12/14/2019 at 23:02 · VeraSchegoleva · 160

Top 10 people with the highest IQ in the world

The average IQ level ranges from 90 to 110, such numbers are heard by more than 50% of people who take the test. And less than 1% of the world's population has an IQ of more than 140. It is difficult to argue with the fact that these are geniuses and they can safely be called the smartest people of our time.

Outstanding scientists, researchers in various fields, whose special “gift” and the power of their intellect were noticed even in early childhood. They surprised the people around them, teachers and professors with their quick wit, understanding of complex topics and precocious thinking.

They are the fastest to master educational programs, amaze with the speed of the brain and, without a doubt, are the hope of humanity, because it is these people who create and discover, research and experiment for the benefit of everyone living on Earth.

In addition, they have become inspirations for many people, their works and dedication make them not give up and go to the end, even if the idea seems absurd at first glance. Our list includes people with the highest IQs in the world.

10. Nikola Polyak, 182

Recent tests have shown that Nikola Polyaka IQ is 182. The main achievements he received in the field of molecular physics and physics of elementary particles. Plus he has taught at several Canadian and American. He is a leading expert in various fields and often spends time in a laboratory in New York.

9. Philip Emeagwali, 190

The black continent, so they called the genius from. Despite the fact that wars and disagreements did not stop in his country, he was able to get out and even receive a scholarship. The exchange boy had an IQ of 190 points. With its help, modern super-fast computers were developed. He was able to come up with data transmission, which is still used today.

As he says Philip Emeagwali, he was inspired by bees, or rather by how they build their honeycomb. Also thanks to his innovations, people were able to improve the efficiency of oil production.

8. Marilyn vos Savant, 190

Not only men amaze the whole world with their intelligence. History knows many cases when women stood at the head of the intellectual army. This girl got into back in 1986, as the owner of the highest intelligence.

Most achievements Marilyn vos Savant received in the writing field. She was an excellent author of many scientific and fiction books. Her husband became famous in the field of medicine by creating the first working artificial heart. For their achievements, this couple became known throughout New York. It is interesting how the two smartest people of their time got along in the same house.

7. Mitslav Predavek, 192

One in a million is born such a genius. IQ Mitslava Predavek is 192 points. No matter how brilliant this person is, he lives an ordinary family life. His hobbies are puzzles and various intellectual tasks.

His wife claims that despite the fact that he can solve something incredibly difficult, sometimes he finds it difficult to do ordinary household things, for example, insert a SIM card into the phone. But this can be forgiven, because the brain of this person is imprisoned for solving complex math problems.

6. Christopher Langan, 195

This genius from North America read adult literature at the age of three. At the university, he did not finish his studies, as he believed that the professors could not teach him anything. Like most geniuses Christopher Langan I tried my abilities in different areas. He put out fires and even worked as a bouncer. Having tried different incarnations, he was never able to stop at something specific.

The book "Cognitive theory of the model of the Universe" brought him fame; he pored over this scientific work for many years. The level of his intelligence is equal to 0.5% of the world's population and is 195 points.

5. Kim Un Young, 210

A Korean genius who entered the Guinness Book of Records with his level of intelligence. He was fluent in two languages ​​at the age of two, and by the age of four he could solve the most difficult problems in higher mathematics.

When Kimu Woon Young turned eight, he went to study in the United States at the invitation of NASA. His intelligence level is 210 points. The child-genius was able to conquer with his knowledge not only his country, but the whole world.

4. Nikola Tesla, 224

The genius of his time. Officially, his intelligence level has not been tested, but scientists say that he ranges from 200 to 224. With such indicators, he becomes the smartest person of his time, because in the 20s it was incredible.

Nikola Tesla was not just an intelligent person, but also a mysterious person. His life is shrouded in many secrets and mysteries. It was he who gave rise to such inventions as cell phones, control panels and wireless chargers.

If not all, then certainly most people know about him, because the modern world uses his inventions every day. Scientists are still studying his life, his personality and everything he worked on. Every time an invention is born that would have been impossible to create without information from Tesla.

3. Christopher Hirata, 225

This young man was able to prove his high level of intelligence in two years. At 14 he entered California at the University of Technology and at 16 he was noticed by NASA and began to actively work on the colonization project. At just 22 years old, he was awarded the title of Doctor of Science in Astrophysics.

Christopher Hirata once again proves to everyone that age is only numbers and if you set yourself a goal, even unimaginable at first glance, you can achieve it in just a few years.

2. Terence Tao, 225 - 230

It became known that this man would become a genius even when he was barely two years old. While peers Terence Tao learned to speak, he easily solved the most difficult mathematical problems.

At the age of nine, he studied a university program. By the age of 20, Terence Tao deservedly received his doctorate from Princeton University and by 24 began teaching at the University of Los Angeles. Then he was the youngest professor in history, but his merits were respected, even if his students were older than him.

While teaching, he actively wrote his scientific works and published more than two hundred and fifty publications. Terence's ability to work can only be envied. He never stood still and always tried to learn something new. In those days it was not at all as easy as it is now.

1.William James Sideis, 250 - 300

The parents of this man were serious, they immediately decided that they would give birth to a child-genius and they succeeded. Thanks to them, the smartest person in the world appeared, whose intellect became known to everyone. His IQ was between 250 and 300.

At the age of only 6 months, he could already speak simple words, at the age of seven he knew the entire school curriculum and spoke fluently in eight languages. By the time he was nine, he was accepted to Harvard, but was only allowed to attend classes at twelve. After long conversations, they decided that the boy, despite his genius, had not yet matured emotionally.

William James Sideis was a nomad and traveled to different countries, to the farthest corners of the world. Everyone who once knew this genius said that he was a deeply unhappy person. This is how he died at the age of only 46 years.

What else to see:

The smartest people in history. Their work has defined our vision of the world. The results of their intellectual work are impressive and motivate to engage in science.

• Lao Tzu. China (VI century BC)

"The knower does not speak, the speaker does not know."
Semi-legendary Chinese thinker, founder of Taoism.
Lao Tzu translates as "old child." According to legend, the mother wore Lao Tzu in the womb for 81 years, he was born from her thigh.
La Tzu is considered the author of the key Taoist treatise, The Tao Te Ching. "Tao" is a path, one of the main categories of Chinese philosophy. "Tao" is wordless, nameless, formless and motionless. Nobody, not even Lao Tzu, can give a definition of "Tao". In China, the cult of Lao Tzu was formed, which began to be revered as one of the "three pure" - the highest deities of the Taoist pantheon.

• Pythagoras. Ancient Greece (570-490 BC)

"Numbers rule the world."
Philosopher, mathematician and mystic, founder of the Pythagorean school. According to legend, he had a golden thigh. Herodotus called him "the greatest Hellenic sage." Pythagoras lived in Egypt for 22 years, in Babylon for 12 years. He was admitted there to participate in the sacraments.
According to Pythagoras, things are based on number, to know the world means to know the numbers that govern it. The mathematician probably brought the famous Pythagorean theorem on the square of the hypotenuse from the Babylonians, where it was known 1000 years before him.

• Heraclitus. Ancient Greece (544-483 BC)

"Nature loves to hide."
The founder of dialectics. The only work that has survived in fragments is On Nature. Heraclitus is credited with the authorship of the catch phrase "Everything flows, everything changes."
The philosopher considered fire to be the origin of all things. Everything from it has happened and is constantly in a state of change. He led a secluded life. Diogenes Laertius wrote that Heraclitus, "having hated people, retired and began to live in the mountains, feeding on pasture and grasses."

• Confucius. China (551 BC - 479 BC)

"If you hate, then you have been defeated."
An ancient Chinese philosopher, whose ideas became the basis for the development of Confucianism - a philosophical system, worldview, social ethics, and the scientific tradition of China.
The philosophy of Confucius has become popular outside the Middle Kingdom, even in Western Europe. In particular, Nicolas Malebranche and Gottfried Leibniz wrote about Confucianism. A particularly revered book of this teaching is "Lun Yu" ("Conversations and Judgments"), compiled by the students of Confucius on the basis of the teacher's statements.

• Parmenides. Ancient Greece (515 BC - c. 470 BC)

"Thinking and being are one and the same."
One of the founders of metaphysics and the founder of the Eleatic school, Zeno's mentor.
Socrates in Plato's dialogue "Teetetus" said about Parmenides that he was "a thinker of truly extraordinary depth." Hegel wrote that with Parmenides "philosophy began in the proper sense of the word." Parmenides believed that everything is based on Being, except for which there is nothing. There is no non-existence, and it is even impossible to think and speak about it, since everything that can be thought about already exists, but one cannot think about what is not. Being is one and has the shape of a ball.

