Typology of societies. Traditional, industrial, post-industrial society: description, features, similarity and differences
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Typology of societies: traditional, industrial and perdural society
In the modern world, there are various types of societies that differ in between themselves in many respects, as an obvious (communication language, culture, geographical position, size, etc.), and hidden (the degree of social integration, the level of stability, etc.). Scientific classification implies the allocation of the most significant, typical signs that distinguish some signs from other and unifying societies of the same group.Typology (from Greek. Tupoc - imprint, shape, sample and logoc - word, teaching) - the method of scientific knowledge, which is based on the dismemberment of systems of objects and their grouping using a generalized, idealized model or type.
In the mid-19th century, K. Marx proposed the typology of societies, in the foundation of which the method of production of material goods and production relations were laid - primarily property relationship. He divided all societies to 5 main types (according to the type of social and economic formations): primitive, slave-owned, feudal, capitalist and communist (initial phase - socialist society).
Other typology divides all societies to simple and complex. The criterion is the number of control levels and the degree of social differentiation (separation).
A simple society is a society in which components are homogeneous, there are no rich and poor, managers and subordinates, structure and functions here are weakly differentiated and can easily interchange. These are primitive tribes, in some places that have surrendered so far.
Complex society - society with highly differentiated structures and functions, interconnected and interdependent from each other, which necessitates their coordination.
K. Popper distinguishes two types of societies: closed and open. The differences between them lies a number of factors, and, above all, the attitude of social control and freedom of the individual.
For a closed society, a static social structure, limited mobility, immunity to innovations, traditionalism, dogmatic authoritarian ideology, collectivism. To such a type of societies K. Popper attributed Sparta, Prussia, Tsarist Russia, Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union of the Stalinist Epoch.
Open society is characterized by a dynamic social structure, high mobility, the ability to innovate, criticism, individualism and a democratic pluralistic ideology. Samples of open societies K. Popper considered the ancient Athens and modern Western democracy.
Modern sociology uses all typologies, combining them into some synthetic model. Its creator consider the prominent American sociologist Daniel Bella (r. 1919). He divided the world history of sodium: pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial. When one stage comes to replace the other, technology changes, production method, a form of ownership, social institutions, political regime, culture, lifestyle, population, social structure of society.
Traditional (pre-industrial) society- Society with agricultural construction, with a predominance of natural economy, a classroom hierarchy, larger structures and traditionally based on the tradition of sociocultural regulation. It is characterized by manual labor, the extremely low pace of development of production, which can satisfy the needs of people only at the minimum level. It is extremely inertial, therefore, a little bit of innovation. The behavior of individuals in such a society is regulated by customs, norms, social institutions. Customs, norms, institutions, consecrated by tradition, are considered unshakable, not allowing thoughts about their change. Performing its integrative function, culture and social institutions suppress any manifestation of individual freedom, which is a prerequisite for the gradual renewal of the Company.
Industrial Society - The term industrial society introduced A. Saint-Simon, emphasizing his new technical basis.
In modern sound, this is a complex society, with industry-based method, with flexible, dynamic and modifying structures, a method of socio-cultural regulation, based on a combination of freedom of individual and the interests of society. For these societies, a developed division of labor is characterized by the development of mass communication, urbanization, etc.
Post-industrial society - (Sometimes it is called information) - society developed on an information basis: mining (in traditional societies) and processing (in industrial societies) of nature products are replaced by the acquisition and processing of information, as well as predominant development (instead of agriculture in traditional societies and industry in industrial) services. As a result, the structure of employment is also changing, the ratio of various vocational qualification groups. According to forecasts, at the beginning of the 21st century, half of the labor force will be occupied in the field of information, a quarter - in the field of material production and a quarter - in the production of services, including information.
The change in the technological basis affects the organization of the entire system of social relations and relations. If in the industrial society the bulk class was workers, then in post-industrial - employees, managers. At the same time, the value of class differentiation weakens, instead of the status ("grainy") social structure forms a functional ("ready"). Instead of leadership, the Principle of Management becomes approval, and direct democracy and self-government are to replace representative democracy. As a result, instead of a hierarchy of structures, a new type of network organization focused on a quick change is created depending on the situation.
It has been proven that society continuously evolves. The development of society may proceed in two directions and take three certain forms.
Directions of the development of society
It is customary to allocate social progress (the trend of development from the lowest level of the material state of society and the spiritual evolution of the person to higher) and regress (the opposite of progress: the transition from a more developed state to less developed).
If you demonstrate the development of society graphically, the broken line will be obtained (where the decides and lifts will be displayed, for example, the fascism period is the stage of public regression).
Society is a complex and multifaceted mechanism, in connection with which progress can be traced in one field, while in the other - regression.
So, if you turn to historical facts, you can clearly see technical progress (the transition from primitive labor instruments to the most complex machines with CNC, from the wield livestock for trains, cars, aircraft, etc.). However, the reverse side of the medal (regression) is the destruction of natural resources, undermining the natural habitat of a person, etc.
Criteria of social progress
They are numbered six:
- approval of democracy;
- growth in the welfare of the population and its social security;
- improving interpersonal relationships;
- growth of spirituality and ethical component of society;
- weakening of interpersonal confrontation;
- measure of freedom provided by the individual with the Company (degree guaranteed by the society of individual freedom).
Forms of social development
The most common - evolution (smooth, gradual changes in the life of society flowing naturally). Features of its character: graduality, continuity, climbing (for example, scientific and technical evolution).
The second form of social development is a revolution (fast, deep changes; the root coup of social life). The nature of revolutionary changes has radical and fundamental features.
Revolutions can be:
- short-term or long-term;
- within one or several states;
- within one or several areas.
