Floor on the ground on a strip foundation. Concrete floor on the ground manufacturing technology How to properly fill the floor on a strip foundation

And the floors are laid directly on the ground - you cannot avoid negative consequences. The floor must be raised off the ground. Since the early 60s of the twentieth century, houses in which the floor was laid directly on the ground have been common. Due to this, moisture, bad smell and mold began to appear in many homes.

In the 90s of the twentieth century, principles were developed according to which it was recommended to build houses:

Place at home only on suitable soils

Before proceeding with the elimination of shortcomings and shortcomings, it is necessary to identify their cause. Here are some tips:

Insufficient cut-off of capillary moisture is very difficult to eliminate. This is due to the fact that the insulating material is not available, as it is located under the slab. It is necessary to put the drainage pipes deeper and see how well they function.

The next method of protection is as follows - you need to remove all flooring, then lay a synthetic material with an air gap on the concrete. Then re-lay the floor covering, either removed or new. Thus, penetrating moisture is removed through the air gap. Ventilation of the skirting boards must also be ensured; this can be done with spacers.

Clinker tiles are an excellent material for the floor, as they allow moisture from below to pass through.

Install underfloor heating if possible

Improve ventilation in the home

Budget option overlapstrip foundation is a floor-to-ground technology. This design solves the main problems - inadequate ventilation of the underground, high heat losses, the release of harmful radon gas. Concrete has four times the resource of wooden floor beams, has no restrictions on facing materials / floor coverings. It easily integrates underfloor heating circuits, which reduce the energy consumption of heating systems.

Advantages of the floor on the ground

Incorrect plate name overlapdue to the external similarity of these structures. In fact, the screed is floating, separated from the foundation by a damper tape. This makes it possible to exclude the opening of cracks in the joints of the walls from internal stresses. The advantages of the design are as follows:

A significant advantage of this overlapis the absence of load on the load-bearing frame of the dwelling. It is not connected to the walls, it has its own support on the inert materials of the backfill, allowing to reduce the bearing capacity of the foundation.

Manufacturing technology

For creating overlapit is necessary to fill the underground with non-metallic material (budget sand), shed each layer or compact with a vibrating plate. After that, it is enough to make a screed by laying two reinforcing meshes, providing a protective layer of concrete. Less often, the slab is connected by a reinforcing cage with a foundation tape (only on rocky, gravelly soils). Waterproofing is carried out with polyethylene film, membrane, hydroglass insulation.

Communications

Most developers are sure that only water supply and sewerage are being introduced into the cottage. After that, problems arise - it is necessary to run an electric cable, a grounding conductor, a gas line. If you provide for the presence of sleeves for each engineering system before backfilling, you will not have to open the screed when decorating the premises. Grounding under the plate overlapmanufactured as follows:

The water supply (usually a polyethylene pipe) runs in a corrugation (depth 1 - 1.5 m), the vertical part of the pipeline is insulated with polystyrene shells. The drainage system is usually not insulated - the drains always have a positive temperature, since they leave the heated building. A slope of 3 - 7 degrees is a prerequisite for gravity, without it you will have to install forced sewage pumps.

Electricity is introduced at a depth of 0.5 - 0.7 m, no thermal insulation is required. The gas line usually travels through the air, injected through the walls of the first floor. To protect against electric shock, a signal tape (red) is laid on top of the electrical cable, excluding its cutting with shovels, crowbars.

backfilling

The rules of SP 31-105 prescribe a minimum sand layer of 10 cm. However, with a significant height of the basement part of the tape, it is not advisable to fill the inner cavities with earth, then sand. The presence of organic matter guarantees subsidence after 3 - 5 years of operation, even with high-quality compaction. Therefore, developers often use sand, since this material is inexpensive. Experts recommend a large river product with a minimum percentage of clay for increased strength overlap.

The most difficult case is hydrostatic pressure (high GWL). A double membrane waterproofing is recommended under the concrete, on top of it. In addition, the film layer reduces the adhesion of the slab / foundation, while maintaining the floating properties. Recommended characteristics of the pie:

film 15 micron minimum
footing 5 cm (mix grade B7.5)
polyethylene 15 micron
slab 5 cm (concrete B15 - B22.5)

In SP 29.13330, the minimum screed thickness is limited to 12 cm, regardless of the operational loads. The required non-metallic layer is usually obtained by default.

Sand is rammed in layers (10 cm) or abundantly wetted before laying. It is not recommended to spill it with water - you can wash out the lower silty soils. Crushed stone is relevant at a high groundwater level, since when the sand gets wet it loses its bearing capacity and turns into a shapeless mass.

Manual ramming to the “no footprint” state takes several days, with a vibrating plate - several hours. It can be assembled with your own hands from any old equipment (you only need an engine). The plate is made from a massive workpiece, an eccentric is attached to the shaft.

Concreting

The floor cake on the ground is multi-layered, first a foundation (5 cm) is poured, which solves the following tasks:

protection of the waterproofing layer (relevant for crushed stone bedding)
reduction of the concrete cover of the slab (up to 2 cm)
surface leveling

It is not necessary to reinforce the screed; the edges of the lower waterproofing carpet are run onto the walls. The damper layer is created in several ways:

For overlap,connected with the MZLF tape, two reinforcing meshes are required. For a floating slab, one mesh of 6 mm rods or wire (if the spans are small) is sufficient. The recommended cell is 20 x 20 - 30 x 30 cm, U-shaped clamps for a bundle of belts at the ends are not required.