• Democritus. Ancient Greece (c. 460 BC - c. 370 BC)

"To live badly, unreasonably, intemperate means not to live badly, but to die slowly."
Democritus was called "the laughing philosopher." He squandered his inheritance on traveling around the world, for which he was even brought to trial. However, he was acquitted when he read an excerpt from his work The Great Peace Building. Democritus loved to leave people in cemeteries and meditate there. Hippocrates was even sent to him to test his sanity. He not only recognized Democritus sane, but also called him one of the smartest people.
Seneca called Democritus "the most subtle of all thinkers."

• Plato. Ancient Greece (428 or 427 BC - 348 or 347 BC)

“Man is a wingless, two-legged creature with flat nails, susceptible to knowledge based on reasoning.”
Plato - from the word plato "latitude". So Plato was named by his teacher Socrates. The real name of the philosopher is Aristocles. Was in Persia, Assyria, Phenicia, Babylon, Egypt, and possibly India. In Athens, Plato founded a philosophical school - the Academy, which has existed for almost a thousand years. He twice won the pankration competition.
Plato is considered the founder of idealistic philosophy, developed the doctrine of the soul, political and legal doctrine, dialectics. He believed in immortality and transmigration of souls. The most popular works of Plato are still his dialogues. In almost all of them, the main character is Socrates.

• Aristotle. Ancient Greece (384 BC Stagira, Thrace - 322 BC)

“For two years a person learns to speak, and then for the rest of his life - to be silent.”
Disciple of Plato and educator of Alexander the Great, founder of the peripatetic school of philosophy, anatomist. Aristotle's works covered virtually all branches of knowledge.
According to Greek biographers, Aristotle suffered from speech defects, was "short-legged, with small eyes, wore smart clothes and a trimmed beard."
Plato and Aristotle, in fact, laid the foundations of all world philosophy. All formal logic is still based on the teachings of Aristotle.

• Ptolemy. Alexandria (c. 100 - c. 170)

"Resist your whims when you are young, because in old age you cannot correct yourself in order to wean yourself from them."
Late Hellenistic astronomer, astrologer, mathematician, mechanic, optician, music theorist and geographer. There was no equal to him in astronomy for 1000 years. His classic monograph "Almagest" contains practically all knowledge about the astronomical science of his time. Ptolemy - the author of the eight-volume work "Guide to Geography", treatises on mechanics, music, optics and astrology, invented the astrolabe and the quadrant.

• Plotinus. Roman Empire (204/205 - 270)

"Throw off everything from yourself."
Not to be confused with Plato. Idealist philosopher, founder of Neoplatonism. He brought Plato's doctrine of the ideal to its logical conclusion. The main thing in neoplatonism is the doctrine of the otherworldly and superintelligence of the origins of the universe. According to Plotinus, the beginning and basis of the universe is a certain One - infinite and immaterial. The main life task of a person is "reunification with the One", which he can accomplish thanks to the presence of his own soul. Plotinus had a significant influence on medieval philosophy, and especially on the thinkers of the Renaissance.

• Procl. Ancient Greece (412 - 485)

"Every God is a measure of existence."
Neoplatonist philosopher, head of the Platonic Academy. Under Proclus, Neo-Platonism reached its last peak. Alexei Losev put Proclus even higher than Plotinus, the founder of the neo-Platonist school, and called him "the genius of reason"; with rationality, brought "to music, to pathos, to ecstasy." The writings of Proclus, which dealt with all aspects of Greek philosophy and science, are analytic and systematic.

• Al Biruni (973-1048)

"If people knew how many favorable opportunities are scattered around and how many wonderful gifts are hidden in themselves, they would forever leave despondency and laziness."
Al Biruni was one of the most encyclopedically educated scholars. He mastered almost all the sciences of his time. The list of works alone, compiled by his students, is 60 pages in small print.
Al Biruni is the author of numerous major works on history, geography, philology, astronomy, mathematics, mechanics, geodesy, mineralogy, pharmacology, geology and other sciences. In addition to his native Khorezmian language, Biruni spoke Arabic, Persian, Greek, Latin, Turkic, Syriac, as well as Hebrew, Sanskrit and Hindi.

• Ibn Sina. Samanid State, Abbasid Caliphate (980-1037)

"The less often the hand raises the drinking cup of wine, the stronger in battle and the braver and more skillful she is in business."
Avicenna is the most famous and influential philosopher of the medieval Muslim world, a Persian scientist and doctor, a representative of Eastern Aristotelianism. In total, he wrote more than 450 works in 29 fields of science, of which only 274 have survived.
Basically, Avicenna became famous in the field of medicine, having written many treatises on this topic, but also contributed to other sciences. So, he discovered the process of distillation of essential oils, wrote works on astronomy, music theory, mechanics, psychology and philosophy. He also became famous as a poet. He also wrote some scientific works in the form of poems.

• Maimonides (1138-1204)

"Learn to say 'I don't know,' and that will be progress."
An outstanding Jewish philosopher and theologian - Talmudist, rabbi, doctor and versatile scientist of his era, codifier of the laws of the Torah. Maimonides is recognized as the spiritual leader of religious Jewry both of his generation and of subsequent centuries. He left a major contribution to astronomy, mathematics, physics, medicine. The meaning of Maimonides is best expressed by the popular phrase: "from Moshe to Moshe there was no such Moshe."

• William of Ockham. England (1285-1357)

"It should not multiply existence unnecessarily."
An English philosopher and Franciscan monk, Ockham is considered one of the fathers of modern epistemology and modern philosophy in general, as well as one of the greatest logicians of all time. Occam's philosophy, especially his reasoning about universals, seriously influenced the development of philosophical thought, and the methodological principle, the so-called "Occam's razor", became one of the most popular philosophical maxims.

• Nikolay Kuzansky. Holy Roman Empire (1401-1464)

"Any person who wants to rise to the knowledge of something must necessarily believe in something without which he cannot rise."
Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, the largest German thinker of the 15th century, philosopher, theologian, encyclopedic scientist, mathematician, church and political figure. As a philosopher, he took the position of neo-Platonism.
The philosophy was based on the idea of ​​the unity of opposites in the One, where all contradictions are leveled. He fought for religious tolerance, which at that time was not the most popular position, and even recognized some truthfulness and the right to exist for Islam. Kuzansky invented a diffusing lens for spectacles, wrote treatises on astronomy, mathematics, philosophy and theology.

• Marsilio Ficino. Italy (1433-1499)

"Every thing in nature is either a cause directed at us, or a consequence coming from us."
Philosopher, humanist, astrologer, founder and head of the Florentine Platonic Academy. One of the leading thinkers of the early Renaissance, the most significant representative of Florentine Platonism.
Ficino translated into Latin all of Plato's works. Ficino's main work is the treatise Platonic Theology of the Immortality of the Soul. He also studied astrology (treatise "On Life"), which is why he had problems with the clergy. Ficino's works contributed to the revival of Platonism and the fight against scholastic Aristotelianism.

• Leonardo da Vinci. Florentine Republic (1452-1519)

"When I thought I was learning to live, I was learning to die."
"Universal man" of the Western Renaissance, genius. Despite the fact that Da Vinci gained his greatest fame as an artist, he considered painting more a hobby, as well as music and the art of table setting. Da Vinci considered his main vocation to be engineering. In it, he really achieved great heights, anticipating the development of technology for centuries to come.
Today, in mass culture, Leonardo is recognized as the inventor of almost everything that exists. Seriously engaged in anatomy, da Vinci made thousands of drawings on the structure of the body, ahead of his time by 300 years. In many ways, Leonardo's Anatomy surpassed the famous Grey's Anatomy.

• Paracelsus. Swiss Union (1493-1541)

“Everything is poison, and nothing is devoid of poisonousness; just one dose makes the poison invisible. "
The famous alchemist, astrologer and physician of Swiss-German origin, one of the founders of iatrochemistry, medical alchemy. He gave the name to the metal zinc.
Paracelsus considered man to be a microcosm, which reflects all the elements of the macrocosm. In one of his books "Oracles", containing 300 pages and many prophecies for the whole world until the end of the III millennium, he made several sensational predictions.

• Nicolaus Copernicus. Poland (1473 -1543)

"I prefer to be content with what I can vouch for."
Polish and Prussian astronomer, mathematician, economist, canon. He initiated the first scientific revolution by developing the hypothesis of the heliocentric system of the world. In addition, Copernicus was one of the first to express the idea of ​​universal gravitation.
Copernicus's main work is "On the Rotation of the Celestial Spheres." Copernicus combined mathematics and astronomy with work in the field of economic theory and medical practice, which he volunteered for.

