Exalted personality type: features, causes, diagnosis and treatment. An exalted person is a sensitive and kind person.

EXALTED

EXALTED

EXALTED, exalted, exalted; exalted, exalted, exalted (book).

1. In a state of exaltation. An exalted person.

2. Generated, evoked, imbued with exaltation. An exalted act. Exalted gaze.

Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary... D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940.

See what "EXALTED" is in other dictionaries:

- (from the word exaltation). Enthusiastic, easily admired. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov AN, 1910. Exalted enthusiastic. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Pavlenkov F., ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Inspired, enthusiastic, excited Dictionary of Russian synonyms. exalted see the enthusiastic Dictionary of Russian Synonyms. Practical guide. M .: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova ... Synonym dictionary

exalted - oh, oh. 1. Being in exaltation. ALS 1. The princess continued to engage in his re-education with all the enthusiasm of an exalted woman. Salt. Mr. Tashkent people. An exalted person. Ush. 1940. 2. Related to exaltation, characteristic of ... ... Historical Dictionary of Russian Gallicisms

Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

EXALTED, oh, oh; an, anna and EXALTED, oh, oh; an, anna (book). Exalted, imbued with exaltation. Exalted behavior. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

exalted - exalted, exalted and outdated exalted, exalted ... Dictionary of pronunciation and stress difficulties in modern Russian

Adj. 1.rel. with noun exaltation associated with him 2. Inherent in the state of exaltation, characteristic of him. 3. Being in a state of exaltation. 4. Caused by a state of exaltation. 5. Expressing a state of exaltation. Explanatory dictionary… … Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova

Exalted, exalted, exalted, exalted, exalted, exalted, exalted, exalted, exalted, exalted, exalted, exalted, exalted, ... ... Word forms

exalted - exalted irregular; short form an, anna ... Russian spelling dictionary

exalted - cr.f. exalti / ro / van, exalti / ro / bath, bath, baths; exalti / ro / vanee ... Spelling dictionary of the Russian language

Books

• Schizophrenia. Volume 1
• Schizophrenia. Volume 2, Landauer Isaac. The history of Russia in the XX century is a series of tragic events that showed how easily people are ready to decide other people's destinies and carry out death sentences. Huge scale ...

Exaltation is called an extremely excited, primarily ecstatic state. Many are inspired, while not every football fan can be called exalted after a goal from his favorite team. The main thing here is that an exalted person may not have a special reason for joy.

T&P has more than once about various types of accentuations, but the affective-exalted type of temperament has not yet been touched upon. Recall that accentuation is called a certain combination of clearly manifested character traits, in which a person's vulnerability to certain psychogenic influences increases. People with accentuations are normal in the generally accepted sense - however, sometimes their relationship with the world around them and with themselves is more complicated than for people without such vivid manifestations. The first such temperaments were singled out in a separate group and classified by the German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard. One of the ten temperaments he described was just the affective-exalted type.

Leonhard called exaltation a "temperament of anxiety and happiness." From passionate glee to deathly melancholy such people are separated by one step (or an ambiguous look, a friend's inattention, sad news on the radio, a drop of coffee spilled on a shirt - whatever). It only saves that the road back to happiness is just as short for them. In psychology, the tendency to such drastic changes in the emotional state is called increased lability.

In people with an exalted personality type, emotions are elevated to a cult. People with such a temperament not only do not restrain the manifestations of feelings, but also consider emotional experiences the most important component of human life. They often strive to realize themselves in such areas as religion and art, and this makes sense: such people are distinguished by good taste and sensitivity. They often achieve success in creativity - largely because the value of a work of art is determined by the final emotional impact on the viewer / reader / listener, and it is quite logical that this is better done by someone who is himself capable of a high intensity of sensory experiences.

There are many exalted personalities among the actors, because it is natural for them to generate a stream of emotions, you just need to get used to directing it in a constructive direction. Constructive, according to Leonhard, exaltation becomes when volitional abilities are added to it. In this combination, it turns into passion: delight and despair begin to be expressed in actions, and not in feelings and ideas, which is typical of an exalted person.

One step separates such people from passionate glee to deathly anguish. The road back to happiness is just as short for them.

Another strong (or weak) trait in exalted individuals is compassion. A TV show about the hardships of life in concentration camps or a puppy with a broken paw can lead them to despair; They experience a friend's ordinary trouble more painfully than the victim himself. In a fit, they are ready for real exploits of altruism and self-sacrifice. And this is often used by others: to borrow money from an exalted person, it is enough to convince him that, for example, buying a new car is a matter of life and death for you.

Increased emotionality in people of this type manifests itself in various traits: they are contact, smiling, often fall in love and talk a lot, but at the same time they are touchy and prone to alarmism. People with such a temperament often argue, but, as a rule, it does not come to open conflicts. Fear in an exalted person tends to grow sharply, and even in frivolous situations, its physiological manifestations will be noticeable - trembling, cold sweat.

The exalted personality type can be well illustrated with the help of the heroes of fiction. With their thoughtless impulses and emotional outbursts, they heat up passions and turn the course of the narrative, for which the authors love them. A similar exemplary type was created by Dostoevsky in The Brothers Karamazov. His heroine Katerina Ivanovna is going to marry Mitya Karamazov not because she loves him, but because she is fascinated by the idea of \u200b\u200bsaving him. At some point, inspired by the idea of \u200b\u200bmaking her rival Grushenka a partner in this matter, she invites her to her. Katerina Ivanovna speaks soulfully and enthusiastically with her guest, but when she realizes that Grushenka has laughed at her, the heroine experiences a severe mood swings, which ends with “Katerina Ivanovna has a seizure. She sobbed, spasms choked her. " With approximately the same amplitude of emotional fluctuations - from proud happiness to tragedy - she lives throughout the novel, in the end of which she finds herself in severe hysterics during the trial of Mitya. A striking example of a male exalted image can be called Shakespeare's Romeo. The hero is constantly in an extreme state of excitement and either suffocates from the happiness of being close to his beloved, or does not find a place for himself because of the tragedy of forced separation. Romeo is simply not capable of middle-class experiences and in everything he finds reasons to strengthen his own feelings.