Insulation over the entire surface is necessary exclusively for unheated rooms (seasonal, periodic operation of the country house). Any foil-clad waterproofing material reliably protects against radon. In addition, the aluminum foil prevents heat loss. The concreting sequence is as follows:

the overlap associated with MZLF - two-layer reinforcement with 12 mm rods of a periodic profile, welded meshes (10 mm, cell 20 x 20 cm) in accordance with SP 52-101
floating screed - one-layer reinforcement with steel mesh, two layers of glass mesh on either side of it

In either case, the reinforcement is displaced downward, since tensile forces occur near the sole. Unlike the foundation, expanded clay concrete (class B12.5) is allowed. British regulations are stricter in relation to low-rise construction:

the thickness of the slab (floating) is 15 cm minimum, but there is no foundation, the lower protective layer increases (5 cm minimum)
6 cm heat insulator (XPS high density grades only)
top screed (usually with a TP circuit) 7.5 cm minimum, cut off from the walls by a 2 cm layer of the extruder

A similar flooring scheme on the ground was named "Finnish slab", although it has nothing to do with foundations. Domestic technologies imply the laying of insulation exclusively under the contour of the warm floor. Here it allows you to keep warm, not to heat the entire thickness of concrete in vain. By default, the geothermal heat of the subsoil is preserved by the very bottom of the building; lateral freezing is excluded by insulating the blind area.

Radon protection

According to the regulation MGSN 2.02, anti-radon protection is required in residential buildings. Similar instructions are present in SP 31-105 (single-family house), SP 2.6.1.2612 (sanitary standards), SP 50-101 (foundations). Concrete screed overlap together with a waterproofing layer (membrane, plastic film), they partially solve the problem. Premises require natural or forced ventilation.

Communications enter through a floating plate, therefore, the input nodes must be sealed with a solution, sealant, caulking. The sleeves are cut off from the pipelines by damper tapes and embedded in the concrete during pouring. Nodes of rigid foundation joints, floors are insulated with special compounds (impregnation).

The use of penetrating agents solves the problem in a complex manner. Concrete acquires water-repellent properties, the joints do not allow gases to enter the living space. Overlapping on beams is much more difficult to isolate due to the numerous mates of lumber.

Thus, the technology is considered in detail. overlapstrip foundation floor on the ground. This is the most economical option for a private developer, able to protect against harmful radiation. The built-in warm floor is guaranteed to reduce the consumption of the energy carrier (usually gas) of heating systems. The number of heating registers will decrease, and the layout of the premises will improve.

Strip foundations have become popular for the construction of low-rise buildings due to the simple technology and low cost of work. It is a closed loop made of reinforced concrete, which is located along the perimeter of the bearing walls.

But if you decide to make a concrete floor in the house, then you will be faced with a choice of how to arrange it: pour a concrete floor on the ground or make strip foundations slabs self-supporting structures.

Overlapping panels

To save money on internal backfilling, many use prestressed slabs with round voids for floors. This is the best option in terms of price / quality ratio, but if you put them on a strip foundation, and tightly plug the space inside, then over time, moisture from the soil will accumulate there.

Therefore, it is imperative to provide in this case through ventilation. To do this, the foundation should protrude 40-50 centimeters above the ground so that in winter the snow does not cover the ventilation holes.

The photo shows an example of ceilings 6 years later, made using this technology without ventilation. As you can see, rust from the reinforcement is visible at the junction to the foundation, since this is the most vulnerable part of the slab.

It should be borne in mind that more often the base is at a much lower height, and you will not be able to make ventilation holes, or they will be closed in winter.

Floor on the ground

If a basement is not planned in the house, then a more reliable, but expensive option would be to make the floor on the ground. Roughly speaking, a monolithic slab will be poured into the foundation. In this case, the floor in the house will be solid and heating can be done.

In this case, it is important to make sure that the strip foundation or slab is not rigidly connected to each other. Otherwise, over time, one of the bases will shrink, cracks and height differences will appear.

Can be implemented using the following technology:

and sprinkled outside and inside to the same level.

Note!
Internal filling of soil must be done in layers of 20-30 cm.
Only this thickness will make it possible to compact the layer well with the help of a rammer of 100-150 kg.

To compact the soil, you need to apply a layer of crushed stone with a fraction of 40-60 mm over it. If this is a high load in the room, then you need to use fine crushed stone with a fraction of 10-20 mm. It is imperative that you then go over it with a rammer so that the lower layer of rubble enters the ground.

The next layer will be concrete preparation. It is needed as a base for hydro-vapor barrier. If you put it directly on the rubble, then during the work the builders will damage its tightness.
The vapor barrier must be laid with an overlap on the walls. If this layer is not made, then moisture from the soil will enter the structure of the finished floor and condense there.
Further it fits. Extruded polystyrene foam is well suited for this, due to its low water absorption, high durability and compressive strength.

Advice!
To protect against the penetration of cold from the ends, you need to fix the insulation with an overlap on the walls.
It will serve as a damper for the screed.

The floor screed is made with reinforcement with a welding mesh 100 * 100 with a section of 3 mm. If the screed is made in a highly loaded room, for example in a garage, then the mesh should be 50 * 50 with a section of 4 mm, and the screed thickness should be at least 10 cm.
The final stage will be the finishing of the floor. It can be any material: tiles, porcelain stoneware, laminate, linoleum, etc.

