The correct depth of the sewer in a private house. Depth of laying a sewer pipe in a private house

When laying sewer pipes from a house to a septic tank (cesspool), many parameters are taken into account: diameter, total length of the line, angle of inclination. In case of an error in the calculations, so-called ice plugs can form in winter. In this case, the correct operation of the sewage system in a private house will stop. The layout and depth of the sewer pipes are the main factors for correct installation.

Rules for laying sewer pipes

A site plan is preliminarily drawn up with the location of a house, outbuildings, greenhouses and a vegetable garden on it. A deep purification septic tank should be located at least 5 meters from the house, 15 from a source of drinking water and 2 meters from the border of the site. After choosing its location, you can start designing the sewer pipeline.

The basic rules for the arrangement are set out in SNiP 3.05.04-85. But it is recommended to take only part of the recommendations from it, since the document was developed without taking into account the use of modern polymer pipes:

First, the installation of a septic tank or the arrangement of a cesspool is performed. The installation depth is regulated by the manufacturer. The upper part with the inspection hatch must remain on the surface.
The angle of inclination of the pipe depends on its diameter. For self-laying, you can use a value of 20 mm for a section of 110 mm. The higher the last value, the less the slope.
There should be a minimum of turning elements in the sewage system. Due to increased air resistance and friction, runoff and waste can remain in these areas, subsequently creating a blockage.

Depth calculation for septic tanks and cesspools

Despite the fact that no household waste or sewage remains in the external pipeline, the effect of negative temperatures can negatively affect the operation of the sewage system. Therefore, it is important to correctly calculate the depth of the line. It depends on several factors.

Laying depth calculation rules:

The smallest pipeline depth will be at the foundation of the house - at the junction of the internal and external sewerage systems. It should be greater than the level of soil freezing.
Height of rise of groundwater. They create pressure on the pipeline and artificially reduce the depth during floods or heavy snowmelt.
Soil type. Not all areas have the ability to make a trench of the required depth. This is especially true for rock-dominated soil. The solution to the problem is pipeline insulation.

Before laying pipes, you need to properly equip the trench. After its formation, a number of actions should be performed.

A sand cushion is poured onto the bottom and carefully compacted. Then the base for the pipe is formed from the rubble layer. Its slope and location relative to the septic tank are checked. The final backfill is done after checking the tightness of the line. The degree of soil pressure on the pipe surface is taken into account.

Frost protection

Insulation of the external sewage system may be the only alternative if it is impossible to make a trench of the required depth. For this, you can use various materials, it is important that they do not collapse under the influence of moisture or temperature extremes.

The following materials can be used as insulation:

Foam shell or extruded polystyrene foam shell. They are characterized by ease of installation, affordable cost, do not allow moisture to pass through.
Basalt wool. You can use forms in the form of a shell or a sheet version of the insulation. Installation of a waterproof film is mandatory, since the cotton wool allows water to pass through.
Foamed polyethylene. It has good thermal insulation properties, but has insufficient thickness. Can be used to form an additional protective layer.

Alternatively, install a resistive heating cable. But due to the large diameter of the pipeline, a powerful model will be required, which is not always feasible and may not fit the budget.

Sewerage laying is an important stage in the construction of a private house. If there is no public sewerage system, then in order to equip a fully autonomous drainage system, you need to lay a network that delivers wastewater from sanitary and household appliances to a collection well. Installation of a sewage system for a private house is not a quick matter, however, if you do the work yourself, serious difficulties should not arise. The help of specialists may be required only in the most difficult sections of the pipeline.

The drainage system of a private house consists of an internal and external sewerage system and a collection well. In cottages with more than two floors with their own bathrooms, the sewer network is additionally equipped with a fan pipe.

Water supply and sewerage systems are usually designed and installed at the same time, since the same plumbing and household equipment is connected to them.

The procedure for laying the sewer network:

Prepare a pipeline project, taking into account all the devices connected to it, a slope of 2-3 cm per linear meter, and calculate the amount of required building materials.
Purchase pipes, fittings and fittings.
Cut pipes into lengths in accordance with the project.
Carry out internal wiring and lead the sewer pipe outside.
Install the waste pipe.
Install external sewerage system.
Equip the collecting well and connect the pipeline to it.

