Brinkovskaya. Shcherbina Fedor Andreevich - biography
(1849-1936) In 1900-06 he collaborated in the all-Russian Cossack gas. "Bulletin of the Cossack Troops" in St. Petersburg. Statistician, historian, society. activist, corresponding member Petersburg AN (1904). Graduated from the University in Odessa. He stood on populist positions and conducted propaganda among Odessa workers. In 1884-96, a statistician in the Voronezh zemstvo, an official for special assignments under the Voronezh governor. Since 1896 hands. research expedition land use and economy in the Steppe region. In 1907, deputy of the second State. Duma from the Kuban region. and Black Sea province, belonged to the Cossack group. In 1917-20, a member of the Kuban Rada, a participant in the White movement. Since 1919, professor at Kuban University in Ekaterinodar. Since 1920 in exile, since 1922 he lived and worked in Prague, professor at the Free Ukrainian University. Tr. on budgetary and agricultural statistics, peasant farming, history of the Cossacks, incl. book “History of the Kuban Cossack Army” (1911-13), “Laws of Evolution and Russian Bolshevism” (1921), “Fundamentals of World Agricultural Statistics” (1925).
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Shcherbina Fedor Andreevich
Shcherbina (Fedor Andreevich) is a famous zemstvo statistician. Born in 1849 in the Kuban region, in the family of a Cossack priest. He received his education at the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy and Novorossiysk University. Before entering the academy, together with his comrades, he organized an agricultural artel in the Kuban region, in which he worked as a simple worker. This life among the people, as well as a four-year forced stay in the Vologda province (1874 - 1877), prompted Shcherbina to study the life of the people. In 1878 - 1882 he explored the Kuban region; in 1884 he took over the management of the statistical work of the Voronezh provincial zemstvo and retained it until 1903, when he was supposed to settle on his estate near Gelendzhik, Black Sea province. For several years, Shcherbina, on behalf of the Vladikavkaz Railway, carried out economic and statistical studies of the area of this route; the results of these works were published in 1892 - 1894. under the title: “General outline of the economic, commercial and industrial conditions of the Vladikavkaz Railway region.” Since 1896, Shcherbina has been the head of an expedition to explore the steppe regions (Akmola, Semipalatinsk and Turgai), equipped by the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property. Shcherbina devoted a lot of work to the study of the land community and artels (his articles “Solvychegodsk land community” in “Notes of the Fatherland” for 1874 and “Land community in the Dnieper district” in “Russian Thought” for 1880 and others); He was also one of the first to provide statistical information about the Stundists ("Little Russian Stunda" in the newspaper "Nedelya" for 1876). Shcherbina's works, as a zemstvo statistician, are characterized by an introduction to statistical accounting, along with production processes and the phenomena of exchange, circulation, monetary processes, and consumption of the people in general; the study of the budgets of peasants in the Voronezh province served as a prototype for all similar works by other Russian statisticians. Recently, Shcherbina, on behalf of the Kuban Cossack Army, has been busy compiling the history of the Cossacks. In addition to Shcherbina’s main works as a statistician, his works concern ethnographic, historical, and economic issues; some of them are purely journalistic in nature. Shcherbina's articles, starting from 1869, were published in many periodicals, both metropolitan and provincial, most of all in "Week", "Russian Gazette", "Otechestvennye Zapiski", "Russian Thought", "Northern Bulletin", " Russian Wealth", "Legal Bulletin" and "National Economy". The collection “The Influence of Harvests and Grain Prices” (edited by Professor A. Chuprov and A. Posnikov, 1897) contains an article by Shcherbina about peasant budgets depending on harvests and fluctuations in grain prices. According to Voronezh statistics, Shcherbina partly compiled and partly edited 66 volumes; in addition, he published 16 books in separate editions, consisting of his works on Voronezh statistics