay the examination. Only an experienced doctor will be able to accurately determine the disease and say exactly why the ovaries hurt.

1. When the egg matures in the follicle, it must receive a sperm.

2. This does not happen, and as a result of the death of the egg, menstruation occurs.

3. The blood of the dead egg that fills the follicles is excreted from the body.

So at this time, these organs are especially tense, since they are filled with blood, then the risk of damage to blood vessels also increases. When the walls of the ovary do not withstand, the blood entering it from the artery is poured inside.

Basically, the right pair is more often affected by apoplexy, since it is larger and more blood circulates in it than in the left. Therefore, the right ovary hurts more often. Blood to the right organ comes directly from the aorta, and to the left organ through the blood vessels of the kidney. This is also the cause of increased pressure and tension in the right organ. So, if for some reason the right ovary hurts, then the reason is most likely in apoplexy.

Ovarian apoplexy is most common in adolescent girls and young women. In many ways, it is this group that is at risk, since the reproductive organs most actively perform their function in them. In very rare cases, apoplexy can be the result of mechanical damage. Other causes of apoplexy

In addition to natural processes, the following can push to hemorrhage:

excessively active sex
improperly performed gynecological procedure
excessive stress on the muscles

These are all mechanical factors. However, there are also disease-causing factors:

pathology of the uterus;
tumors;
varicose veins;
improper healing after surgery or injury;
inflammation of the ovaries

So pain is not only a symptom of disorders in these organs themselves.

The main sign of the presence of apoplexy in a woman's body is a sharp pain in the ovary or lower abdomen, which aches. And usually the right ovary hurts. However, the disease may be accompanied by other symptoms:

vomit;
drying of the mouth;
tachycardia;
stickiness of sweat secretions;
hypotension;
pale skin color;
temperature increase.

Usually, additional symptoms indicate that the accumulation of blood reaches its critical point and an attack of pain may soon occur. When the right ovary or left ovary is pulled, it is urgent to see a doctor, otherwise complications are possible.

The exact causes for the occurrence of polycystic ovaries have not yet been identified. All patients had the following pathologies, which presumably lead to the development of this disease:

imbalance of the endocrine system;
oversaturation with insulin;
chronic inflammation;
obesity;
heredity.

Any of these pathologies can lead to the formation of ovarian cysts.

Doctors distinguish the following symptoms of cystic disease:

abnormal menstruation;
hypertrachia (excessive hairiness);
skin problems;
drawing sensation in the region of the ovary;
excessive weight.

All these signs are associated with pain that occurs in the lower abdomen.

Of course, the presence and large accumulation of harmful microorganisms in the organs of the reproductive system leads to inflammatory processes and causes pain in the ovary. When the number of such microbes reaches a critical level, thrush and candidiasis develop.

At the same time, thrush indicates a decrease in immunity in a woman's body, when, as a fungal disease, candidiasis develops as a result of:

an excess of sugar in a woman's body;
hormonal jumps;
any infectious disease;
an overabundance of antibiotics;
non-compliance with the hygiene of the intimate area.

in the presence of unpleasant odors;
in the presence of itching;
pain when urinating;
inflammation of the genital organs;
pulls the ovary;
pain during intercourse.

Such a disease is cured with the help of anti-inflammatory and antibacterial agents.

An ovarian cyst is a common disease that occurs in women and specialists at the Leib Medic Moscow Medical Center assist patients in the treatment of ovarian cysts using specialized methods. pouch. This happens due to the accumulation of yellow corpuscles in it, which are actively released during the post-ovulation period. However, yellow bodies are not always to blame for this. So:

a cyst may be a buildup of dead ovarian tissue, leading to the development of cancer;
a thick-walled cyst usually results from the deposition of the epidermis;
a capillary cyst is usually a manifestation of natural organic processes;
a multi-chamber cyst is a consequence of the accumulation of various tissues, including fluids, which also leads to cancer.

The exact causes of cyst formation in women have not yet been established. Many experts argue that hormonal pathologies can be the main causes. In addition, there were cases when the formation of a cyst was accompanied by inflammatory processes of a chronic nature. Usually, it is not possible to identify the presence of a cyst by observing external manifestations, because the formation of a cyst has no symptoms. Most cases are detected during a routine examination by a gynecologist. With excessive physical stress, intense sexual intercourse, pain in the right ovary can be felt.

Ovarian cancers are found in older women up to 70 years of age. More than 30% of cases are fatal. Basically, such malignant tumors in the reproductive system are divided into the following groups:

initial, when a cancerous tumor arose in the ovary itself for no apparent reason;
secondary, when cancer is the cause of death of benign cells;
Metastatic cancer appears as a result of cancer cells entering the ovaries from another organ through the blood.

The causes of cancer cells in the body are still unknown. Doctors associate most cases with the age factor and heredity. In addition, hormonal processes are of no small importance.

Signs of the presence of a malignant tumor are quite obvious. So with cancer there are:

a feeling of discomfort, reminiscent of an upset digestive tract;
persistent feeling of fatigue;
constant sensation of the presence of a foreign object in the abdomen.

Tumor growth gives rise to pain in the left ovary or in the right and difficulty urinating. In addition to reducing the amount of menstrual flow, apathy attacks a woman, depression does not leave.

It is not necessary that a certain pathology be present in the body in the presence of pain in the lower abdomen. In the period a week before menstruation, the feeling of discomfort in most women is considered the norm. At the same time, the ovary hurts before menstruation. This is a manifestation of natural physiological processes. In addition, the ovary hurts during menstruation for the same reasons.

Another category of natural causes of pain in the lower abdomen is associated with the natural expansion of the uterus and the accumulation of corpus luteum due to a woman's pregnancy. Usually, abdominal pain is felt in the first trimester. But they do not have a frequent or regular character, but are manifested in isolated cases. However, during pregnancy, the fact that the ovary hurts on the right or left may be the result of some other reasons that will lead to complications and harm the body of the woman and the fetus. These include:

inflammatory processes;
infectious diseases;

The most dangerous form of inflammatory processes is inflammation of the ovaries themselves. This disrupts the formation of corpus luteum, which leads to underdevelopment of the fetus at the initial stage of pregnancy. In this case, the left or right ovary is colitis, since the inflammation primarily affects it.