To better understand this technology, we recommend watching the video in this article.

Is it possible to save

Such a strip foundation with a slab inside will be expensive, but following this technology, you will provide your home with high durability and reliability.

How can you save money on construction?

First of all, you can replace the vapor barrier with ordinary plastic wrap. But be sure to lay it in two layers. However, it should be borne in mind that polyethylene is a rather delicate material, and it is easy to damage it during construction work.

If your inner backfill layer is less than 20 centimeters, you can compact the soil with clay. So the likelihood of tearing the film against rubble during installation will disappear.

Note!
It should be borne in mind that polyethylene will not provide a good vapor barrier, and moisture will still penetrate inside.

Popular bugs

The most common mistake is the incorrect order of the cake of the plate or the use of other materials. Many people simply do not understand the purpose of each layer.

For example, if you first put a layer of geotextile, and then a layer of rubble, there will be no sense from such a layer. Geotextiles will not allow the soil to be well compacted with crushed stone due to its density, while it will not provide vapor and waterproofing.

Also, in this case, it cannot be used as a filler to increase the level of expanded clay. It has a high water absorption, and when you fill it with a concrete screed, it will absorb moisture and the concrete will take much longer to dry. For the same reason, it cannot be used as insulation. There are much more effective materials that do not absorb moisture.

Conclusion

Thus, you can make a reliable concrete floor in your house with your own hands, which will rest on the ground. For this, a low foundation 20-30 cm above the ground will be enough. This is especially true if ready-made low FL slabs of the strip foundation are used.

is the basic type of foundation, one of the most proven and deeply studied types of support structures.

The history of the construction of the tape goes back many centuries, so the statistics and design features are worked out as closely and in detail as possible.

The strip foundation is harmoniously combined with the nodes of other types of foundation or with the structural elements of the building itself, allowing them to be implemented in various ways.

One of these options is flooring on the ground, a simple solution that does not require lengthy work and does not load the walls.

The technique is widespread enough and deserves a detailed description.

Flooring on the ground is a technology for creating a sub-floor that rests directly on the underlying soil layers. This technique is available in the absence of a basement or basement.... It is simple and economical, it is mainly used in auxiliary and outbuildings - garages, storage facilities, baths, etc.

For residential buildings, this technology is used less often, since it requires high-quality, and ideally - the installation of a "warm floor" system.

It should be borne in mind that the flooring technique on the ground is only suitable for traditional types of strip base and is not suitable for combined types of support structures, such as pile-strip, etc.

There are different types of subfloors on the ground:

Concrete screed supported on load-bearing walls.
Concrete screed supported on a layer of soil backfill and is a support platform for the walls.
Boardwalk on logs.
Dry screed with floating floor, etc.

Different design options require their own methods and composition of the floor cake on the ground. Flood it is impossible to directly on the backfill layer, it is necessary to create the appropriate preparatory layers that provide rigidity, resistance to loads and thermal insulation.

Wood flooring is easier to install, but also requires a lot of prep work.

Pros and cons

The advantages of floors on the ground include:

Simplicity and economy of creation.
Ability to withstand high loads.
No or low wall loads.
Durability, high maintainability.
Compatible with any type of finish.
Possibility of installing a floor heating system.

There is also a disadvantageand:

The need for high-quality insulation.
Impossibility of the device when the backfill layer is too thick (more than 0.6-1 m).
Dependence on hydrogeological conditions in the region, impossibility of settling in flooded areas or in regions with unstable groundwater levels.
The need for a competent approach to construction.

All qualities of floors on the ground have been well researched, which allows you to rely on technology and perform work in strict accordance with its requirements.

What is the device (by layers)

For wood sub-floors, creating a complex cake is not necessary. A mandatory layer of sand backfill is enough, on top of which geotextiles are laid, insulation is laid or poured. The composition of the cake for a concrete floor on the ground is more complicated.

Usually the following layers are created:

Sand backfill.
Reinforcing mesh made of metal or fiberglass is laid.
A rough layer of concrete screed 10 cm thick.
Waterproofing layer.
Insulation (expanded clay, polystyrene or, better, specialized penoplex).
An additional layer of waterproofing.
Finish concrete screed.

It is also recommended to reinforce the last layer in order to exclude the possibility of cracking during drying. If necessary, it can be filled with water floor heating pipelines in order to obtain an efficient and economical heating system for the home.

What you need to know before erection

Before proceeding with the construction of a floor on the ground, it is necessary to obtain sufficiently complete information about the composition of the soil layers on the site, groundwater and the size of seasonal fluctuations in their level.

These data will allow you to decide whether it is possible to create floors on the ground with a sufficient degree of safety for the building and its inhabitants. It is recommended to create a high-quality drainage system capable of removing soil moisture in the event of an increase in its level.

Then you should decide on the thickness of the preparatory layers of the backfill. This issue is of particular importance, since they must be carefully tamped. The thicker the layer, the more difficult it is to achieve sufficient compaction.

At the same time, in practice it is impossible to achieve the natural density of compaction of the backfill layer. The preparatory layer will certainly give some shrinkage, the value of which will be directly proportional to its thickness.

