Mixed compositions t to this one. mixed style
3.3. Color composition and range
Color spectrum
A color scheme is a range of harmonically interrelated shades of color used in the creation of artistic works. There are warm, cold and mixed scales.
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Cold color spectrum. This is a gamma obtained by using colors with a cold tint. |
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Warm color spectrum. This is a gamma obtained by using colors with a warm undertone. |
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mixed or neutral colors. This is a balance in the composition of warm and cold (mixed) or the absence of warm and cold (neutral) shades. It is important that there is no outweighing of cold or warm shades. |
Color composition
The composition of color spots, built taking into account all the considered patterns of color harmony, will be limited if it does not serve the main thing - creating an image.
The compositional function of color lies in its ability to focus the viewer's attention on the most important detail.
Very essential for creating a color composition is its ability to create its own pattern due to lightness, color tone and saturation.
The color composition requires an appropriate rhythmic organization of color spots. The unsystematic piling up of a large number of colors, even taking into account their compatibility, creates variegation, irritates and makes it difficult to perceive.
Color composition - this is a set of color spots (on a plane, volumetric form or in space) organized according to some pattern and designed for an aesthetic impression. Depending on the number of colors and shades included in the color composition, the following types of composition are distinguished.
monochrome
This composition is dominated by one color tone (+ several neighboring colors perceived as shades of the main one). Monochrome options: color + tone shift (slightly); color + achromatic color (White, Black, Grey); color + blackening or whitening.
What does a monochrome composition express:
§ classical simplicity and clarity of artistic language (example: ancient Greek painting, red-figure and black-figure vases);
§ strongly directed to a certain degree of influence (example: the icon of the Vladimir Mother of God, Spas);
§ concentration on the inner world (painting of China and Japan).
§ old age, fading of vitality, tragedy (late Titian)
§ simplicity, intelligibility and catchiness (examples: heraldry, advertising);
Polar composition
The dominant is a pair of opposite contrasting colors (polar in the color wheel): complementary from a 10-step circle or a pair of contrasting colors from a 6-, 12-step one. The polar composition consists of only 2 colors.
What does the polar composition express :
§ decorative effect, which is based on the physiological need of the eye to balance impressions.
§ reveals oppositions (figure-background, big-small, good-evil, woman-man...)
§ if the polar colors are saturated and not harmonized, i.e. dissane with each other, then such a composition is used to achieve conflict, tension, tragedy (expressionist painting)
tricolor composition
The basis of a three-color composition can be:
§ a triad of primary colors in their subjunctive mixing. It's Red, Green, Blue.
§ a triad of primary colors when they are subtractively mixed. Red, Yellow, Blue.
§ any three colors at the vertices of an equilateral triangle inscribed in a 12-step circle. (example: Red-Orange, Yellow-Green, Blue-Violet).
Tricolor composition is considered the most complex type of color composition, because it is the most difficult to harmonize. For perception, it is no less difficult, but nevertheless it is the most optimal type of color composition.).
multicolor
This color composition is dominated by 4 or more chromatic colors. Usually: Red, Yellow, Green, Blue. Or two main pairs from a 12-step circle taken crosswise.
Used:
§ in nature, in temples, in clothes (especially royal persons, although there are exceptions here too)
§ where a large number of figures and objects are depicted; where they strive to convey the "cosmic" work, i.e. where the work serves as a model of the world (temple, frescoes, large multi-figure icons depicting God, heaven, earth, dungeons .., housing).
§ where the world breaks into splits, chaos reigns or cheerful confusion (drunken brawl): fairground design, carnival art, etc.
Multicolor with a shift to one color tone
This is a synthesis of multicolor and monochrome (an example is landscape painting).
Achromatic composition
Consists of White, Black, and intermediate gray shades. Small spots of chromotic color may be included in it. Used to reveal the form, i.e. when there is a desire to focus on form.
Semi-chromatic composition
Gray is replaced by brown.