An improperly performed abortion procedure can cause pain in the ovaries due to infection, damage to the ovaries during removal of the fetus. When both ovaries can hurt at the same time. This is one of the few reasons why the left ovary hurts, since in most cases the pain radiates to the right. Typically, these symptoms appear only in the first week after the procedure. In addition, the abortion procedure can lead to disruption of menstrual processes, the work of the endocrine organs. But most of all, the organs of the woman's reproductive system suffer from this procedure, mechanically or otherwise. Therefore, after an abortion, the risk of infertility is very high.

More than half of the world's women prefer to avoid unwanted pregnancies by using oral contraceptives. However, most of them do not even have an idea of what exactly the effect of such pills on the body entails. So, most of these drugs accelerate or inhibit hormonal processes. This is mainly a consequence of the need to increase the production of estrogen, which activates the menstrual processes and prevents pregnancy. If, together with the right one, the ovary hurts on the left, then the reasons are precisely in this effect on the uterus. Usually, ovarian colitis occurs in 90% of these patients in the first three months after starting the drugs. It is normal if, along with the right, the left ovary colitis. However, if the pain does not leave even longer than this, then perhaps due to a violation of the hormonal background, a cyst or something else has formed in the ovary.

Egg transfer during artificial insemination is a very painful procedure in itself. So it is carried out exclusively under anesthesia. But at the same time, in order to get the egg from the ovary of a healthy woman, it is pierced with a needle, so that the tingling in the ovaries remains for some period after the removal.

If the ovary hurts on the left or on the right separately in older women, then this may be evidence of approaching menopause. This period begins in women from 45 years old and begins differently for everyone. In most cases, the duration of menopause does not exceed 15 years. In addition to pain in the ovaries, these women experience:

pain in the joints;
headache;
nervousness and irritability;
reduction in metabolism.

So, what to do if the ovaries hurt. When pain occurs in the pelvic region, rest is necessary. It is necessary to limit yourself from stress, both physical and emotional. It is also worth reviewing your diet, you may need to go on a diet. In nutrition, you should limit yourself to salty and overly fatty foods. It is recommended to consume more dairy products, fresh fruits and vegetables.

Folk remedies for such a symptom are absolutely not desirable. But on consultation with a doctor, you can take mud baths and baths with salt. Medicinal decoctions should also be taken after consulting with the attending gynecologist. Other ways of what to do if the ovaries hurt, an experienced doctor will also tell you.

If you experience severe pain, you need to call an ambulance. You should not try to figure out the reasons on your own, even if this has been observed and successfully eliminated before.

In size, they are no larger than a peach pit. When there are no pathologies in the body, the left one is always somewhat smaller than the right one. This organ is a composite organ and is represented by a crust and connective tissue. Violation of the work of these components causes general malaise and problems with the functioning of other organs of the female body.

This paired organ plays a major role in the process of reproduction of offspring. After all, it is they who produce eggs, which, as a result of fertilization by male spermatozoa, give rise to the birth of a new embryo. They are located on both sides of the uterus, in the pelvic region. Immediately after fertilization, the process of ovulation stops and the ovaries begin to produce a temporary protective layer of the future fetus - yellow bodies. However, this layer disappears after the formation of the uterine placenta. Usually, the replacement occurs after the first 20 weeks of pregnancy.

The ovaries produce most of the hormones needed by the female body. For example, estrogen, progestin, etc. Violation of functions in this regard can be expressed in hormonal disruptions, excessive hairiness of a woman and, as a result, can lead to complete dysfunction of the reproductive organ.

From the Nakhimovsky Prospekt metro station, exit to Azovskaya Street, then after 250-300 meters turn left onto Sivashskaya Street, then after 40-50 meters turn right into the courtyard.

From the children's clinic and the maternity hospital in Zyuzino, you need to go to Azovskaya Street, then turn onto Bolotnikovskaya Street and, before reaching the narcological clinical hospital N17, turn left into the courtyard.

From Nagornaya metro station, our medical center can be reached in 15 minutes, 1 stop by metro.

It is convenient to get from Varshavskaya metro station by trolleybus 52 and 8 from the stop "Bolotnikovskaya street, 1" to the stop Moskvoretsky market, then 550 meters on foot

From the Kakhovskaya metro station, you need to get off at Chongarsky Boulevard, follow Azovskaya Street, turn right onto Bolotnikovskaya Street, then after 40-50 meters (behind house number 20, turn left into the courtyard)

From the Chertanovo district, our medical center can be reached from the Chertanovskaya metro station in 20 minutes or on foot in 35-40 minutes.

Exit from Profsoyuznaya metro station to Profsoyuznaya street. Further from Nakhimovsky Prospekt from the stop "Metro Profsoyuznaya" go 7 stops to the stop "Metro Nakhimovsky Prospekt". Further along Azovskaya street 7 minutes on foot.

From the metro station Kaluzhskaya can be reached by trolleybus 72 in 30 minutes. Exit the metro to Profsoyuznaya Street, from the stop "Metro Kaluzhskaya" go to the stop "Chongarsky Bulvar", then 7 minutes walk along Simferopolsky Boulevard

From Sevastopolsky Prospekt, turn to Bolotnikovskaya Street, 100 meters short of the narcological clinical hospital N17, turn left into the courtyard.

Exit from the metro Novye Cheryomushki on the street. Gribaldi, then at the stop on Profsoyuznaya street "Metro Novye Cheryomushki" by trolleybus N60 proceed to the Chongarsky Boulevard stop, then 7 minutes on foot along Simferopol Boulevard

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Many women experience cramping while taking hormonal birth control pills, especially if they are starting a new birth control method for the first time. However, hormone pills often help prevent cramps and other menstrual symptoms.

