Famous Nietzsche quotes. The best quotes and aphorisms of Friedrich Nietzsche

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche - Born October 15, 1844 in Röcken (near Leipzig), Prussia. German philosopher, representative of irrationalism, he sharply criticized the religion, culture and morality of his time and developed his own ethical theory. Nietzsche's philosophy had a great influence on the formation of existentialism and postmodernism, and also became very popular in literary and artistic circles. Interpretation of his works is rather difficult and still causes a lot of controversy. The author of the works - "The Birth of Tragedy, or Hellenism and Pessimism", "Human, Too Human. A Book for Free Minds ”,“ Beyond Good and Evil. Prelude to the philosophy of the future ”,“ Twilight of idols, or how to philosophize with a hammer ”,“ Reflections in a dressing gown ”, etc. Died on August 25, 1900 in a psychiatric hospital in Weimar, Germany.

Aphorisms, quotes, sayings, phrases of Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm

The fact is always stupid.
Be who you are!
A pure spirit is a pure lie.
Woman is God's second mistake.
You go to a woman - take a whip.
The martyrs only harmed the truth.
New ears are needed for new music.
Without music life would be a mistake.
Faith saves - therefore, it lies.
A philologist is a slow reading teacher.
No winner believes in chance.
Anything that doesn't kill me only makes me stronger.
There is no perfect surface without awful depth.
Facts don't exist - there are only interpretations.
One must worship proudly if one cannot be an idol.
In every religion, the religious person has an exception.
In a real man, a child is hidden who wants to play.
The best writer will be someone who is ashamed to become a writer.
To laugh is to be gloating, but with a clear conscience.
When skepticism and longing mate, mysticism arises.
Long and great suffering brings up a tyrant in a person.
The dogma of the "Immaculate Conception"? .. Why, they have discredited conception.
Death is close enough that you can not be afraid of life.
Very smart people begin to distrust if they see their embarrassment.
Moral people feel self-righteous with remorse.
Majestic natures suffer from doubts about their own greatness.
There is a degree of inveterate deceit that is called "a clear conscience."
A stupid forehead rightfully needs a clenched fist as an argument.
We cool off to what we have learned as soon as we share it with others.
Whoever feels the lack of freedom of the will is mentally ill; whoever denies it is stupid.
When the gratitude of many to one throws away all shame, glory arises.
Buddhism does not promise, but keeps its word, Christianity promises everything, but does not keep its word.
A bad conscience is a tax that the invention of a clear conscience has imposed on people.
Spiritualizes the heart; the spirit sits and inspires courage in danger. Oh, this language!
Belief in cause and effect is rooted in the strongest of instincts: the instinct for revenge.
The danger of the wise is that he is most susceptible to the temptation to fall in love with the unreasonable.
The desire for greatness betrays with his head: who has greatness, he strives for kindness.
The mystical explanations are considered profound. The truth is, they are not even superficial.
Only a person resists the direction of gravity: he constantly wants to fall - up.
On the other side of the North, on the other side of the ice, on the other side today is our life, our happiness.
Anyone who wants to justify existence must also be able to be God's advocate before the devil.
Each church is a stone on the grave of the God-man: it certainly wants Him not to rise again.
The supreme thesis: "God forgives the repentant" - the same in translation: forgives the one who obeys the priest.
The word "Christianity" is based on a misunderstanding; in fact, there was one Christian who died on the cross.
There is not enough love and goodness in the world to lavish them on imaginary beings.
Love, perhaps, your neighbor as yourself. But above all, be those who love yourself.
A person forgets his guilt when he confesses it to another, but the latter usually does not forget it.
Blood is the worst witness of truth; the purest teaching is poisoned with blood to the point of madness and hatred of hearts.
Whoever wants to become a driver of people must, for a good period of time, be reputed among them as their most dangerous enemy.
A person who has never thought about money, about honor, about acquiring influential connections - how can he know people?
Whose thought has crossed the bridge leading to mysticism at least once, he does not return from there without thoughts not marked by stigmata.
I distinguish between philosophizing two kinds of people: some are always thinking about their defense, others - about attacking their enemies.