Questions for self-examination to the chapter "Color harmony"
1. What does the term harmony, color harmony mean?
2. Name the main normative theories of color harmony, give them a description.
3. Highlight the basic rules for creating color harmony.
4. What factor determines the quality of color harmony.
5. What are the main harmonies of the combination of three colors.
6. Name the main groups of two-color combinations and their subgroups.
7. What is a color scheme? Its main types
8. Define the term color composition.
9. Name the main types of color composition and describe them.
Art, stepping on the fine line of harmony, must be within the framework of something strict, clearly defined, unshakable, which will not allow it to take this easy step from the mysterious, beautiful to ugly and inert. This restraining unit is the composition, its types, laws, techniques. She is the one who does everything works of art so harmonious and complete. In the article we will analyze this concept, types of composition, their embodiment in various areas of this beautiful sphere.
What is composition?
In the most general sense of the word, composition is the main organizing element of absolutely any artistic form. It is his task - to give integrity and unity to the creation, to show the artist's thought understandable and complete, to subordinate all the components of the work, to put them into a system.
Formal. The second name is not pictorial, because it is built from spots and lines. These artistic images cannot exist in reality, they have no practical and rational significance. What is important here is not the plot, the meaning, but the plastic forms, the principles and laws of their construction. It is precisely the art form, colors, plasticity that evokes emotions in the viewer here. Abstract images of such a composition arise from symbols, geometric figures, simplified images of real objects.
Composition in literature
There are two gradations of types of composition in the literature. Let's consider them in more detail.
The first classification is as follows:
- Architectonics, external composition. This is what stands out graphically: the division of the work into chapters, paragraphs and paragraphs, the presence of a prologue and epilogue, various footnotes and comments, epigraphs, digressions by the author, and so on.
- Narration, internal composition. Here attention is already focused on the content of the creation: images and their system, plot, structure of speech situations, highlighting the strong components of the text - leitmotif, climax, denouement, finale.
The following gradation of types of literary compositions looks like this:
- Thematic. The relationship between the main characters is at the center. Additionally, it is divided into sequential (smooth transition from one thought to another), based on the development and transformation of the image of a literary hero and based on a comparison of the images of literary heroes.
- Mirror. When reading, the reader gets the feeling that some images, episodes are symmetrical.
- Ring(framed). The work begins and ends with the same scene.
- Reverse. The events in the book develop from the final scene to its origins, causes.
Types of flower arrangements
In conclusion, consider such an art form as floristry.
Types of flower compositions here are very diverse:
- Varieties of cut flower arrangements: bouquets, compositions in wall, floor, table, hanging, high, flat and low vases, in special stands, macrame, baskets, snags, tree bark.
- The bouquet as a composition is divided into festive and everyday.
- Forms of bouquet compositions: round, linear, one-sided, freely assembled, massive, various sizes (5-50 cm).
Composition is an important organizational form in art. It is she who makes any work complete, meaningful, worthy of the emotions of the viewer, the reader. Each of its types, as we have seen, in the fine arts, in literature, in floristry, has its own unique features, the laws of constructing a work by an artist.
The graph in the picture on the left means growth. The graph in the figure on the right means a fall. It just so happened. And, accordingly, in the composition, a diagonal line drawn from the lower left corner to the upper right is perceived better than a line drawn from the upper left corner to the lower right.
closed and open composition
In a closed composition, the main directions of the lines tend to the center. Such a composition is suitable for conveying something stable, motionless.
The elements in it do not tend to go beyond the plane, but, as it were, close in the center of the composition. And the view from any point of the composition tends to this center. To achieve it, you can use a compact arrangement of elements in the center of the composition, framing. The arrangement of elements (in the image - geometric shapes) in such a way that they all point to the center of the composition.
An open composition, in which the directions of the lines emanate from the center, gives us the opportunity to continue mentally the picture and take it beyond the plane. It is suitable for conveying open space, movement.
golden section rule
A different arrangement of elements on a plane can create a harmonious or inharmonious image. Harmony is a feeling and the concept of the correct arrangement of elements is very intuitive. However, there are several completely non-intuitive rules.