In most cases, cramps associated with birth control pills are temporary. Women with acute or prolonged spasms may need to consult a doctor. The specialist is able to check for medical conditions associated with spasms and suggest other methods of contraception.

When taking hormonal contraceptives, spasms are observed infrequently.

They should not be expected at all, since most birth control pills contain the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone, which often help relieve cramps.

In fact, women who often experience cramps around their period use hormonal pills to ease the cramps. Usually pills help to reduce the level of hormones, which are called prostaglandins. Prostaglandins can negatively affect the severity of spasms.

A recent study by American scientists showed that women who constantly or cyclically use birth control pills are less likely to experience pain associated with menstruation.

But when women first start using a new method of birth control, it can take a while for the body to get used to the hormonal changes. During the period when the body will get used to the pills, women may experience symptoms similar to those that occur during menstruation.

Also, if a woman forgets to take her next batch of birth control pills or takes them at the wrong time, hormone levels can quickly change and cause symptoms such as cramping or bleeding from the vagina.

Some women may experience cramping when taking birth control pills due to a change in their method of contraception.

Switching from non-hormonal methods of birth control, such as copper intrauterine devices, to hormonal birth control can cause symptoms during the period of time when the body is getting used to the hormones.

Even switching from one hormonal method to another can temporarily cause a hormonal imbalance. For example, some birth control pills contain estrogen and synthetic progesterone, while others, such as mini-pills, contain only synthetic progesterone.

Some contraceptives cause spasms more often than others. While hormonal methods often relieve cramps, doctors generally do not prescribe copper intrauterine devices for women with heavy or painful periods, as symptoms may worsen in such cases.

Working closely with a doctor will help a woman find the most effective birth control method that won't cause additional spasms.

Side effects of birth control pills may appear during the first few months of their use.

In addition to spasms, these side effects may include the following:

violation of menstrual cycles;
headaches or migraines;
nausea and stomach pain;
change in sexual desire;
weight change;
breast tenderness or chest pain;
increase in breast volume;
lack of menstruation;
mood swings or irritability.

More serious side effects are possible, but they occur very rarely. These problems can include blood clots if birth control pills contain estrogen.

Women with a family or personal history of blood clots should approach birth control pills with increased caution.

Women who have obvious migraine symptoms or auras may also be at increased risk of blood clots when taking estrogen-containing medications.

Other side effects include sharp pains in the body, as well as speech and vision problems. If a woman observes such symptoms, she should immediately seek help from a doctor.

During menstruation, the uterus contracts to allow its inner lining (endometrium) to be ejected from the body by expelling tissue and blood. Uterine contractions lead to spasms and pain.

Women experience spasms differently. In many, they are manifested by throbbing pains and tightness in the lower abdomen and pelvis. Spasms may also radiate to the upper legs and back.

As a rule, cramps begin a few days before the onset of menstrual bleeding and continue in the first couple of days of menstruation, when there is the heaviest blood flow.

Severe spasms may indicate the presence of more serious medical conditions. These include the following:

If a woman is worried about severe spasms or spasms that are observed within a month, then in such a situation it is necessary to meet with a doctor for diagnosis.

In many cases, doctors prescribe hormonal birth control pills to relieve menstrual pain. If the patient is experiencing symptoms from specific hormonal agents, the specialist may recommend a different type of pill.

Some home treatments can also help women with severe menstrual cramps. These methods include the following:

taking over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen or paracetamol;
placing a heating pad or electric blanket on the lower abdomen or lower back;
exercises;
relaxation;
taking warm baths.

If a new birth control method makes the cramps worse, or if the cramps don't ease up within a few months of starting the new pill, the woman may want to change her method of birth control or talk to her doctor about diagnosing hidden medical conditions.

In most cases, when taking hormonal birth control pills, spasms weaken. Cramping is normal if a woman has switched to new hormones or is taking them at the wrong time.

If a woman observes acute symptoms or symptoms that continue after the end of menstruation, then this problem should be discussed with her doctor. The specialist may recommend a different type of birth control pill and perform diagnostic procedures to detect hidden medical conditions.

For acute and sudden symptoms, women should seek immediate medical attention. These symptoms may include severe cramping or pain along with dizziness, nausea, or fever. Such problems may indicate the presence of serious complications, such as a ruptured cyst or an ectopic pregnancy.

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In order to understand the consequences of stopping OCs, it is necessary to find out how these drugs work and what effect they have on the female reproductive system.

You can stop taking OK on a voluntary basis or if there are medical indications. In the first case, the reasons may be:

a woman is planning a pregnancy, so protection is no longer required;
another method of contraception is chosen (condom, cap, spiral, etc.);
unwillingness to take hormones for a long time, etc.

Sometimes it becomes necessary to urgently stop taking OK, for example, in cases of the following diseases:

diabetes;
renal and / or liver failure;
oncological diseases;
phlebeurysm;
hypertension II or III degree;
during surgical interventions (hormones can have a negative effect on anesthesia or the course of the operation).

The restoration of reproductive function takes place in several directions: the own production of hormones is restored, the structure of the endometrium is restored, the viscosity of cervical mucus decreases, the chemical composition of the vaginal flora changes.
Violations of the menstrual cycle are possible due to the fact that throughout the entire time of taking OK, the body's own reproductive abilities were atrophied, they were replaced by drugs. Therefore, it takes some time to restore the normal functioning of the organs.
Bleeding in the middle of the cycle occurs with a sharp withdrawal of the drug. In order to prevent this unpleasant consequence, it is necessary to drink the OK package to the end, that is, before the start of the next menstruation.
Changes in libido are related to hormone levels. Moreover, changes can be both in the direction of increasing sexual desire, and its complete absence. This symptom is temporary and should not cause concern.
The appearance of acne is also associated with hormones. Contraceptives contain hormones that suppress the production of androgens. Namely, they are the cause of the appearance of skin rashes.
A change in the state of the nervous system, which manifests itself in mood swings, depression or irritability, sometimes fatigue or weakness.
Gain, or vice versa, weight loss. When taking birth control pills, weight may increase slightly. This is due to the fact that under the action of hormones in the body, glucose is broken down faster, therefore, appetite increases. Also, OK are able to retain water in the body. If, after discontinuation of the drug, the weight has decreased, this is a natural process. If it has increased, you need to check the ratio of sex hormones and the thyroid gland. Perhaps there is any endocrine disease.