• Itzhak Luria. Ottoman Empire (1534-1572)

“... And the light shrank and departed,
Leaving free, empty space.
And the compression of light around the central point was uniform,
So that the empty place has acquired the shape of a circle,
Since that was the contraction of the light ...
And so, a straight ray stretched out from the endless light,
From top to bottom I went down, into the space of an empty one.
Stretched out, going down the beam, endless light down,
And in empty space, the volume created all perfectly worlds ... "
Jewish theologian, rabbi, creator of the so-called Lurianic Kabbalah. In Hebrew, Luria is usually abbreviated as Ari ("blessed is his memory").
The Lurianic Kabbalah, created by the Ari, is the basis of both the Sephardic Kabbalah from the 16th century, and the Hasidic Kabbalah, which appeared in the 18th century. Almost all modern Kabbalistic schools study the Lurianic Kabbalah. In addition to studying Kabbalah, Luria also studied poetry and science. Some believe that in the above poem, Luria described the process of the emergence of the universe from the Big Bang.

• Giordano Bruno. Neopolitan kingdom (1548-1600)

"The fear of death is worse than death itself."
Italian Dominican monk, pantheist, poet and philosopher. Bruno tried to interpret the ideas of Copernicus, while taking the position of neo-Platonism in the spirit of Renaissance naturalism. Bruno expressed scientific theories ahead of their time. About the fact that in the Universe there are many stars similar to the Sun, about the planets of the solar system unknown in its time.
Giordano Bruno had an excellent memory and developed mnemonics, remembered by heart thousands of books, ranging from Scripture to Arabic alchemical treatises. He taught the art of mnemonics to Henry III and Elizabeth I.

• John Dee. England (1527-1609)

“By the will of God, I am the Circle in whose hands the twelve Kingdoms. Six Thrones of the Breath of Life. The rest of the sharp sickles or horns of Death. "
Mathematician, geographer, astronomer, alchemist, hermeticist and astrologer. John Dee was one of the most educated people of his time, he had the largest library in England. In 1561, he completed and expanded upon Robert Record's famous book on mathematics, The Foundations of the Arts.
In 1564 he reaffirmed his status as a "great magician" by publishing his most famous and ambitious book on Kabbalah and geometric magic, entitled Monas hieroglyphica. Based on the diaries of John Dee, Gustav Meyrink wrote the novel Angel of the West Window. Several authors attribute to John Dee the authorship of the hoax known as the Voynich manuscript.

• Francis Bacon. England (1561-1626)

"Knowledge is power".
Bacon is one of the most prominent universal scientists. Philosopher, politician, historian, founder of English materialism, empiricism. Bacon was the first thinker whose philosophy was based on experiential knowledge. He compiled a code of English laws; he worked on the history of the country during the Tudor dynasty, on the third edition of Experiments and Instruction.
In his utopian novel "New Atlantis" Bacon anticipated many discoveries of the future, for example, the creation of submarines, the improvement of animal breeds, the transmission of light and sound over a distance.

• Johannes Kepler. Holy Roman Empire (1571-1630)

"I prefer the harsh criticism of one smart man than the thoughtless approval of the masses."
German mathematician, astronomer, mechanic, optician, discoverer of the laws of motion of the planets of the solar system. Albert Einstein called Kepler "the incomparable man." Indeed, Kepler practically alone, without using any support or understanding, made a lot of discoveries both in astronomy and in mathematics, physics, mechanics and optics, seriously engaged in astrology, believing, however, that she was a "stupid daughter of astronomy."

• Mikhail Sendivogiy. Commonwealth (1566-1646)

“If you ask who I am: I am a Cosmopolitan, a citizen of the world. If you know me and wish to remain kind and noble people, keep my name a secret. "
The greatest Polish alchemist of the "era of the Roesncrucians", who possessed the secret of transmutation, the author of many alchemical works. In addition to alchemy, he also practiced medicine and even treated King Sigismund III, who also had a diplomatic adviser. He was a court alchemist for the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III. In the book "New Chemical Light ..." Sendivogy first described oxygen.
The fame of Sendivogius also gave rise to folk legends - to this day, in his hometown, as they say, on the eve of every New Year, his ghost appears on the market square.

• Rene Descartes. France (1569-1650)

"I think, therefore I am."
Descartes is a philosopher, mathematician, mechanic, physicist and physiologist, the creator of analytical geometry and modern algebraic symbolism, the author of the method of radical doubt in philosophy, mechanism in physics, the forerunner of reflexology and the theory of affect. The great Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov erected a bust monument to Descartes near his laboratory, considering him to be his predecessor.

• Pierre Fermat. France (1601-1665)

"Nature always works by the shortest paths."
One of the founders of analytical geometry, mathematical analysis, probability theory and number theory. Pierre Fermat was a lawyer by profession, he was an adviser to parliament in Toulouse. The oldest and most prestigious lyceum in this city bears the name of the scientist.
The farm was brilliantly educated, knew many languages. Including the ancients, on which he even wrote poetry. Best known for the formulation of Fermat's Last Theorem. It was finally proved only in 1995 by Andrew Wals. The proof text contains 129 pages.

• Gottfried Leibniz. Holy Roman Empire (1646-1716)

"The present is fraught with the future."
Creator of combinatorics and founder of mathematical logic, philosopher, logician, mathematician, mechanic, physicist, lawyer, historian, diplomat, inventor and linguist. Leibniz founded the Berlin Academy of Science and was its first president. Independently of Newton, he created a mathematical analysis, described the binary number system, formulated the law of conservation of energy and introduced the concept of "living force" (kinetic energy) into mechanics.
Leibniz also invented an adding machine, introduced the concept of "small perceptions" into psychology, and developed the doctrine of unconscious mental life. He also inspired Peter the Great to develop the concept of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The Russian tsar even appointed Leibniz a prize of 2,000 guilders.

• Isaac Newton. England (1642-1727)

"Genius is the patience of a thought concentrated in a certain direction."
Isaac Newton is one of the greatest scientists in history. Physicist, mathematician, mechanic and astronomer, one of the founders of classical physics. The main work is "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy". In it, he outlined the law of universal gravitation and the three laws of mechanics, which became the basis of classical mechanics. He developed differential and integral calculus, color theory, laid the foundations of modern physical optics, created many other mathematical and physical theories.
Newton entered the House of Lords, regularly attended its meetings for many years, but remained silent. Once he nevertheless asked for the floor. Everyone expected to hear a grandiose speech, but Newton proclaimed in deathly silence: "Gentlemen, I ask you to close the window, otherwise I could catch a cold!"

• Mikhail Lomonosov. Russia (1711-1765)

"If you do something good with difficulty, the work will pass, and the good will remain, and if you do something bad with delight, the delight will pass, and the bad will remain."
The first Russian natural scientist of world importance, encyclopedist, chemist, physicist, astronomer, instrument-maker, geographer, metallurgist, geologist, poet, artist, historian. Lomonosov's contribution to various sciences cannot be overestimated. He discovered the presence of an atmosphere in Venus, laid the foundations of the science of glass, developed the molecular-kinetic theory of heat, the corpuscular theory, was engaged in the study of electricity, and determined the course of the development of the Russian language.

• Immanuel Kant. Prussia (1724-1804)

“The wise can change their minds; a fool never. "
The founder of German classical philosophy, one of the greatest thinkers of the 18th century, who had a huge impact on the development of philosophy.
Even among punctual Germans, Kant's penchant for discipline and a strict daily routine has become the talk of the town. Kant, who was walking around Konigsberg, was checking the clock.
In addition to philosophy, Kant was also engaged in natural sciences. He developed a cosmogonic hypothesis of the origin of the solar system from a giant primordial gas nebula, outlined the idea of ​​a genealogical classification of the animal world, put forward the idea of ​​the natural origin of human races, and studied the role of the ebb and flow.

• Johann Goethe. Holy Roman Empire (1749-1832)

"All fathers want their children to accomplish what they themselves did not succeed in."
Goethe is known today mainly as a genius writer and poet, but he was also a prominent scientist. He stood at the origins of physiognomy, was seriously engaged in chromatics (the science of colors and colors), chemistry, botany and biology. Goethe wrote many works on philosophy, geology, astronomy, literature and art. 14 of the 133 volumes of Goethe's complete works are devoted to scientific topics.

• James Maxwell. Scotland (1831-1879)

"... For the development of science, in each given epoch it is required not only that people think in general, but that they concentrate their thoughts on that part of the vast field of science that at this time requires development."
Maxwell is a theoretical physicist and mathematician who laid the foundations of electrodynamics, who created the theory of electromagnetic waves and photoelasticity. He invented the method of color photographic printing and was one of the founders of molecular physics. Besides physics and mathematics, he also made great contributions to astronomy and chemistry.

• Dmitry Mendeleev. Russia (1834-1907)

"Burning oil is like stoking the stove with banknotes."
Russian Da Vinci, the brilliant father of the periodic table of elements, Mendeleev was a versatile scientist and public figure. Thus, he made a significant and invaluable contribution to oil activities. Thanks to Mendeleev, Russia was able not only to refuse to export kerosene from America, but also to export oil products to Europe. Mendeleev was nominated for the Nobel Prize three times, but he never received it.