Exalted personalities dispose of those around them with the ability to empathize, sincerely rejoice in other people's successes and sympathize with grief. But the repulsive traits in people with such a temperament are about the same: excessive anxiety, a tendency to panic, drama and "increase the volume" for no apparent reason. Often, effective communication with exalted people is possible only when their emotions begin to weaken, and the best recommendation for them is to try to reduce the significance of the events they are experiencing.

How to say

Wrong: "The Spanish Inquisition arranged terrible exaltation for all dissidents." That's right: executions.

That's right: “I have no life at all with this exalted lady: she is either hovering in the clouds or beating hysterically”.

That's right: "Fedya's exaltation tired the whole group: shouts, indignation and the struggle for the truth that he alone understood were his faithful companions."

They have very strong attachments, they are characterized by enthusiastic impulses, strong hobbies, love for everything beautiful: music, art, nature, etc.

It is characterized by extreme impressionability about sad events. Pity, compassion for others can drive them to despair. High capacity for compassion, empathy. Sometimes the failure of another person is more painful than the victim himself.

The exalted is characterized by the experience of a feeling of fear, and the fear grows very sharply. Outwardly, experiences of fear are manifested in tremors, some have cold sweat, and the rhythm of breathing may be disturbed.

Exaltation is closely associated with high emotional excitability, with affective expression of emotions, and these manifestations are very artistic, expressive.

Practical common sense is not inherent in such natures. Conflicts with life occur in them precisely because of too sick sensitivity and inability to master the prose of life. Such conflicts can sometimes lead to mental illness. The readiness for despair, among exalted "lyricists", is sometimes associated with thoughts of suicide.

A typical example of accentuation:

Karl Moore (Schiller "The Robbers")

The most striking literary example is Katerina Ivanovna Verkhovtseva (The Brothers Karamazov):

“... She kept me with her for continuous revenge. She took revenge on me and on me for all the insults that she constantly and every minute endured during this entire period from Dmitry, insults from the first meeting of them. Because the very first meeting of them remained in her heart as an insult. This is what her heart is like! All the time I did nothing but listen to her love for him. I'm on my way now, but know, Katerina Ivanovna, that you really only love him. And as the insults are more and more. This is your anguish. You just love him the way he is, love you who offend him. If he reformed, you would immediately abandon him and stop loving him altogether. But you need him to continuously contemplate your feat of fidelity and reproach him for infidelity. And all this from your pride. Oh, there is a lot of humiliation and humiliation, but it's all from pride. "

In adolescence, extreme mood lability appears, which changes frequently, abruptly and from insignificant reasons. An unflattering word, an unfriendly look can plunge you into a gloomy state, and a compliment, a pleasant meeting can instill cheerfulness and gaiety. Everything depends on the mood - well-being, appetite, performance, etc.

They have deep feelings, sincere affection, devotion. In communication, they prefer those who are able to console, understand, share joy, pleasure. They love companies and new surroundings, but unlike the hypertimal ones, they are not looking for a field of activity here, but only for new experiences. They are very sensitive to various signs of attention. Emotive personalities are very sensitive, they are worried about everything that is connected with the soul, responsiveness, humanity.

The hobbies of emotive people are of an information and communication nature.

Sexual activity is usually limited to flirting, courtship. The drives remain poorly differentiated for a long time, therefore, in emotive deviations in the direction of transient adolescent homosexuality can easily arise. But sexual excesses are always avoided.

Mental shocks are profoundly painful and can cause reactive depression. Mental breakdown sometimes leads to suicidal attempts. Oppression leads to a loss of resistance, and protest, as such, becomes impossible.

A typical example of accentuation:

The most striking literary example - Werther (Goethe's "The Suffering of Young Werther").

Affective-exalted type, introjective accentuation;

The absence of halftones in emotions and feelings, and a quick transition from "world grief" to "cloudless happiness", and completely sincerely experiencing all polar relationships, regardless of their order and the opinions of people around. Affectively exalted people react to life more violently than others. The rate of increase of reactions, their external manifestations are very intense. From the outside, such behavior is perceived as a "pose", but, for example, deep religiosity or passion for art, music, nature, passion for sports of such people exclude assumptions about their pretense and can capture them to the core.

Exaltation is insignificantly associated with coarse, selfish stimuli, much more often it is motivated by subtle, altruistic impulses. Attachment to loved ones, friends, joy for them, for their good luck can be extremely strong. There are enthusiastic impulses not associated with purely personal relationships. The other pole of the reaction is extreme sensitivity about sad facts. Pity, compassion for unhappy people, for sick animals, can bring such a person to despair. Exalted people can experience sincere and deep grief about an easily fixable failure, a slight disappointment that others would have forgotten the next day. He feels any ordinary nuisance of a friend more vividly and painfully than the victim himself. Fear in people with such a temperament, apparently, has the property of a sharp increase, since even with a slight fear, covering an exalted nature, physiological manifestations (trembling, cold sweat) are noticeable, and hence the strengthening of mental reactions.

The fact that exaltation is associated with subtle and very human emotions explains why this temperament is especially often possessed by artistic natures - artists and poets.