Internal wiring

Indoor sewage is collected in such a way that its lowest point is the place where the pipeline is taken out. In order not to be mistaken with the angle of inclination, you can start the assembly from this point.

If there is a project, the connection order is not important, but you must strictly follow the rules for performing internal wiring:

Each device and functional section of the pipeline requires a pipe of the appropriate diameter: for a riser and a toilet bowl - 11 cm, for showers, baths, kitchen sinks - 5 cm, for everything else, 3.2 cm is enough, but if several devices are connected to one pipe at the same time , its diameter must be at least 7.5 cm.
Since wastewater flows through pipes by gravity, a pipeline slope of 2-3 cm per linear meter is required.
The pipe connection must be tight and not impede the free flow of liquid: the pipes are connected along the flow, there must be no roughness or burrs at the junction.
Right angles should be avoided, as it is in them that blockages are most often formed. It is better to use several knees with smaller angles to complete the turn.
It is necessary to prevent back suction from the sewer and the penetration of unpleasant odors into the house. To do this, a siphon or an S-shaped bent pipe is installed on the branch pipe of each plumbing fixture, which performs the function of a water seal.
If the house has several floors and each of them has plumbing, a common riser should be equipped.
Toilets are installed closer than other household and plumbing fixtures to the riser.
Nodes of the pipeline should not be performed in places where walls or floors pass.
Holes for pipes passing through walls and ceilings are cut with a margin; it is advisable to insert special sleeves or sections of wider pipes into them.
The connection points to the riser and pipe bends are equipped with a tee with an inspection window, closed with a plug. Through these windows, in the future, the pipes will be cleaned in case of clogging.
The riser is located as close as possible to the place where the sewer is taken out.

Sewerage arrangement in a private house begins with a layout and a laying scheme. This allows you to arrange all the plumbing as conveniently as possible, make the right slope, and accurately calculate all consumables.

As a result, the system will work smoothly, and in the event of a breakdown or clogging of one of the elements, everything can be quickly and easily repaired. In this article, we will tell you how to correctly draw up schemes for conducting internal and external (external) sewage systems for a private house or in a country house, what is the optimal depth of laying sewer pipes and what consumables should be used when arranging and installing an autonomous system with your own hands in the house and outside.

Drawing up a diagram starts from a distant plumbing fixture in the attic or upstairs... All horizontal lines must be reduced to one riser. To save money and consumables, bathrooms on different tiers are placed along the same vertical.

The sewerage system in the house consists of:

Water traps preventing odors from entering the room;
Drains from all plumbing;
Pipes leading to the external sewage system;
Elbows and tees connecting pipes into a single system;
Clamps in the walls that support the pipes and give them direction and slope.
Central riser.

It is important that the house does not have a transition from a larger to a smaller sewer diameter. Therefore, in the diagram, the toilet should be located as close to the riser as possible.

Accurate drawing of the internal system depends on the number of storeys of the building, the presence of a basement, the amount of plumbing used and the number of users. The depth of the septic tank and the connection to additional equipment (pumping station or separately for each device) also matter.

In the diagram all elements should be displayed to scale, so that in the event of a planned repair or an emergency, you can quickly understand the wiring and find a breakdown.

Outside line

External sewerage starts with a pipeline from the foundation... The wastewater is discharged to a septic tank, cesspool or filtering structure. At each turn of the pipe, revisions are installed (adapters with covers, with which you can quickly clear the blockage). Outside there is also a revision well and a ventilation hood.

Ventilation is removed from the riser through a drain pipe. Due to strong extraneous odors, it cannot be mounted near windows, with an exit to the courtyard or near smoke. Categorically it is forbidden to connect it to a conventional ventilation shaft... Instead of an umbrella, you can use a special vacuum valve at the top of the riser (not to be confused with a check valve!).

Advantages and disadvantages of different types of tanks

The final element of the system is the storage and cleaning tank. In the absence of a central collector for the collection of gutters, stand-alone installations are used.