It is recommended to pour a layer of foundation (rough screed) onto the geotextile. This will keep water in the massif and ensure normal crystallization of the material. If you pour directly onto the preparatory layer, moisture from the concrete will be absorbed into it and disrupt the hardening process, which will weaken the screed as a result.

When pouring all concrete layers, it is necessary to fully withstand the time required for the material to crystallize and gain technological strength. Otherwise, there is a risk of deformation or destruction of the underlying layers, the occurrence of defects in the geometry of the floor cake and loss of overall strength.

Before starting work, you must make sure that all communications have been entered under the floor level. After creating a floor pie on the ground, the implementation of the input of communications will be difficult and will require more complex methods of solving the issue.

Construction technologies on a strip foundation

The creation of floors on the ground has several methods, involving the use of different techniques and materials. They all have their own advantages and disadvantages, have sufficient efficiency and bearing capacity.

The choice of the technique is made on the basis of a comparison of the features of the technology and the conditions that exist in reality. In addition, the capabilities and preferences of the home owner are an important factor.

Consider the procedure for creating different technological options:

Concrete screed

The creation of a concrete screed is the most laborious and time consuming process that requires the use of "wet" mortars.

This feature should be taken into account in advance, since the specifics of materials will require certain conditions:

The air temperature is not lower than + 5 ° (optimal room temperature).
No exposure to the scorching rays of the sun. If there is no roof, a net or canopy can be used for protection.
Site prepared for work.

Work order:

Create a sand cushion layer... It is poured up to 0.6 m of sand (optimally about 20 cm). The layer is carefully rammed to a state of maximum density. As a guideline, you need to achieve the density as on a country road.
The next layer is backfill with rubble. The thickness of the layer is the same as that of the previous sand layer - about 20 cm. Tamping allows not only to increase the strength of the crushed stone layer, but also makes it possible to additionally compact the sand layer.
Laying geotextile cloth... The strips of material are laid with an overlap of about 15 cm with an overlap on the walls of the foundation tape.
Along the perimeter of the room on the tape damping tape is installed, providing a mechanical decoupling of the floor and foundation.
A reinforcing mesh is laid and a rough concrete screed is poured... It is kept for the time set by the technology until the material completely solidifies.
Applying a waterproofing layer... Either a double layer of roofing material is used with a coating of bituminous mastic, or various impregnations.
Insulation laying... The best option is penoplex for foundation work, which is distinguished by its density and resistance to external influences.
Laying vapor-waterproofing film... The strips are laid with an overlap on the walls (over the damping tape) to a height of about 20 cm. The film is laid with an overlap of 10-15 cm and glued with construction tape.
Laying reinforcing fiberglass mesh.
Pouring a fine screed... Its thickness is usually 5-10 cm. If a floor heating system is used, then the installation and laying of pipelines, checking the strength of the connection under pressure and other preceding operations are performed.

The total thickness of the floor pie on the ground is selected so that the floor level is as convenient as possible for installing doorways and other building elements. It is best to carry out work in the warm season, when the conditions for hardening of concrete layers allow you to get the best result.

Dry screed

The technology of creating a dry screed makes it much easier and faster to get a high-quality result. The initial stages of work are the same as in the previous version - the creation of layers of sand backfill and a rough concrete screed.

After that, the following actions are performed:

Laying the waterproofing film using conventional technology - creating a sealed web from film strips folded in rows with an overlap of 10 cm with joints glued with adhesive tape. The edges of the canvas are brought onto the wall to the approximate height of the dry screed.
Installation of beacons. The recommended option is plaster profiles. They will serve as guidelines for creating a horizontal and level plane.
Backfilling of a layer of expanded clay. The material is aligned with the beacons, forming a horizontal plane.
Subfloor slabs are laid on top of expanded clay - drywall, plywood, etc. The most recommended option is grooved drywall, which has a special profile for connection along the side edges.
After that, the final finishing coat is laid.

Wood flooring

This option is considered the most budgetary. The simplest and most reliable structure rests on columns of bricks stacked up by a well... The posts are placed in such a way that a support system is formed for the installation of the lag.

Between the posts, expanded clay is backfilled or, as an option, an air gap is left to ensure the dryness of the wood, for which it is necessary to create ventilation holes.

The lag system is carefully aligned horizontally and forms a flat reference plane... Then a wooden sub-floor is laid. A layer of waterproofing film is installed on top, a standard substrate is laid and a finishing coating is laid - linoleum, laminate or other material according to the owner's taste.

Which construction technology is better to choose?

The choice of technology is a matter of preferences and capabilities of the home owner. A concrete screed allows you to get a durable and strong floor, but its maintainability will be extremely low... Failure, for example, of a floor heating system, will create a serious problem with a very complex and costly solution.

A dry screed is much simpler and allows for repairs without much cost and problems, but this option is only suitable for people who are not afraid of repair work.

NOTE!

Wood flooring is a traditional solution, but the specificity of wood as a material has too many undesirable points, so this option is increasingly being abandoned in favor of other methods.

Conclusion

Creating a floor on the ground is an option suitable for buildings that do not have a basement or basement.

For housing, this method is used less often, since most users consider it unreliable and dangerous in relation to ground moisture.

When deciding to use this technique, it is necessary to weigh all the pros and cons, think over the procedure and perform all the preliminary work - entering communications, creating, etc.

This will allow you to get a result that is optimal in terms of quality and operational capabilities.