The negative "pole" of the affective-exalted temperament is manifested in the so-called "readiness for despair." Already in childhood, people of this type are often at the mercy of sad and anxious experiences. Later, they increasingly become desperate, when they cannot achieve anything, they are possessed by fear. When, in severity, it approaches psychopathy, then it can be called the character of anxiety and happiness or psychosis of anxiety and happiness. In pathology, religious ecstasy is possible.

(+): Emotionality, expressiveness of assessments and actions.

(-): Intemperance of feelings, anger or tearfulness, selfishness.

Features of communication and behavior:

Very changeable mood, emotions are pronounced, increased distraction to external events, talkativeness, amorousness.

Traits attractive to interlocutors:

Altruism, compassion, artistic taste, artistic talent, brightness of feelings, attached to friends.

Traits that are repulsive, conducive to conflict:

Excessive impressionability, pathos, alarmism, susceptibility to despair.

Situations in which a conflict is possible:

Failures, sorrowful events are perceived tragically. Propensity for neurotic depression.

Work that does not require a wide range of communication, interests in theoretical sciences, philosophical reflections, collecting, chess, music, fantasy.

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Character accentuation

Accentuation of personality character

Accentuations (from Latin accentus - stress, underlining) are extreme variants of the norm, in which certain character traits are hypertrophied and manifest in the form of "weak points" in the psyche of an individual - its selective vulnerability to certain influences with good and even increased resistance to other influences ... Certain accentuated character traits are usually quite compensating. However, in difficult situations, a person with an accentuated character may experience a behavior disorder. Character accentuations, his "weaknesses" can be explicit and hidden, manifested in extreme situations. Persons with personal accentuations are more susceptible to environmental influences, more prone to mental trauma. And if an unfavorable situation strikes a "weak spot", then all the behavior of such persons changes dramatically - the features of accentuation begin to dominate (Fig. 95).

The types of accentuated personalities are not yet definitively defined. They are described by K. Leonhard and A. E. Lichko. However, these authors give an overly detailed classification of accentuations. We distinguish only four types of accentuated personalities: excitable, affective, unstable, anxious (Table 12).

Figure: 95. Character structure

Unlike psychopathies, character accentuations do not cause general social maladjustment of the personality.

Intensively manifested in adolescence, character accentuations can be compensated for over time, and under unfavorable conditions - develop and transform into "marginal" psychopathies.

Types of character accentuations

The main types of character accentuation include:

Sometimes accentuation borders on various types of psychopathies, therefore psychopathological schemes and terms are used when characterizing it, typologizing it. Psychodiagnostics of the types and severity of accentuations is carried out using the "Pathocharacteriological diagnostic questionnaire" (developed by A. E. Lichko and N. Ya. Ivanov) and the personality questionnaire MMPI (the scales of which include areas of accentuated and pathological manifestations of character).

Character accentuation according to A. Lichko

According to the level of manifestation of character traits, characters are divided into average (normal), pronounced (accentuated) and beyond the norm (psychopathies).

The central, or pivotal, relationship of the individual is the relationship of the individual to others (the collective) and the relationship of the individual to work. The existence of central, pivotal relationships and the properties that result from them in the structure of character is of great practical importance in the upbringing of a person.

It is impossible to overcome individual character flaws (for example, rudeness and deceit) and cultivate certain positive properties (for example, politeness and truthfulness), ignoring the central, pivotal relationship of the individual, namely, the attitude towards people. In other words, it is impossible to form only a certain property, it is possible to educate only a whole system of interrelated properties, while paying the main attention to the formation of the central, pivotal relations of the individual, namely, relations to others and work.

The integrity of character, however, is not absolute. This is due to the fact. that the central, pivotal relationships do not always completely and completely determine the rest. In addition, the degree of integrity of character is individual and peculiar. There are people with a more holistic and less holistic or contradictory character. At the same time, it should be noted that when the quantitative expression of one or another character trait reaches its limiting values \u200b\u200band is at the border of norms, a so-called character accentuation arises.

Accentuation of character is the extreme variants of the norm as a result of the strengthening of individual traits. Accentuation of character under very unfavorable circumstances can lead to pathological disorders and changes in personality behavior, to psychopathy, but it is inappropriate to identify it with pathology. Character traits are determined not by biological laws (hereditary factors), but by social (social factors).

The physiological basis of the character is a fusion of traits such as higher nervous activity and complex stable systems of temporary connections developed as a result of individual life experience. In this alloy, the systems of temporary connections play a more important role, since the type of the nervous system can form all socially foamy personality traits. But, firstly, the communication systems are formed differently in representatives of different types of the nervous system and, secondly, these communication systems are manifested in a peculiar way depending on the types. For example, decisiveness of character can be fostered both in a representative of a strong, excitable type of the nervous system, and in a representative of a weak type. But it will be brought up and manifested in different ways depending on the type.

Attempts to build a typology of characters have been made repeatedly throughout the history of psychology.

All typologies of human characters proceeded and proceed from a number of general ideas.

The main ones are as follows:

• a person's character is formed quite early in ontogenesis and throughout the rest of his life manifests itself as more or less stable;
• those combinations of personality traits that enter into a person's character are not accidental. They form clearly distinguishable types that make it possible to identify and build a typology of characters.

Most of the people in accordance with this typology can be divided into groups.

One of the curious character classifications belongs to the famous Russian scientist A.E. Lichko. This classification is based on observations of adolescents.

Accentuation of character, according to Lichko, is an excessive strengthening of certain character traits (Fig. 6), in which there are deviations in psychology and human behavior that do not go beyond the normal range, bordering on pathology. Accentuations such as temporary states of the psyche are most often observed in adolescence and early adolescence. The author of the classification explains this factor as follows: “. under the action of psychogenic factors addressing the "place of least resistance, temporary disorders of adaptation and deviations in behavior may occur." As a child grows up, the features of his character, manifested in childhood, remain quite pronounced, lose their severity, but with age they can again manifest themselves clearly (especially if a disease occurs).