One common consequence of stopping OCs is ovarian pain. They occur after the abolition of the following drugs.

This hormonal drug is a synthetic analogue of progesterone and can be prescribed for various diseases caused by a lack of this hormone (cysts, fibroids, dysmenorrhea, polycystosis, etc.). After the abolition of Duphaston, many women notice aching pains in the ovaries, which usually last until the start of the next menstruation.

In some cases, single follicular cysts appear that do not require specific therapy and resolve themselves in 1-2 cycles.

This contraceptive is also used to treat endometriosis. After discontinuation of the drug, many women note that the ovaries are aching. If with Bysanne it hurt in the ovaries or uterus, and this pain does not go away within a week, this can indicate both the natural recovery of the body and some kind of pathology, therefore, in this case, it is advisable to consult a doctor.

This plant is not a synthetic contraceptive and does not contain hormones, but its properties are such that it can correct the hormonal background of the body and is used in the treatment of many gynecological diseases, including infertility caused by the lack of ovulation.

If, when taking a boron uterus, the ovaries are pulled and there are aching pains in the lower abdomen, this is a normal reaction of the body to a folk remedy, even if the symptoms are present in the first half of the cycle. Since the stimulation of ovulation begins from the boron uterus, the ovaries begin to function more actively, hence the unpleasant symptoms. Over time, the pain will subside as the body adapts.

In order for the recovery process to proceed quickly and without unpleasant complications, you need to follow a few rules when canceling the drug:

You should consult with the attending gynecologist whether it is advisable to stop drinking OK at this very moment. The patient's health and potential risks should be assessed.
In any case, you should finish the pack to the end, otherwise there may be a sharp hormonal surge that provokes bleeding in the middle of the cycle and a subsequent delay in menstruation.
You can stop taking the drug in the middle of the cycle if unpleasant side effects appear: pain in the mammary glands, acne, nausea, etc.
If the drug was taken not for the purpose of contraception, but for the treatment of any hormonal disease, then after cancellation, it is imperative to take tests to determine the amount of hormones and subsequently diagnose regularly.

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There is probably no woman who, at a certain stage in her life, would not have to take birth control pills. The most popular are combined contraceptives. These drugs consist of two parts estrogen and progesterone.

The only condition under which the drug will work effectively is the continuous intake of tablets. For many women, it is much easier to drink birth control than to endure the discomfort associated with inserting and using an intrauterine device. You can use pills until the woman decides to become a mother and refuses the contraceptive. How do the ovaries work after stopping birth control?

At first glance, everything is simple. But in fact, from this point on, some difficulties may arise, especially if contraceptives have been taken for several years. In order to painlessly refuse to receive hormones from outside, certain rules must be observed. If you follow all medical recommendations, then the ovaries will work normally.

It is impossible to stop taking pills at the same time. A sharp change in hormonal levels can lead to sad consequences. Gynecologists generally say that taking such drugs can be stopped in two cases, if there are serious health problems and hormonal drugs can worsen the woman's condition, or if pregnancy is planned in the near future. Indications for immediate withdrawal of tablets may be different.

First of all, taking pills is prohibited during pregnancy, with the appearance of a severe migraine, with a sudden decrease in visual acuity or complete loss of vision. You can not take contraceptives with suddenly detected liver failure, if thromboembolism is detected.

You will also have to choose another method of protection for hypertension that cannot be corrected. The reason for the cancellation may be the detection of diabetes in severe form. A serious obstacle to the use of hormonal contraceptives is the appearance of a cancerous tumor in the body or the active growth of fibroids in the uterus.

In case of detection of blood clots, the drug is canceled immediately, regardless of the presence of side effects from the abrupt cessation of the intake of hormones into the body with tablets. Such actions are completely justified, since there is a serious threat to life.

Currently, it is believed that side effects with abrupt withdrawal of contraceptives appear only if the drug was chosen incorrectly. In other cases, a sharp cessation of taking the pills should make the ovaries work more actively.

In order to understand the essence of the problem, it is necessary to understand what happens to the body after the abolition of hormonal drugs. The contraceptive effect of these drugs is based on a decrease in the activity of the pituitary gland and a violation of the processes of ovulation.

Additionally, the viscosity of the mucus in the cervix increases and the process of endometrial formation in the uterus is disrupted, due to which the fertilized egg loses its ability to implant. When the drug is canceled, reverse processes are triggered. The work of the reproductive system can be fully restored only a few months after the drug is discontinued, but only on condition that the woman is absolutely healthy.

The most important thing during the period of weaning from hormonal drugs is the complete restoration of the normal functioning of the ovaries, which for a long time were under the influence of hormones that appeared together with the pills in the body. When taking drugs containing hormones, the synthesis of hormones by the body itself is significantly reduced.

The body stops spending energy on the production of active biological substances that are already in sufficient quantities in the blood. As a result, the ovaries are practically inactive all the time the pills are taken. After a sharp intake of contraceptives, they should start working in emergency mode after a long downtime.

They cannot do it quickly. First of all, a signal about a change in the hormonal background must go to the brain. Then the pituitary gland begins to work more intensively, and only then the turn comes to the ovaries. The longer contraceptives were taken, the more effort the body will have to make in order for the reproductive system to work at the same level.

In the beginning, it is worth considering the situation when taking contraceptives lasted from three to six months. This period is considered the minimum. Changes in the body during this period were insignificant. Therefore, there are no serious obstacles to the restoration of ovulation.