• Nikola Tesla. Austrian Empire (1856-1943)

“Do you know the expression“ You can't jump over your head ”? It's a delusion. A person can do anything. "
Tesla was called "the man who invented the XX century." His early work paved the way for modern electrical engineering, and his discoveries were of innovative importance. In the United States, Tesla's fame could compete with any inventor or scientist in history or popular culture. Tesla's genius was of a special nature. The inventor always wanted good, but created devices that could destroy humanity. So, studying the resonant vibrations of the Earth, the inventor created a device that actually provokes earthquakes.

• Albert Einstein. Germany (1879-1955)

"What a sad era when it is easier to smash an atom than to abandon prejudice."
Einstein is one of the most famous and popular scientists in the mass consciousness, a theoretical physicist, one of the founders of modern theoretical physics, a 1921 Nobel Prize laureate in physics.
Einstein is the author of more than 300 scientific papers in physics, as well as about 150 books and articles in the field of history and philosophy of science, the author of general and special theories of relativity, laid the foundations of quantum theory and stood at the origins of a new theory of gravity to replace Newtonian.

• Carl Gustav Jung. Switzerland (1875-1961)

"Everything that does not suit us in others allows us to understand ourselves."
Jung is a student of Sigmund Freud, who surpassed his teacher in many ways, the founder of analytical psychology. It was Jung who introduced the concepts of introversion and extraversion into psychology to determine the type of orientation of the personality, developed the associative method of psychotherapy, the doctrine of the collective unconscious, the theory of archetypes, and made a major breakthrough in the theory of dream interpretation.

• Niels Bohr, Denmark (1885-1962)

“If quantum physics didn’t scare you, then you don’t understand anything about it.”
A Nobel laureate in physics, Niels has been a member of the Danish Royal Society and its president since 1939. He was an honorary member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
Bohr is the creator of the first quantum theory of the atom and an active participant in the development of the foundations of quantum mechanics. He also made a significant contribution to the development of the theory of the atomic nucleus and nuclear reactions, the processes of interaction of elementary particles with the environment.

• Werner Heisenberg. Germany (1901-1976)

"The first sip from a glass of natural science is taken by an atheist, but God is waiting at the bottom of the glass."
Heisenberg is a great theoretical physicist, one of the founders of quantum mechanics. 1932 Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics. Heisenberg laid the foundations of matrix mechanics, formulated the uncertainty relation, and applied the formalism of quantum mechanics to the problems of ferromagnetism and the anomalous Zeeman effect. A number of his works are also devoted to the physics of cosmic rays, the theory of turbulence, and philosophical problems of natural science.
During World War II, Heisenberg was the leading theorist of the German nuclear project.

These are the smartest people in history. Their work has defined our vision of the world. The results of their intellectual work are impressive and motivate to engage in science.

Lao Tzu. China (VI century BC)

"The knower does not speak, the speaker does not know."

Semi-legendary Chinese thinker, founder of Taoism.
Lao Tzu translates as "old child." According to legend, the mother wore Lao Tzu in the womb for 81 years, he was born from her thigh.

La Tzu is considered the author of the key Taoist treatise, The Tao Te Ching. "Tao" is a path, one of the main categories of Chinese philosophy. "Tao" is wordless, nameless, formless and motionless. Nobody, not even Lao Tzu, can give a definition of "Tao". In China, the cult of Lao Tzu was formed, which began to be revered as one of the "three pure" - the highest deities of the Taoist pantheon.

Pythagoras. Ancient Greece (570-490 BC)

"Numbers rule the world."

Philosopher, mathematician and mystic, founder of the Pythagorean school. According to legend, he had a golden thigh. Herodotus called him "the greatest Hellenic sage." Pythagoras lived in Egypt for 22 years, in Babylon for 12 years. He was admitted there to participate in the sacraments.

According to Pythagoras, things are based on number, to know the world means to know the numbers that govern it. The mathematician probably brought the famous Pythagorean theorem on the square of the hypotenuse from the Babylonians, where it was known 1000 years before him.

Heraclitus. Ancient Greece (544-483 BC)

"Nature loves to hide."

The founder of dialectics. The only work that has survived in fragments is On Nature. Heraclitus is credited with the authorship of the catch phrase "Everything flows, everything changes."
The philosopher considered fire to be the origin of all things. Everything from it has happened and is constantly in a state of change. He led a secluded life. Diogenes Laertius wrote that Heraclitus, "having hated people, retired and began to live in the mountains, feeding on pasture and grasses."

Confucius. China (551 BC - 479 BC)

"If you hate, then you have been defeated."

An ancient Chinese philosopher, whose ideas became the basis for the development of Confucianism - a philosophical system, worldview, social ethics, and the scientific tradition of China.

The philosophy of Confucius has become popular outside the Middle Kingdom, even in Western Europe. In particular, Nicolas Malebranche and Gottfried Leibniz wrote about Confucianism. A particularly revered book of this teaching is "Lun Yu" ("Conversations and Judgments"), compiled by the students of Confucius on the basis of the teacher's statements.

Parmenides. Ancient Greece (c. 540 BC or 515 BC - c. 470 BC)

"Thinking and being are one and the same."

One of the founders of metaphysics and the founder of the Eleatic school, Zeno's mentor.
Socrates in Plato's dialogue "Teetetus" said about Parmenides that he was "a thinker of truly extraordinary depth." Hegel wrote that with Parmenides "philosophy began in the proper sense of the word." Parmenides believed that everything is based on Being, except for which there is nothing. There is no non-existence, and it is even impossible to think and speak about it, since everything that can be thought about already exists, but one cannot think about what is not. Being is one and has the shape of a ball.

Democritus. Ancient Greece (c. 460 BC - c. 370 BC)

"To live badly, unreasonably, intemperate means not to live badly, but to die slowly."

Democritus was called "the laughing philosopher." He squandered his inheritance on traveling around the world, for which he was even brought to trial. However, he was acquitted when he read an excerpt from his work The Great Peace Building. Democritus loved to leave people in cemeteries and meditate there. Hippocrates was even sent to him to test his sanity. He not only recognized Democritus sane, but also called him one of the smartest people.

Seneca called Democritus "the most subtle of all thinkers."

Plato. Ancient Greece (428 or 427 BC - 348 or 347 BC)

“Man is a wingless, two-legged creature with flat nails, susceptible to knowledge based on reasoning.”

Plato - from the word plato "latitude". So Plato was named by his teacher Socrates. The real name of the philosopher is Aristocles. Was in Persia, Assyria, Phenicia, Babylon, Egypt, and possibly India. In Athens, Plato founded a philosophical school - the Academy, which has existed for almost a thousand years. He twice won the pankration competition.

Plato is considered the founder of idealistic philosophy, developed the doctrine of the soul, political and legal doctrine, dialectics. He believed in immortality and transmigration of souls. The most popular works of Plato are still his dialogues. In almost all of them, the main character is Socrates.

Aristotle. Ancient Greece (384 BC, Stagira, Thrace - 322 BC)

“For two years a person learns to speak, and then for the rest of his life - to be silent.”

Disciple of Plato and educator of Alexander the Great, founder of the peripatetic school of philosophy, anatomist. Aristotle's works covered virtually all branches of knowledge.

According to Greek biographers, Aristotle suffered from speech defects, was "short-legged, with small eyes, wore smart clothes and a trimmed beard."
Plato and Aristotle, in fact, laid the foundations of all world philosophy. All formal logic is still based on the teachings of Aristotle.

Ptolemy. Alexandria (c. 100 - c. 170)

"Resist your whims when you are young, because in old age you cannot correct yourself in order to wean yourself from them."

Late Hellenistic astronomer, astrologer, mathematician, mechanic, optician, music theorist and geographer. There was no equal to him in astronomy for 1000 years. His classic monograph "Almagest" contains practically all knowledge about the astronomical science of his time. Ptolemy - the author of the eight-volume work "Guide to Geography", treatises on mechanics, music, optics and astrology, invented the astrolabe and the quadrant.

Plotinus. Roman Empire (204/205 - 270)

"Throw off everything from yourself."

Not to be confused with Plato. Idealist philosopher, founder of Neoplatonism. He brought Plato's doctrine of the ideal to its logical conclusion. The main thing in neoplatonism is the doctrine of the otherworldly and superintelligence of the origins of the universe. According to Plotinus, the beginning and basis of the universe is a certain One - infinite and immaterial. The main life task of a person is "reunification with the One", which he can accomplish thanks to the presence of his own soul. Plotinus had a significant influence on medieval philosophy, and especially on the thinkers of the Renaissance.

Procl. Ancient Greece (412 - 485)

"Every God is a measure of existence."

Neoplatonist philosopher, head of the Platonic Academy. Under Proclus, Neo-Platonism reached its last peak. Alexei Losev put Proclus even higher than Plotinus, the founder of the neo-Platonist school, and called him "the genius of reason"; with rationality, brought "to music, to pathos, to ecstasy." The writings of Proclus, which dealt with all aspects of Greek philosophy and science, are analytic and systematic.