If these changes affect all existing social spheres (policies, daily life, economy, culture, public organization), the revolution is called social. This kind of change causes strong emotionality, the mass activity of the entire population (for example, such Russian revolutions as October, February).
The third form of social development - reform (a set of measures-oriented to transform specific parties to society's life, for example, economic reform or reform in the field of education).
Systematic model of social development typologies D. Bella
This American sociologist delimited world history in stage (types) regarding the development of society:
- industrial;
- post-industrial.
The transition from one stage to the other is accompanied by a change in technology, form of ownership, political regime, lifestyle, social structure of society, method of production, social institutions, culture, population.
Pre-industrial Society: Characteristics
Simple and complex societies are allocated here. The pre-industrial society (simple) is a society without social inequality and division into strata or classes, as well as without commodity-monetary relations and a state apparatus.
In primitive times, collectors, hunters lived in a simple society, then early beer, farmers.
The social structure of the pre-industrial society (simple) has the following features:
- minor merger dimensions;
- primitive level of development of equipment and division of labor;
- egalitarianism (economic, political, social equality);
- the priority of blood related links.
Stages of the evolution of ordinary societies
- groups (local);
- communities (primitive).
The second stage has two periods:
- generic community;
- neighborhood.
The transition from the generic communities to the neighborhood became possible due to a settled lifestyle: groups of blood relatives settled near each other and connected to both marriages and mutual proud of joint territories, labor corporation.
Thus, the pre-industrial society is characterized by a gradual occurrence of the family, the emergence of division of labor (interpole, inter-served), the origin of social norms, which is taboo (absolute prohibitions).
Transitional shape from a simple society to complex
Development is the hierarchical structure of the system of people who does not have an extensive management apparatus, which is an integral part of a mature state.
According to the criterion of the number, this is a major association (more tribe). It already presents gardening without pastry agriculture and redundant product without surplus. Gradually arises a bundle on rich and poor, noble and simple. The number of managerial levels is 2-10 and more. Modern leader's leaders are: New Guinea, Tropical Africa and Polynesia.
Complicated pre-industrial societies
The finishing stage of the evolution of ordinary societies, as well as the neolithic revolution, the neolithic revolution. A complex (pre-industrial) society is characterized by the emergence of the surplus product, social inequality and stratification (caste, classes, slavery, classes), commodity-money relations, a branched, specialized management apparatus.
It is usually numerous (hundreds of thousands of hundreds of millions of people). Within the framework of a complex society, blood-study, personal relationships are replaced by unreliable, impersonal (this is especially manifested in cities, when even the welfarers can be unfamiliar).
Social ranks are replaced by social stratification. As a rule, pre-industrial society (complex) is referred to as stratified due to the fact that the strata are numerous, and groups include exclusively those who are not related to related relationships with the ruling class.
Signs of complex society V. Childe
They are numbered at least eight. Signs of pre-industrial society (complex) are as follows:
- People are resetted by cities.
- Developed non-adricrous specialization of labor.
- A surplus product appears and accumulates.
- Clear class distances arise.
- Normal law is replaced by legal law.
- Large-scale public works on the type of irrigation are born, and the pyramids arise.
- Overseas trade appears.
- There is writing, mathematics and elite culture.
Despite the fact that the agrarian society (pre-industrial) is characterized by the emergence of a large number of cities, most of the population lived in the village (a closed territorial peasant community, leading the natural economy, which is poorly connected with the market). The village is focused on religious values \u200b\u200band traditional lifestyle.
Characteristic features of pre-industrial society
The following features of the traditional society are distinguished:
- Agriculture occupies a dominant position in which manual technologies prevail (the energy of animals and people is applied).
- The essential share of the population falls on rural residents.
- Production is focused on personal consumption, and therefore the market relations are underdeveloped.
- Castovaya or classification system of the population classification.
- Low social mobility.
- Large patriarchal families.
- Social changes proceed with low rates.
- Priority is given to religious and mythological worldview.
- Uniformity of values \u200b\u200band norms.
- Sacralized, authoritarian political power.
These are schematic and simplified features of a traditional society.
Industrial type of society
The transition to this type was due to the two global processes:
- industrialization (creation of large-scale machinery);
- urbanization (resettlement of people from villages in cities, as well as propaganda of urban vitality in all layers of the population).
Industrial society (originated in the XVIII century) - the child of two revolutions - political (Great French Revolution) and the Economic (English Industrial Revolution). The result of the first is economic freedoms, new social stratification, and the second is a new political form (democracy), political freedoms.
Feudalism was changed by capitalism. The concept of "industrialization" has strengthened in everyday life. Her flagship is England. This country is the homeland of machine production, new legislation and free entrepreneurship.
Industrialization is interpreted as the use of scientific knowledge relative to industrial technology, the opening of fundamentally new sources of energy that allowed all the work previously carried out by people either by the animals.
Thanks to the transition to industry, a small proportion of the population was able to feed a significant number of people without land processing procedure.
Compared with agricultural states and empires, industrial countries are numerous (dozens, hundreds million people). These are the so-called high-tubed societies (cities began to play a dominant role).
Signs of industrial society:
- industrialization;
- class antagonism;
- representative democracy;
- urbanization;
- division of society into classes;
- transfer of power to owners;
- minor social mobility.
Thus, we can say that pre-industrial and industrial society is actually different social worlds. This transition can not be easy or quick. Western societies, so to speak, the pioneers of modernization, it took not one century to embody this process.
Post-industrial society
In it, priority is given to the field of services that prevails over industry and agriculture. The social structure of the post-industrial society is shifted in favor of employed in the aforementioned sphere, new elites are also allocated: science and technocrats.