Such a hormonal shake-up of the body is very often used by gynecologists to treat hormonal infertility. The whole calculation is based on the fact that after a small forced exposure, the ovaries will begin to function in an enhanced mode and the chances of pregnancy will increase significantly.

After a sharp withdrawal of the drug for some time, not one, but several follicles may mature at once. The chance of giving birth to twins during this period is very high. This effect can last up to three months. Then the ovaries begin to work at their usual pace, and maturation is limited to one follicle.

The hypothalamus, which in an accelerated manner tries to restore the normal hormonal background, makes the ovaries work after the abolition of hormones. After the level of hormones approaches the required limit, work on "wear and tear" will stop. Such a shake-up is useful for the body, but only if there are problems with conception caused by changes in the hormonal background. If the woman is healthy, there is no need for stress therapy.

By and large, the launch of the mechanisms responsible for the reproductive function, in the mode of increased load, negatively affects health. Therefore, the decision on such stimulation of conception is made only by a doctor.

It is extremely undesirable to carry out such a boost of the hormonal and reproductive systems on your own, since against the background of such changes, an exacerbation of many chronic diseases can occur or those organs and systems that are the “weak link” in the body will suffer. The occurrence of such problems is explained very simply, hormones are able to influence, where directly, where indirectly, the work of many organs and systems.

A slightly different picture is observed with prolonged use of contraceptives. If taking the pills lasted for several years, and there were no breaks in the course, it will be much more difficult to restore the reproductive function of the body than in the case of short-term use. Fix the work of the pituitary gland. and therefore, the ovaries will not work quickly.

According to doctors, every year of taking birth control will result in three months of recovery for a woman. The main problem lies in the fact that over such a long period of time the body has forgotten how to synthesize the hormones necessary for conceiving a child.

In order for the whole mechanism to work correctly, a lot of time is needed, and this, again, provided that the woman is absolutely healthy. But, unfortunately, the percentage of women who do not have health problems is very small. Therefore, the process of restoring the functioning of the reproductive system after taking drugs is most often associated with certain problems. Without the help of a doctor in this situation can not do.

First of all, immunity will affect the rate of restoration of reproductive function. With weak immunity, after the abolition of hormones, all foci of inflammation in the body can become aggravated. Such a blow to the body cannot but affect the work of the ovaries, since the human body is, in a simplified form, an interconnected system consisting of various organs.

With minimal changes, the normal functioning of all organs is disrupted. Hormonal fluctuations can especially easily upset the existing balance. Hormones play an important role in the body; they are regulators of many biological processes.

The second factor affecting the rate of recovery of the reproductive system is the biological age of the woman. The younger the woman, the faster ovulation will return. Age is an aggravating factor. A woman aged after prolonged use of hormonal contraceptives may completely lose the ability to fertilize. This happens due to age-related changes in tissues that disrupt the normal functioning of organs.

In women under twenty-three years of age, the chances of restoring ovulation in the first month after the abolition of hormonal contraceptives are very high. After thirty, the chance for a normal conception of a child will appear only after a year. For older women, the recovery process can take several years.

According to statistics, in women who have given birth, the work of the ovaries is getting better much faster than in those who have not given birth. If you ask the same statistics, then the process of ovulation occurs for the first time in two years in 95% of those who have given birth and only in 85% of those who have not given birth. These nuances must be taken into account when planning pregnancy.

A woman should be prepared for the fact that after prolonged use of contraceptives, pregnancy will not immediately occur. Even in the case of a rapid restoration of ovulation, doctors do not recommend immediately trying to conceive a child. In their opinion, the body needs to be given time to prepare for this event. All departments of the endocrine and reproductive systems must completely get rid of the influence of hormones artificially introduced into the body.

Many women are interested in the question of how menstruation will pass after the abolition of hormonal contraceptives. The process of ovulation will occur approximately on the twelfth - fourteenth day from the beginning of the cycle, provided that the total duration of the cycle takes up to thirty days.

In this case, the egg fully matures approximately between the sixteenth and eighteenth day of the cycle. Some women experience either early or late ovulation. Such cycles are also considered normal. Their only drawback is that it is difficult to determine the timing of pregnancy. If a woman ovulated early before taking the pills, the same will be observed after the drug is discontinued. Changes are possible only when changing the duration of the cycle.

In order to determine the optimal time for conception, it is best to do an ultrasound. In order to determine the date as accurately as possible, one ultrasound result will not be enough. The examination will have to be repeated on the days indicated by the gynecologist.

This method will be the most reliable and fastest. Measuring basal temperature is a lengthy process and the accuracy of the results depends on many factors. If you are guided by the subjective feelings of a woman, then the conception of a child will become possible at the time of the appearance of a pulling pain in the lower abdomen, soreness of the mammary glands. The moment of ovulation can be determined by using special tests using saliva or urine.

The process of restoring the work of the ovaries in each woman after the abolition of hormonal contraceptives occurs in its own way. The body must restore its ability to synthesize the necessary hormones, and these hormones must be supplied to the body in the required amount.

In the first months after stopping the pills, there are disruptions in the menstrual cycle, which can either be shortened or lengthened. In a small number of women, menstruation may be completely absent for some time.

The day of maturation and release of the egg can constantly change. In the complete absence of menstruation, you should consult a doctor. Most likely, there is a case of serious hormonal disorders, which most likely will not recover on its own without the help of doctors.

If there are problems with the cycle for several months, women begin to get very worried, they begin to fear that the desired pregnancy will not occur due to changes that have occurred in the body against the background of the use of hormonal drugs.

This is quite possible, but only as an exception to the rule. All you need in this situation is to be patient. Sometimes waiting for a favorable moment can drag on for up to a year and a half. Ovulation in two years will also be considered the norm, you should not look for other ways to conceive a child, since there is still an opportunity to do this naturally.

It will be much easier to return the reproductive system to its original state if short breaks are made when taking contraceptives, and protection against unwanted pregnancy occurs using other methods.