The arrangement of simple geometric shapes in the image on the left looks much more harmonious. Why?
Harmony- it's harmony. A single whole in which all elements complement each other. Some single mechanism.
The largest such mechanism is the world around us, in which all elements are interconnected - animals breathe air, consume oxygen, exhale carbon dioxide, plants use its carbon and solar energy for photosynthesis, returning oxygen. Some animals feed on these plants, others regulate the amount of those that feed on plants, feeding on them, thereby saving the plants, water evaporates to fall as precipitation and replenish the reserves of rivers, oceans, and so on ...
There is nothing more harmonious than nature itself. Therefore, the understanding of harmony comes to us from it. And in nature, a huge number of visual images obey two rules: symmetry and golden section rule.
What is symmetry, I think you know. What is the golden section?
golden ratio can be obtained by dividing the segment into two unequal parts in such a way that the ratio of the entire segment to the larger part is equal to the ratio of the larger part of the segment to the smaller one. It looks like this:
The parts of this segment are approximately equal to 5/8 and 3/8 of the entire segment. That is, according to the rule of the golden section, the visual centers in the image will be located as follows:
Three thirds rule
In this drawing, the rule of the golden section is not respected, but a feeling of harmony is created.
If we divide the plane on which our geometric figures are located into nine equal parts, we will see that the elements are located at the intersection points of the dividing lines, and the horizontal strip coincides with the lower dividing line. In this case, the rule of three thirds applies. This is a simplified version of the golden ratio rule.
Design and composition in design
Design - a type of design, interdisciplinary artistic and technical activity for the formation of the subject environment. The purpose of design is to create a harmonious subject environment that most fully satisfies the material and spiritual needs of a person. The most important two components of design: functionality and aesthetics.
Classic designs:
1) Graphic design. The objects of design are: fonts, pictograms, corporate identity, various visual communications, etc. This is flat work.
2) Industrial design. The objects of design are: machines, appliances, equipment, furniture, dishes, clothes... Here we are already working with volume.
3) Architectural design. The object is: buildings and their complexes, including interior design. Space is being worked on.
4) Design of the architectural environment. The object of design is a complex dynamic system of the human environment, the optimal subject-spatial organization and imagery of various environmental objects. (Damn! how lucky we are that we have nothing to do with this type of design!)
New kinds of design . There are two groups:
* Sphere design: ecodesign, ergodesign (the main condition is to meet ergonomic requirements, i.e. ease of use), futuristic design (design of future projects that for some reason cannot be applied in the present), applied design, exposition design (exhibitions ), engineering design (various technical structures, such as bridges).
* Design focused on the result of work: art design (single design objects, as an object of art), line design, computer design and, finally, our favorite, web design.
Important . Before proceeding with the design of an object, it is necessary to determine its formal qualities: appearance features, structural connections of objects, purpose of the object. After that, the content of the work is determined, and only after that it is possible to start working on the form. ( unfortunately, inexperienced web designers often do the opposite: they find some beautiful site template and customize the site content to fit that template.)
Composition in design . This is the construction (structure) of the work, design, location and connection of its parts, due to their layout, corresponding to the purpose and technical idea of the work and its artistic and figurative design, reflecting the emotional and sensory expectations of the consumer of the design product.
The essence of the work on the composition lies in the expansion of the artistic side of the product, the achievement of complex unity and orderliness through the use of compositional means.
The essence of the concept of "composition"
Composition is the connection of various parts into a single whole, in accordance with an idea, which together make up a certain form. The term "composition" is used in two aspects: 1) it is a purposeful construction of a work of art, due to its content, character and purpose. 2) it is the most important organizing element of an artistic form, giving the work a harmonious unity and integrity, subordinating its components to each other and to the whole, acting as art attribute.
The essence of the concept of "harmony"
Harmony, translated from Greek, is consonance, concord, the opposite of chaos. Harmony means a high level of order and meets the aesthetic criteria of perfection and beauty. Regarding composition, harmony is understood as its formal characteristic.