In today's psychology, there are from 10 to 14 types (typologies) of character.

They can be defined as harmonious and disharmonious.

Harmonious types of character are characterized by a sufficient development of the main character traits without isolation, isolation, without exaggeration in the development of some of the traits.

Disharmonious are manifested with the identification of different character traits and are called accented or accentuated.

In 20-50% of people, some character traits are so sharpened that there is a "bias" of character - as a result, interaction with people worsens, difficulties and conflicts appear.

The severity of accentuation can be rash: from light, noticeable only to the immediate environment, to extreme options, when you have to think, there is no disease - psychopathy. Psychopathy is a morbid deformity of character (while maintaining a person's intellect), as a result of which relationships with people around him are sharply disrupted. But, unlike psychopathy, character accentuations appear inconsistently, over the years they can completely smooth out, approach the norm. Character accentuations are most often found in adolescents and young men (50-80%), since it is these periods of life that are most critical for the formation of character, the manifestation of uniqueness, individuality. Then accentuations can be smoothed out or, on the contrary, intensified, developing into neuroses or psychopathy.

Figure: 6. Scheme of character accentuation according to E. Filatova and A.E. Testicle

It is possible to consider twelve disharmonious (accentuated) types of character (according to the typology of K. Leonhard) and describe their positive and negative qualities that can affect a person's professional activity - we need this to confirm the foundations of personality differentiation in terms of the characterological properties of a person.

Hyperthymic type

Differs almost always in a good mood, high vitality, splashing energy, irrepressible activity. Strives for leadership, adventures. It is necessary to treat with restraint his unfounded optimism and overestimation of his capabilities. Traits that are attractive to interlocutors: energy, thirst for activity, initiative, a sense of the new, optimism.

For the people around him, it is unacceptable: frivolity, a tendency to immoral acts, a frivolous attitude towards the duties assigned to him, irritability in the circle of close people.

Conflict is possible with monotonous work, loneliness, in conditions of strict discipline, constant moralizing. This causes the person to become angry. Such a person shows himself well in work related to constant communication. These are organizational activities, service of everyday life, sports, theater. It is typical for him to often change professions and jobs.

Dysthymic type

The opposite of the first type: serious. pessimist. Constantly low mood, sadness, isolation, laconicism. These people are burdened by noisy societies, they don't get close to colleagues. They rarely enter into conflicts, more often they are a passive side in them. They value very much those people who are friends with them and tend to obey them.

Others like their seriousness, high morality, conscientiousness and fairness. But such traits as passivity, pessimism, sadness, slowness of thinking, “separation from the team” repel others from acquaintance and friendship with them.

Conflicts are observed in situations that require intense activity. For these people, a change in the usual way of life has a negative impact. They do well in jobs that don't require a wide social circle. Under unfavorable conditions, they show a tendency to neurotic depression. This accentuation occurs most often in persons with a melancholic temperament.

Cycloid type

Accentuation of character manifests itself in cyclically changing periods of ups and downs of mood. During the period of mood elevation, they manifest themselves as people with hyperthymic accentuation, in the period of recession - with dysthymic. During the recession, troubles are perceived sharply. These frequent changes in the state of mind tire a person, make his behavior unpredictable, contradictory, prone to change of profession, place of work, interests.

Excitable type

This type of people has increased irritability, a tendency to aggression, incontinence, gloominess, boringness, but flattering, helpfulness, a tendency to rudeness and obscene language or silence, slowness in conversation are possible. They actively and often conflict, do not avoid quarrels with their superiors, are quarrelsome in the team, in the family they are despotic and cruel. Outside of temper tantrums, these people are conscientious, tidy, and show love for children.

Others do not like their irritability, hot temper, inappropriate outbursts of rage and anger with assault, cruelty, weakened control over attraction. These people are well influenced by physical labor, athletic sports. They need to develop endurance, self-control. Due to quarrelsomeness, they often change their place of work.

Stuck type

People with this type of accentuation "get stuck" on their feelings and thoughts. They cannot forget grievances and “settle scores” with their offenders. They have official and everyday intractability, a tendency to protracted squabbles. In a conflict, they are most often an active party and clearly define themselves as a circle of friends and enemies. Show lust for power.

The interlocutors like their desire to achieve high performance in any business, the manifestation of high demands on themselves, thirst for justice, adherence to principles, strong, stable views. But at the same time, these people have traits that repel those around them: resentment, suspicion, vindictiveness, arrogance, jealousy, ambition.

Conflict is possible when self-esteem is hurt, an unjust resentment, an obstacle to the achievement of ambitious goals.

Pedantic type

These people have a pronounced "tediousness" in the form of experiencing details, in the service they are able to torture with formal requirements, exhaust the household with excessive accuracy.

For those around them, they are attractive for their conscientiousness and accuracy. seriousness, reliability in business and feelings. But such people have a number of repulsive character traits: formalism, "chicanery", "boring", the desire to shift decision-making to others.

Conflicts are possible in a situation of personal responsibility for an important matter, with an underestimation of their merits. They are prone to obsession, psychasthenia.

For these people, professions that are not associated with great responsibility, "paper work", are preferable. They are not inclined to change jobs.

Anxious type

People of this type of accentuation are characterized by low mood, shyness, fearfulness, and self-doubt. They constantly fear for themselves, their loved ones, experience failure for a long time and doubt the correctness of their actions. They rarely enter into conflicts and play a passive role.

Conflicts are possible when there is a situation of fear, threats, ridicule, unfair accusations.

People around them like their friendliness, self-criticism and diligence. But fearfulness, suspiciousness are sometimes a target for jokes.

Such people cannot be leaders, make responsible decisions, since they are characterized by endless experience, weighing.