And truth demands, like all women, that her lover should become a liar for her sake, but it is not her vanity that demands it, but her cruelty.
Man is a rope stretched between an animal and a superman - a rope over an abyss. What is valuable in a person is that he is a bridge, not a goal.
Philosophy opens a refuge to man, where no tyranny can penetrate, the valley of the inner world, the labyrinth of the heart, and this irritates the tyrants.
We praise what we like: this means that when we praise, we praise our own taste - does this not sin against all good taste?
A perfect cognition of necessity would eliminate all "obligation" - but it would also comprehend the necessity of "obligation" as a consequence of ignorance.
In the heat of the struggle, you can sacrifice your life: but the one who overcomes is devoured by temptation to throw his life away from himself. Contempt for life is inherent in every victory.
You lovers of knowledge! So what have you done out of love for knowledge so far? Have you already committed theft or murder in order to find out how the thief and the murderer feel?
The love of life is almost the opposite of the love of longevity. All love thinks about moment and eternity - but never about duration.
Those with fever see only the ghosts of things, and those with a normal temperature only the shadows of things; and both need the same words.
God himself cannot exist without wise people, "Luther said, and rightfully so; but" God can even less exist without stupid people "- Luther did not say this!
Heroism - such is the mood of a person striving for a goal, in addition to which he no longer counts. Heroism is the goodwill for absolute self-destruction.
Without the dogmas of faith, no one could live even a moment! But by the same token, these dogmas have not yet been proven. Life is not an argument at all; delusion could also be among the living conditions.
An evil god is needed no less than a good one - after all, you owe your own existence not to tolerance and philanthropy. What is the use of a God who knows no anger, envy, cunning, mockery, revenge and violence?
The teaching and the apostle who does not see the weakness of his teaching, his religion, etc., blinded by the authority of the teacher and reverence for him, usually has more power than the teacher. Never before has a person's influence and deeds grown without blind disciples.
Marriage was invented for mediocre people who are mediocre both in great love and great friendship - therefore, for the majority: but also for those quite rare people who are capable of both love and friendship.
Whoever is able to strongly feel the gaze of the thinker cannot get rid of the terrible impression that animals produce, whose eye slowly, as if on a rod, goggles out of the head and looks around.
Those who have an aversion to the sublime, not only "yes," but also "no" seems too pathetic - he does not belong to the denying minds, and if he happens to be on their paths, he suddenly stops and runs away - into the thicket of skepticism.
In my head there is nothing but personal morality, and to create for myself the right to it is the meaning of all my historical questions about morality. It is terribly difficult to create such a right for yourself.
Strange! As soon as I keep silent about some thought and stay away from it, this very thought certainly appears to me embodied in the form of a man, and now I have to be nice to this "angel of God"!
To hurt someone we love is sheer devilry. In relation to ourselves, this is the state of heroic people: ultimate violence. The desire to go to the opposite extreme applies here too.
Virtue only gives happiness and a certain bliss to those who firmly believe in their own virtue - not the more refined souls whose virtue consists in deep distrust of themselves and of all virtue. In the end, even here "faith makes you blessed"! - and not, notice it well, virtue!
The founder of Christianity believed that people did not suffer more from anything than from their sins: this was his delusion, the delusion of one who felt himself without sin, who lacked experience here.
If God wanted to become an object of love, then he should first renounce the office of a judge who administers justice: a judge, and even a merciful judge "is not an object of love.

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Friedrich Nietzsche was not a professional philosopher - rather, a thinker, poet, philologist. There was practically no logic in his approach - there was only the passion of real creativity.

Nietzsche never called for pushing the weak, moreover, the theory of the superman meant not the triumph of one over the other, but the victory of the creative principle over the destructive, animal. In fact, Nietzsche completely denied aggression. In his view, a person could only overcome himself.

website shares the views of the thinker on life and publishes 25 quotes that are still relevant today.