Cesspool... It is easy to set up on site and is the cheapest option. But it cannot cope with large volumes of wastewater. There is a possibility of dirt entering the groundwater and an unpleasant odor.
Do-it-yourself septic tank made of bricks, poured with concrete, or ready-made reinforced concrete stakec. It performs its functions well, is durable and strong. The disadvantages include a long installation time and serious construction costs.
Industrial stand-alone installation... Such a septic tank is more expensive, but the costs are covered by the speed of construction, high quality and long-term operation of the equipment.
Biological treatment station... The most expensive option that needs constant electricity. Differs in the highest degree of purification and high productivity.

Consumables, calculation and prices

It is imperative to decide on the volume of the septic tank. The calculation is carried out taking into account that 200 liters of water per day is used for each inhabitant of the house... The effluent in the septic tank is settled within 3 days. Based on these data, we get the exact size of the waste tank.

So, a family of 4 consumes 800 liters. 2400 liters are accumulated in three days. Hence, you need to select a septic tank of exactly this volume... If desired, you can make a small margin in case of maximum tank loading. Septic tanks with such parameters cost from 20 thousand rubles.

Main fittings:

Crosspieces for connecting 4 sections at an angle (80-100 rubles).
Tees with 45 or 90 degree side bend.
Elbow for connecting pipes with a difference in height (450 rubles / piece).
Straight-line double-sided coupling with rubber cuffs in the sockets (from 30 rubles).
Revision (60 rubles)
reduction of different parameters (from 40 rubles / piece)
Hood umbrella (from 50 rubles)

Before you start equipping the sewer system, you must carefully read the basic requirements put forward to it. As we will tell in a special review.

Water can be not only useful, but also harmful to the human body. Find out which coarse filter is best for giving, find out from this.

Optimal slope and depth during construction

According to the recommendations of SNiP for pipes with a diameter of 50 mm, a stable 3 cm is made for each meter of laying... With a cross-section of 100 mm, this value can be reduced to 2 cm. In order to avoid clogging and "greasing" of the sewer in the kitchen, it is advisable to increase the slope by 0.5-1 cm per meter of wiring.

When installing on a land plot, the same angle of inclination is observed. The sleeve (a pipe with a larger diameter than the main pipeline, protruding 15 cm from each end) is installed in a hole made in the foundation. It provides a transition to an outdoor sewer, and located 30 cm above the level of soil freezing.

Burying pipes below the freezing level (on average 1.6 m) is unprofitable - you will have to make a very deep septic tank. If a constant slope is observed, this will be 4-5 m, where groundwater may already appear. The cost is increased by additional concrete rings and more durable (corrugated) pipes that can withstand both the head of the drain and the weight of the soil.

The drain temperature is usually higher than room temperature, which prevents freezing, and if you wish, you can use thermal insulation or insulation with a heating cable.

Selection of pipes and diameters

Pipes are used to drain wastewater from plumbing fixtures diameter 5 cm... The pipe from the toilet should have a section of 10-11 cm, which will help to avoid blockages.

Pipes can be used to organize the sewer system in a private house. cast iron, reinforced concrete or plastic. The latter are more acceptable due to their strength, durability, corrosion resistance and smooth surface.

Outdoor (PVC)

Designed for outdoor networks. They are distinguished by their characteristic orange or yellow-brown color. Despite the relative cheapness, these pipes have sufficient strength, which allows their use both for outdoor and hidden installation... Cold welding is recommended for these. All turns are made using fittings and elbows.

Internal (polypropylene)

For internal communications, they are light gray and have different technical parameters, depending on the manufacturer and model. Their common features:

Single or multi-layer.
The foam is protected by an aluminum coating and a polymer layer.
The connection is made by welding or using special fittings.

Rules for the arrangement and laying of an external system

In short, an instruction on how to properly make a local autonomous sewage system in a private country house (in the country) with your own hands looks like this:

Mechanical or manual excavation of a trench.
Sand cushion formation.
Layout of all constituent elements (pipeline, trays, fittings).
Connecting the fragments, starting from the exit from the internal sewer. For greater reliability the attachment points are treated with silicone sealant.
Tightness testing of joints at maximum load.
Backfill the trench, trying to tamp the sand or soil only on the sides of the pipe, avoiding sharp loads at right angles. Sand filling thickness - not less than 15 cm.