The essence of the concept of "formality"
Formal composition . The form is interconnected with the content, but it is possible to separate the form from the content by replacing realistic objects with formal (or abstract) ones, but in such a way that the formal composition expresses the idea and artistic design through:
Characteristics and properties of composition elements
Through the structural organization of composition elements
3 main types of composition : frontal, volumetric, volumetric-spatial.
Frontal . The distribution of elements in two directions: vertical and horizontal. They include planar compositions and relief.
Volumetric . The distribution of the element along the coordinates of height, width and depth.
Volumetric-spatial . It consists of several three-dimensional compositions located in space at certain intervals.
Conditions on which the preservation of the frontality of the composition depends :
1) A certain ratio between vertical and horizontal dimensions.
2) Frontality depends on the silhouette of the plane.
3) Depends on the nature of the elements in depth.
4) Surface texture, color...
Composition elements
3 basic elements: dot, line, spot.
Point and line have no properties ( except for one thing: if the point is increased to a certain size, it turns into a spot, and vice versa)
Classification of stain properties:
Physical : magnitude (dimensions and proportions), plastic (shape and structure), surface properties of the spot (color, texture, texture, etc.)
subjective : (consist of combinations of physical): expressiveness / inexpressiveness, static / dynamic.
Element placement
The degree of contact of the elements of the composition :
* Complete lack of communication.
* Implied (logical) connections.
* Physical contact or obvious connections.
* Physical contact with group fusion, monolith.
Compositional axes - these are the invisible axes of the composition (field lines) on which the elements are located. Axes reveal the structure of the image and ensure the interaction of elements and the integrity of the composition.
Front composition placement : planar and illusory-spatial.
In the planar version, the elements are two-dimensional and do not overlap. In the illusory-spatial version, the elements are three-dimensional, they are superimposed on each other and perspective is added.
Depending on the placement, the following types of composition are distinguished: closed (nothing goes beyond the visual perception of the composition), unlimited (it implies the continuation of the composition outside the visual perception)
LAWS OF COMPOSITION
The basic laws of composition: integrity and unity, balance, subordination.
Wholeness . Thanks to the observance of this law, the work is perceived as a single indivisible whole, and not as a sum of disparate elements. The composition acts as a system of internal connections, uniting all the components of forms and contents into a single whole. In the composition, all elements are brought to a harmonious order. Those. there must be integrity of the form itself and integrity between the elements of the forms.
The main features of the law of integrity:
1) the indivisibility of the composition, or the inability to perceive it as the sum of disparate elements. Indivisibility is laid down with the help of a constructive idea
2) the need for communication and mutual consistency of all elements of the composition ( meaning the need to track how these elements go together and whether they are separated from each other).
Equilibrium . This is a state of composition in which all elements are balanced with each other. Balanced parts of the whole acquire visual stability. Basically, balance comes down to balance in expressiveness. Distinguish between static and dynamic balance.
Static. This is the state of the composition, in which the elements balanced among themselves as a whole give the impression of its unstable immobility.
Dynamic. This is the state of the composition, in which the elements balanced among themselves give the impression of its movement and internal dynamics.
Subordination and equivalence of elements . Subordination is the allocation of the center of the composition (dominant), to which all other elements obey ( moreover, they not only obey, but strengthen its significance), i.e. a hierarchy appears in the composition. There may be second-order dominants (accents) in the hierarchy. Depending on the number of levels of dominants, there are two degrees of hierarchy between the elements: 1) two-level (dominant and minor[s] elements or dominant and accent). 2) three-level (for example: dominant, accent and secondary elements).
The compositional center depends on :
1) Its size and the size of other elements.
2) Positions on the plane. Empty space is organized around the element, and all the rest are drawn together. And the main element is indicated by the secondary lines of force.
3) The shape of the element, which is different from the shape of other elements.
4) The texture of the element, which is different from the texture of other elements.
5) Colors. By applying a contrasting (opposite color) to the color of secondary elements (bright color in a neutral environment, and vice versa; chromatic color among achromatic ones; warm color with a general cold range of secondary elements; dark color among light ones).