What doesn't kill me makes me stronger.
God is dead: now we want the superman to live.
Whoever fights with monsters should beware lest he become a monster himself. And if you stare into the abyss for a long time, then the abyss also looks into you.
If you decide to act, close the doors to doubt.
And if you no longer have a single ladder, you must learn to climb on your own head: how else would you like to climb higher?
Death is close enough that you can not be afraid of life.
Talking a lot about yourself is also a way to hide yourself.
The greatest events are not our noisiest, but our quietest hours.
What is done for the sake of love takes place outside the realm of good and evil.
There are two ways to free you from suffering: quick death and lasting love.
The freer and stronger the individual, the more exacting his love becomes.
Not through mutual love the misery of unrequited love ends, but through great love.
A real man wants two things: danger and games. And therefore he is looking for a woman as the most dangerous toy.
The happiness of a man is called: I want. A woman's happiness is called: he wants.
"Love your neighbor" - this means first of all: "Leave your neighbor alone!" - And it is precisely this detail of virtue that is associated with the greatest difficulties.
Even God has his own hell - this is his love for people.
Anyone who wants to justify existence must also be able to be God's advocate before the devil.
There is a degree of inveterate deceit that is called "a clear conscience."
What well? Anything that increases the feeling of power, the will to power, power in a person. What's wrong? Anything that comes from weakness.
What falls, you still need to push.
The same thing happens to a person as to a tree. The more he strives upward, toward the light, the deeper his roots dig into the earth, downward, into darkness and depth, toward evil.
Man is a rope stretched between an animal and a superman - a rope over an abyss. What is valuable in a person is that he is a bridge, not a goal.
Being ashamed of your immorality is the first rung of the ladder, at the top of which you will be ashamed of your morality.

The actor has spirit, but little conscience of spirit. He always believes in what by means of which he makes others believe - he believes in himself!

Cognition is one of the forms of asceticism.

If gods existed, how could I bear that I was not a god?

All gods are symbols and intricacies of poets!

God is a kind of assumption.

Marriage is the most isolated form of sexual activity.

To grow not only in breadth, but also to grow upward - may the garden of matrimony help you in this, my brothers!

A good marriage rests on a talent for friendship.

I have always noticed that the spouses who make up a bad couple are the most vindictive: they are ready to take revenge on the whole world for the fact that they can no longer part.

You are entering into a marriage: see that it does not become a conclusion to you! You are in too much of a hurry to get married, and the consequence is the breaking of the marriage bond!

Marriage may seem just right for those people who are incapable of love or friendship and willingly try to mislead themselves and others about this deficiency - who, having no experience in either love or friendship, cannot be disappointed and by the marriage itself.

Marriage: this is what I call the will of two to create one, greater than those who created it. Marriage is mutual respect and reverence for this will.

You weren't looking for yourself when you found me. This is the case with all believers; and therefore all faith means so little.

Take a look at the believers! Who hates them the most? He who breaks the tablets of their values, who destroys and transgresses, but he is creative.

eternity

Every moment being begins; a ring-shaped “there” revolves around each “here”. The middle is everywhere. The path of eternity is a curve.

The love of power is a demon of people. Give them everything - health, food, shelter, education - and they will be unhappy, capricious, because the demon waits, waits and wants satisfaction. Take everything from them and satisfy their demon - they will be happy.

Those who are attacked by their time have not yet gotten ahead of them enough - or lagged behind them.

Since time is infinite, infinity has already passed up to the present moment, that is, every possible development should have already taken place. Therefore, the observed development must be repetition.

Those who love and create - this is who has always been the creator of good and evil. The fire of love and anger burns on the birthday of all virtues.

When you have risen above praise and censure and your will desires to command all things as the will of a lover: then your virtue is born. When you despise a soft bed and everything pleasant, however, you easily fall asleep even near the luxurious beds of sissies: then your virtue is born.