In contact with

Most developers consider two options when choosing a ground floor floor structure. The first is reinforced concrete slabs.

The second is wooden beams (logs). Many people do not know that a high-quality and inexpensive floor can be made on the ground.

Meanwhile, this design cannot be called new. It began to be used after the invention of an artificial stone called concrete.

We will talk in this article about what a floor covering is on bulk soil, what are its pros and cons.

In essence, a floor on the ground is a "pillow" made of fine gravel or expanded clay, on which a reinforced slab of monolithic concrete lies. The ballast bed serves two purposes:

raises the coverage level to the specified height;
transfers the weight of the structure to the ground.

The floor is protected from soil moisture and heat loss by insulation, laid on a layer of waterproofing.

The supporting base of such a coating is the soil layer. Therefore, the main risk factors when installing a floor on the ground in a private house are frost swelling and moisture. The first threat is blocked by insulating the basement base from the outside with a sheet of foam plastic. It cuts off the cold bridge that causes the water to freeze.

It should be noted that with permanent residence in a house, the temperature of the soil under it never drops below zero degrees. If the building is empty in winter, then the forces of frost heaving can cause cracks in the concrete screed and deform it. In this case, one cannot do without insulating the basement.

Protection from soil moisture is a relatively simple event only at a low level of groundwater (2-3 meters). In damp and swampy areas, it is better to refuse such a coating. The cost of waterproofing and strengthening the foundation in this case increases significantly.

For pile and columnar foundations, a slab on the ground is not the best solution. In this case, the cost of protecting the bedding from frost is higher than when using a foundation "tape".

Construction technology

There are two ways to build floors on the ground:

Concrete preparation;
Without a rough concrete layer, directly on the compacted base (pad).

The first method is rarely used today. It was developed at a time when roofing material was used to protect the floor from moisture. To glue it, a layer of concrete preparation was made (sub-floor).

The second option is simpler and cheaper. Modern waterproofing materials can be laid directly on the ballast pad without sticking to a solid base.

The process of installing a concrete floor on the ground begins with the filling of the underlying layer. Before this, the laying of water supply and sewerage networks must be completed.

Any well-compacted soil can be used for backfilling. For this, fine gravel (fraction 5-10 mm), coarse river sand or sand and gravel mixture are suitable. The pillow is poured in layers of 15 cm, spilling each with water and compacting with a manual or mechanical rammer.

Compaction of bedding with a vibrating rammer

To improve thermal insulation, the upper level of the pillow can be made of expanded clay gravel (10 cm). The total thickness of the ballast "cake" should be in the range of 30 to 40 cm.

Film waterproofing, laid under the insulation, needs protection against damage from sharp gravel and expanded clay punching. Therefore, the filling is completed with a 5 cm layer of compacted sand. The thickness of the film laid on the ground must be at least 0.4 mm

Laying the film insulation, its strips are spread with an overlap of 10-15 cm, fixing them with construction tape. The edges are allowed over the masonry, to a height equal to the total thickness of the insulation, concrete screed and topcoat. A 2-3 cm wide thermal gap is left between the constructive "pie" of the floor, walls and partitions. It is filled with scraps of foamed polyethylene or a special thermal tape.

To insulate the base, you can use EPPS (extruded polystyrene foam), sawdust concrete or perlite concrete. Often, waterproofing under the foam is not laid, since it practically does not absorb moisture. From above it is covered with a polymer film. It protects the insulation from the destructive action of the alkaline environment of the cement mortar.

For light concrete on sawdust and perlite, a plastic film is needed. The thickness of the listed heat insulators is not the same. For EPS, it is 50 mm. The layer of sawdust and perlite concrete must be at least 10 cm.

Having laid the thermal insulation, a concrete screed is made on its surface on a fine-grained filler (fraction 5-10 mm, thickness 10 cm). The work is performed in two stages. First, a layer 5 cm thick is poured and a steel mesh is laid on it (cell 10x10 cm, wire diameter 3-4 mm). After that, the thickness of the screed is brought to the design level, determined by the calculation of the expected loads. The recommended concrete class is B12.5.

This is how you get the right floor cake on the ground at a low water level. Rough concrete preparation for rigid insulation is not done. There is no real benefit from it, and the increase in the cost of 1m2 of the finished structure is very noticeable.

Installation of a heating system (warm floor) changes the technology and the sequence of work. In this case, first, a rough concrete preparation is poured over the tamped pillow and a layer of waterproofing is laid out. Having laid the insulation (EPS), pipes are fixed to it and a leveling screed is made of concrete. The reinforcing mesh is laid over the pipes or heating cable.

Along the way, we note that flooring on the ground can be done not only in brick, block, but also in wooden houses. With the right approach, ballast filling does not have a negative impact on wood.

One of the options for the correct pairing of such a structure with chopped walls is shown in the diagram below.

Wood wall connector

With a low GWL, a concrete slab lying on clay or on a layer of compacted waterproofing bedding is made in basements. This is a very common option in cottage construction.

Before installing the screed, the area of \u200b\u200bthe room must be divided into strips 80-100 cm wide with a steel U-shaped profile or wooden beacon boards placed on the edge. The damper tape is attached to the walls before the start of pouring so that it protrudes 1.5-2 cm above the design mark of the finished surface.

Pouring concrete starts from the far end of the room and moves to the front door.

Laying is carried out in strips, filling the cells slightly above their level. For leveling, a vibrating screed or a metal rule is used, moving it along the beacons.