This type of society is characterized as "postchalass" in view of the fact that it traces the decay of the strengthened social structures, identities that are so characteristic of the industrial society.
Industrial and post-industrial society: distinctive features
The main characteristics of the modern and post-hour society are below the table.
Characteristic | Modern society | Post-hour society |
1. The basis of public welfare | ||
2. Mass class | Managers, employees |
|
3. Social Structure | "Grainy", status | "Hundredth", functional |
4. Ideology | Sociocentrism | Humanism |
5. Technical foundation | Industrial | Information |
6. Leading industry | Industry | |
7. The principle of management and organization | Guide | Coordination |
8. Political regime | Self-government, immediate democracy |
|
9. Religion | Small confessions |
Thus, both the industrial and post-industrial society are modern types. The main distinguishing feature of the latter is that a person is not considered as a predominantly "human person". A post-industrial society is the Society "posttrudoy", "post-economic" (the economic subsystem loses its determining value; labor is not the basis of social relations).
Comparative characteristics of the Society Development Types
Follow the main differences that have traditional, industrial and post-industrial society. Comparative characteristics are presented in the table.
Criteria comparison | Pre-industrial (traditional) | Industrial | Post-industrial |
1. Main Production Factor | |||
2. Main Production Product | Food | Industrial goods | |
3. Production features | Exceptionally handmade work | Widespread use of technologies and mechanisms | Computerization of society, production automation |
4. Specificity of labor | Individuality | The predominance of standard activities | Promotion of creative start |
5. Structure of employment | C / x - approximately 75% | C / x - Approximately 10%, industry - 75% | C / x - 3%, industry - 33%, services - 66% |
6. Priority type of export | Mostly raw materials | Produced manufactured | |
7.Social structure | Classes, estates, castes included in the team, their closure; Minor social mobility | Classes, their mobility; Simplify existing social. Structures | Preservation of existing social differentiation; an increase in the number of middle class; Professional differentiation based on qualifications and level of knowledge |
8. Average life expectancy | From 40 to 50 years | Up to 70 years and above | Over 70 years old |
9. The degree of human influence on the environment | Uncontrollable, local | Uncontrollable, global | Controlled, global |
10. Relationship with other states | Insignificant | Strong relationship | Full openness of society |
11. Political sphere | Most often, monarchical forms of government, lack of political freedoms, power is above the law | Political freedoms, equality before the law, democratic conversion | Political pluralism, strong civil society, the emergence of a new democratic form |
So, it is worth recalling three types of society development: traditional, industrial and post-industrial society.
56. Traditional society and the problem of modernization. Industrial and post-industrial society. Information society.
Under traditional society, it usually understands such, where the main regulators of life and behavior are traditions and customs, which remain stable and unchanged throughout the life of one generation of people. Traditional culture offers people within her a certain set of values, socially approved behavioral models and explanatory myths that organize the world around them. It fills the world of man with meaning and is a "tamed", "civilized" part of the world.
The communicative space of traditional society is reproduced by direct participants in the events, but it is significantly wider, since it includes and is determined by the preceding experience of adapting a collective or community to the landscape, environment, wider - to the surrounding circumstances. The communicative space of traditional society is total, as it completely subordinates the life of a person and in its framework a person has a relatively small repertoire of opportunities. It is fastened with historical memory. In the represented period, the role of historical memory is determining. Myths, legends, legends, fairy tales are broadcast exclusively by memory, directly from a person to a person, from mouth to mouth. The person is personally incorporated into the process of broadcasting cultural values. It is the historical memory that retains the social experience of the collective or group and reproduces it in time and in space. It performs the function of protecting a person from outside exposure.
Explanatory models offered by major religions are fairly effective in order to keep tens and even hundreds of millions of people around the world in their communicative space all over the world. Religious communications can interact. If this symbiosis is longtime, the degree of penetration of one or another religion into traditional culture can be quite significant. Although some traditional cultures are more tolerant and allow, for example, as a Japanese traditional culture, visit their adherents of the temples of different religions, usually they are still clearly closed to a certain religion. Confessional communications may even exhibit earlier, but more often there is still symbiosis: they penetrate each other and significantly intertwined. The main religions include a lot of earlier beliefs, including mythological plots and their heroes. That is, in reality one becomes part of another. It is the confession that sets the main theme with religious communicative flows - salvation, achieving merger with God, etc. Thus, confessional communications play an important therapeutic role, helping people easier to endure difficulties and adversity.
In addition, confessional communications have a significant, sometimes defining, influence on the picture of the human world, which is located or under their impact. The language of religious communication is the language of social authorities, standing over a person who determines the peculiarities of the worldview and requiring it to the canons. So, the features of Orthodoxy, according to I.G. Yakovenko, imposed a serious imprint on the mentality of the adepts of this direction in the form of the cultural code of traditional domestic culture. As part of the cultural code, in his opinion, there are eight elements: installation on a sykresis or the ideal of a syncreasis, a special cognitive design "Privant" / "Surrender", ESKATological complex, Manichaean intention, peaceful or gnostic installation, "split cultural consciousness", sacred status Authority, extensive dominant. "All these moments do not exist isolated, not appeal, but are represented in the Unified whole. They support each other, intertwined, complement and therefore so stable.
Over time, communications was sacred. With a change in the social structure of society, communications appeared, not aimed at preserving the genus or primary group. These communications were intended to integrate the multiple primary groups into a single whole. So there were and strengthened communications having external sources. They needed a unifying idea of \u200b\u200bheroes, common gods, states. More precisely, new power centers needed unifying in a single communication. It could be confessional communications that fastened people with the symbols of faith. And there could be powerful communications, where the main method of consolidation was, in one form or another, coercion.