Emotive type

A person of this type of character is overly sensitive, vulnerable and deeply experiences the slightest trouble. He is sensitive to remarks, failures, so he most often has a sad mood. He prefers a narrow circle of friends and relatives who would understand him perfectly.

He rarely enters into conflicts and plays a passive role in them. He does not throw out resentments, but prefers to keep them in himself. People around him like his compassion, pity, expression of joy about other people's successes. He is very executive and has a high sense of duty.

Such a person is usually a good family man. But extreme sensitivity, tearfulness repel those around him.

He perceives conflicts with a loved one, death or illness tragically. He is contraindicated in injustice, rudeness, being surrounded by rude people. He achieves the most significant results in the field of art, medicine, raising children, caring for animals and plants.

Demo type

This person strives to be the center of attention and achieves his goals at any cost: tears, fainting, scandals, illness, bragging, outfits, unusual hobbies, lies. He easily forgets about his unseemly actions. He has a pronounced high adaptability to people.

This person is attractive to those around him with his courtesy, perseverance, purposefulness, acting talent, the ability to captivate others, as well as his eccentricity. He has traits that push people away from him, these traits contribute to conflict: selfishness, unbridled actions, deceit, boastfulness, a tendency to intrigue, shirking from work. Conflict by such a person occurs when his interests are infringed, underestimation of merits, overthrow from the "pedestal". These situations cause hysterical reactions in him.

Exalted type

People with this type of accentuation have a very changeable mood, talkativeness, increased distraction to external events. Their emotions are pronounced and are reflected in falling in love.

Traits such as altruism, artistic taste, artistic talent, vivid feelings and affection for friends are popular with the interlocutors. But excessive impressionability, pathos, alarmism, susceptibility to despair are not their best features. Failures and sorrowful events are perceived tragically, such people tend to neurotic depression.

Their living environment is the arts, sports, professions associated with closeness to nature.

Introverted type

People of this type of accentuation are characterized by low sociability, isolation. They are aloof from everyone and enter into communication with other people only when necessary, most often they are immersed in themselves and their thoughts. They are characterized by increased vulnerability, but they do not tell anything about themselves and do not share their experiences. Even their loved ones are cold and restrained. Their behavior and logic are often not understood by others.

These people love loneliness and prefer to be alone, rather than in a noisy company. They rarely enter into conflicts, only when trying to invade their inner world.

They are picky in choosing a spouse and are busy looking for their ideal.

They have a strong emotional coldness and weak attachment to loved ones.

People around them like them for their restraint, sedateness, deliberate actions, strong convictions and adherence to principles. But persistent upholding of their unreal interests, views and the presence of their own point of view, which sharply differs from the opinion of the majority, alienate people from them.

Such people prefer work that does not require a large circle of contacts. They are prone to theoretical sciences, philosophical reflections, collecting, chess, science fiction, music.

Conformal type

People of this type are highly sociable, talkative to talkativeness. They usually do not have their own opinion and do not seek to stand out from the crowd.

These people are not organized and tend to obey others. In communication with friends and in family, they give up leadership to others. Those around these people like their readiness to listen to another, their diligence. But at the same time, these are people "without a king in their heads," subject to other people's influence. They do not think over their actions and have a great passion for entertainment. Conflicts are possible in a situation of forced loneliness, lack of control.

These people have an easy adaptability to new work and do an excellent job with their job responsibilities when the tasks and rules of conduct are clearly defined.

Exalted and cyclothymic character accentuation

Today, in a post that continues the cycle of psycho-correction of character, we will talk about cyclothymic and exalted (labile) accentuations of character (temperament).

Greetings, dear visitors of the site of the practical psychologist Oleg Matveyev, I wish everyone mental health!

Exalted and cyclothymic character accentuation - psychocorrection

But nevertheless, K. Leonhard brought them into separate blocks, as different accentuations of character.

Exalted accentuation, in contrast to cyclothymic, is less predictable in its opposite states, which are more arrhythmic, and “peaks” and “abysses” are more unexpected and bright, outwardly noticeable.

Exalted character accentuation

A striking feature of the exalted type is the ability to admire, admire, as well as smile, a feeling of happiness, joy, pleasure.

These feelings can often arise in them for a reason that does not cause much enthusiasm for others, they easily get delighted with joyful events and in complete despair - from sad ones.

They are characterized by high contact, talkativeness, amorousness. Such people often argue, but do not bring matters to open conflicts.

In conflict situations, they are both active and passive. They are attached to friends and family, are altruistic, have a sense of compassion, good taste, show brightness and sincerity of feelings.

They can be alarmists, are susceptible to momentary moods, impulsive, easily move from a state of delight to a state of sadness, have a lability of the psyche. (see protection of the psyche)

Psycho-training exercises for exalted individuals

Develop the habit of analyzing all sudden changes in mood: what happened, what changed my mood?

Ask yourself these questions more often.

And when you have two or three dozen answers, look at which of the reasons are more common.

Now the most important thing remains - to exclude the reasons why your mood changes so dramatically and unexpectedly even for you.

Try not to get into situations that lead to a sharp change in mood in the bad direction.

Try to enter the image of, for example, a phlegmatic, calm person who has seen everything, knows everything, and live in this image for several hours in a row.

No matter how difficult it is for you, no matter what reasons and reasons arise, you cannot leave the image.

React to what is happening in the same way as your hero of the image would react - a phlegmatic person.

First, calmly think about what actually happened, collect additional information to make the necessary decision, postpone it for a while (suddenly something else will happen), and only then act.

As much as you would like to defuse your bad mood on someone close or acquaintance, do not do it right away.

Find another way - do mini exercises, listen to your favorite music, take a walk in the park.