Fitted parts for external engineering networks are used for pipeline turns. If the distance from the foundation to the septic tank is more than 10-12 m, it makes sense to equip the site with an intermediate inspection well.

This video shows how to properly make a sewer for a private house, as well as how to lay pipes yourself:

How to properly carry out the sewerage system in a private house, do everything according to the scheme yourself and lay pipes for the system without errors? The installation of the sewer system will be of better quality if observe several prescriptions:

When installing the sewage system it is important to take into account every nuance: arrangement of plumbing, site relief, location of the intake manifold or septic tank, the depth of pipe laying and the angle of inclination.

Only with careful drawing up of the scheme, careful planning and adherence to order installing a sewerage system in a private house or in a country house with your own hands, you can guarantee that the system does not freeze in the middle of winter, and it will be good to drain drains without creating additional problems in the house and on the site.

Any private house must have its own sewerage system inside the building and a dirty wastewater drainage system that directs flows into a centralized sewer pipe or an autonomous septic tank. Do-it-yourself sewerage in a private house is being installed, and many schemes have been developed for its implementation, so your task is to choose the correct sewerage device in a private house with your own hands, purchase building materials and prepare a tool. Correct calculations of the sewage system mainline will help to minimize the cost of building materials, make the sewage system more efficient and more durable. And how to mount the sewerage system correctly, read on.

Where to place the sewer in the yard

A sewerage system is being installed for a private house according to established standards and regulations, the internal sewerage system should be operated for a long time, without major repairs and frequent preventive maintenance. In the house, the internal sewerage system is designed to combine pipes and plumbing equipment - baths, showers, sinks, as well as to drain sewer drains that inevitably appear in everyday life.

Even self-installation of the sewage system in a private house must adhere to the norms of SNiP and be carried out according to a plan drawn up before assembling the highway and its components. But the main part of the autonomous sewage system is the device of a septic tank or a cesspool, into which wastewater will flow.

Basic standards for arranging a homemade cesspool in the yard:

The distance to the residential building is ≥ 5-12 m. But with an increase in this parameter, it will be more difficult to observe the slope angle of the drainage main.
The distance from the outbuildings to the sump is ≥ 1 m.
Distance from the fence of the neighboring area ≥ 2-4 m.
Distance from green spaces ≥ 3-4 m.
From sources of drinking water, a cesspool or septic tank should be equipped 30 meters or more.
The depth of the sump depends not only on the volume of sewage waste water, but also on the depth of the groundwater flow. In this case, according to SNiP, the pit should not be deeper than 3 m.

The storage depth of the main volume of sewage sewage must be calculated in such a way that the tank is dug below the level of soil freezing in a given geographical region. Before you make a septic tank correctly, you should follow the rule: the container or pit should be filled no more than 30-35 cm from the manhole cover.

Solutions for the arrangement of outdoor sewerage

What treatment systems to install - directly depends on the desire and capabilities of the owner. There are the following types of sewer systems:

An industrial septic tank is a device that allows you to collect and process wastewater that is supplied by the internal sewerage system of the house into clean industrial water and biological fertilizers. In the septic tanks, dirty water is settled and purified by biobacteria and microorganisms, multiplying organic waste.
Bio-cleaning by a special cleaning station, which has a high performance and high cleaning efficiency. The system is not autonomous, depends on electricity, an expensive pleasure.
A dry closet is a solution for storing small volumes of sewage. A dry closet is not suitable for servicing a country house or a country house, since it is able to process and store only fecal waste of human activity.
A cesspool is a traditional and reliable option, it has been used for centuries. In the conditions of modern construction and development of wastewater treatment, the cesspool is being equipped less and less. In addition, larger pit sizes are more difficult to set up and maintain manually.

It is possible to independently make a sewage system in a private house for all the listed options, except for the installation of a treatment plant, which will require the help of professionals and correct calculations.