As soon as we go one step beyond the average measure of human kindness, our actions cause distrust. Virtue rests just in the middle.

"Love your neighbor" - this means first of all: "Leave your neighbor alone!" And it is precisely this detail of virtue that is associated with the greatest difficulties.

If you are a slave, you cannot be a friend. If you are a tyrant, you cannot have friends.

Do not try to embellish yourself for a friend: for you must be an arrow and an aspiration for the Superman for him.

Have you become clean air, bread and medicine for your friend? Some are unable to free themselves from their own chains, but saves their friend.

But if you have a suffering friend, become a place of rest for his suffering, but at the same time also a hard bed, a camp bed: this is the best way you can help him.

Even the broadest soul, my brothers - what a pitiful land!

Woman is God's second mistake.

A woman knows little about honor. Let it become her honor - to love always more than love her, and in love never to be second.

A woman understands children better than a man, but in a man there is more childishness than in a woman.

Who does a woman hate the most? Iron spoke to the magnet like this: "Most of all I hate you because you attract, not having enough strength to drag with you."

A man should beware of a woman when she loves: for then she is ready for any sacrifice, and everything else has no value in her eyes.

A man should beware of a woman when she hates: for in the depths of his soul he is only evil, she is filth.

Let the woman be a toy, pure and graceful, like a precious stone, shining with the virtues of a world not yet created.

For too long a slave and a tyrant hid in a woman. Therefore, she is incapable of friendship: she knows only love.

In the conscious love of a woman, there is both suddenness, and lightning, and darkness next to light.

Good and evil, wealth and poverty, high and low, and all the names of values \u200b\u200b- all this will become weapons and will militantly assert that life must overcome itself again and again!

Some people fail in life: a poisonous worm gnaws at their heart. May they use all their strength to make death better for them!

Life is a source of joy; but wherever the crowd drinks, the springs are poisoned.

But if life so needs height, then it needs steps, as well as a contradiction between steps and those ascending along them! Life wants to ascend and, ascending, to overcome itself.

The one who answered himself the question: "Why live?" - will be able to endure almost any answer to the question: "How to live?"

And you, my friends, say that there is no dispute about tastes? But all life is a dispute about tastes!

And if a friend hurts you, say this: “I forgive you for what you did to me; but how can you forgive the evil that you caused yourself by this act? "

I don’t understand why I should go into slander. If you want to annoy someone, it is enough to tell some truth about him.

Truly, like the sun, I love life and all the deep seas. And this is what I call knowledge: so that everything deep ascend to my height!

Oh, how many great ideas, whose action is like a blacksmith's bellows: from them a person puffs up and becomes even more empty.

inventors

The world revolves not around those who invent new noise, but around the inventors of new values; it spins inaudibly.

Art makes life bearable, enveloping it in the haze of impure thinking.

You must find the truth ten times a day, otherwise you will search for it at night, and your soul will remain hungry.

The knower is reluctant to immerse himself in the water of truth, not when it is dirty, but when it is shallow.

Any truth that is silent becomes poisonous.

It is not so easy to find a book that has taught us as much as a book we wrote ourselves.

culture

Culture is just a thin apple peel above the incandescent chaos.

We know very little and learn poorly: that's why we must lie.

Even the cup of supreme love contains bitterness.

Love your neighbors as yourself - but first become those who love yourself - love with great love, love with great contempt!

To love and perish: this combination is eternal. The will to love means the willingness to die.

One must learn to love oneself - with a healthy and holy love, in order to remain true to oneself and not to lose oneself. And truly this is not a commandment for today and tomorrow - to learn to love yourself. On the contrary, of all the arts, it is the most subtle, the wisest, the highest, and the most demanding of patience.

Lots of brief madness is what you call love. And your marriage puts a limit on a lot of brief madness - one big and long stupidity.