You need to form a habit in yourself - not to show your irritation immediately after its manifestation, try to switch to something more pleasant.

Try, for a start, to live the whole day without being annoyed by the words and actions of the people around you. If it works, then increase the duration of this exercise to two days in a row.

Then take a short break and repeat again. Two days without irritation. Again, increase the duration of the non-irritating periods, for example, up to three days in a row.

Cyclothymic character accentuation

It is characterized by a change in hyperthymic and dysthymic states. They are characterized by frequent periodic mood swings, as well as dependence on external events.

Joyful events cause pictures of hyperthymia in them: thirst for activity, increased talkativeness, a leap of ideas; sad - depression, slowness of reactions and thinking, their manner of communication with people around them also often changes.

In adolescence, two variants of cyclothymic accentuation can be found: typical and labile cycloids.

Typical cycloids in childhood usually give the impression of hyperthymic, but then lethargy, loss of strength appears, what was previously given easily, now requires exorbitant efforts.

Previously noisy and lively, they become lethargic couch potatoes, there is a drop in appetite, insomnia, or, conversely, drowsiness. They react to comments with irritation, even rudeness and anger, in the depths of their souls, however, while falling into despondency, deep depression, suicidal attempts are not excluded. They study unevenly, the omissions that have happened are made up with difficulty, give rise to an aversion to classes.

In labile cycloids, mood swings are usually shorter than in typical cycloids. Bad days are marked by more bad mood than lethargy. During the period of recovery, the desire to have friends, to be in the company is expressed. Mood affects self-esteem.

Psycho-training exercises for cyclothymic personalities

Due to the periodicity (cyclicality) of your mood, perceive the "black line" as inevitable, and, most importantly, an intermediate period of life, which will surely change to white.

And vice versa, when euphoria (mood elevation) brings you into the skies of life, remember - this is not forever.

Use hypothaemic exercises during periods of low mood.

During the recovery period, with euphoria, use exercises for hypertima.

Doing these exercises will help you overcome the negative effects of these shifting character accentuations on your life, which in turn will have a positive effect on your personal and career growth, and will also help you achieve success.

You will find a lot of psychological material in the CONTENT OF THE BLOG

How to learn to relax

Demonstrative character, hysterical accentuation - correction

Psychological assistance, online psychologist consultation: psychoanalysis, psychotherapy

Accentuated character traits

The number of character traits that are recorded by human experience and have been designated in the language is extremely large. Their variability also manifests itself not only in qualitative diversity and originality, but also in quantitative terms. When the quantitative indicator of this or that character trait reaches the final limit of the norm, the so-called accentuation of character arises.

Accentuation of character is the limiting variants of the norm, as a result of the strengthening of individual character traits.

With accentuation, the individual exhibits increased sensitivity to certain stress factors with relative stability relative to others. The presence of accentuations in a person, as a rule, does not interfere with the satisfaction of social adaptation, but they are the “Achilles heel”, in places of least resistance. The increased psychogenic influence on these unprotected aspects of the personality of unfavorable elements of the environment leads to mental trauma.

K. Leonhard identifies the following types of character accentuations.

Hyperthymic type. People of this type are characterized by excessive contact, talkativeness, expressiveness of gestures, facial expressions, pantomimes. They quite often deviate from the original topic of conversation. Such people have episodic conflicts due to an insufficiently serious attitude to their official and family responsibilities.

They are often the initiators of conflicts themselves and are offended if they are made comments about this. Representatives of this type are characterized by energy, need for activity, optimism, initiative. At the same time, they are gullible, prone to immoral acts, and are distinguished by increased excitability. They can hardly endure the conditions of strict discipline, monotonous activity, forced loneliness.

Disty type. The opposite of hyperthymic. He is characterized by weak contact, laconicism, dominant pessimism, depressed mood. Such people prefer to stay at home, do not like noisy companies, rarely come into conflict with others, lead a secluded life.

They highly value those who are friends with them, and are ready to obey them. Of the positive traits, they are characterized by seriousness, conscientiousness, and a heightened sense of justice. Among the features that interfere with communication are passivity, inhibition of thinking, individualism.

Cycloid type. Quite frequent periodic mood changes inherent in representatives of this type cause changes and manners of communication with people around them. During a period of high mood, they are very sociable and behave like people with a hyperthymic accentuation of character, and during a period of depression, they are withdrawn, and the manner of communication corresponds to the distimal type.

Excited type. It is characterized by low contact in communication, slower verbal and non-verbal reactions.

Excited persons are often gloomy, prone to abuse and conflicts, in which they themselves act as an active, provocative party. They do not get along in a team, their own family, because they are not looking for ways to reconciliation, they lack tolerance. In an emotionally calm state, people of this type are often conscientious, neat, love animals and small children. In a state of emotional excitement, they are irritated, incendiary, poorly controlling their behavior.

Stuck type. Representatives of this type are moderately communicative, boring, prone to moralization, taciturn. In conflicts, they act as initiators, an active party. They try to achieve high performance in any business they undertake. Make high demands on themselves. People of this type are sensitive to social justice, at the same time, they are touchy, suspicious, vulnerable, and revengeful.

Sometimes, they are overly self-confident, ambitious, jealous, make exorbitant demands on relatives and subordinates at work.

Pedantic type. He rarely enters into conflicts, acting more as a passive than an active party in them. At work, he behaves like a bureaucrat, putting forward many formal requirements to others. At the same time, he easily gives way to a leader. Sometimes it upsets the household with excessive claims for accuracy. Its positive features are conscientiousness, accuracy, seriousness, reliability in business, and its unattractive features are formalism.

Anxious type. People of this type are characterized by: low contact, self-doubt, minor mood. They rarely enter into conflicts, playing a mostly passive role in them. In conflict situations, they seek support and support. Through their defenselessness, they can be targets for jokes. Positive traits are affection, self-criticism, diligence, discipline.