The big city as a phenomenon appears in a new time. This is due to the intensification of the life and activities of people. The big city is a compatibility of people who came to it from different places, of different origins who do not always want to live in it. Gradually accelerates the rhythm of life, the degree of individualization of people is increasing. Change communications. They become indirect. The direct broadcast of historical memory is interrupted. Appears mediators, communications professionals: teachers, cults of cult, journalists, etc. repel from different versions of the events that occurred. These versions can be both the result of independent reflection and the result of the order of certain groups of interest.
Modern researchers identify several types of memory: a funny (associated with activities), historical, social or cultural. It is the memory that the element that bonds and creates continuity in the transfer of ethnosocial experience from elder to younger generations. Of course, the memory retains not all events that occurred with representatives of one or another ethnos for the period of its existence, it is selective. It retains the most important, key of them, but retains them in the turned, mythologized form. "The social group, establishing as a common memory, protects its past from two main points of view: peculiarities and durability. Creating your own image, it emphasizes the differences with the outside world and, on the contrary, the inner differences are smaller. In addition, it develops "Consciousness of its identity, carrying through time", therefore, "the facts saved by memory are usually selected and lined up to emphasize compliance, similarity, continuity"
If traditional communications contributed to the achievement of the necessary group's fusion and supported the "I" balance "-" we "identity", then modern communications, being mediated, have a different goal. This is the actualization of the broadcast material and the formation of public opinion. Currently, the destruction of traditional culture occurs due to the displacement of traditional communications and replacing them with professionally built communications, imposing certain interpretations of events of the past and present with the help of modern media and QMS.
When making a portion of a new pseudoactual information into the mass communication space, which is so oversaturated in the information plan, many effects are reached immediately. The main one is the following: a massive man, without applying efforts, without resorting to actions, is quite quickly tired, receiving a concentrated portion of impressions and he, as a result,, as a rule, it does not arise any desire to change in his life and in its Surroundings. It, with a skillful supply of the material, trust in what sees on the screen and to translated authoritations. But it is not necessary to see here anyone's conspiracy - there is no less and the order coming from consumers, and the organization of modern media and the conjuncture in a large part of the cases is such that this kind of operation is beneficial. Including ratings depend on this, and therefore the revenues of the owners of the respective media and the QMS. Spectators are already accustomed to consume information, looking for the most sensational and entertaining. With its excess, with the illusion of complicity in the process of its joint consumption, the time for reflection at the medium mass person practically does not remain. A person drawn into such consumption is forced to constantly be in a kind of information kaleidoscope. As a result, he remains less than the time for the actual necessary actions and, in a significant part of cases, especially in relation to young people, their skills are lost.
Affecting, thus, the memory, power structures can achieve actualization at the right moment of the necessary interpretation of the past. This allows it to extinguish with negative energy, discontent with the population of things in the direction of its internal or external opponents, which become enemies in this case. This mechanism turns out to be very convenient for power, as it allows her at the right moment to take a blow from himself, distract attention with a situation unfavorable for itself. Thus, the mobilization of the population makes it possible to correct public opinion in the direction necessary for itself, to laugh enemies and create favorable conditions for further activities. Without this policy, the holding of power becomes problematic.
In the situation of modernization, risks are significantly increasing, both both social and technological. According to I. Yakovenko, "in the modernizing society, the nature of the city" takes its own ". The dynamic dominant generated by the city contributes to the erosion of the cosmos due "a person who is accustomed to innovation" does not notice the difficult-to-catch transformation of his own consciousness, developing cultural senses, position and installations along with new skills. Along with the collapse of traditional culture, the degree of individualization is gradually increasing, i.e. Alliance "I" from the collective "we". Change established, it would seem forever communicative and economic practices.
Complete interfocal exchange. Old people cease to use authority. Society changes significantly. The main channels of knowledge and traditions are the media and the QMS, libraries, universities. "The traditions are predominantly treated with the traditions that seek to preserve the existing procedures and the sustainability of their community, society as a whole, to withstand destructive external influences. However, it is important to maintain continuity here - in symbols, historical memory, in myths and legends, texts and images ascending to a distant or recent past "
Thus, even rapidly occurring modernization processes still retain the elements of the familiar traditional culture in one form or another. Without this, the structures and people at the head of changes are unlikely to have the necessary legitimacy to resist in power. Experience shows that the processes of modernization will be the more successful than more supporters of the changes will be able to achieve a balance between the old and new, between the elements of traditional culture and innovation.
Industrial and post-industrial society
Industrial society is the type of economically developed society in which the prevailing industry of the national economy is industry.
The industrial society is characterized by the development of the division of labor, the mass production of goods, engineering and automation of production, the development of mass communication, services, high mobility and urbanization, ascending the role of the state in the regulation of the socio-economic sphere.
1. The approval of the industrial technological structure as dominant in all public areas (from economic to cultural)
2. Changing employment proportions by industry: a significant reduction in the share of busy in agriculture (up to 3-5%) and the growth of the share of employed in industry (up to 50-60%) and services (up to 40-45%)
3. Intensive urbanization
4. The emergence of nation-states organized on the basis of a common language and culture
5. Educational (cultural) revolution. Transition to universal literacy and formation of national education systems
6. The political revolution leading to the establishment of political rights and freedoms (Ave. total
7. Growth of consumption level ("Revolution of consumption", the formation of a "state of universal well-being")
8. Changing the structure of working and free time (formation of "society of consumption")
9. Changes in demographic type of development (low birth rate, mortality, life expectancy, population award, i.e. growth of the share of senior age groups).
Post-industrial society is a society in which the services of services has priority development and prevails on the volume of industrial production and production of agricultural products. In the social structure of post-industrial society, the number of people employed in the service sector and form new elites: technocrats, sciences.