Therefore, I want you to sincerely say to each other: “We love each other; let's see if we will love in the future! Or is our promise wrong? Give us time and a short union to see if we are fit for true union! It's a great thing to always be together! "

Where you can no longer love, you have to pass by!

The squalor in love is willingly masked by the lack of worthy love.

My brothers, I urge you to love the one who is far off, not your neighbor.

Those who hitherto loved man the most have always inflicted the greatest pain on him; like all lovers, they demanded the impossible from him.

All great love does not want love, it longs for more.

Great love is higher than suffering, for what it loves, it still longs for - to create!

There are givers and there are reward.

People striving for greatness are, as usual, evil people: this is their only way to endure themselves.

People who are distrustful of themselves want to be loved more than to love, so that one day, at least for a moment, they can believe in themselves.

Superficial people should always lie, because they are devoid of content.

Eleven-twelve of all the great people of history were only representatives of some great cause.

Let people strive for the future with thousands of bridges and paths, and enmity and inequality should grow between them more and more: this is how my great love inspires me. Let them invent ghostly images and symbols in their enmity, and then the greatest battle will take place between them.

I walk among them and keep my eyes open: people are getting smaller and smaller more and more. And the reason for this is their teaching about happiness and virtue. They are moderate in virtue and want comfort. And only moderate virtue is compatible with comfort.

In the world, the best things still do not mean anything until there is one who will present them from the stage: the crowd of these representatives calls them great people.

Most people are too stupid to be selfish.

revenge

May man be delivered from revenge: here is the bridge leading to the highest hope, and the rainbow sky after a long bad weather.

You are young and dream of a child and marriage. But answer me: are you already such that you have the right to desire a child? ... Have you overcome yourself, are you the master of your feelings, are you the master of your virtues? ... Or does the animal speak in your desire and the need of your nature? Or loneliness? Or dissatisfaction with yourself?

When the good are moralized, they are disgusting; when the wicked moralize, they create fear.

Morality is the self-importance of a person before nature.

The danger of the wise is that he is most susceptible to the temptation to fall in love with the unreasonable.

You all served the people and popular superstition, you glorified sages! - not the truth!

In a real man there is always a child hidden who wants to play. Find in him a child, women!

God gave us music so that we first of all would be drawn upward by it.

peoples

Even when people are backing away, they are chasing an ideal - and they always believe in some kind of "forward".

No nation could survive without evaluating what is good and what is evil; in order to survive, he must evaluate differently than his neighbor. Much that is called good by one people, is reputed to be shame and reproach by another ... Much of what is called evil here was clothed with purple honors.

This fear, ancient and primordial, which has finally become refined and spiritualized, now, it seems to me, is called science.

Not what prevents us from being loved, but what prevents us from completely loving, we hate most.

And most of all they hate the one who is able to fly.

Misfortune has eluded you; enjoy this as your happiness!

There is no more cruel misfortune in human fate than when the rulers of the earth are not the first among their subjects. And then everything becomes deceitful, perverse, terrifying.

about Me

I walk among the people and keep my eyes open: people do not forgive me that I do not envy their virtues.

society

Human society is an attempt, it is a long search; it seeks the one who commands!

loneliness

For one, loneliness is the flight of a sick person, and for another, an escape from the sick.

presents

Be indifferent, accepting anything! Show honor already by accepting - this is how I advise those who have nothing to bestow.

Obedience has the toughest hide.

You will seldom be mistaken if you explain exceptional actions by vanity, mediocre ones by habit, and petty ones by fear.

Each deed continues to create ourselves, it weaves our colorful garment. Every action is free, but attire is necessary. Our experience is our dress.

With the help of the truth, you can deceive and carry you anywhere.

I don’t understand why I should go into slander. If you want to annoy someone, you just need to tell some truth about him.

There is a right by which we can take a person's life, but there is no right by which we could take death from him.

The best way to start your day well is to wake up and wonder if one person can be happy today.