and articles on various issues; the book "Peasant Budgets" (1900) was published by the Imperial Free Economic Society. So far, 10 volumes have been published from the publications of the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property, edited by Shcherbina (“Materials on Kyrgyz land use collected and developed by an expedition to study the steppe regions”). For “The History of the Voronezh Zemstvo” (1891) Shcherbina received a monetary prize from Emperor Alexander II from the Imperial Academy of Sciences, for statistical work on the Voronezh province from the Imperial Russian Geographical Society - a large gold medal, for evaluation work - a prize named after Prince Vasilchikov. In 1903 he was administratively expelled from the Voronezh province; got the opportunity to return in 1904. In 1907 he was elected to the Second State Duma in the Kuban region. He joined the Cossack group and the People's Socialist Party. In the Duma commission on the issue of the military contingent for 1907, he spoke out together with the right and constitutional democrats against the left for approving the contingent of recruits for 1907 in the amount required by the government. V. V-v.Excellent definition
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SHCHERBINA Fedor Andreevich
13.2.1849, Art. Novoderevyankovskaya, Kuban Cossack Army - 10/28/1936, Prague) - statistician, historian. Born into the family of a Cossack priest. Completed a course at the Stavropol Theological Seminary. In 1872 he received a military scholarship to study at the Petrovsko-Razumovskaya Agricultural Academy, but in the 2nd year of study he was expelled for participating in student performances. A year later he entered Novorossiysk University (Odessa). For participation in “going to the people” he was arrested, a month later he was released on bail and sent into exile in Vyatka and then in Vologda province (1874-77). In exile, Shch began to study the communal life of Russia, began to regularly publish in Otechestvennye zapiski, Russkie Vedomosti, etc., touching on issues of the land community, the artel movement, and Cossack economic life. In 1884 Shch was accepted as a statistician into the service of the Voronezh Zemstvo. In 1887, the Imperial Geographical Society awarded a gold medal to his work “Peasant Farming in Ostrogozhsky District.” Until 1903 he headed the Voronezh Statistical Bureau, which he organized. From 1886 he led an expedition to explore the regions of the Steppe region: he made the most interesting literary sketches about the Ural Cossacks.
Shch. is the founder of Russian budget statistics; he has priority in the development of a budget research program.
Shch's numerous works served for a long time as a methodological basis for analyzing the consumption of peasants and workers. He was the first in Russia to carry out budget studies of peasant farms throughout the Voronezh province on a large scale according to an extensive program. In 1891, the Russian Academy of Sciences awarded the scientist the highest monetary prize for his work “History of the Voronezh Zemstvo.” Shch's works were distinguished by the abundance of collected material: the most famous among them are: “Combined collection of 12 districts of the Voronezh province” (Voronezh, 1897); “Peasant Budgets” (St. Petersburg, 1900). Corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1904.
Shch took an active part in the editorial work of the first all-Russian Cossack newspaper, “Bulletin of the Cossack Troops,” published in St. Petersburg from 1900 to 1906. On the pages of the publication, which became an encyclopedia of Cossack culture, he defended the interests of the military class in the new socio-economic conditions of the 20th century. At the same time, the Cossacks, who tried to preserve the Cossacks within the framework of medieval psychology and traditions, were alien to him. The scientist looked at the Cossacks as a special layer of Slavs within the Russian state. In 1907 Shch.
elected deputy of the 2nd State Duma from the Kuban Cossack Army; he headed the Cossack faction in the Duma. On behalf of the Nakazny Ataman of the Kuban Army, he began to collect materials for the fundamental chronicle of the Kuban Cossacks. Author of a number of historical books, including “History of the Kuban Cossack Army” in 2 volumes (Ekaterinodar, 1910-13).