After allowing the mixture to dry, beacons are removed from it, filling the resulting seams with fresh concrete. After that, the concrete is covered with a film and given 4 weeks to gain strength, periodically moistening with water.

Pros and cons of the design

When planning to make a floor on the ground, you need to know what its advantages are over other types of bases:

Acceptable cost;
The readiness of the base for laying any flooring;
There is no need to ventilate the underfloor space to avoid the appearance of fungus;
Greater durability in comparison with wooden and reinforced concrete floors.

The disadvantages of this construct include:

Loss of useful room height (up to 60 cm);
Labor intensity of waterproofing works at high ground water level;
Poor compatibility with columnar and pile foundations;
The high cost of repairing hidden communications.

Heat accumulation in a country cottage or suburban building is the key to creating an energy efficient home. You can independently lay the floor, placed on the ground on one of the types of strip foundations, using a screed. The technology is suitable for budget construction and large-scale construction of a dwelling.

Features of floors on the ground

The floor covering on the ground is a multi-layer structure that promotes high-quality ventilation and stability of the structure. Overlapping in the form of a tape is justified for buildings with low basement floors and the impossibility of installing a monolithic base.
Concrete floor structures located on the ground include the following elements:

bedding in the form of sifted river sand, which is rammed;
a layer of medium fraction material - crushed stone or expanded clay;
rough screed from a cement mixture;
layers of hydro, steam and thermal insulation;
finishing screed from cement mortar;
finishing flooring.

A building cake organized in layers protects the building from freezing and the appearance of condensation. The floor structure is durable, strong, easy to perform, but requires financial investment.

SNiP: information for the developer

The device of the floor along the ground line will be effective if you adhere to the recommendations of SNiP 29.13330 of 2011. The document specifies a number of conditions under which the technology will be justified:

Carrying out waterproofing works. The optimal material is extruded polystyrene foam, placed under the sole of the building. Foam boards help retain geothermal heat.
Selection of the optimal layer thickness. The need to create a structure, its thickness depends on the level of subsoil moisture, the load of the structure and the possibility of heating. When the groundwater level is less than 2 m, sand bedding is not used, and the rough screed is replaced by pouring crushed stone. Loads over 0.2 t / 1 m2 require reinforcement with 4 mm diameter wire.
The presence of a drainage system. Drainage is required when the water table is high. In private construction, stormwater is used to drain flood, ground or melt water.
Backfilling with non-metallic bulk materials (20 cm of sand and the same amount of gravel), followed by tamping, will prevent the foundation from sinking.
Laying geotextile fabric is relevant only when arranging filter communications or drainage. Otherwise, the soil will not be compacted, breaking the strength of the foundation.

The tape base technology is optimal for suburban construction. It minimizes the cost of completing each layer of the pie, increases the life of the house, is maintainable and reliable.

Varieties of the base in the form of a tape

The base in the form of a tape is suitable for the construction of buildings of heavy materials and on soils that are not uniform throughout the area. The simple technology of arrangement of the structure makes the base of the first floor strong and prevents shrinkage. The tape base allows you to equip a basement, it is used in the construction of houses with a complex configuration.
The tape, which is carried out under the inner and outer walls of the dwelling, is characterized by its simplicity of arrangement. The product needs a lot of building materials - concrete, timber for formwork, reinforcement, etc. In construction practice, several types of tape bases are created.

Monolithic or molded construction

It is being built directly at the construction site. The structure is subject to additional reinforcement, and after hardening it forms a rigid continuous monolith.
The foundation requires the mandatory construction of a formwork made of metal or wood that can withstand the weight and pressure of hardened cement, this is metal or wood. The frame can be removable or non-removable. For stability, concrete masses are additionally insulated, waterproofing is laid. The monolithic base is durable, with high strength.

Prefabricated tape base

It is assembled from factory reinforced concrete blocks, which, after being delivered to the construction site, are connected with reinforcement and cement mortar. When erecting a low-rise structure on sandy soil, it is allowed not to use cushion blocks.
The disadvantage of the design is the complexity of the perfect fit to the size of the elements in the complex configuration of the structure of the future house.
The advantages of the prefabricated strip base are quite many:

construction is carried out as soon as possible;
labor costs for arranging the base are minimized by renting special equipment;
work can be carried out even in winter.

A basement or basement floor is built on a prefabricated foundation.

Combined building

The combined strip foundation is used on difficult soils when it is necessary to raise the level of the first floor in the presence of a slope or on moving ground. The structure allows you to reduce heat loss throughout the house.

Rubble and brick types

The rubble base belongs to the long-term construction, but it is considered the most durable - it does not freeze and is not exposed to groundwater. The work involves the selection of stones in shape and their connection with cement mortar. The concrete type differs from the previous one by the equal ratio of stone and cement (50/50). A masonry strip foundation is standard masonry with concrete. It is recommended to use it on dry soils and be sure to use high-quality waterproofing.
The foundation in the form of a tape is suitable for laying the floor over the ground in reinforced concrete, stone and brick houses with a density of more than 1300 kg / m3.