Homemade cesspool on the site

Read more about how the sewage system using a cesspool is arranged. To equip a cesspool, it is necessary to dig a large hole - a sewer pipe from the house is supplied to it - drains from the toilet, bath, kitchen, etc. If the soil in the yard is loose or sandy, then it is recommended to brick the walls of the pit or pour concrete in the form of the formwork.

The advantages of such a solution are the low cost of work and building materials, simple installation and reliability of the structure.

Disadvantages of a home-made sewage system in a private house with a cesspool:

It is necessary to constantly remove accumulated solid waste from the pit. Since the walls of the pit silt over time, it will also be necessary to pump out liquid wastewater.
Unpleasant smell on the site in case of poor sealing or its complete absence.
As the water will saturate the soil around the pit over time, the site will become polluted.
If the technique for arranging the cesspool is violated, the pipes can freeze in winter or become clogged at any time of the year.

Sealed tank

A cesspool can be made with your own hands, according to the principle of a sealed tank, as in a septic tank. The tank can be used metal or plastic, but before you make the drainage, you should correctly calculate the capacity of the tank. The calculations will be given below. It is only necessary to remember that the metal container quickly rusts, therefore it must be carefully protected with anti-corrosion substances.

The plastic tank has more advantages:

No waterproofing and anti-corrosion coating is needed, the container does not react with aggressive substances in wastewater.
The plastic tank is initially sealed.
The small weight of the tank is the ability to mount it yourself, without renting an excavator and a crane.
The dimensions and shape of the tanks are in a wide range.

There is only one drawback - the high price of the product.

Plastic or w / w septic tank with one chamber

One chamber contains a small volume of waste water - about 1m 3 for a family of 2-3 people. The calculation of the volume is simple - the daily water consumption per resident will be approximately 200 liters. This means that for 2-3 people, the water consumption per day will be 600 liters, but taking into account the reserve, to prevent overfilling of the tank, a volume of 1000 liters is taken. This solution will work reliably without increasing occupancy and water consumption. Structurally, the sewage system in a house with a single-chamber drainage tank is a sewerage system in a private house according to the scheme below, and the settled water from the chamber is discharged into the ground or pumped out for the needs of the economy. To improve the quality of wastewater treatment, biological additives can be added to the tank in the form of multiplying bacteria that destroy organic matter.

Design advantages:

Low cost and easy installation without the involvement of special equipment.
Independent execution of all work operations for the installation and connection of the septic tank chamber to the internal sewage system.
Environmental friendliness and tightness - no unpleasant odors from the septic tank.
Both the reinforced concrete tank and the plastic chamber do not react with aggressive substances in the wastewater.
Long term maintenance-free operation of the container.

A single-chamber septic tank works as follows: drains from the house move through plastic pipes towards the septic tank chamber, where solid debris settles to the bottom of the tank. From the chamber, the wastewater flows into the soil, where it is further purified by natural filtration.

Autonomous septic tank with two reservoirs

This is a more voluminous sewage system for a private house - how to install it correctly? For this, a sewerage scheme is used for a private one-story house, in which a septic tank with two tanks operates.

The first tank in this scheme is designed for the dirty water to settle and be purified. Solid debris remains at the bottom, the top layer of liquid in the chamber is purified water, fats and household chemicals.
The second tank is designed for re-treatment of waste water. In it, the bottom layer is fats and chemicals. The water in the second chamber is further purified by approximately 60-65%.

When the second chamber overflows, water begins to overflow into the ground. This is an acceptable norm, since after cleaning in the second chamber, the water has normative indicators for environmental friendliness. An autonomous sewage system in a private house, the diagram of which is given above, provides a higher degree of wastewater treatment and the safety of people living in the house. This scheme works well in a house with 5-8 tenants living in it.

Advantages of a two-chamber septic tank:

Cleaner water outlet.
The tanks do not corrode.
The service life of such a cleaning scheme is ≥ 50 years.
You can assemble and run a septic tank with two treatment chambers yourself.