He welcomed the February Revolution, and in August 1917, as a delegate from Kuban, he attended the Moscow State Conference. Until 1920, Shch was a permanent member of the Kuban regional and legislative Rada. In 1920 he emigrated to Czechoslovakia. He became a member of the Supreme Council of the Don, Kuban and Terek, formed in 1921 in Constantinople. In the same year, he published the book “The Laws of Evolution and Russian Bolshevism” in Belgrade, in which he predicted the inevitability of the death of the Bolshevik regime in Russia. He worked closely with the Cossack emigrant community: he took part in Cossack festivities, became the founder of the Society for the Study of the Cossacks, and often appeared on the pages of Cossack periodicals. The Cossacks lovingly called Shch. “Kuban Grandfather”; he became the spiritual leader of the emigrant Cossacks. Shch. welcomed the Cossack liberation movement, but did not relate to the Cossack “independenceists” who preached separation from Russia, and was inclined towards the idea of a violent overthrow of Soviet power. In Czechoslovakia, Shch. was engaged in teaching activities, was invited to the position of professor of statistics at the Ukrainian Institute (the town of Padebradach), then he was elected rector of the Ukrainian People's University. At the same time, Shch headed the “Kuban Society in Czechoslovakia.” In 1922-23, the scientist published his course of lectures for students of the Ukrainian Economic Academy - “Statistics”. In Padebradach in 1925, Shch’s work “Fundamentals of World Agricultural Statistics” was published in Ukrainian.
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SHCHERBINA Fedor Andreevich
cubic) - kind. February 13, 1849, Art. Novoderevyavkovskaya; writer, member of the Russian State Duma, delegate of Kuban at the Moscow State Conference, Member of the Supreme Circle of Dov, Kuban and Terek. He came from the family of a Cossack priest, completed a course at the Stavropol Theological Seminary and in 1872 received a military scholarship to study at a higher school. After this, he was admitted to the Petrovsko-Razumovskaya Agricultural Academy, but in the second year he had to leave it at the request of the authorities, as a participant in student unrest. A year later he entered the Odessa Novorossiysk University, and since here he continued to “go to the people” criticizing the actions of the government and was caught having connections with revolutionaries, Shch was arrested, spent a month in the gendarmerie arrest house, was released on bail and sent , as politically unreliable, at his place of residence in his village. However, he was soon arrested again and exiled to a settlement in the Vologda province. He returned from there three years later at the end of 1880.
During his stay in the north, Shch published an article “Solvychegodsk land community” in the journal “Otechestvennye Zapiski” and wrote a serious work “Essays on South Russian artels and community-artel forms.” This work was published as a separate book shortly after returning from exile.
From this time on, he began to regularly publish articles on issues of the Cossack economy in Russian periodicals, which made him famous in the social and scientific spheres. In 1884, he was hired by the Voronezh zemstvo as a specialist to organize the statistical department. While working there, Shch came to many original conclusions in practice, which he published in several works. In 1887, the Imperial Geographical Society awarded a gold medal to his work “Peasant farming in Ostrogozhsky district”; in 1889, his “Collection of assessment information on the peasant economy of four districts of the Voronezh province” received a monetary award from Kharkov University; in 1891, the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences awarded him the highest monetary prize for his work “History of the Voronezh Zemstvo”.
During these years, on behalf of Kubansk. Punishment ataman, he took part in the processing of the collection “Kuban Cossack Army (1696-1888)” and wrote for it an essay “History of the Kuban Cossack Army”. Having familiarized himself with it, the Heir Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich found it worthy of a reward and presented the author with a gold token and a ring with diamond. Having become Emperor Nicholas II, he also expressed a desire that the author he awarded be appointed head of the “Expedition to explore the steppe regions.” The administrative authorities had to humble themselves before the monarch's will and Shch., in their opinion, a dangerous populist revolutionary, a propagandist of harmful ideas, a former exile, received the appointment and calmly began to carry out the task entrusted to him.
Endowed with broad powers, he traveled throughout the vast regions of the empire, becoming acquainted with the life and mood of individual Cossack communities in the Urals and Siberia, and with the financial situation of the steppe nomads of Central Asia.
Afterwards he wrote that everywhere the Cossacks showed a desire to unite all the Cossack Troops, in order to protect their common interests, and at the same time a special, almost kindred sympathy for all the representatives of the Cossack family they encountered according to the formula: “I am a Cossack and you are a Cossack - we are ours.” , and whoever is not a Cossack is a stranger to us." He felt such a consciousness in himself and considered it “a logical and consistent conclusion from the entire Cossack historical life.”