This concept was first proposed by D. Belly in 1962. It recorded the introduction in the late 50s of the 60s. developed Western countries exhausted the potential of industrial production, in a qualitatively new stage of development.
It is characterized by a decrease in the share and values \u200b\u200bof industrial production due to the growth of the scope of services and information. The production of services becomes the main sphere of economic activity. So, in the United States in the field of information and services, about 90% of the employed population is now working. Based on these changes, there is a rethinking of all the basic characteristics of industrial society, the fundamental change of theoretical benchmarks.
So, the post-industrial society is defined as society "Economic Post", "Post Labor", i.e. Such a society in which the economic subsystem loses its defining importance, and labor ceases to be the basis of all social relations. A person in the post-industrial society is no longer considered as a "economic" person.
The first "phenomenon" of such a person is considered the youth riot of the late 60s., Which meant the end of the Protestant employment ethics as a moral basis of the Western Industrial Civilization. Economic growth ceases to act as the main, especially the only reference point, the goal of social development. The emphasis shifts on social, humanitarian problems. Quality and safety of life, independent self-realization arise as priorities. New welfare criteria and social well-being are formed.
The post-industrial society is also determined as a "post class" society, which reflects the decay of sustainable social structures and identities characteristic of industrial society. If before the status of an individual in society was determined by its place in the economic structure, i.e. Class affiliation, which all other social characteristics were subordinated, now the status characteristic of the individual is determined by the set of factors, among which education plays an increasing role, the level of culture (the fact that P. Bourdieu called "cultural capital").
On this basis, D. Bell and a number of other Western sociologists put forward the idea of \u200b\u200ba new "service" class. Its essence is that in the post-industrial society is not an economic and political elite, and intellectuals and professionals that make up a new class belongs to power. In reality, the principal change in the distribution of economic and political power did not happen. The statements about the "death of the class" also seem clearly exaggerated and premature.
However, significant changes in the structure of society, bound primarily with a change in the role of knowledge and its carriers in society, are undoubtedly occur (see Information Society). Thus, it is possible to agree with the approval by D. Bella, that "changes that are recorded by the term post-industrial society can mean the historical metamorphosis of the Western society."
INFORMATION SOCIETY - The concept actually replaced at the end of the 20th century. Interesting radio-controlled helicopter at a low price Order The term "post-industrial society". For the first time the phrase "I.O." The American economist F. Mashlup ("Production and Dissemination of Knowledge in the United States", 1962) was used. Mashlup was one of the first to study the information sector of the economy on the example of the United States. In modern philosophy and other social sciences, the concept of "I.O." Quickly develops as the concept of a new social order, significantly different in its characteristics from the previous one. Initially, the concept of "post-capitalist" - "post-industrial society" (Darendorf, 1958) is postulated, in the borders of which the production and dissemination of knowledge, and, accordingly, a new industry appears to prevail in the economy in the sectors of the economy. The rapid development of the latter determines its control over the business and the state (Galbreit, 1967). The organizational foundations of this control (Baldwin, 1953; White, 1956) are allocated, in the application to the social structure meaning the occurrence of a new class, the so-called meritocracy (Young, 1958; Gouldner, 1979). The production of information and communication becomes a centralized process (the theory of "Global Village" Mac-Lien, 1964). Ultimately, the main resource of the new post-industrial order determines the information (Bell, 1973). One of the most interesting and developed philosophical concepts I.O. Belongs to the well-known Japanese scientist E. Masuda, seeking to comprehend the coming evolution of society. The basic principles of the composition of the upcoming society, presented in his book "Information Society as a Post-industrial Society" (1983), the following: "The basis of the new society will be a computer technology, with its fundamental function to replace or strengthen the mental human work; the information revolution will quickly turn into a new Productive force and makes it possible to mass production of cognitive, systematized information, technology and knowledge; the potential market will be the "border of disgraced", the possibility of solving problems and development of cooperation; the leading industry of the economy will be intellectual production, the production of which will be accumulated, and accumulated information will become spread through synergistic production and share use "; In the new information society, the main subject of social activity will be the "free community", and the political system will be "democracy of participation"; The main goal in the new society will be the implementation of the "time value". Masuda offers a new, holistic and attractive utopia of 21 c., They named "compartment", which contains the following parameters: (1) Persecution and realization of time values; (2) freedom of decision and equality of opportunities; (3) the flourishing of various free communities; (4) Si-ingenious relationship in society; (5) Functional associations free from over-controlling power. The new society will potentially have the opportunity to achieve an ideal form of social relations, because it will function on the basis of synergistic rationality, which will replace the principle of free competition of industrial society. From the point of view of understanding the processes that actually take place in modern post-industrial society, J. Beninger, T. Stunanera, J. Nisbet, are also significant. Scientists suggest that the most likely result of the development of society in the near future is the integration of the existing system with the latest media. The development of a new information procedure does not mean the immediate disappearance of industrial society. Moreover, it is likely to establish a total control of information banks, its production and distribution. Information, becoming the main product of production, respectively, becomes both a powerful imperative resource, the concentration of which in one source can potentially lead to the emergence of a new version of the totalitarian state. . This possibility does not exclude even those western futurologists (E. Masuda, O. Toffler), which optimistically evaluate future conversion of social order.
In the modern world there are a variety of forms of societies that differ significantly from each other in many respects. In the same way in the history of mankind, it can be noted that there were different types of societies.
Typology of society
We looked at society as if from the inside: its structural elements. But if we come to the analysis of society as a holistic organism, but one of many, we will see that in the modern world there are various types of societies, sharply differing among themselves in many parameters. A retrospective view shows that the society in its development has also passed various stages.