Al Biruni (973-1048)

"If people knew how many favorable opportunities are scattered around and how many wonderful gifts are hidden in themselves, they would forever leave despondency and laziness."

Al Biruni was one of the most encyclopedically educated scholars. He mastered almost all the sciences of his time. The list of works alone, compiled by his students, is 60 pages in small print.

Al Biruni is the author of numerous major works on history, geography, philology, astronomy, mathematics, mechanics, geodesy, mineralogy, pharmacology, geology and other sciences. In addition to his native Khorezmian language, Biruni spoke Arabic, Persian, Greek, Latin, Turkic, Syriac, as well as Hebrew, Sanskrit and Hindi.

Ibn Sina. Samanid State, Abbasid Caliphate (980-1037)

“The less often the hand raises the drinking cup of wine,
The stronger in battle and the braver and more skillful she is. "

Avicenna is the most famous and influential philosopher of the medieval Muslim world, a Persian scientist and doctor, a representative of Eastern Aristotelianism. In total, he wrote more than 450 works in 29 fields of science, of which only 274 have survived.

Basically, Avicenna became famous in the field of medicine, having written many treatises on this topic, but also contributed to other sciences. So, he discovered the process of distillation of essential oils, wrote works on astronomy, music theory, mechanics, psychology and philosophy. He also became famous as a poet. He also wrote some scientific works in the form of poems.

Maimonides (1138-1204)

"Learn to say 'I don't know,' and that will be progress."

An outstanding Jewish philosopher and theologian - Talmudist, rabbi, doctor and versatile scientist of his era, codifier of the laws of the Torah. Maimonides is recognized as the spiritual leader of religious Jewry both of his generation and of subsequent centuries. He left a major contribution to astronomy, mathematics, physics, medicine. The meaning of Maimonides is best expressed by the popular phrase: "from Moshe to Moshe there was no such Moshe."

William of Ockham. England (1285-1357)

"It should not multiply existence unnecessarily."

An English philosopher and Franciscan monk, Ockham is considered one of the fathers of modern epistemology and modern philosophy in general, as well as one of the greatest logicians of all time. Occam's philosophy, especially his reasoning about universals, seriously influenced the development of philosophical thought, and the methodological principle, the so-called "Occam's razor", became one of the most popular philosophical maxims.

Nikolay Kuzansky. Holy Roman Empire (1401-1464)

"Any person who wants to rise to the knowledge of something must necessarily believe in something without which he cannot rise."

Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, the largest German thinker of the 15th century, philosopher, theologian, encyclopedic scientist, mathematician, church and political figure. As a philosopher, he took the position of neo-Platonism.

The philosophy was based on the idea of ​​the unity of opposites in the One, where all contradictions are leveled. He fought for religious tolerance, which at that time was not the most popular position, and even recognized some truthfulness and the right to exist for Islam. Kuzansky invented a diffusing lens for spectacles, wrote treatises on astronomy, mathematics, philosophy and theology.

Marsilio Ficino. Italy (1433-1499)

"Every thing in nature is either a cause directed at us, or a consequence coming from us."

Philosopher, humanist, astrologer, founder and head of the Florentine Platonic Academy. One of the leading thinkers of the early Renaissance, the most significant representative of Florentine Platonism.

Ficino translated into Latin all of Plato's works. Ficino's main work is the treatise Platonic Theology of the Immortality of the Soul. He also studied astrology (treatise "On Life"), which is why he had problems with the clergy. Ficino's works contributed to the revival of Platonism and the fight against scholastic Aristotelianism.

Leonardo da Vinci. Florentine Republic (1452-1519)

"When I thought I was learning to live, I was learning to die."

"Universal man" of the Western Renaissance, genius. Despite the fact that Da Vinci gained his greatest fame as an artist, he considered painting more a hobby, as well as music and the art of table setting. Da Vinci considered his main vocation to be engineering. In it, he really achieved great heights, anticipating the development of technology for centuries to come.

Today, in mass culture, Leonardo is recognized as the inventor of almost everything that exists. Seriously engaged in anatomy, da Vinci made thousands of drawings on the structure of the body, ahead of his time by 300 years. In many ways, Leonardo's Anatomy surpassed the famous Grey's Anatomy.

Paracelsus. Swiss Union (1493-1541)

“Everything is poison, and nothing is devoid of poisonousness; just one dose makes the poison invisible. "

The famous alchemist, astrologer and physician of Swiss-German origin, one of the founders of iatrochemistry, medical alchemy. He gave the name to the metal zinc.

Paracelsus considered man to be a microcosm, which reflects all the elements of the macrocosm. In one of his books "Oracles", containing 300 pages and many prophecies for the whole world until the end of the III millennium, he made several sensational predictions about Russia.

Paracelsus entrusted Russia with a great mission - the salvation of all mankind. “Muscovy will rise above all states. Not with her hand, but with her soul, she will save the world. "

Nicolaus Copernicus. Poland (1473 -1543)

"I prefer to be content with what I can vouch for."

Polish and Prussian astronomer, mathematician, economist, canon. He initiated the first scientific revolution by developing the hypothesis of the heliocentric system of the world. In addition, Copernicus was one of the first to express the idea of ​​universal gravitation.

Copernicus's main work is "On the Rotation of the Celestial Spheres." Copernicus combined mathematics and astronomy with work in the field of economic theory and medical practice, which he volunteered for.

Itzhak Luria. Ottoman Empire (1534-1572)

“... And the light shrank and departed,
Leaving free, empty space.
And the compression of light around the central point was uniform,
So that the empty place has acquired the shape of a circle,
Since that was the contraction of the light ...
And so, a straight ray stretched out from the endless light,
From top to bottom I went down, into the space of an empty one.
Stretched out, going down the beam, endless light down,
And in empty space, the volume created all perfectly worlds ... "

Jewish theologian, rabbi, creator of the so-called Lurianic Kabbalah. In Hebrew, Luria is usually abbreviated as Ari ("blessed is his memory").

The Lurianic Kabbalah, created by the Ari, is the basis of both the Sephardic Kabbalah from the 16th century, and the Hasidic Kabbalah, which appeared in the 18th century. Almost all modern Kabbalistic schools study the Lurianic Kabbalah. In addition to studying Kabbalah, Luria also studied poetry and science. Some believe that in the above poem, Luria described the process of the emergence of the universe from the Big Bang.

Giordano Bruno. Neopolitan kingdom (1548-1600)

"The fear of death is worse than death itself."

Italian Dominican monk, pantheist, poet and philosopher. Bruno tried to interpret the ideas of Copernicus, while taking the position of neo-Platonism in the spirit of Renaissance naturalism. Bruno expressed scientific theories ahead of their time. About the fact that in the Universe there are many stars similar to the Sun, about the planets of the solar system unknown in its time.
Giordano Bruno had an excellent memory and developed mnemonics, remembered by heart thousands of books, ranging from Scripture to Arabic alchemical treatises. He taught the art of mnemonics to Henry III and Elizabeth I.

John Dee. England (1527-1609)

“By the will of God, I am the Circle in whose hands the twelve Kingdoms. Six Thrones of the Breath of Life. The rest of the sharp sickles or horns of Death. "

Mathematician, geographer, astronomer, alchemist, hermeticist and astrologer. John Dee was one of the most educated people of his time, he had the largest library in England. In 1561, he completed and expanded upon Robert Record's famous book on mathematics, The Foundations of the Arts.

In 1564 he reaffirmed his status as a "great magician" by publishing his most famous and ambitious book on Kabbalah and geometric magic, entitled Monas hieroglyphica. Based on the diaries of John Dee, Gustav Meyrink wrote the novel Angel of the West Window. Several authors attribute to John Dee the authorship of the hoax known as the Voynich manuscript.

Francis Bacon. England (1561-1626)

"Knowledge is power".

Bacon is one of the most prominent universal scientists. Philosopher, politician, historian, founder of English materialism, empiricism. Bacon was the first thinker whose philosophy was based on experiential knowledge. He compiled a code of English laws; he worked on the history of the country during the Tudor dynasty, on the third edition of Experiments and Instruction.
In his utopian novel "New Atlantis" Bacon anticipated many discoveries of the future, for example, the creation of submarines, the improvement of animal breeds, the transmission of light and sound over a distance.

Johannes Kepler. Holy Roman Empire (1571-1630)

"I prefer the harsh criticism of one smart man than the thoughtless approval of the masses."

German mathematician, astronomer, mechanic, optician, discoverer of the laws of motion of the planets of the solar system. Albert Einstein called Kepler "the incomparable man." Indeed, Kepler practically alone, without using any support or understanding, made a lot of discoveries both in astronomy and in mathematics, physics, mechanics and optics, seriously engaged in astrology, believing, however, that she was a "stupid daughter of astronomy."