Advantages of the tape monolith

Foundations in the form of a tape allow you to organize an underground, equip a thermal insulation of a private house. The design has many advantages:

prevents the penetration of subsoil gases into the dwelling with proper waterproofing and backfill.
the underground space does not need ventilation systems.
the soil and concrete slab accumulate heat, which is suitable for frame and other houses with thin walls.
concrete screeds - a comfortable base, an ideal thermal platform for organizing "warm floors".
thermal insulation of the structure reduces the risk of foundation freezing and swelling.
for communications laid at the backfill level, minimum insulation is required.

The inner space of the strip structure is filled up, insulated and waterproofed before the installation of the concrete floor begins.

Material selection technology

Building materials for arranging floors on the ground on a strip foundation are selected depending on the level of the structure. To reduce construction costs, the screed is performed working from top to bottom:

a reinforcing frame is laid that will withstand linoleum, carpet, laminate, tiles, boards or a plywood base;
lined with foil insulation, which reduces the number of heating points;
laying waterproofing, mainly - roofing felt, film;
pave the base with a thickness of 4-7 cm based on M200 cement, crushed stone and sand;
a sand cushion is formed, which is tamped with a vibrating plate to a depth of 20-30 cm.
the main screed is poured from durable concrete.

The selected materials will enable technologically correct floor construction. The amount of consumable raw materials can be identified approximately. For a standard floor surface at the soil level, you will need 30 cm of sand, 5-10 cm of concrete, 10 cm of insulation, 5-7 cm of screeds and finishing materials.

Arrangement of floors on a strip foundation

All work is divided into several stages. When performing each, it is necessary to follow the algorithm - so the structure will be strong and reliable.

Backfilling of the sand layer

Before starting the activities, it is necessary to take into account the need for ramming bulk raw materials - the manipulations will compact the sand cushion. Tasks are performed in stages:

Sand is laid in a layer of 10-15 cm and in dry form is rammed with a vibrating plate.
The compacted material is poured with a hose with a spray nozzle. It is important not to oversaturate the material with moisture. in the future, do not tamp it.
Re-compaction is carried out. The vibrating plate is used twice, changing the direction of movement.
Re-pouring of sand is in progress.

On the moistened material, you need to walk several times with a vibrating plate and wait for the layer to dry.

Reinforcement cage construction

It is difficult to reinforce tape-type foundations - the process is laborious. Experts advise adhering to a step-by-step work technique:

Lay several smooth cross-pieces with a diameter of 6-8 mm, lengthening them by 100 mm.
Calculate the step - the distance to which the cement mortar will be poured.
Place ribbed longitudinal reinforcement with a diameter of 12 - 16 mm on the cross pins. Form the bottom belt.
Mount the upper rods at the mating points in a vertical position.
Place 2 longitudinal rods on the elements. Form the bottom belt.

The joints of the reinforcing frame are welded, tied with clamps or drags.

Pouring the foundation on the pillow

The sub-base is created on a ready-made cushion of rubble and sand. Concrete mass is made in proportions of 1: 3: 6 based on M200 cement and other materials. Self-concreting consists of the following steps:

Pouring a starting layer 10 cm thick.
Secondary pouring of the mixture to a height of 40-50 cm.
Compaction of the mass with a vibrating rammer or piercing with a reinforcing pin.

To reduce the time of work, the cement mortar is poured in one step.

Laying the waterproofing layer. Vapor barrier

The works are designed to protect the underground structure from moisture. Pre-cast foundation will ensure an even application of fusion materials or stickers. The pre-concreting procedure is relevant in conditions of a close location of groundwater or when arranging basements.
The waterproofing process is carried out according to the construction algorithm:

A polyethylene film 150 microns thick is laid with an overlap of 15-20 cm, and then the seams are glued.
For reliable protection against moisture and condensate penetration, the second layer of waterproofing is covered in the same way.
Insulation is carried out with foam or extruded polystyrene foam. They are placed in a layer of 10 cm.

When using foam, protect it from contact with the cement mortar with plastic wrap.

Screed varieties

Floor arrangement on the ground is carried out in two techniques - dry and bulk. The choice of technology is at the discretion of the site owner.

Dry screed

The technology provides for the formation of layers - cushions based on crushed stone, sand filling, rough screed and waterproofing. Then, using special ready-made mixtures, the floor covering is screed. The finished compositions are laid as follows:

Beacons (strips or profiles) are installed, fixed with putty.
Crumbled expanded clay composition is poured between the lighthouses. Level the material over the waterproofing layer.
Plates are laid, which are fastened with glue-sealant or using self-tapping screws 19 mm long.

Upon completion of the installation work, the edges of the film are cut off, and the resulting gaps are sealed with a sealant.

Self-leveling floor screed

Self-leveling floor technology creates a perfectly smooth surface for subsequent finishing. The arrangement of the coating has a number of features:

The waterproofing layer is cleaned of dust and treated with liquid glass diluted with water in a 2: 1 ratio. The surface is processed in 2-3 layers, after each is completely dry (1 hour);
The pouring mixture is prepared by hand on the basis of bulk material and water. The composition must be kept for 10 minutes and the batch is repeated.
The mass is poured onto the floor with a layer of 0.3-1 cm and leveled with a spatula.
Air bubbles are eliminated - a needle roller is rolled on the surface.
The mixture formed after drying is eliminated using a putty mesh.
Finishing is performed after the mass has solidified.

Arrangement of a self-leveling screed compensates for the load of the house, eliminates wall shrinkage, and isolates noise from heating equipment.