If there is no ovulation for a long time, it is necessary to start a more in-depth examination and contact specialists involved in the treatment of infertility. And in this case, not everything is as sad as it seems. There are methods that can stimulate the onset of ovulation. As a last resort, you can use the IVF procedure.

From previous publications, we know about the abortive effect of hormonal contraceptives (GC, OK). Recently, in the media, you can find reviews of affected women from the side effects of OK, we will give a couple of them at the end of the article. To highlight this issue, we turned to the doctor, who prepared this information for the ABC of Health, and also translated for us fragments of articles with foreign studies on the side effects of HA.

Side effects of hormonal contraceptives.

The actions of hormonal contraceptives, like those of other drugs, are determined by the properties of their constituent substances. Most contraceptive pills prescribed for planned contraception contain 2 types of hormones: one gestagen and one estrogen.

Gestagens

Gestagens = progestogens = progestins- hormones that are produced by the corpus luteum of the ovaries (a formation on the surface of the ovaries that appears after ovulation - the release of the egg), in a small amount - by the adrenal cortex, and during pregnancy - by the placenta. The main progestogen is progesterone.

The name of the hormones reflects their main function - "pro gestation" = "to [preserve] pregnancy" by restructuring the uterine endothelium into a state necessary for the development of a fertilized egg. The physiological effects of gestagens are combined into three main groups.

vegetative effect. It is expressed in the suppression of the proliferation of the endometrium, caused by the action of estrogens, and its secretory transformation, which is very important for a normal menstrual cycle. When pregnancy occurs, gestagens suppress ovulation, lower the tone of the uterus, reducing its excitability and contractility ("protector" of pregnancy). Progestins are responsible for the "maturation" of the mammary glands.
generative action. In small doses, progestins increase the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which is responsible for the maturation of ovarian follicles and ovulation. In large doses, gestagens block both FSH and LH (luteinizing hormone, which is involved in the synthesis of androgens, and together with FSH provides ovulation and progesterone synthesis). Gestagens affect the center of thermoregulation, which is manifested by an increase in temperature.
General action. Under the influence of gestagens, amine nitrogen in the blood plasma decreases, the excretion of amino acids increases, the separation of gastric juice increases, and the separation of bile slows down.

The composition of oral contraceptives includes various gestagens. For a while it was believed that there was no difference between progestins, but now it is known for sure that the difference in molecular structure provides a variety of effects. In other words, progestogens differ in spectrum and in the severity of additional properties, but the 3 groups of physiological effects described above are inherent in all of them. The characteristics of modern progestins are shown in the table.

Pronounced or very pronounced gestagenic effect common to all progestogens. The gestagenic effect refers to those main groups of properties that were mentioned earlier.

Androgenic activity is not characteristic of many drugs, its result is a decrease in the amount of "good" cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) and an increase in the concentration of "bad" cholesterol (LDL cholesterol). As a result, the risk of atherosclerosis increases. In addition, there are symptoms of virilization (male secondary sexual characteristics).

Explicit antiandrogenic effect available for only three drugs. This effect has a positive meaning - an improvement in the condition of the skin (cosmetic side of the issue).

Antimineralocorticoid activity associated with an increase in diuresis, sodium excretion, and a decrease in blood pressure.

Glucocorticoid effect affects metabolism: there is a decrease in the body's sensitivity to insulin (risk of diabetes), increased synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides (risk of obesity).

Estrogens

The other ingredient in birth control pills is estrogen.

Estrogens- female sex hormones, which are produced by the ovarian follicles and the adrenal cortex (and in men also by the testicles). There are three main estrogens: estradiol, estriol, and estrone.

Physiological effects of estrogens:

- proliferation (growth) of the endometrium and myometrium according to the type of their hyperplasia and hypertrophy;

- development of genital organs and secondary sexual characteristics (feminization);

- suppression of lactation;

- inhibition of resorption (destruction, resorption) of bone tissue;

- procoagulant action (increased blood clotting);

- an increase in the content of HDL ("good" cholesterol) and triglycerides, a decrease in the amount of LDL ("bad" cholesterol);

- retention of sodium and water in the body (and, as a result, an increase in blood pressure);

- ensuring the acidic environment of the vagina (normally pH 3.8-4.5) and the growth of lactobacilli;

- increased production of antibodies and activity of phagocytes, increased resistance of the body to infections.

Estrogens in oral contraceptives are needed to control the menstrual cycle, they do not take part in protection against unwanted pregnancy. Most often, the composition of the tablets includes ethinylestradiol (EE).

Mechanisms of action of oral contraceptives

So, given the basic properties of gestagens and estrogens, the following mechanisms of action of oral contraceptives can be distinguished:

1) inhibition of the secretion of gonadotropic hormones (due to gestagens);

2) a change in the pH of the vagina to a more acidic side (the effect of estrogens);

3) increased viscosity of cervical mucus (gestagens);

4) the phrase “ovum implantation” used in instructions and manuals, which hides the abortive effect of HA from women.

Gynecologist's commentary on the abortive mechanism of action of hormonal contraceptives

When implanted in the wall of the uterus, the embryo is a multicellular organism (blastocyst). An egg (even a fertilized one) is never implanted. Implantation occurs 5-7 days after fertilization. Therefore, what is called an egg in the instructions is actually not an egg at all, but an embryo.

Unwanted estrogen...

In the course of a thorough study of hormonal contraceptives and their effect on the body, it was concluded that undesirable effects are associated to a greater extent with the influence of estrogens. Therefore, the smaller the amount of estrogens in a tablet, the fewer side effects, but it is not possible to completely eliminate them. It was these conclusions that prompted scientists to invent new, more advanced drugs, and oral contraceptives, in which the amount of the estrogen component was measured in milligrams, were replaced by tablets containing estrogen in micrograms ( 1 milligram [ mg] = 1000 micrograms [ mcg]). There are currently 3 generations of birth control pills. The division into generations is due to both a change in the amount of estrogen in the preparations and the introduction of newer progesterone analogues into the composition of the tablets.