Disadvantage:

It is necessary to periodically and regularly clean the walls of the chambers from siltation. When carrying out such an operation, it is not recommended to remove all sludge, since it contains biobacteria that decompose organic matter.

Biofiltration septic tank

Self-installation of a sewage system in a private house may involve the use of a biofilter. This is a reservoir with expanded clay, which is inert inherently. Expanded clay acts as a biological filter for wastewater treatment:

The effluents alternately flow through the chambers, where they are cleaned, after which they enter the biofilter covered with expanded clay.
Aerobacteria in the biofilter decompose and oxidize the organic matter present in the wastewater.
After complete purification, industrial water enters the drainage system.

Benefits:
High level of cleaning, reduction of drainage field and autonomy of work.
Dirt, debris, grease and chemicals are removed from almost everything. As a result, the output is clean industrial water, suitable for irrigation or other household work in the yard.

Disadvantages:
Constant addition of biobacteria, high construction cost.
The need to clean the biological filter and pump out excess effluent with sewage equipment.

The costs of self-arrangement of the sewage system in your home

The cost of plastic tanks is available to any private household owner:

Product marking	Price in rubles at the beginning of 2019
Plastic pipe 50 cm, ⌀110 mm	100
Plastic pipe 100 cm, ⌀ 110 mm	190
Plastic pipe 200 cm, ⌀ 110 mm	350
Plastic pipe 300 cm, ⌀ 110 mm	500
Plastic pipe 400 cm, ⌀ 110 mm	690
Plastic pipe 600 cm, ⌀ 110 mm	1000
Plastic pipe 15 cm, ⌀ 50 mm	40
Plastic pipe 50 cm, ⌀ 50 mm	50
Plastic pipe 100 cm, ⌀ 50 mm	60
Plastic pipe 150 cm, ⌀ 50 mm	90
Plastic pipe 200 cm, ⌀ 50 mm	100
Plastic pipe 300 cm, ⌀ 50 mm	140
Clamp ⌀ 110 mm	45
Clamp ⌀ 50 mm	30
Elbow ⌀ 110/450 mm	110
Elbow ⌀ 50/450 mm	30
Tee ⌀ 110 mm	200
Tee ⌀ 50 mm	40
Plug ⌀ 110 mm	80

Compared with pipes and steel elements, plastic products are simpler and easier to install.

When purchasing PVC pipes and parts, you should check for the presence of rubber gaskets in the sockets.
Do not connect the waste pipe to the ventilation system.
If the internal sewerage system is installed according to the standard scheme (one bathroom, sink and sink, washing machine, shower), then there is no need to equip a fan pipe.

All decisions on the assembly of the sewerage system must be thought out, calculations carried out and the scheme is reflected on paper. Therefore, when laying the sewerage system on your own, choose an option that will take into account all the nuances of the architecture and geometry of your home. If you are unsure of your knowledge and experience, contact the professionals. It is better to spend more money on correct installation than fixing mistakes, which will cost more.

Regardless of whether a private house is connected to a central or autonomous sewage system, the wastewater disposal system on the street must be equipped independently. Before starting this work, you need to develop an installation scheme that allows you to get by with the minimum size of the pipeline and sewerage network wiring.

This will reduce material procurement costs and increase the efficiency of the wastewater disposal system. Particular attention should be paid to the depth of pipe laying, the angle of their inclination and the reliability of flange connections, since the operability of the sewage system depends on these parameters.

Connecting a private house to the sewer

Circumstances and scheme of laying the external sewage system

The outer part of the sewerage system in a private house connects the outlet of the internal drain with the waste storage tank located on the site, or with the central sewerage system with a pipeline network. Read about the internal wiring in the house in the article. Laying of external sewer pipes is carried out according to a previously developed scheme, taking into account the following circumstances:

features of the terrain;
weather;
remoteness of wells and reservoirs;
the total volume of wastewater, depending on the number of people permanently living in the house;
the depth of soil freezing and its composition;
access ways for the sewer truck, if necessary.

In the scheme for laying the external sewage system, it is imperative to provide for its ventilation, since otherwise, over time, unpleasant odors will penetrate into the living quarters. Read about the rules for the ventilation of the sewer in the article. Ventilation is equipped with a fan pipe, which can be placed on the lid of a septic tank or on the section of the pipeline that runs from the house to the waste collection tank.