It is known that any lively, naturally developing organism over time from its origin to the termination of existence takes place a number of stages, which, in essence, are the same for all organisms belonging to this species, regardless of the specific conditions for their livelihoods. This is probably a statement to a certain extent fairly and for social communities considered as a whole.
The Company's Typology is the definition of
a) what steps is humanity in its historical development;
b) What are the forms of modern society.
By what criteria you can identify historical types, as well as a variety of forms of modern society? Different sociologists approached this problem in different ways.
So, english sociologist E. Hyddensdivided society in the main method of producing livelihoods and allocates the following types of societies.
· Societies of hunters and collectors Consist from a small number of people supporting their existence hunting, fishing and edible plants. Inequality in these societies is poorly expressed; Differences in social status are determined by age and floor (existence time - from 50,000 years BC. er so far, although now are on the verge of complete disappearance).
· Based on agricultural societies- small rural communities; There are no cities. The main way to obtain livelihoods - agriculture, sometimes complemented by hunting and collecting. These societies are characterized by a stronger inequality than the community of hunters and collectors; The head of these societies are facing. (The time of existence is from 12,000 BC. e. To date. Today, their large part is part of larger political entities and gradually loses its specific character).
· Societies of scooter Based on dilution of domestic animals to meet material needs. The dimensions of such societies vary from several hundred to thousands of people. For these societies, pronounced inequality is usually characteristic. Manage them leaders or commander. The same segment of time as farmeling societies. Today, the societies of cattle breeders are also included in larger states; and their traditional lifestyle is destroyed
· Traditional states, or civilization. In these societies, the basis of the economic system is still agriculture, however, there are cities in which trade and production are concentrated. Among traditional states there are very large, with a multi-million population, although their size is usually small in comparison with large industrial countries. Traditional states have a special government apparatus, headed by the king or emperor. There are significant inequality between different classes (existence time - from about 6000 BC. E. To the nineteenth century). To date, traditional states completely disappeared from the face of the Earth. Although the tribes of hunters and collectors, as well as cattle and agricultural communities, continue to exist so far, they can be found only in isolated areas. The reason for the destruction of societies, which determined the whole human history for two more centuries ago, has become industrialization - the emergence of machine production based on the use of inanimate sources of energy (such as steam and electricity). Industrial societies are largely fundamentally different from any of the preceding types of social device, and their development led to the consequences that have said far beyond their European homeland.
· Industrial (industrial) society Based on industrial production, and a significant role is given to free entrepreneurship. In agriculture, only a small part of the population is occupied, the vast majority of people live in cities. There is a significant class inequality, albeit less pronounced than in traditional states. These societies make up special political entities, or national states (existence time - from the eighteenth century to the present).
Industrial Society - modern society. Until now, in relation to modern societies, their division is used on countries of the first, second and third world.
Ø term first world Industrial countries of Europe, Australia, Asia, as well as the United States and Japan. In almost all countries of the first world, a multi-party parliamentary government system has been adopted.
Ø countries second World Industrial societies called in the Socialist Camp (today they include social transition companies, i.e. developing from centralized-state-state to the market system).
Ø countries third Worldwhere most of the world's population lives, almost all were previously colonies. These are societies in which most of the population is busy in agriculture, lives in rural areas and applies mainly traditional production methods. However, part of agricultural products is implemented in the global market. The level of industrialization of third world countries is low, most people are very poor. In some countries of the Third World there is a system of free enterprise, in other - centralized planning.
The most famous two approaches to the Company's typology are the following: formational and civilizational.
The socio-economic formation is a historically defined type of society based on a certain method of production.
Mode of production - This is one of the central concepts in Marxist sociology, which characterizes a certain level of development of the entire complex of public relations. Production method is a combination of production relations and productive forces. To extract funds to life (produce them), people must be united, to cooperate, to join for joint activities into certain relationships, which are called production. Productive forces -this is a combination of people with a totality of material resources that are in the work: raw materials, tools, technicians, tools, buildings and structures. This the combination of real elements forms the means of production. The main component of the productive forces are of course themselves people (personal element) With their knowledge, skills and skills.
Productive forces - the most flexible, movable, continuously developing part of this unity. Production relations are more inertLovely, slow in their change, however, they form that shell, the nutrient medium in which the productive forces are developing. The inseparable unity of productive forces and production relations and is called the production methodSince it indicates what way the personal element of the productive forces with real means is connected, thereby forming a specific method of producing material goods inherent in this level.
On foundation base (production relations) grows superstructure. She is essential, in fact, a combination of all other relations, "remaining less production", and containing many different institutions, such as the state, family, religion or various types of ideologies that exist in society. The main specificity of the Marxist position comes from the statement that the character of the superstructure is determined by the nature of the basis.
Historically, a certain stage of development of this society, which is characterized by a specific method of production and the appropriate superstructure, is referred to socio-economic formation.
Changing the same production methods (and the transition from one social and economic formation to another) is called antagonism between outdated production relations and productive forceswhich becomes closely in these old frames, and they tear.
Based on the formation approach, all human history is divided into five socio-economic formations:
· Primitiveobic,
· Rubellastic,
· Feudal,
· Capitalist,
· Communist (including socialist society as its initial, first phase).
PRESENTATIONALUMETIC STROY (or primitive societies). Here the method of production is characterized by:
1) an extremely low level of productive forces, all work is necessary; Everything that is produced is consumed without a residue, without forming any excess, and therefore, not allowing any of the accumulations, nor make exchange operations;
2) elementary production relations are based on public (more precisely community) ownership of the means of production; people who could afford professionally manage, science, the departure of religious rites, etc.;
3) It makes no sense to force prisoners to work forcibly: they will use everything without a residue that they will produce.