The results of the expedition's work took up ten volumes of descriptions and conclusions, and in relation to the Kirghiz they became a wish for the need to provide them with large land plots on the basis of “taking into account average needs” according to the method of Shchny himself.
But having returned to his place of previous service in the Voronezh zemstvo, Shch. again incurred the wrath of the authorities, with the content of a memorandum about the needs of agriculture. Minister Plehve ordered his deportation to his place of residence in Kuban.
Having received him back, the Cossacks in 1906 elected him chairman of the extraordinary Kuban R. and entrusted him with developing a decision regarding the fair distribution of land between the Kuban villages. Then the Cossacks sent him as their delegate to the Russian State Duma of the second convocation, where he was the chairman of the Cossack faction, and after the revolution of 1917 and the revival of the Cossack independent system, Shch. became a permanent member of the Kuban Regional and Legislative Councils of all convocations. In 1920, he went into exile, where he was invited to the post of professor of statistics at the Ukrainian Technical Institute (Gospodarcha Academy) in Padebrady, and then became the rector of the Ukrainian People's University. At the same time, he headed the “Society of Kubans in Czechoslovakia” and collaborated in the free Cossack press.
The most significant of his numerous works, he published at different times: “Voronezh Peasant Economy”, “Peasant Budgets”, “The Influence of Harvests and Grain Prices on Peasant Economy”, “Fugitives and Serfs in the Black Sea Region”, History of Self-Government among the Kuban Cossacks”, “Land community of the Kuban Cossacks”, “Little Russian Shtunda”, as well as “Facts of Cossack ideology and creativity” in the emigrant questionnaire “Cossacks”.
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Kuban Cossack politician and public figure, historian, founder of Russian budget statistics, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1904), member of the Kuban Rada, head of the Supreme Court of the Kuban People's Republic, poet, writer - Fedor Andreevich Shcherbina was born on February 13 (26), 1849 in the village Novoderevyankovskaya Yeisk district of the Black Sea Cossack army. Father - Andrei Lukich Shcherbina, mother - Maria Grigorievna Belaya, daughter of a priest from the local Cossacks, Grigory Bely.
From 1861 to 1866 he studied at the Black Sea Ekaterinodar Theological School, then at the Caucasian Theological Seminary (Stavropol), where he became acquainted with the revolutionary democratic ideas of N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.A. Dobrolyubov and other commoners. Under their influence, together with fellow seminarians, he created an artel of bookbinding, carpentry and shoemaking.
In his fourth year of study at the Caucasian Theological Seminary, he interrupted his studies and, together with the brothers Grigory and Yakov Popko, Vasily Arkhangelsky and Kirill Grachev, organized one of the first agricultural intellectual associations in the country in the village of Brinkovskaya. The artel workers pursued the goal of putting into practice the ideal of managing on the principles of collective labor, without resorting to the exploitation of hired workers, “to create ideological, great things and serve as an example to others.” The two-year experience of the Brinkovsky romantics convinced them that the impact of these ideals on the surrounding population was small. Therefore, Shcherbina stopped working in this artel and in the fall of 1872 he entered the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy. 
But two years later, due to participation in the protest of students against the rules at the academy, he was forced to leave it and go to continue his studies at Novorossiysk University (Odessa). While studying there, he was a member of the Odessa “Gromada”, together with G. Popko, I. Voloshenko and others, he was part of the Odessa circle of “towers” of the Lavrist movement. Conducted propaganda among local workers. He was close to the participants of the South Russian Workers' Union. He was arrested twice by the authorities, but due to lack of evidence he was not put on trial in the “Union” case, and by order of the Minister of Internal Affairs of March 23, 1877, he was expelled under police supervision to the Vologda province. In December 1880, he was released from public supervision with a ban on living in both capitals, the capital Tauride and Kherson provinces, but with the right to continue his education. Since 1880, he began to collaborate in Russian Vedomosti. In addition to individual publications, statisticians’ works are published in the journals “Russian Thought”, “Delo”, “Ustoi”, “Severny Vestnik”, “Sotrudnik”, “Yuridicheskiy Vestnik”, “Economic Journal”, in the newspapers “Russian Vedomosti”, “Kubanskie” regional statements”, etc.