Since the existence of people, man has rejoiced too little: only in this, my brothers, is our original sin! And if we learn to rejoice more, then in this way we will best forget how to offend others and invent all kinds of sorrows.

You should only talk about a woman with men.

As soon as prudence says, "Don't do this, it will be misinterpreted," I always act contrary to it.

Jealousy is the most ingenious passion and yet still the greatest stupidity.

As soon as a religion gains dominance, all those who were its first followers become its opponents.

The believer finds his natural enemy not in the free-thinker, but in the religious person.

glory

Anyone who is thirsty for glory must part with honor in advance and master the difficult art of leaving on time.

Even in death, your spirit and virtue should burn, like the evening dawn over the earth: otherwise your death was badly successful for you.

Many die too late, while others die too early. For now, the doctrine will seem strange: "Die in time!"

Death is close enough that you can not be afraid of life.

The desire for the flock is older than the attraction of one's own "I": and as long as a good conscience means the will of the flock, only a bad conscience will say "I".

This is the advice I give to kings and churches, and to everything that has grown decrepit with the severity of years and weakened in virtue: let yourself be overthrown! And you will come back to life, and virtue will return to you!

Voluptuousness: it is innocent and free for free hearts, a garden of happiness on earth, festive abundance and the gift of the future from its abundance.

Voluptuousness: this is a sweet poison only for the wilted, for those who have the will of a lion, this is a great heartfelt reinforcement, a wine of all wines, reverently preserved.

Voluptuousness: This is the greatest bliss, a symbol of the highest happiness and the highest hope.

My brother, if happiness accompanies you, then you have only one virtue, and no more: then it is easier for you to walk across the bridge.

There is much more happiness in the world than how many his eyes, clouded with sadness see, if only to count correctly and not forget those pleasant moments that are rich in every day of human life, no matter how hard it may be.

The happiness of a man is called "I want." The happiness of a woman is "He wants."

Every little happiness should be used like a sick bed: for recovery - and nothing else.

And at dawn Zarathustra laughed in his heart and said mockingly: “Happiness is running after me. This is because I don't run after women. And happiness is a woman. "

The man of "modern ideas", this proud monkey, is terribly dissatisfied with himself - this is undeniable. He suffers, and his vanity wants him to only "co-suffer."

teaching

Anyone who wants to learn to fly must first learn to stand and walk and run and climb and dance: you cannot immediately learn to fly!

The best should rule, and the best wants to rule! And where the teaching says otherwise, there are not enough of the best.

Only for creation must you learn!

Desiring and striving for something is considered a sign of a strong character. But even not wanting to do something, it is still characteristic of the strongest to achieve it, who feel themselves to be an embodied fate.

I love the brave: but it is not enough to be a swashbuckler, you also need to know who to cut! And often it is more courage to hold back and pass by: and thereby save yourself for a more worthy enemy!

To whom Chastity is a burden, one should not advise it: so that it does not become a path to the underworld, turning into filth and lust of the soul.

church

Each church is a stone on the grave of the God-man: it does not want Him to rise again.

Oh, look at these tents that the priests have erected! They call their dens, full of sugary scents, churches!

Cynicism is the only form in which vulgar souls come into contact with what is called sincerity; and a higher man should prick up his ears at every larger and more refined manifestation of cynicism and congratulate himself every time a shameless buffoon or a scientific satyr speaks right in front of him.

A person who has never thought about money, about honor, about acquiring influential connections, about a position - how can he know people?

Man's demand to be loved is the greatest of all conceit.

Only where the state ends, a person begins - not superfluous, but necessary: \u200b\u200bthere the song of the one who is needed sounds - the only and inimitable.

In some, the heart gets old earlier, in others - the mind. Some are old people in their youth, but those who are late young remain so for a long time.

on other topics

“Religious person”, “fool”, “genius”, “criminal”, “tyrant” - all these are the essence of bad names and particulars, replacing someone unnamed.