Arrangement of an autonomous external sewage system

The septic tank is equipped at the lowest point of the geological topography of the site. This arrangement allows for the most optimal installation of the external sewage system. It should be laid in a straight line to the outlet pipe location of the internal wastewater disposal system.

Selecting a plum location

When choosing the location of the drain, it is worth, first of all, to ensure that the unpleasant odor does not penetrate into the living quarters. As a result, it should be located at least five meters from the house. The optimal distance will be ten meters; it is also not worth placing a septic tank too far, since this significantly increases the cost of performing work on laying the pipeline network. The external sewer connection to the house should not be carried out at right angles. In addition, the following should be considered:

water sources should be located at least thirty meters;
it is impossible to install a septic tank on the border of a neighboring area;
for the convenience of pumping out sewage, it is better to place the drain near the road;
especially careful sealing of the storage tank is needed when soil water is located close;
the laying of the pipeline network facilitates the natural slope of the terrain.

Rules for placing a septic tank on the site

A cesspool for sewage has been used for a long time. Previously, they did not waste energy on sealing its walls, and when the hole was filled, they threw earth into it and dug a new one. Now the walls are laid out of bricks, concrete rings and other building materials.

Liquid fractions of waste seep through the soil at the bottom, filtering, solid components gradually fill the mine, and after a while they need to be pumped out.

Arrangement of a cesspool is advisable if the volume of wastewater in a private house does not exceed one cubic meter per day. If this rate is exceeded, environmental pollution will occur.

Instead of a cesspool, you can equip a sealed container for accumulating wastewater. In this case, a thorough waterproofing of the bottom and walls of the shaft is performed. Thus, the possibility of contamination of soil and drinking sources is prevented. The disadvantage of this system is the need for frequent cleaning, since the sealed container fills up rather quickly.

We decide on the type of treatment plant

Treatment facilities for a private house are equipped in the form of the simplest cesspool without a bottom or a sealed tank for wastewater. A single-chamber septic tank with soil cleaning or a two-chamber septic tank with a filter well can improve the filtration of wastewater. It is possible to construct three chambers with a filtration field, as well as using a biofilter and an air supply system.

Septic tank with filtration from tires

A single-chamber septic tank, in essence, is a cesspool with a drainage layer. Crushed stone or gravel mixed with sand is poured at the bottom of the well. Passing through the filter layer, the liquid waste fractions are cleaned before entering the soil. After a while, the drainage layer needs to be replaced, as muddy deposits settle on it. A single chamber septic tank is suitable for a private house with a small volume of waste water.

A two-chamber septic tank consists of a storage tank and a filter well, which are connected by an overflow pipe. In the sump, feces are partially clarified, then they fall into the mine with a drainage layer at the bottom. They seep into the soil when they are already sufficiently cleaned.

A two-chamber septic tank is a popular sewerage option for a private house, since it does not require large financial costs for its equipment and works efficiently.

Installation of a septic tank from two or more chambers, as well as a filtration field, virtually eliminates the possibility of environmental pollution. While settling in the first tank, the partially clarified wastewater flows through the overflow pipe into the next chamber with anaerobic bacteria that decompose organic residues. Read about how to make a septic tank with your own hands from scrap materials in the article

After successively passing through all the sections, the wastewater enters the filtration field, which is an area under the ground of about thirty square meters, where the final soil cleaning takes place. If there is free space on the site, this method of arranging the sewage system is optimal.

Diagram of a septic tank with a biofilter

A septic tank with a biofilter is a deep sewerage cleaning station. In principle, it is similar to a purification system with a filtration field, only in this case it is replaced by a water separator and anaerobic bacteria introduced at the outlet of the overflow pipe into the fourth section, which purify wastewater by about ninety-five percent. This water can be used for technical needs.

It is irrational to install deep cleaning stations in private houses with periodic residence, since if the sewage system of such a design is not used constantly, bacteria that decompose organic residues die. In addition, they are quite expensive.