The first generation of contraceptives include "Enovid", "Infekundin", "Bisekurin". These drugs have been widely used since their discovery, but later their androgenic effect was noticed, manifested in the coarsening of the voice, the growth of facial hair (virilization).

Second-generation drugs include Microgenon, Rigevidon, Triregol, Triziston and others.

The most commonly used and widespread are third-generation drugs: Logest, Merisilon, Regulon, Novinet, Diane-35, Zhanin, Yarina and others. A significant advantage of these drugs is their antiandrogenic activity, which is most pronounced in Diane-35.

The study of the properties of estrogens and the conclusion that they are the main source of side effects from the use of hormonal contraceptives led scientists to the idea of creating drugs with an optimal reduction in the dose of estrogen in them. It is impossible to completely remove estrogens from the composition, since they play an important role in maintaining a normal menstrual cycle.

In this regard, the division of hormonal contraceptives into high-, low- and microdosed preparations has appeared.

High-dose (EE = 40-50 mcg per tablet).

"Non-ovlon"
Ovidon and others
Not used for contraception.

Low-dose (EE = 30-35 mcg per tablet).

"Marvelon"
"Janine"
"Yarina"
"Femoden"
"Diana-35" and others

Microdosed (EE = 20 mcg per tablet)

"Logest"
Mercilon
"Novinet"
"Minisiston 20 Fem" "Jess" and others

Side effects of hormonal contraceptives

Side effects from the use of oral contraceptives are always described in detail in the instructions for use.

Since the side effects from the use of various contraceptive pills are approximately the same, it makes sense to consider them, highlighting the main (severe) and less severe ones.

Some manufacturers list conditions that should stop taking immediately. These states include the following:

Arterial hypertension.
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome, manifested by a triad of signs: acute renal failure, hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia (decrease in the number of platelets).
Porphyria is a disease in which the synthesis of hemoglobin is impaired.
Hearing loss due to otosclerosis (fixation of the auditory ossicles, which should normally be mobile).

Almost all manufacturers designate thromboembolism as rare or very rare side effects. But this grave condition deserves special attention.

Thromboembolism is the blockage of a blood vessel by a thrombus. This is an acute condition that requires qualified help. Thromboembolism cannot occur out of the blue, it needs special “conditions” - risk factors or existing vascular diseases.

Risk factors for thrombosis (the formation of blood clots inside the vessels - blood clots - interfering with the free, laminar blood flow):

- age over 35 years;

- smoking (!);

- high levels of estrogen in the blood (which occurs when taking oral contraceptives);

- increased blood clotting, which is observed with a deficiency of antithrombin III, proteins C and S, dysfibrinogenemia, Marchiafava-Michelli disease;

- trauma and extensive operations in the past;

- venous congestion with a sedentary lifestyle;

- obesity;

- varicose veins of the legs;

- damage to the valvular apparatus of the heart;

- atrial fibrillation, angina pectoris;

- diseases of the cerebral vessels (including transient ischemic attack) or coronary vessels;

- arterial hypertension of moderate or severe degree;

- connective tissue diseases (collagenoses), and primarily systemic lupus erythematosus;

- hereditary predisposition to thrombosis (thrombosis, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident in the closest blood relatives).

If these risk factors are present, a woman taking hormonal contraceptive pills has a significantly increased risk of developing thromboembolism. The risk of thromboembolism increases with thrombosis of any localization, both present and past; with myocardial infarction and stroke.

Thromboembolism, whatever its localization, is a severe complication.

	… coronary vessels →	myocardial infarction
	… brain vessels →	stroke
	… deep leg veins →	trophic ulcers and gangrene
	... pulmonary artery (PE) or its branches →	from pulmonary infarction to shock
Thromboembolism…	... hepatic vessels →	liver dysfunction, Budd-Chiari syndrome
	… mesenteric vessels →	ischemic bowel disease, intestinal gangrene
	... renal vessels
	... retinal vessels (retinal vessels)

In addition to thromboembolism, there are other, less severe, but still uncomfortable side effects. For instance, candidiasis (thrush). Hormonal contraceptives increase the acidity of the vagina, and in an acidic environment, fungi multiply well, in particular Candidaalbicans, which is an opportunistic pathogen.

A significant side effect is the retention of sodium, and with it water, in the body. This may lead to edema and weight gain. Decreased tolerance to carbohydrates, as a side effect of the use of hormonal pills, increases the risk of diabetes mellitus.

Other side effects, such as: decreased mood, mood swings, increased appetite, nausea, stool disorders, satiety, swelling and soreness of the mammary glands, and some others, although they are not severe, however, affect the quality of life of a woman.

In the instructions for the use of hormonal contraceptives, in addition to side effects, contraindications are listed.

Contraceptives without estrogen

Exists gestagen-containing contraceptives ("mini-drank"). In their composition, judging by the name, only gestagen. But this group of drugs has its indications:

- contraception for lactating women (they should not be prescribed estrogen-progestin drugs, because estrogen suppresses lactation);

- prescribed for women who have given birth (because the main mechanism of action of "mini-drank" is the suppression of ovulation, which is undesirable for nulliparous women);

- in late reproductive age;

- in the presence of contraindications to the use of estrogen.

In addition, these drugs also have side effects and contraindications.

Particular attention should be paid to emergency contraception". The composition of such drugs includes either a progestogen (levonorgestrel) or an antiprogestin (mifepristone) in a large dose. The main mechanisms of action of these drugs are inhibition of ovulation, thickening of cervical mucus, acceleration of desquamation (desquamation) of the functional layer of the endometrium in order to prevent the attachment of a fertilized egg. And mifepristone has an additional effect - an increase in the tone of the uterus. Therefore, a single use of a large dose of these drugs has a very strong simultaneous effect on the ovaries, after taking emergency contraceptive pills, there can be serious and prolonged menstrual irregularities. Women who regularly use these drugs are at great risk to their health.