Construction work rules

When flooring on the ground, try to respect the boundaries of the layers, backfill and lay waterproofing along the beacons. When conducting communications, place the wires in a metal box, the holes of which must be sealed. Be sure to check the quality of the layers - this is the only way the structure will receive strength and reliability. The floor at the soil level can be covered with insulation, on top of which boards, tiles or laminate can be laid.
With technologically correct floor design, careful control of the layer height, selection of a strip foundation, the product will last up to 50 years.

A fairly common practice in private construction is flooring on the ground on a strip foundation. This option has gained particular popularity due to its many advantages, including cost-effectiveness and ease of construction, because expensive materials and heavy equipment are not required for its arrangement.

Floor on soil - qualities and features of technology

What is soil flooring? This is a structure that, when installed, there is no distance between the ground and the floor - it is located directly above the ground, excluding the possibility of air gaps.

Most often, the floor on the soil is arranged precisely in houses built on a tape basis (it is poured between the walls of the base), so it is not load-bearing. The weight of the walls and roof of the building rests on the base, and the floor takes the load from the finishing coating, interior items, non-bearing partitions and people.

The structure of this type of floor is multi-layered. Each of the seven levels plays a specific role in the quality of the finished structure. Ground floor consists of:

Soles
Bedding layer
Waterproofing
Insulation
Main bearing layer
Leveling screed
Finishing coating

Having understood the purpose of each layer, it will not be difficult to select materials for arranging the floor. And thanks to their availability, you can save a lot.

Advantages and disadvantages

The device of floors on the ground with a strip foundation has both positive and negative points.

Among the advantages of this type of floor are:

That it is suitable for pouring on most types of soil;
Resistant to winter heaving;
Small consumption of concrete mix when compared with slab base;
Easy to install;
Ability to bookmark yourself without hiring professionals;
No need for additional insulation of engineering communications;
The fact that it is immediately ready for laying any flooring;
No need to ventilate the subfloor.

With a large number of obvious advantages, there are also disadvantages to soil sex:

Erecting an impressive basement, the deepening of the tape base must be covered with a considerable amount of earth, which is fraught with unnecessary costs;
If the building area has a high level of groundwater, laying a floor on the ground does not make sense.

Floor varieties on the ground

The device of a floor on a strip foundation does not require large physical and material investments, because all construction work can be done independently without the help of specialists. It is worth knowing that there are two options for arranging the floor on the soil, performed by:

Concreting;
Wooden beams.

Both options have their own characteristics.

The method of concreting is known as suspended floor over soil - the soil in this case is the formwork for the reinforced concrete slab. The finished structure turns out to be very strong and reliable.

The method using a log made of wood differs from the previous one in that it provides for ventilation, which is achieved by raising the floor above the ground.

To determine the choice, it is worth considering the installation technique for each type of floor.

Installation using concrete casting

Pouring the floor over the soil with concrete mix is \u200b\u200bcarried out in several steps:

The upper level of laying is installed - the doorway serves as a reference point;
A filter pad is being made. To do this, gravel is poured and compacted, a similar procedure is performed with river sand;
Isolation from steam. A couple of layers of plastic film are laid on the sand embankment, going up the walls. The thickness of the material should be 3.3 cm. A membrane is often used instead of a film;
To add strength to the future floor, a reinforcing mesh is mounted;
Beacons are installed using self-tapping screws and dowels;
A concrete solution is being prepared: cement, sand and water are mixed. The ratio of cement to sand should be 1: 3, respectively. To simplify the work process, you can order a ready-made mixture.
The solution is filled in stripes;
The concrete is aligned to the beacons using a rule;
Thermal insulation is being made. Styrofoam, expanded polystyrene, expanded clay or mineral wool are most often used as insulation. The choice depends on the preferences of the owner of the house and his financial capabilities;
The finishing layer is mounted.

One of the main advantages of a concrete screed is its evenness, thanks to which it is possible to mount the most "capricious" final coatings on it, such as a 3D floor.

Installation using wooden beams

The installation of the floor on the ground using wooden beams is carried out in several steps:

The soil is covered with gravel - the thickness of the layer should be 5 cm. The gravel is compacted, then covered with bitumen;
With the help of the building level, beacons are installed, which will serve for the subsequent installation of brick supports;
A screed is being arranged - it will become the basis for the bedside tables;
Brick bedside tables of the same height are placed along the floor area (the maximum height of each should be no more than 20 cm) at a distance of 0.8 m from each other;
The ends of the supports are wrapped with roofing material (the overlap on the brick block is not more than 4 cm);
Beams are laid on the bedside tables (the distance between the lags and the walls should be 2 cm) and are attached to dowels and self-tapping screws;
Grooved planks are placed tightly, which are nailed to the beams;
The evenness of the resulting structure is checked using a level, all defects are smoothed out with a plane;
Heads of nails are putty;
The surface is primed;
Thermal insulation is done on request;
The final layer is mounted (you can simply paint the surface or varnish the floor).

The main feature of the floor on the ground is its multi-layer, and each level has a special purpose. Thanks to a wide range of various materials on the modern construction market, any master will be able to equip each layer with high quality. Concrete or wooden floor on the soil - the choice is for the owner of the future home. Whichever option you are betting on, the main thing is to follow the installation recommendations and carefully follow the instructions. When done correctly, the flooring will be strong and durable.

Video-1: Details and nuances (mat. Part)

Video-2:

Video-3: rough screed