Slavery:
1) the level of development of productive forces makes it possible to favorably turn prisoners into slaves;
2) the appearance of the surplus product creates material prerequisites for the emergence of the state and for professional exercises of religious activities, science and art (for a specific part of the population);
3) Slavery as a social institution is determined as a form of ownership, which gives one personality the right to own another personality.
Feudalism. For the most developed feudal societies are characteristic of such features:
1) Lord - Vassal type relationship;
2) the monarchical form of the Board;
3) land tenure based on the admission of feudal places (feuding) in exchange for service, primarily military;
4) the existence of private armies;
5) certain rights of landowners against the fortress peasants;
6) Earth is the main object of ownership in feudal social and economic formation.
Capitalism. This type of economic organization is characterized by such features:
1) availability of private property;
2) profit profit - the main motive of economic activity;
3) market economy;
4) the assignment of profits of capital owners;
5) ensuring the employment process by workers who are free agents of production.
Communism. Being, rather, doctrine than practice, this concept refers to such societies in which absent:
1) Private property;
2) social classes and state;
3) Forced ("enslavement") division of labor;
4) Commodity and cash relations.
K. Marks argued that communist societies would gradually form after the revolutionary overthrow of capitalist societies.
The criterion of progress, by Marx, acts:
- the level of development of productive forces and a consistent increase in the share of surplus labor in the total volume of labor;
- a consistent increase in the degree of freedom of human labor when moving from one formation to another.
The formational approach, which Marx relied in the analysis of society, was historically justified.
The needs of a more adequate understanding of modern society correspond to an approach based on the analysis of civilization revolutions. Civilization approach More universal than formational. The development of civilizations is a more powerful, meaningful, long-term process than changing the formations. In modern sociology on the issue of the types of society, not so much Marxova is the concept of a consistent change of social and economic formations, how much "Triadich" scheme - types of agrarian, industrial and post-industrial civilization. Unlike the formational typology of society, which is based on economic structures, certain production relations, the concept of "civilization" fixes attention not only on the economic and technological side, and on the aggregate of all forms of life of society - material and economic, political, cultural, moral, religious , aesthetic. In the civilization scheme at the head of the corner not only The most fundamental structure of social and historical activities - technology, but to greater extent - a set of cultural samples, value landmarks, goals, motives, ideals.
The concept of "civilization" is essential in the classification of the types of society. In history stand out civilization revolutions:
agrarian (it passed 6-8 thousand years ago and carried out the transition of humanity from consumer to producing activities;
industrial (XVII Art.);
scientific and technical (mid-twentieth century);
information (modern).
From here in sociology is sustainable division of societies on:
- pre-industrial (agrarian) or traditional (in modern understanding, retarded, based on agricultural, primitive, conservative, closed, non-free societies);
- industrial, technogenic(i.e., having a developed industrial basis, dynamic, flexible, free and open on the organization of social life);
- post-industrial (i.e. societies of the most developed countries, the production basis of which is the use of achievements of scientific and technical and scientific and technological revolutions and in which, due to the sharp increase in the role and importance of the latest science and information, significant structural social changes have occurred).
Under traditional civilization understand the test (pre-industrial) public assemblies of agricultural type, in the culture of which the main method of social regulation are traditions. Traditional civilization covers not only the periods of antiquity and the Middle Ages, this type of social organization has been preserved to our times. Many countries of the so-called "third world" are inherent in the features of a traditional society. Its characteristic signsare:
- the agrarian orientation of the economy and the extensive type of its development;
- high level of dependence on the naturallyum, geographical conditions of being;
- conservatism in social relations and lifestyle; Orientation is not for development, but to the recreation and preservation of the established order and the existing structures of social life;
- negative attitude towards any innovations (innovation);
- extensive and cyclic type of development;
- the priority of traditions, established norms, customs, authority;
- high level of human dependence on the social group and tough social control;
- sharp limited individual freedom.
Idea industrial society In 50-60, such well-known sociologists of the United States and Western Europe, as R.Darerendorf, R. Arch, U. Tomto, D. Bell and others are known. The theories of industrial society are combined today with technocratic concepts, as well as with convergence theory.
The first concept of industrial society has put forward a French scientist Jean Furassain the book "Great Hope of the XX Century" (1949). The term "traditional society" was borrowed by the German sociologist M. Weber, the term "industrial society" - at A. Saint-Simon. In the history of mankind, swords allocated two main stages:
· Period of traditional society (from neolithic to 1750-1800);
· Period of industrial society (from 1750-1800 so far).
The focus of J. Furastie pays to the industrial society, which, in his opinion, is radically different from the traditional one.
Industrial society, in contrast to the traditional, is a dynamically developing, progressive society. The source of its development is technical progress. And this progress changes not only production, but all society as a whole. It provides not only a significant overall increase in the standard of living, but also equalizing the income of all sectors of society. As a result, poor classes disappear in the industrial society. Technical progress itself solves all social problems, which does not need a social revolution. The specified work of J. Furasty breathes with optimism.
In general, the idea of \u200b\u200bindustrial society has not received widespread long time. She began to enjoy fame only after the appearance of the works of another French thinker - Rimon Aronawho is often attributed to her authorship. R. Aron, as well as J. Furastie, allocated two main stadial types of human society: traditional (agricultural) and industrial (rational). For the first of these, the dominance of agriculture and animal husbandry, natural economy, the existence of classes, authoritarian method of government, for the second - the domination of industrial production, the market, the equality of citizens to law and democracy.
The transition from traditional society to the industrial was huge progress in all respects. Industrial (Technogenic) Civilizationformed on the ruins of a medieval society. Its basis was the development of mass machine production.