Sewer pipe laying depth

The depth of soil freezing is a fundamental factor when sinking sewer pipes into the ground. They need to be laid below the freezing point, otherwise they will freeze in winter, and it will be impossible to use the sewage system until the spring thaw. The appearance of even small build-ups of ice on the inner surfaces of pipelines leads to a decrease in their permeability and the formation of blockages.

Map of normative freezing depths

In the southern regions, the depth of laying sewer pipes is fifty or more centimeters, in the central regions - seventy or more centimeters. You need to know exactly the depth of soil freezing in your region, so as not to sink into the ground more than necessary, since in this case the cost of doing the work will increase.

Organization of the withdrawal of the sewer pipe from the house

The organization of the withdrawal of the sewer pipe from the house depends on the stage of readiness for operation of the building. If the house has just been built, the foundation may shrink, therefore, a hole in it for the outlet of the sewer pipe must be drilled with a noticeably larger diameter than the section of the pipe itself.

Options for drainage schemes from the house

If the house is just being built, the outlet pipe can be walled up during the laying of the foundation. The foundation of a house built a few years ago will not settle, so the diameter of the hole drilled for the outlet pipe need not be increased. Plumbing fixtures need to be located at a short distance from the common drain, since in this case it is easier to connect them to the common outlet. If the house has two or more floors, the bathrooms should be placed on top of each other, in which case one riser can be used.

DIY outdoor sewerage installation in a private house

The external sewerage system consists of a purification tank and a piping system that connects the septic tank to the house. Before performing the installation work, an external sewerage scheme is applied on the site plan.

Practical options for removing the sewer from the house

Then special pipes with a diameter of at least 100 mm are selected, intended for outdoor use. They are usually orange in color. A trench is being dug to lay the pipeline. Its depth is chosen depending on the climatic features of the area, the composition and characteristics of the soil, as well as other factors. If necessary, the pipeline network is insulated.

The most time consuming part of the work when installing a sewage system with your own hands in a private house is digging a pit for a cesspool or septic tank. The optimal distance to which the septic tank is removed from the house is about ten meters.

The volume of storage capacity directly depends on the number of people permanently living in the house and the frequency of their use of plumbing fixtures.

It is best to connect the storage tank with the outlet of the internal sewage drain in a straight line, bends and turns of the pipeline system increase the likelihood of clogging. For easy cleaning, a long line in places of direction change should be equipped with inspection hatches.
It looks like a properly equipped external sewage system

Wastewater flows through the pipeline system by gravity, under the influence of gravitational forces, therefore, the correct angle of inclination must be maintained. If it is too small, large pieces of waste will be trapped and the sewer will clog.

If the slope is too great, solids will be thrown to the walls of the pipe, and again it will become clogged. Information on the correct slope of the sewer can be found in the article

The required angle is maintained and controlled by the building level when digging a trench, its depth increases as it approaches the storage tank or central sewerage. A shock-absorbing cushion is laid at the bottom of the ditch, which is a filling of sand, pipes are laid directly on it. If it is necessary to change the slope angle of the pipes, sand is poured in the right place.

An important operational parameter of the sewerage system is the depth of the pipeline network. It must necessarily be below the freezing point of the soil in this region. Otherwise, in winter, frozen wastewater can rupture the pipeline network and damage the sewage system. To carry out repair work, you will have to wait for the spring thaw.

How to properly arrange pipe insulation

To prevent emergencies during the cold season, it is better to insulate the sewage system. Many modern materials have good thermal insulation qualities, for example, polyurethane foam, fiberglass or mineral wool. You can properly equip the thermal insulation of the pipe by simply wrapping it with insulation and placing it in a shell made of a mixture of asbestos and cement.

External sewerage insulation options

You can also fix a plastic wrap over the thermal insulation. In the cold northern regions, to protect the sewer pipes from freezing, the insulation layer is additionally equipped with an electric heating system. In any case, the pipeline network must be laid below the level of the soil freezing depth, especially if snowdrifts melting in the spring form on the surface. An interesting experience in laying outdoor sewage pipes can be gleaned from the following video.