Foreign studies of side effects of GC

Interesting studies on the side effects of hormonal contraceptives have been carried out in foreign countries. Below are excerpts from several reviews (translation by the author of the article of fragments of foreign articles)

Oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thrombosis

May, 2001

CONCLUSIONS

Hormonal contraception is used by more than 100 million women worldwide. The number of deaths from cardiovascular diseases (venous and arterial) among young, low-risk patients - non-smoking women from 20 to 24 years old - is observed worldwide in the range from 2 to 6 per year per million, depending on the region of residence, the estimated cardiovascular - vascular risk and the volume of screening studies that were carried out before the appointment of contraceptives. While the risk of venous thrombosis is more important in younger patients, the risk of arterial thrombosis is more relevant in older patients. Among older women who smoke and use oral contraceptives, the number of deaths is from 100 to just over 200 per million every year.

Reducing the dose of estrogen reduced the risk of venous thrombosis. Third-generation progestins in combined oral contraceptives have increased the incidence of adverse hemolytic changes and the risk of thrombosis, so they should not be given as first choice in hormonal contraceptive beginners.

Reasonable use of hormonal contraceptives, including avoidance of their use by women who have risk factors, is absent in most cases. In New Zealand, a series of deaths from PE were investigated, and often the cause was an unaccounted for risk by doctors.

Reasonable prescription can prevent arterial thrombosis. Almost all women who had a myocardial infarction while using oral contraceptives were either of an older age group, or smoked, or had other risk factors for arterial disease - in particular, arterial hypertension. Avoiding the use of oral contraceptives in these women may lead to a decrease in the incidence of arterial thrombosis, as reported by recent studies in industrialized countries. The beneficial effect that third-generation oral contraceptives have on the lipid profile and their role in reducing the number of heart attacks and strokes has not yet been confirmed by control studies.

To avoid venous thrombosis, the doctor asks if the patient has ever had a venous thrombosis in the past, to determine if there are contraindications to prescribing oral contraceptives, and what is the risk of thrombosis while taking hormonal drugs.

Nixodosed progestogen oral contraceptives (first or second generation) caused a lower risk of venous thrombosis than combination drugs; however, the risk in women with a history of thrombosis is not known.

Obesity is considered a risk factor for venous thrombosis, but it is not known whether this risk is increased with oral contraceptive use; thrombosis is uncommon among obese people. Obesity, however, is not considered a contraindication to oral contraceptive use. Superficial varicose veins are not a consequence of pre-existing venous thrombosis or a risk factor for deep venous thrombosis.

Heredity may play a role in the development of venous thrombosis, but its tangibility as a high risk factor remains unclear. Superficial thrombophlebitis in history can also be considered as a risk factor for thrombosis, especially if it is combined with aggravated heredity.

Venous thromboembolism and hormonal contraception

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, UK

July, 2010

Do combined hormonal contraceptive methods (pills, patch, vaginal ring) increase the risk of venous thromboembolism?

The relative risk of venous thromboembolism increases with the use of any combined hormonal contraceptive (pills, patch and vaginal ring). However, the rarity of venous thromboembolism in women of reproductive age means that the absolute risk remains low.

The relative risk of venous thromboembolism increases in the first few months after starting combined hormonal contraception. As the duration of taking hormonal contraceptives increases, the risk decreases, but as a background it remains until the cessation of the use of hormonal drugs.

In this table, the researchers compared the incidence of venous thromboembolism per year in different groups of women (in terms of 100,000 women). From the table it is clear that in non-pregnant and non-using hormonal contraceptives women (non-pregnantnon-users) an average of 44 (with a range of 24 to 73) cases of thromboembolism per 100,000 women are registered per year.

Drospirenone-containingCOCusers - users of drospirenone-containing COCs.

Levonorgestrel-containingCOCusers - using levonorgestrel-containing COCs.

Other COCs not specified - other COCs.

Pregnantnon-users - pregnant women.

Strokes and heart attacks while using hormonal contraception

"New England Journal of Medicine"

Medical Society of Massachusetts, USA

June, 2012

CONCLUSIONS

Although the absolute risks of stroke and heart attack associated with hormonal contraceptives are low, the risk was increased from 0.9 to 1.7 with drugs containing ethinylestradiol at a dose of 20 mcg and from 1.2 to 2.3 with the use of drugs containing ethinyl estradiol at a dose of 30-40 mcg, with a relatively small risk difference depending on the type of gestagen included.

Risk of thrombosis of oral contraception

WoltersKluwerHealth is a leading provider of qualified health information.

HenneloreRott - German doctor

August, 2012

CONCLUSIONS

Different combined oral contraceptives (COCs) are characterized by a different risk of venous thromboembolism, but the same unsafe use.

COCs with levonorgestrel or norethisterone (the so-called second generation) should be the drugs of choice, as recommended by national contraceptive guidelines in the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Norway and the UK. Other European countries do not have such guidelines, but they are essential.

In women with a history of venous thromboembolism and/or known coagulation defects, the use of COCs and other contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol is contraindicated. On the other hand, the risk of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the postpartum period is much higher. For this reason, such women should be offered adequate contraception.

There is no reason to abstain from hormonal contraception in young patients with thrombophilia. Progesterone-only preparations are safe in relation to the risk of venous thromboembolism.

Risk of venous thromboembolism among users of drospirenone-containing oral contraceptives

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

November 2012

CONCLUSIONS
The risk of venous thromboembolism is increased among users of oral contraceptives (3-9/10,000 women per year) compared with non-pregnant and non-users of these drugs (1-5/10,000 women per year). There is evidence that drospirenone-containing oral contraceptives have a higher risk (10.22/10,000) than drugs containing other progestins. However, the risk is still low and much lower than during pregnancy (approximately 5–20/10,000 women/year) and postpartum (40–65/10,000 women/year) (see table).

Tab. risk of thromboembolism.