Mikhail Sendivogiy. Commonwealth (1566-1646)

“If you ask who I am: I am a Cosmopolitan, a citizen of the world. If you know me and wish to remain kind and noble people, keep my name a secret. "

The greatest Polish alchemist of the "era of the Roesncrucians", who possessed the secret of transmutation, the author of many alchemical works. In addition to alchemy, he also practiced medicine and even treated King Sigismund III, who also had a diplomatic adviser. He was a court alchemist for the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III. In the book "New Chemical Light ..." Sendivogy first described oxygen.

The glory of Sendivogius also gave rise to folk legends - to this day, in his hometown, as they say, on the eve of every New Year, his ghost appears on the market square.

Rene Descartes. France (1569-1650)

"I think, therefore I am."

Descartes is a philosopher, mathematician, mechanic, physicist and physiologist, the creator of analytical geometry and modern algebraic symbolism, the author of the method of radical doubt in philosophy, mechanism in physics, the forerunner of reflexology and the theory of affect. The great Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov erected a bust monument to Descartes near his laboratory, considering him to be his predecessor.

Pierre Fermat. France (1601-1665)

"Nature always works by the shortest paths."

One of the founders of analytical geometry, mathematical analysis, probability theory and number theory. Pierre Fermat was a lawyer by profession, he was an adviser to parliament in Toulouse. The oldest and most prestigious lyceum in this city bears the name of the scientist.

The farm was brilliantly educated, knew many languages. Including the ancients, on which he even wrote poetry. Best known for the formulation of Fermat's Last Theorem. It was finally proved only in 1995 by Andrew Wals. The proof text contains 129 pages.

Gottfried Leibniz. Holy Roman Empire (1646-1716)

"The present is fraught with the future."

Creator of combinatorics and founder of mathematical logic, philosopher, logician, mathematician, mechanic, physicist, lawyer, historian, diplomat, inventor and linguist. Leibniz founded the Berlin Academy of Science and was its first president. Independently of Newton, he created a mathematical analysis, described the binary number system, formulated the law of conservation of energy and introduced the concept of "living force" (kinetic energy) into mechanics.

Leibniz also invented an adding machine, introduced the concept of "small perceptions" into psychology, and developed the doctrine of unconscious mental life. He also inspired Peter the Great to develop the concept of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The Russian tsar even appointed Leibniz a prize of 2,000 guilders.

Isaac Newton. England (1642-1727)

"Genius is the patience of a thought concentrated in a certain direction."

Isaac Newton is one of the greatest scientists in history. Physicist, mathematician, mechanic and astronomer, one of the founders of classical physics. The main work is "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy". In it, he outlined the law of universal gravitation and the three laws of mechanics, which became the basis of classical mechanics. He developed differential and integral calculus, color theory, laid the foundations of modern physical optics, created many other mathematical and physical theories.

Newton entered the House of Lords, regularly attended its meetings for many years, but remained silent. Once he nevertheless asked for the floor. Everyone expected to hear a grandiose speech, but Newton proclaimed in deathly silence: "Gentlemen, I ask you to close the window, otherwise I could catch a cold!"

Mikhail Lomonosov. Russia (1711-1765)

"If you do something good with difficulty, the work will pass, and the good will remain, and if you do something bad with delight, the delight will pass, and the bad will remain."

The first Russian natural scientist of world importance, encyclopedist, chemist, physicist, astronomer, instrument-maker, geographer, metallurgist, geologist, poet, artist, historian. Lomonosov's contribution to various sciences cannot be overestimated. He discovered the presence of an atmosphere in Venus, laid the foundations of the science of glass, developed the molecular-kinetic theory of heat, the corpuscular theory, was engaged in the study of electricity, and determined the course of the development of the Russian language.

Immanuel Kant. Prussia (1724-1804)

“The wise can change their minds; a fool never. "

The founder of German classical philosophy, one of the greatest thinkers of the 18th century, who had a huge impact on the development of philosophy.

Even among punctual Germans, Kant's penchant for discipline and a strict daily routine has become the talk of the town. Kant, who was walking around Konigsberg, was checking the clock.

In addition to philosophy, Kant was also engaged in natural sciences. He developed a cosmogonic hypothesis of the origin of the solar system from a giant primordial gas nebula, outlined the idea of ​​a genealogical classification of the animal world, put forward the idea of ​​the natural origin of human races,
studied the role of ebb and flow.

Johann Goethe. Holy Roman Empire (1749-1832)

"All fathers want their children to accomplish what they themselves did not succeed in."

Goethe is known today mainly as a genius writer and poet, but he was also a prominent scientist. He stood at the origins of physiognomy, was seriously engaged in chromatics (the science of colors and colors), chemistry, botany and biology. Goethe wrote many works on philosophy, geology, astronomy, literature and art. 14 of the 133 volumes of Goethe's complete works are devoted to scientific topics.

James Maxwell. Scotland (1831-1879)

"... For the development of science, in each given epoch it is required not only that people think in general, but that they concentrate their thoughts on that part of the vast field of science that at this time requires development."

Maxwell is a theoretical physicist and mathematician who laid the foundations of electrodynamics, who created the theory of electromagnetic waves and photoelasticity. He invented the method of color photographic printing and was one of the founders of molecular physics. Besides physics and mathematics, he also made great contributions to astronomy and chemistry.

Dmitry Mendeleev. Russia (1834-1907)

"Burning oil is like stoking the stove with banknotes."

Russian Da Vinci, the brilliant father of the periodic table of elements, Mendeleev was a versatile scientist and public figure. Thus, he made a significant and invaluable contribution to oil activities. Thanks to Mendeleev, Russia was able not only to refuse to export kerosene from America, but also to export oil products to Europe. Mendeleev was nominated for the Nobel Prize three times, but he never received it.

Nikola Tesla. Austrian Empire (1856-1943)

“Do you know the expression“ You can't jump over your head ”? It's a delusion. A person can do anything. "

Tesla was called "the man who invented the XX century." His early work paved the way for modern electrical engineering, and his discoveries were of innovative importance. In the United States, Tesla's fame could compete with any inventor or scientist in history or popular culture. Tesla's genius was of a special nature. The inventor always wanted good, but created devices that could destroy humanity. So, studying the resonant vibrations of the Earth, the inventor created a device that actually provokes earthquakes.

Albert Einstein. Germany (1879-1955)

"What a sad era when it is easier to smash an atom than to abandon prejudice."

Einstein is one of the most famous and popular scientists in the mass consciousness, a theoretical physicist, one of the founders of modern theoretical physics, a 1921 Nobel Prize laureate in physics.

Einstein is the author of more than 300 scientific papers in physics, as well as about 150 books and articles in the field of history and philosophy of science, the author of general and special theories of relativity, laid the foundations of quantum theory and stood at the origins of a new theory of gravity to replace Newtonian.

Carl Gustav Jung. Switzerland (1875-1961)

"Everything that does not suit us in others allows us to understand ourselves."

Jung is a student of Sigmund Freud, who surpassed his teacher in many ways, the founder of analytical psychology. It was Jung who introduced the concepts of introversion and extraversion into psychology to determine the type of orientation of the personality, developed the associative method of psychotherapy, the doctrine of the collective unconscious, the theory of archetypes, and made a major breakthrough in the theory of dream interpretation.

Niels Bohr, Denmark (1885-1962)

“If quantum physics didn’t scare you, then you don’t understand anything about it.”

A Nobel laureate in physics, Niels has been a member of the Danish Royal Society and its president since 1939. He was an honorary member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
Bohr is the creator of the first quantum theory of the atom and an active participant in the development of the foundations of quantum mechanics. He also made a significant contribution to the development of the theory of the atomic nucleus and nuclear reactions, the processes of interaction of elementary particles with the environment.

Werner Heisenberg. Germany (1901-1976)

"The first sip from a glass of natural science is taken by an atheist, but God is waiting at the bottom of the glass."

Heisenberg is a great theoretical physicist, one of the founders of quantum mechanics. 1932 Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics. Heisenberg laid the foundations of matrix mechanics, formulated the uncertainty relation, and applied the formalism of quantum mechanics to the problems of ferromagnetism and the anomalous Zeeman effect. A number of his works are also devoted to the physics of cosmic rays, the theory of turbulence, and philosophical problems of natural science.

During World War II, Heisenberg was the leading theorist of the German nuclear project.

The American electrochemist engineer Libb Sims conducted a study and decided to rank the smartest people in the world of all time.

Sims was the first to compile a list of people, which included dozens of people with IQ levels over 200. Anything over 130 is extremely high, but it should be noted that IQ tests are a very controversial measure of the ranking of human abilities. Later, the American ranked everyone according to their inclinations in some area. The list that rightfully deserve the title of genius.

Not wanting geniuses to be excluded from his list, the calculation was carried out according to special formulas. Libb Sims created his rating of the smartest people in the world based on the Cox methodology, which people go through every 10 years, and then these indicators are averaged. Then the indicators are checked for errors and corrected. The rating was compiled on the basis of the main achievements of geniuses and correlation with the IQ test.