Be who you are!

There is not enough love and goodness in the world to be squandered by an imaginary being.

From time immemorial, honest, free minds have lived in the desert and the lords of the desert; and glorified sages live in cities - well-fed beasts of burden. Always, like donkeys, they pull - the cart of the people. From time immemorial, honest, free minds have lived in the desert and the lords of the desert; and glorified sages live in cities - well-fed beasts of burden. Always, like donkeys, they pull - the cart of the people.

There is nothing good in herds, even if they run after you.

They say "pleasure" - and think about delights; say "feeling" - and think about sensuality; they say “body,” but think about what is lower, the body, and in this way the trinity of good things was dishonored.

The highest symbols should speak about time and becoming: they should praise everything that is transitory and be a justification for it!

Oh, this false light, this stale air! Here the soul is not allowed to fly up to its height! But their Faith commands them so: "On your knees, and up the steps, sinners!"

He believes in a new way tomorrow, and the day after tomorrow - again in a different way. His feelings are impetuous, like the crowd, and his moods are just as changeable.

Truly, it always attracts us upward - into the kingdom of clouds: on them we seat our colorful stuffed animals and call them gods and Superman.

After Buddha died, for centuries his shadow was shown in one cave - a monstrous, terrible shadow. God is dead: but such is the nature of people that for thousands of years, perhaps, caves will exist in which his shadow is shown. - And we - we must also defeat his shadow!

This is how I want to see a man and a woman: him - capable of war, her - for childbirth, but so that both of them could dance - not only with their feet, but also with their heads.

You must burn yourself in your own flame: how else would you like to be renewed without first turning to ashes!

You are young and dream of a child and marriage. But tell me: are you already that way to have the right to desire a child? ... Have you overcome yourself, are you the master of your feelings, are you the master of your virtues? ... Or does the animal speak in your desire and the need of your nature? Or loneliness? Or dissatisfaction with yourself?

Do you want to be judged by your intentions, not by your actions? But where did you get your ideas from? From your actions!

What well? Everything that increases the feeling of power, the will to power, power in a person. What's wrong? Anything that comes from weakness.

Sources (books, films, about-from-ve-de-no-I, etc.) with tsi-ta-ta-mi Friedrich Nietzsche

about the author

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, IPA: [? F? I? D ???? v? Lh? Lm? Ni? T ??]; October 15, 1844 (18441015), Röcken , Prussia - August 25, 1900, Weimar, Germany) - German philosopher, poet, composer, culturologist, representative of irrationalism. He sharply criticized the religion, culture and morals of his time and developed his own ethical theory. Nietzsche was more of a literary than an academic philosopher, and his writings are aphoristic in nature. Nietzsche's philosophy had a great influence on the formation of existentialism and postmodernism, and also became very popular in literary and artistic circles. Interpretation of his works is rather difficult and still causes a lot of controversy.

Born in Röcken (near Leipzig, eastern Germany), the son of Lutheran pastor Karl Ludwig Nietzsche (1813-1849). During his studies at the gymnasium, he showed significant talent for philology and music. In 1864-69 Nietzsche studied theology and classical philology at the Bonn and Leipzig universities. During the same period he became acquainted with the works of Schopenhauer and became an admirer of his philosophy. Nietzsche's development was also favorably influenced by his friendship with Richard Wagner, which lasted for many years. At the age of 23, he was drafted into the Prussian army and enlisted in the horse artillery, but was injured and demobilized. Three years later, he will enthusiastically accept the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) and volunteer for the front.

Nietzsche was a brilliant student and developed an excellent reputation in academia. Thanks to this, already in 1869 he received the position of professor of classical philology at the University of Basel (at the age of only 25). There he worked for about 10 years, despite numerous illnesses. The issue of Nietzsche's citizenship is still controversial. According to some sources, he remained stateless after renouncing Prussian citizenship in 1869; however, other sources claim that Nietzsche became a Swiss citizen.