Historically, the emergence of industrial societywas associated with such processes:
- the creation of national states that are sparkling around the general language and culture;
- commercialization of production and disappearance of the economy of food;
- the domination of machine production and reorganization of production in the factory;
- the fall in the share of the working class, occupied in agricultural production;
- urbanization of society;
- growth of mass literacy;
- providing electoral rights to the population and institutionalization of policies around mass parties.
Traditional
 |
Industrial
 |
Post-industrial
 |
| 1.ECONOMY. | ||
| Natural agriculture | At the heart of the industry, in agriculture - an increase in labor productivity. Destruction of natural dependence. | Basis of production- Information. On the foreground is the selection of services. |
| Primitive remods | Machine equipment | Computer techologies |
| The predominance of a collective form of ownership. Protection of property only by the highest layer of society. Traditional economy. | Foreign Economics - State and Private Property, Market Economy. | The presence of different forms of ownership. Mixed economy. |
| Production of goods is limited to their species specified, the list is organic. | Standardization is homogeneity in the production and consumption of goods and services. | Individualization of production, up to exclusive. |
| Extensive economy | Intensive economy | Increase the specific gravity of small-scale production. |
| Hand guns of labor | Machinery, conveyor production, automation, mass production | The sector of the economy associated with the production of knowledge, processing and dissemination of information is developed. |
| Dependence on the natural and climatic conditions | Independence from the natural and climatic conditions | Cooperation with nature, resource-saving, environmentally friendly technologies. |
| Slow introduction into the innovation economy. | Scientific and technical progress. | Modernization of the economy. |
| The standard of living of the majority of the population is low. | Rising income of the population. Mercantilism consciousness. | High level and quality of people's lives. |
| 2. Social sphere. | ||
| The dependence of the situation on social status. Society of society - family, community | The emergence of new classes - bourgeoisie and industrial proletariat. Urbanization. | Erasing class differences. The total weight of the middle class. Significantly increases the share of the population engaged in the processing and dissemination of information, over the workforce in agriculture and industry |
| The stability of the social structure, the boundaries between the social communities are sustainable, compliance with the strict social hierarchy. Disability. | The mobility of the social structure is large, the possibilities of social movement are not limited. The appearance of classes. | Elimination of social polarization. Erasing class differences. |
| 3. Policy. | ||
| The domination of the church and the army | The role of the state increases. | Political pluralism |
| The power is hereditary, the source of power is the will of God. | The rule of law and law (truth, more often on paper) equality before the law. The rights and freedoms of the individual are enshrined. The main regulator of relationships is the rule of law. | Civil society. The relationship between the individual and society is based on the principle of mutual responsibility. |
| Monarchic forms of government, political freedoms are absent, the authorities above the law, the absorption of the personality by the team, the despotic state statement subordinates society, society outside the state and its control does not exist. | Providing political freedoms, the republican form of government prevails. Man- Active POLICY POLICY. Democratic transformations | The law, the right - not on paper, but in practice. Democracy. Democracy "Consensus". Polytic pluralism. |
| 4. Human sphere. | ||
| Norms, customs, beliefs. | Continuous education. | |
| Providencyliaism consciousness, fanatical attitude to religion. | Secularization Consciousness. Results of atheists. | Freedom of conscience and religion. |
| Individualism and identity of personality were not encouraged, collective consciousness prevails over individual. | Individualism, rationalism, utilitarian consciousness. | The desire to prove yourself, achieve success in life. |
| Few formed people, the role of science is not great. Elevitarian education. | Great role of knowledge, education. Basically secondary education. | The role of science, education, age of information is great. Higher education. The global network of telecommunications is formed - the Internet. |
| The predominance of oral information over written. | Domination of mass culture. | Availability of different types of culture |
| TARGET. | ||
| Device to nature. | The liberation of a person from a direct dependence on nature, partial submission to her own. Reviving environmental problems. | Anthropogenic civilization, i.e. In the center - a man, his individuality, interests. Environmental problems. |
conclusions
Types of society.
Traditional Society- The type of society based on natural agriculture, the monarchical management system and on the predominance of religious values \u200b\u200band worldview.
Industrial Society- the type of society, based on the development of industry, on a market economy, the introduction of scientific advances in the economy, the emergence of a democratic form of government, at a high level of knowledge development, on scientific and technological progress, secularization of consciousness.
Post-industrial society- The modern type of society, based on the dominance of information (computer technologies) in the production, development of the scope of services, continuous education, freedom of conscience, consensus democracy, on the formation of civil society.
Types of society
1.By degree of openness:
— closed Society - It is characterized by the staticness of the social structure, limited mobility, traditionalism, very slow introduction of innovations or their absence, authoritarian ideology.
— Open Society - characterized by a dynamic social structure, high social mobility, ability to innovate, pluralism, lack of state ideology.
- According to the availability of writing:
— departed
—written (owning alphabet or iconic letter)
3.According to the degree of social differentiation (or separation):
— simple - DOGO EDUCATIONS, No managers and subordinates)
— sophisticated - Several levels of management, layers of the population.
Explanation of terms
| Terms, concepts | Definitions |
| individualism of consciousness | the desire of a person to self-realization, manifestation of his personality, self-development. |
| mercantilism | the goal is to accumulate wealth, the achievement of material well-being, cash issues are in the first place. |
| providencyalism | fanatical attitude to religion, complete submission to her life of both a separate person and the whole society, a religious worldview. |
| rationalism | the predominance of the mind in the actions and actions of a person, and not emotions, an approach to solving issues from the point of view of rationality - unreasonableness. |
| secularization | the process of liberation of all spheres of social life, as well as consciousness of people from under the control and influence of religion |
| urbanization | growth of cities and urban population |
Material prepared: Melnikova Vera Aleksandrovna