Of course, this list is extremely subjective, and sometimes, it would seem, compiled. However, we found it logical enough to be accepted as true.

1. John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill was a 19th century political philosopher and member of the British Parliament. As a student of the philosopher Jeremy Bentham, Mill championed utilitarianism and criticized unrestricted state control. His IQ score ranges from 180-200 different measures.

His 1859 essay On Freedom, in which he argues that freedom is a fundamental human right, sparked controversy in his unconditional endorsement of individuality and freedom of speech.

1. Christopher Hirata

Christopher Hirata is a child prodigy turned astrophysicist with Christopher Hirata with an IQ of 225. He became famous at the age of 13, becoming the youngest winner of the 1996 International Physics Olympiad. A year later, he entered the California Institute of Technology.

At 16, Hirata worked with NASA on a project with the colonization of Mars, and at 22 he received his Ph.D. in physics from Princeton. He is a professor of physics and astronomy at Ohio State University.

1. Emanuel Swedenborg

Emanuel Swedenborg is an 18th century scholar and theologian. His IQ is variously estimated to range from 165 to 210. Emanuel Swedenborg is known for his immense contributions to the natural sciences. Swedenborg Reaching his spiritual awakening in his 50s published what is currently his most famous work - a description of the afterlife called "Heaven and Hell". This robot was highly regarded after the death of the scientist and is highly regarded among philosophers and mystics. Swedenborg argued that he could visit heaven and hell of his own free will and that his ideas about spirituality, God, and Christ came to him in dreams and visions.

1. Ettore Majorana

Ettore Majorana is an Italian theoretical physicist who studied neutrino masses, electrically neutral subatomic particles that are created in nuclear reactions. His IQ score ranges from 183 to 200 according to various estimates.

He became professor of theoretical physics at the University of Naples one year before he mysteriously disappeared on a boat trip from Palermo to Naples. His body was never found.

Majorana's equation and Majorana fermions were named after him, and in 2006, the Majorana Prize in Theoretical Physics was created in his memory.

1. Voltaire

François Marie Arouet, better known by the pseudonym Voltaire, was born in Paris in 1694. According to various estimates, his IQ ranges from 190 to 200. He was one of the greatest writers and philosophers in France, known for his satirical genius and not afraid to criticize the nobles of his country.

Throughout his life, Voltaire vigorously defended the distinction between natural science and philosophy. Many of his critical works were directed against established philosophers such as Leibniz, Malebranche, and Descartes, according to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

1. William Shakespeare

Born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. Shakespeare made a living as an actor and playwright in London. In 1597, 15 of his plays were published, including Richard II, Henry VI, and Much Ado About Nothing.

1. Nikola Tesla

Born during a thunderstorm in 1856, Nikola Tesla went on to invent Tesla coils and AC machines. His IQ score ranges from 160 to 310 according to various estimates. He became famous for his bitter rivalry with Thomas Edison throughout his life, and many of his projects were funded by JPMorgan, who later became his business partner.

In 1900, Morgan invested $ 150,000 in Tesla's Wardenclyffe Tower, a transatlantic wireless communication system that Tesla never completed. A Serbian physicist died penniless in a New York hotel room in 1943.

1. Leonard Euler

Leonard Euler was a Swiss mathematician and physicist. Born in 1707 and educated in Basel. Euler spent most of his career in St. Petersburg and Berlin. His IQ score ranges from 180 to 200 according to various estimates.

Euler was one of the founders of pure mathematics and the further development of the study of integral calculus. He is the author of the mathematical work “Introduction to the Analysis of the Infinitesimal,” and his complete works are about 90 volumes. He possessed a legendary memory and could read the entire Aeneid word-for-word.

1. Galileo Galilei

Galileo was an Italian natural scientist, astronomer, and mathematician born in about 1564. He developed such scientific concepts as circular inertia and the law of falling bodies. His estimated IQ by various methods ranges from 180 to 200.

His discoveries with a telescope undermined the foundations laid by Aristotle in cosmology, in particular, his conclusions that Venus goes through phases like the Moon and that Jupiter has four moons orbiting it.

Towards the end of his life, the Church denounced him as a heretic for his literary work and his model of the heliocentric model of the universe.

1. Karl Gauss

Considered the greatest German mathematician of the 19th century. Karl Gauss was a child prodigy who made major contributions to number theory, algebra, statistics and mathematics. According to various estimates, his IQ ranges from 250 to 300.

His writings were especially influential in the study of electromagnetism. He refused to publish it until it was absolutely perfect.

1. Thomas Jung

Thomas Jung was an English physicist and physicist whose invaluable contributions to physiology led to many important discoveries in human anatomy. His IQ ranges from 185 to 200 according to various estimates. He was also an Egyptologist who helped decipher the Rosetta Stone.

One of his most important discoveries was that the eyelid of the human eye changes shape to focus on objects at different distances, which ultimately led him to determine the cause of astigmatism. He was also the first to study how the eye perceives colors.

1. William Sidis

William Sidis (inspired by Good Will Hunting) was an American child prodigy whose IQ scores range from 200 to 300 according to various estimates. At the age of 2, Sidis was reading The New York Times and typing letters on a typewriter - in English and French.

He was admitted to Harvard at the age of 9, but the university would not allow him to attend due to his "emotional immaturity." Instead, he attended Tufts until Harvard finally let him in when he turned there at 11.

Reporters followed him everywhere and he eventually became a hermit, moving from city to city under different names to avoid the spotlight. He died at the age of 46 from a massive stroke.

1. Gottfried Leibniz

Gottfried Leibniz is a German philosopher and logician who is perhaps best known for creating differential and integral calculus. His IQ ranges from 182 to 205 according to various estimates.

In 1676, Leibniz founded a new formulation of the laws of motion known as dynamics, substituting kinetic energy to maintain motion.

He made a great contribution to the philosophy of language with his work on necessary conditional truths, possible worlds, and the principle of sufficient reason.

1. Nicolaus Copernicus

Copernicus was the Polish mathematician and astronomer who discovered the heliocentric model of the universe - in which the sun, not the Earth, is the center of our solar system. He revolutionized space exploration. His IQ score ranges from 160 to 200.

His book, On the Rotation of the Celestial Spheres, was banned by the church after he died in 1543. The book remained on the prohibited reading list for nearly three centuries thereafter.

1. Rudolph Clausius

Rudolf Clausius is a German physicist and mathematician. Famous for the formulation of the second law of thermodynamics. His IQ score ranges from 190 to 205 according to different scores.

Clausius made thermodynamics a science, he coined the term "entropic", and developed the kinetic theory of gases. He was also one of the first scientists to make the assumption that molecules are composed of atoms constantly replacing each other, which later formed the basis of the theory of electrolytic dissociation (the decay of molecules into charged atoms or ions).

1. James Maxwell

James Maxwell is a Scottish mathematician and physicist best known for developing the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation. His IQ score ranges from 190 to 205 according to various estimates.

Maxwell is credited with the foundations and foundations of quantum theory. He was revered by many, including Einstein. When Einstein was asked if he stood on Newton's shoulders, he replied: "No, I stand on Maxwell's shoulders."

1. Isaac Newton

Most famous for his law of universal gravitation, the English physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton was instrumental in the scientific revolution of the 17th century. His IQ score ranges from 190 to 200. His work, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, is considered the most influential book on physics and possibly all of science. Although some of his assumptions were eventually disproved, Newton's universal principles of gravity were unparalleled in science at the time.

1. Leonardo da Vinci

Painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer - Leonardo da Vinci was perhaps the most diversely talented person in history. His IQ score ranges from 180 to 220 according to various estimates.

He is one of the most famous painters in history, revered for his technological innovations such as aircraft, armored vehicles, solar energy concentrating, and adding machines. Da Vinci was a chronic procrastinator, although several of his projects never came to fruition during his lifetime.

1. Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein is a German-born theoretical physicist whose IQ scores were estimated to range from 205 to 225. He is best known for his discovery of mass-energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which has been called the most famous equation. in the world.

Einstein formulated the principle of relativity and tried to refute quantum theory until his death. One died in 1955 at the age of 76.

1. Johann Goethe

Goethe is a German polymath who founded the science of human chemistry and developed one of the earliest theories of evolution. His IQ ranged from 210 to 225 according to various estimates.

He is considered one of the greatest figures in Western literature: his 1808 poetic drama Faust is still widely read and studied even today.

Without geniuses, the world would not look the way it does today. One genius can change history, create amazing art, or simply do what we could only dream of. But the irony is that they counterbalanced their talent with rather cruel acts.

Editorial staff site Of course, I agree that all people have flaws, but these "big brains" seem to have risen to a new level.

Genius in the field: mathematics and classical physics.

Achievements: Isaac Newton is undeniably the greatest scientist of all time. He managed to invent calculus, figure out the nature of gravity and discover three laws of motion. Most of us would probably give up science and rest on our laurels of glory by discovering at least one of the laws.