From February 1881 he settled in the Kuban region and began to engage in scientific work in the field of economics and statistics. Since 1882, at the request of the head of the Kuban region, he was allowed to live everywhere, except in capitals and capital provinces. He was a member of the statistical committee formed in the Kuban region. In 1891 he received permission to live in Moscow and the Moscow province. 
Since the beginning of the 90s. headed the statistical department of the zemstvo government in Voronezh, compiled and edited 66 volumes on Voronezh statistics. For his work in the field of studying peasant farms in the Voronezh province, he received a number of awards, including a gold medal of the Russian Geographical Society and for the book “History of the Voronezh Zemstvo” (1891) from the Academy of Sciences - the highest monetary prize in the amount of 1,500 rubles.
Since 1896, he led an expedition to study land use and economy in the Steppe region, which was published in 1898-1908. 12 volumes of his works. He became a member of the Voronezh district committee on the needs of the agricultural industry and was the chairman of the elected commission.
In 1902, he was brought to inquiry on charges of political unreliability in connection with an attempt, together with other members of the Voronezh district committee, to “excite a public discussion of national issues” and in 1903 he was expelled under police supervision to his estate Dzhanhot in the Black Sea province.
During the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907. Shcherbina is elected to the military Cossack council, convened to consider land issues.
| Shcherbina F.A. (5th row from the top, in the center) with the Black Sea residents - members of the Military Rada. 1906 |
Working intensively to study the history of the Kuban region, he wrote the well-known works “History of land ownership among the Kuban Cossacks”, “Workers in the Kuban”, “Colonization of the Kuban region”, “Communal life and land ownership among the Caucasian highlanders”, “History of self-government among the Kuban Cossacks” , “Land community of the Kuban Cossacks”, “History of the Kuban Cossack army” (in two volumes), etc.
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As a supporter of the evolutionary development of society, Shcherbina had a negative attitude towards the October events of 1917, which, in his opinion, brought “utter hell, the beginning of physical destruction and moral corruption” of the population of Russia. With the entry of the red detachments into Yekaterinodar in March 1918, Shcherbina, together with the Kuban regional government, left the city. He returned to Yekaterinodar on August 17 of the same year along with the Volunteer Army A.I. Denikin. On February 28, 1918, Shcherbina, who was 70 years old, as part of an armed detachment of the Kuban regional government under the command of Colonel V.L. Pokrovsky, set out from Ekaterinodar, attacked by red troops, on a campaign that later received the name “Ice”. Shcherbina did not take part in the hostilities; he gave his gun to a younger Cossack.
Shcherbina's participation in the campaign was marked by awarding him the pioneer badge, which, unlike the vast majority of other presentations of this badge, was carried out in a solemn atmosphere and with honors given to the recipient. Here's what the Free Kuban newspaper wrote about it:
Awarding the Rada to F. A. Shcherbina
The Regional Extraordinary Rada, in reward for the services of the famous historian Fyodor Andreevich Shcherbina to the Territory, decided on November 30: to present him with the 1st degree badge established for the Kuban campaign, to issue a special letter from the army, to establish a scholarship in his name and to hang his portrait in all schools.
During the campaign, Shcherbina resumed his literary activity and wrote a poem in Ukrainian, “Black Sea People,” about the resettlement of Ukrainian Cossacks to Kuban and their development of this region.
He headed the financial and budgetary commission of the Kuban Legislative Council, worked as a professor at the Kuban Polytechnic Institute.
February 28, 1920 - by order of military ataman N.A. Bukretov, Fedor Shcherbina was included in the delegation to accompany the regalia of the Kuban Cossack army abroad. It also included Major General P.I. Kokunko – leader, Major General S.P. Zvyagintsev, Colonel V.P. Bely, military foreman Ya.V. Semikobylin. In the morning, the motor ship "Konstantin" set sail from the Novorossiysk pier. The delegation's route lay in Yugoslavia. She arrived in Belgrade on April 5, 1920.