6) Elaboration of the element. The main element is more developed than the secondary ones.
7) Lighting element.
KEY MEANS OF COMPOSITION
* Contrast
* Identities
* Symmetry
* Asymmetry
* Proportionality
* Scale
Contrast
This is a sharp difference in elements, objects, forms, etc. according to the following categories: size, shape, tone, color, relation to space, etc. Allocate:
One Dimensional Contrast . There is a difference in one category.
Multidimensional Contrast . There is opposition in several categories.
A feature of the contrasting composition is the activity of its visual impact.
Nuance
These are minor differences between the elements in the composition in the same categories. Also distinguish one-dimensional and multidimensional nuance. In nuanced forms, there is more similarity, and the difference is only a little bit.
Identity
This is a repetition of identical elements, similar in their qualities (size, shape, tone ...).
Requirements for an identical composition: 1) the element must be simple, expressive, beautiful. 2) the relation of the identical element to space must be observed.
Symmetry
This is an identical arrangement of elements relative to a point, axis or plane of symmetry, perceived by the eye as a special kind of orderliness of balance and harmony.
Types of symmetry : mirror, axial, mirror-axial, screw.
Mirror . This is a symmetry in which the elements of the composition are located at the same distance from the plane of symmetry and, when superimposed on each other, their figures coincide at all points, i.e. one figure mirrors the other.
Axial symmetry . This is symmetry about the axis, the line of intersection of two or more planes of symmetry. (In axial symmetry, the element itself must have an asymmetric structure!)
Mirror-axial or mixed . There are two types of such symmetry: 1) when both mirror and axial symmetry are combined in one work. 2) when axial symmetry is taken with a symmetrical structure of elements.
Screw symmetry . The element performs both rotational and translational motion around the axis. ( Only for bulk bodies)
Asymmetry
This is a variant of the composition, in which the combination and arrangement of elements, axes, symmetry planes is not observed. This is the absence, or violation of symmetry (dissymmetry).
Rhythm
This is the alternation of any elements in a certain sequence. ( tact, measure, measure) The most important sign of rhythm is the repetition of elements (forms) and the intervals between them. Rhythmic repetitions can be: uniform, decreasing or increasing. Depending on this, repeatability can be of two types: static and dynamic.
Static rhythm . Consists of elements repeating at regular intervals. Rows can be simple or complex.
1) A simple series is based on the repetition of the same element with the same interval. ( See fig.1)
2) A complex series is formed by a combination of simple ones. According to the method of alternation is divided into:
Alternating at equal intervals. ( See fig.2)
fig.2
Alternating equal elements at unequal intervals ( See fig.3)
fig.3
Row with alternating unequal elements (See Fig. 4)
fig.4
dynamic rhythm . This is a series in a perspective increase or decrease in the size of elements and intervals, or both at the same time. The development of dynamic series can occur according to arithmetic (the difference between any two neighboring elements is constantly preserved, see Fig. 5) or geometric (the value of each subsequent interval is equal to the value of the previous one multiplied by a constant number, Fig. 6) progression.
fig.5
fig.6
(Fig. 5.6 shows the progression of intervals, the construction of the progression of the size of the elements occurs according to the same principle).
Important! There must be more than 6 elements in the row, because fewer elements do not constitute a row.
Of all the features of the form, the most significant for rhythmization are (in descending order):
2) Interval
3) Color (lightness)
Rhythmic rows are perceived in the direction from large elements to smaller ones, from dark to light, from small intervals to large ones.
Modularity
The module is a universal design tool, although there is still no sensible explanation for it. The module is the value taken as the basis for the calculation of any subject. The main feature of the module: the multiplicity of the whole product ( those. this is one and the same element, multiplying which and combining it with different combinations, you can get different forms, for example: parquet, tiles on the sidewalk). The module can be: planar, embossed (ceramics, gypsum) and volumetric. Consider the main requirements for the module:
1) Simplicity. The module should be simple, because it is part of the whole work.
2) Integrity.
3) Expressiveness.
4) The module should allow you to combine different versions of the work.
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