Charged with: Anger and vindictiveness.

Do you know whose name Newton "erased" from the books? Due to hostility and rivalry, Robert Hooke almost dropped out of science. Historians say that he was a brilliant scientist, and one of the biographers called him "the Englishman of da Vinci." Hooke and Newton argued over whether light was a particle, and the argument turned into a vicious feud.

The situation was aggravated when Newton published the theory of gravity and the law of gravitation, on which Hooke had also worked. He shared his research in a letter to Newton. Naturally, Robert assumed that he deserved his share of fame and recognition, but no. Newton was not going to share anything, and his hostility grew into hatred.

After Hooke's death, Newton, as president of the Royal Society of Sciences, destroyed all tools, papers, and even a portrait of the deceased. It is for this reason that the collection of the society contains images of all its members, except for one.

Genius in the field: electrical and radio engineering.

Achievements: He became the patron saint of science, the "father" of electricity and the favorite of many. His predictions about the future are so true that many think - probably the guy had the gift of clairvoyance. Regardless, we hope that he was completely wrong in one of the theories.

Charged with: Eugenics.

Eugenics is the doctrine of the selection of people to preserve the healthiest, most beautiful, smart and eliminate the imperfect.

Tesla was confident that eugenics would be in vogue by 2100.

1935 year- Nazism is gaining momentum, and Tesla writes forecasts for the magazine "Freedom". In one of them, he suggests that humanity needs to "stop making" inferior people. It has done a good job in the past thanks to the survival of the fittest, but people have become softer and "less desirable strains" need to be weeded out.

Tesla favored the sterilization of criminals and insane people in some areas. He was convinced that it was necessary to control the marriage so that only good people mated with each other. By the way, Tesla has never been married.

Genius in the field: Information Technology.

Achievements: The seer Apple a huge list of achievements and discoveries. While he became the brain for the most popular electronics of recent decades, the computer genius could not find a common language with anyone.

Blamed for: Bad friend, bad boss, and bad father..

When Steve was young and worked for Atari, he was given a lucrative task. Instead, he forced his friend Steve Wozniak to do the project and lied about the monetary reward. Wozniak received a small percentage of the royalties.

One day, Jobs decided that employees were too slow to work on a project, so he burst into a meeting with a stream of profanity that we dare not repeat. Working for Pixar, he fired people without notice or severance pay. In an interview, Steve might ask a potential employee if he was a virgin or worse.

But the main "merit" of Jobs - he was a really bad father, because he did not even recognize his daughter Lisa. The girl lived on welfare, and the businessman enjoyed millions. But we have cool phones, right?

Genius in the field: global politics.

Achievements: Not many people are worthy of becoming the face of the national currency. Winston Churchill became the face of the 5-pound note and was called the greatest Briton of all time. He was a brilliant wartime leader and was instrumental in defeating the Nazis. Oddly enough, Churchill's views were strikingly similar to those of Hitler.

Charged with: The racism that caused a million deaths.

Churchill was a class A racist. Because he had a lot of power, his racism killed millions of people. This happened when Britain ruled India and Churchill hated Hindus. He called them "monstrous people with a brutal religion." During the famine, he exported huge quantities of rice to help the hungry, and even turned down offers of aid to India from other countries. As a result, about three million people died.

When he was in charge of Kenya, he set up concentration camps in which people were beaten, raped, and castrated. He approved of the use of poison gas, but only against the inhabitants of the Middle East.

Genius in the field: visual arts.

Achievements: One of the most famous artists who ever lived, Picasso, with his style of "Cubism", changed contemporary art.

Charged with: Furious misogynist.

"He needs the blood of those who love him." No, this is not a slogan for an emotional vampire drama. This is how his grandfather Pablo Picasso describes his granddaughter Marina. She says that the psychological destruction of close women was part of his strange creative process.

Picasso himself was not shy about these views and officially called women "machines for suffering." He made his wives and children financially dependent on him. When Marina's parents separated, he kept her and her alcoholic mother in poverty to teach a lesson. It turns out that they were still lucky. Of the seven significant women in Picasso's life, two committed suicide and two went insane.

Being one of Picasso's women meant watching him sleep with others and treat you like trash. He divided women into goddesses and rags, and he seemed to enjoy turning the former into the latter.

Genius in the field: music and singing.

Achievements: Frank Sinatra became iconic on stage for his velvety voice, but off-stage things were truly awful. He could flare up in an instant and beat everything that came under the arm or under the leg.

Charged with: Violent disposition.

He hit the reporter, but managed to hush up the conflict and the charges brought against him. At the Beverly Hills Hotel, Sinatra threw the phone at a businessman and broke his skull. He nearly killed his wife Ava Gardner by throwing a bottle of champagne at her so hard that she broke the bathroom sink.

In fits of rage, Sinatra destroyed an insane amount of things. He cut the famous Norman Rockwell painting, threw the faulty TV out of the hotel window, smashed the priceless Ming vase in the Hong Kong hotel. This is what happens when you get used to it too much for everything to be your way.

FRANK MILLER

Genius in the field: drawing comics.

Achievements: Frank Miller is considered one of the greatest comic book artists of all time. His work transformed what was once considered a nursery environment into a full-fledged art form with works such as "Sin City" and The Return of the Dark Knight. Unfortunately, controversy also followed Miller's career.

Charged with: Sexism andracism.

In his comics, Catwoman transforms from a seasoned thief to a prostitute who is beaten by men. In Sin City, almost all female characters are described as sexual objects for men, and Wonder Woman in his vision does not represent a particularly intellectual character.

But more terrifying is Miller's graphic novel "Holy Terror". This work is about a white superhero who kills Muslim terrorists in New York. Many critics saw it as anti-Islamic propaganda.

Genius in the field: psychoanalysis.

Achievements: Mental illness has always been a sensitive issue. At that time, such problems were solved by the standard procedure - imprisonment in the walls of a mental hospital. The idea of ​​speaking out everything that bothers the mind was actually Freud's revolutionary psychological idea.

Yes, he seriously believed that sex was the root of all problems. His theories aren't perfect, but it's better than plugging a patient into a car battery, hoping an electric shock will make the brain work properly.

Charged with: An addict of cocaine and other bizarre medical treatments.

The problem with new science is that it is almost always an experiment, and mistakes cannot be ruled out. Freud made a lot of bugs in his project How Does the Brain Work?

The Victorian era was remembered for the "Women's Hysteria" epidemic. This is how one Freudian patient described paralysis of the limbs, impaired hearing and language, loss of consciousness and hallucinations. Physicians today would recognize this as neurological dysfunction or epilepsy, but the Victorian treatment involved talk. Well, an abundant amount of cod oil. So it was like trying to fix a broken computer by smacking it with a hammer.

When Freud could not treat patients with conversation and hypnosis, he claimed that they were hiding something and used a kind of torture. The scientist pressed his fingers to the patient's forehead and asked him to report which image appeared in the head. The patients answered something to make the would-be doctor stop.

And the icing on the cake - cocaine treatment. With a sincere intention to help, he advised a colleague and friend of cocaine as a way to treat morphine addiction. It's like putting out a fire with a termite containing gasoline. Freud's friend ended up dying of drugs.

Genius in the field: modern theoretical physics.

Achievements: Einstein must be on any list of geniuses. He was great and opened up tons of new science. Let's remember E = mc2 and let's leave science aside for now.

Charged with: Terrible husband.

There is one person who certainly did not idolize the scientist - his first long-suffering wife Mileva Marich. Einstein's correspondence with Marich revealed that he was cruel to her and their two sons. After their marriage began to fall apart, Einstein sent his wife a list of rules she must follow to keep the family together.

She still had to do the laundry and cook breakfast, lunch and dinner, which he ate alone. His house should have been clean, including from his wife at any time. No hint of an intimate relationship, you can not even speak, until your husband allows it. Sons shouldn't hear a single harsh word about daddy. It is not surprising that Mileva left her tyrant husband after a few months.

Genius in the field: neurobiology and neurophysiology.

Achievements: University of Madrid graduate José Delgado received a prestigious professorship at Yale University. He examined the brain in normal life and pathologies using implanted electrodes. In general, he worked on mind control.

Charged with: Bullying animals and people.

At Yale University in the 1950s and 60s, Delgado inserted electrode implants into the brains of primates and used a remote control that emitted radio frequencies to enable the animals to perform complex tasks. He later inserted an implant into the brain of an angry bull, which was released into the arena, right at the scientist. With the help of a transmitter, electrical stimuli caused the animal to dodge. Even unique footage of those years has survived:

But the most disturbing of all experiences was the involvement of 25 people. In fact, his device influenced the aggression of people, but he strove for mind control. The scientist loudly declared about terrible things: “We have to electronically control the brain. Someday armies and generals will be controlled by electrical brain stimulation. ”