Emotive type. It is characterized by deep reactions in the area of \u200b\u200bsubtle emotions. Emotive persons prefer communication in a narrow circle of the elite, with whom they establish good contacts and understand them perfectly. They themselves enter into conflicts very rarely and play a passive role in them. Images are hidden in themselves. Attractive features are kindness, empathy, a heightened sense of duty, diligence, discipline. Unattractive traits - oversensitivity, tearfulness.

Demonstrative type. Representatives of this type easily establish contacts, strive for leadership, power and praise. They know how to adapt well to people and at the same time are prone to intrigue (with the external softness of the manner of communication). Such people annoy others with self-confidence and excessive ambition, systematically provoke conflicts themselves, but at the same time actively defend themselves. They have such attractive traits as artistry, the ability to capture others, the eccentricity of thinking and actions. Unattractive traits are egotism, hypocrisy, bragging, and avoiding work.

Exalted type. This type is characterized by: high contact, talkativeness, amorousness. Exalted people are often hidden, they do not bring matters to open conflicts. In conflict situations, they act as both an active and a passive party. However, they are friendly, attentive to friends and family. They are altruistic, have good taste, show brightness and sincerity of feelings. Negative traits - give in to panic and instant moods.

The extroverted type is highly communicative. Such people have many friends, acquaintances, they are chatty, open to any information. They rarely enter into conflicts and usually play a passive role in them. In communicating with friends, at work and in the family, they often give way to leadership positions in favor of others, it is better for them to obey and be in the shadows. They have such attractive features as a willingness to listen carefully to another, to do what they ask, good performers. Unpleasant traits - fall under the influence, frivolous, prone to unbalanced actions like to have fun and spread gossip and rumors.

Introverted type. It is characterized by low contact, isolation, isolation from reality, and a tendency to philosophize. Introverted individuals love loneliness, enter into conflicts only in the case of unceremonious interference in their privacy. They are often emotionally cold, relatively weakly attached to people. Attractive features are diligence, firm convictions, adherence to principles. Unattractive features are stubbornness, frigidity of thinking. They all have their own point of view, which may be wrong, but they continue to defend it, no matter what. Among introverted people, there are dissidents.

Against the background of accentuation, various disorders can occur - behavioral deviation, acute affective reactions, neuroses, etc.

K. Jung introduced the concept of extraversion and introversion to denote two opposite personality types. Extroversion rules out introversion and vice versa, but neither type has any advantages over the other. Jung distinguished four basic mental functions: thinking, well-being, and intuition.

There are typical attitudes of a person thinking, feeling, sensing and intuitive. In addition to these purely psychological types of attitudes, there are social types, that is, those that have the imprint of a primary collective representation. These collectively determined parameters are very important, and sometimes even more important for purely individual traits.

Introverted type of character. People of this type are focused on their own subjective experience. Objects and phenomena of the outside world are of secondary importance for them. They are hard to adapt to reality, tend to defend themselves from external actions, refrain from spending energy. They interact with the environment in order to defend themselves, are constantly ready to turn on the mechanism of psychological defense.

Vulnerable and sensitive to the influences of the environment, they are most worried about their future, are distinguished by responsibility, love of solitude, low obsession and at the same time caution, especially in expressing their opinion, suspicion, fear of the strong influence of the object.

Mental introverts are distinguished by disciplined, highly organized intelligence and focus on their own world. They are impractical, prone to abstraction, self-reliance and unshakable thoughts. These people are disinterested, decisive, principled, demanding of themselves and others.

Emotional introverts are in close contact with reality, but have little interest in it, because they are focused on themselves, on their experiences. They deeply but calmly experience feelings. They are soft, artistic natures.

Sensory introverts are distinguished by their subjective and shallow perception of the world around them. Do not disclose the reasons for the events that are perceived, can create original artistic images.

Introverts of the intuitive type are more subjective in their perception of the world around them. The main meaning of their inner world is made up of ideas that arose spontaneously, and experience, associated mainly with overcoming obstacles in self-expression.

Latent contradictions determine the moral direction of their spiritual life. Among the representatives of this type, there are also unselfish people, and mystical dreamers and fanatical artists, and those individuals who enrich the culture with their original ideas and products of activity.

Extroverted character type. People of this type easily adapt to the environment, skillfully use all the possibilities for adapting to life, facing the world of external objects, self-confident, influential, not immersed in "personal" problems, their behavior is conditioned by immediate circumstances.

Mental type extroverts are distinguished by persistence in communication, developed conceptual thinking, a tendency to abstract moral and aesthetic assessments. Intelligence plays an active role in their adaptation to the environment.

Emotional extroverts adapt well to the environment according to the logic of feelings, can be attributed to impressionable natures, with a predominance of feelings over reason, are prone to sharp criticism, which borders on tactlessness.

Sensory extroverts are prone to enthusiasm and personal initiative, to oppose their opinions, are distinguished by the ability to adequately assess the situation and use it for their own purposes. They are neat and strong-willed natures and at the same time fickle and fastidious.

Intuitive extroverts perceive in the outside world what is happening “behind the scenes”. They lack the ability to think, so they rarely bring the matter to completion on their own.

The classification of the types of character accentuations is rather complicated and does not coincide in terms of the nomenclature for different authors (K. Leonhard, A. Lichko). However, the description of accentuations is largely identical.

Thanks to properly organized educational work, it is possible to block the manifestations of character accentuation. Teachers and parents, knowing the “places of least resistance” in the character of a child or adolescent, try to prevent stressful situations from painfully affecting the mentioned places of his character.

So, for example, sensitive adolescents react quite sharply to suspicions of bad deeds, to accusations that contradict their self-esteem, which is usually not overestimated and is generally objective. At the same time, educational influences that would help compensate for the timidity of sensitive adolescents are expedient: attracting them to social work, electing them to the asset of the class, where it is easier for them to overcome shyness and resentment in joint activities. Adequate means of educational and corrective influences can be applied to adolescents with other types of accentuations.

A person most often reacts to many circumstances, situations, partners with extreme variants of emotions, either euphoric ones - delight, admiration, affection, awe, unbridled love, etc., then dysphoric ones - hatred, contempt, disgust, disgust, aggression, etc. n. At the same time, he demonstrates emotions much less often

middle range - moderate, restrained, soft.

Such a stereotype of emotional behavior is dysfunctional; the personality "works" for wear and tear, since the information and energy saturation of emotions is great - instead of a match, a torch constantly flares up. Such powerful energy expenditures do not pass without a trace according to our observations, exalted people, as a rule, are thin, pale, with sharpened facial features, with a rigid exaggerated expression, the impression is that they exhaust all vitamins, proteins and fats on euphoric and dysphoric reactions Less often, but there are obese, exalted persons.

Exalted personalities are distinguished by extreme and categorical judgments and evaluations; often and easily change their opinions to the opposite, for example, in statements about the same colleagues, current events, works of art. It is difficult to argue with them, because they consider their opinion the most correct, they find themselves and no one else competent and professional. They often become rude and angry when they disagree with their assessments.

Exaltation is sometimes combined with the artistry of nature and is a prerequisite for acting talent. The skill of an actor consists in the ability to enter into very different emotional states, including euphoric and dysphoric. In life, everyone should be a little bit of an actor - a teacher, educator, doctor, lawyer, waiter, parent, so moderate exaltation is useful.Excessively exalted individuals are sometimes prone to shocking - bold, shocking others' antics, outfits, positions.

It should be especially noted that usually exaltation is accompanied by a reduced self-criticism of the mind: the powerful energy of euphoric and dysphoric emotions suppresses, "drowns out" the action of the intellect, the person is not able to understand that he is losing his sociability, looks grotesque.

Check yourself:subsequent judgments must be answered

"Yes or no"

YOU ARE LIKELY TO EXALT IF:

1. In principle, they are able to admire, admire something or someone

2. It so happens that a feeling of complete happiness literally permeates you.

3. You fall into deep despair when you are disappointed.

4. You can say about yourself - I can love to madness and I can hate to the depths of my soul.

5. Do you have favorite animals, at the sight of which you feel a sense of awe, tenderness, tenderness, excitement.

6. You absolutely cannot stand some type of people (men, women, leaders, etc.).

7. An unexpected noticed detail in a person can dramatically change your opinion about him.

8. Creativity of any talented person (artist, artist, poet, musician, etc.) delights, amazes you.

9. A tragic movie, play, or novel can move you to the point of tears.

10. There are people in your environment whom you hate or deeply despise.

11. You are sure that most people are inferior to you in any respect so that they cannot be compared with you.

12. Often your tastes, opinions and assessments differ significantly from the positions of the majority.

How many points (yes) do you have? The received points mean: 10-12 - clearly expressed exaltation; 5-9 - a tendency to exaltation; 4 points and less - exaltation as an emotional stereotype is absent.

Data interpretation.Very high scores indicate a personality's tendency to show emotional extremes. Exalted persons react to facts, events and actions of others too openly, exaggerated unequivocally, even grotesquely. They do not feel the measure and how others perceive the same circumstances. Having sometimes a very controversial opinion about someone or something, they nevertheless express it in a categorical form, where there are no penumbraes and doubts. They do not tolerate objections, they are not able to soften their positions and compromise.

If, at the same time, an exalted personality has a low level of intelligence, the originality of opinions and assessments reaches the level of defiant ambition. Among the exalted are intelligent and erudite people; then ambition is clothed in pseudoscience and high style. With all the wealth of intelligence, it is still not enough for self-criticism. One gets the impression that the usual prudence of such people suddenly flows from the area of \u200b\u200bobservation of cause and effect to the area of \u200b\u200bverbal high-flown expression of emotions.

Particularly difficult in the communicative plan are individuals who simultaneously have overestimated indicators of exaltation and impulsivity. Such, as they say, cut from the shoulder, but with such rapture that they can inflict psychological trauma on anyone - relatives, friends, acquaintances, colleagues, subordinates and bosses.

Average indicators of exaltation indicate the personality's ability to adequately respond with emotions and feelings to what is happening. Every normal person is happy about something, something upset, and he expresses it in such a way that others can see the corresponding states. Some professions require

a wide range of emotions and feelings in order not only to react in response to what is happening, but also to convey their states to others. It is no coincidence that exaltation in the group of teachers is higher than in other groups we surveyed, for example, doctors, accountants.

Too low an indicator of exaltation is a sign of constraint of emotions and feelings, as well as laziness of the mind, which is not able to make discoveries, find an object for admiration and joy, for rejection and admiration. For example, the group of unemployed who want to get a profession in the field of insurance medicine scored the least number of points for this indicator.

In terms of the prevention and diagnosis of the emotional state, special importance is attached to the so-called neuropsychic instability, which is a reflection of both the mental and somatic level of the individual's health. Neuropsychic stability (NPU) shows the risk of personality maladjustment under stress, that is, when the emotional reflection system functions under critical conditions caused by external as well as internal factors.

The "Forecast" method proposed below was developed at the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy and is designed to determine the level of NPU, the risk of maladjustment in stress. It is especially informative in the selection of persons suitable for work or service in difficult, unpredictable conditions, where increased requirements are imposed on a person.

Check yourself:read the statement and answer yes or no.