SHCHERBINA FEDOR ANDREEVICH
Shcherbina (Fedor Andreevich) is a famous zemstvo statistician. Born in 1849 in the Kuban region, in the family of a Cossack priest. He received his education at the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy and Novorossiysk University. Before entering the academy, together with his comrades, he organized an agricultural artel in the Kuban region, in which he worked as a simple worker. This life among the people, as well as a four-year forced stay in the Vologda province (1874 - 1877), prompted Shcherbina to study the life of the people. In 1878 - 1882 he explored the Kuban region; in 1884 he took over the management of the statistical work of the Voronezh provincial zemstvo and retained it until 1903, when he was supposed to settle on his estate near Gelendzhik, Black Sea province. For several years, Shcherbina, on behalf of the Vladikavkaz Railway, carried out economic and statistical studies of the area of this route; the results of these works were published in 1892 - 1894. under the title: “General outline of the economic, commercial and industrial conditions of the Vladikavkaz Railway region.” Since 1896, Shcherbina has been the head of an expedition to explore the steppe regions (Akmola, Semipalatinsk and Turgai), equipped by the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property. Shcherbina devoted a lot of work to the study of the land community and artels (his articles “Solvychegodsk land community” in “Notes of the Fatherland” for 1874 and “Land community in the Dnieper district” in “Russian Thought” for 1880 and others); He was also one of the first to provide statistical information about the Stundists ("Little Russian Stunda" in the newspaper "Nedelya" for 1876). Shcherbina's works, as a zemstvo statistician, are characterized by an introduction to statistical accounting, along with production processes and the phenomena of exchange, circulation, monetary processes, and consumption of the people in general; the study of the budgets of peasants in the Voronezh province served as a prototype for all similar works by other Russian statisticians. Recently, Shcherbina, on behalf of the Kuban Cossack Army, has been busy compiling the history of the Cossacks. In addition to Shcherbina’s main works as a statistician, his works concern ethnographic, historical, and economic issues; some of them are purely journalistic in nature. Shcherbina's articles, starting from 1869, were published in many periodicals, both metropolitan and provincial, most of all in "Week", "Russian Gazette", "Otechestvennye Zapiski", "Russian Thought", "Northern Bulletin", " Russian Wealth", "Legal Bulletin" and "National Economy". The collection “The Influence of Harvests and Grain Prices” (edited by Professor A. Chuprov and A. Posnikov, 1897) contains an article by Shcherbina about peasant budgets depending on harvests and fluctuations in grain prices. According to Voronezh statistics, Shcherbina partly compiled and partly edited 66 volumes; in addition, he published 16 books in separate editions, consisting of his works on Voronezh statistics and articles on various issues; the book "Peasant Budgets" (1900) was published by the Imperial Free Economic Society. So far, 10 volumes have been published from the publications of the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property, edited by Shcherbina (“Materials on Kyrgyz land use collected and developed by an expedition to study the steppe regions”). For “The History of the Voronezh Zemstvo” (1891) Shcherbina received a monetary prize from Emperor Alexander II from the Imperial Academy of Sciences, for statistical work on the Voronezh province from the Imperial Russian Geographical Society - a large gold medal, for evaluation work - a prize named after Prince Vasilchikov. In 1903 he was administratively expelled from the Voronezh province; got the opportunity to return in 1904. In 1907 he was elected to the Second State Duma in the Kuban region. He joined the Cossack group and the People's Socialist Party. In the Duma commission on the issue of the military contingent for 1907, he spoke out together with the right and constitutional democrats against the left for approving the contingent of recruits for 1907 in the amount required by the government. V. V-v.
Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what SHCHERBINA FEDOR ANDREEVICH is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- SHCHERBINA, FEDOR ANDREEVICH in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
? famous zemstvo statistician. Genus. in 1849 in the Kuban region, in the family of a Cossack priest. He received his education in Petrovskaya ... - SHCHERBINA FEDOR ANDREEVICH in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(1849-1936) founder of Russian budget statistics, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1904). After the October Revolution... - SHCHERBINA FEDOR ANDREEVICH
Fyodor Andreevich, zemstvo statistician, populist, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1904). He received his education in Petrovskaya ... - SHCHERBINA FEDOR ANDREEVICH in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
I famous zemstvo statistician. Genus. in 1849 in the Kuban region, in the family of a Cossack priest. He received his education in Petrovskaya ... - ANDREEVICH
Andreevich, see Soloviev, Evgeniy ... - ANDREEVICH in the Literary Encyclopedia:
- pseudonym of Evgeniy Andreevich Solovyov - critic and literary historian (other pseudonyms: Skriba, V. Smirnov, Mirsky). Wrote a number of essays... - SHCHERBINA in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, -y, w. 1. A notch, an unevenness in the form of a small depression. Shield on a board, on metal. 2. Rowan, a small depression on... - SHCHERBINA
SHCHERBINA Fed. Andes. (1849-1936), zemstvo statistician, founder of the budget statistics, h.-k. Petersburg AN (1904). For the first time in Russia, he carried out budget research... - SHCHERBINA in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
SHCHERBINA Nick. Fed. (1821-69), Russian. poet. In verses in antique. themes - the cult of joy, beauty (collection "Greek Poems", 1850). Satiric. ... - FEDOR in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
"FEDOR LITKE", the linear icebreaker grew. Arctic fleet. Built in 1909, displacement. 4850 tons. In 1934 (captain N.M. Nikolaev, scientific director ... - FEDOR in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
FEDOR PEASANT, see Peasant... - FEDOR in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
FEDOR IVANOVICH (1557-98), Russian. king since 1584; the last king of the Rurik dynasty. Son of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. Ruled nominally. WITH … - FEDOR in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
FEDOR BORISOVICH (1589-1605), Russian. Tsar in April - May 1605. Son of Boris Godunov. When approaching Moscow, False Dmitry I was overthrown in... - FEDOR in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
FEDOR ALEXEEVICH (1661-82), Russian. Tsar since 1676. Son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and M.I. Miloslavskaya. Produced by F.A. carried out a number of reforms: introduced... - FEDOR in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
FEDOR II, see Tewodros II... - SHCHERBINA in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
Sherbi"na, Sherbi"ny, Sherbi"ny, Sherbi"n, Sherbi"ne, Sherbi"us, Sherbi"well, Sherbi"ny, Sherbi"noy, Sherbi"noyu, Sherbi"us, Sherbi"ne, ... - FEDOR in the Dictionary for solving and composing scanwords:
Male... - SHCHERBINA
notch, notch, smallpox, pockmark, rowan, mountain ash, chip, ... - FEDOR in the Russian Synonyms dictionary:
Name, … - SHCHERBINA in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
and. decomposition 1) a) Notch, roughness, unevenness in the form of a small depression. b) Rowan on the face. 2) transfer The hole is in place... - SHCHERBINA
chip,... - FEDOR in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
Fedor, (Fedorovich, ... - SHCHERBINA in the Spelling Dictionary:
Shcherb'ina, ... - SHCHERBINA in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
rowan, a small indentation on the skin of Shch. on the face. a chip, a notch, an unevenness in the form of a small indentation on a board, on metal. ... - SHCHERBINA in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
Nikolai Fedorovich (1821-69), Russian poet. In poems on ancient themes - the cult of joy and beauty (collection “Greek Poems”, 1850). Satirical... - SHCHERBINA in Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
Zherbina, w. Notch, roughness, unevenness in the form of a small depression. Knife with chips. || Rowan on... - SHCHERBINA in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
Shcherbina g. decomposition 1) a) Notch, roughness, unevenness in the form of a small depression. b) Rowan on the face. 2) transfer Hole on... - SHCHERBINA in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
and. decomposition 1. Notch, roughness, unevenness in the form of a small depression. Ott. Rowan on the face. 2. transfer The hole is where the fallen... - SHCHERBINA in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
I decomposition 1. Notch, roughness, unevenness in the form of a small depression. 2. "R" on the face. II. open. Emptiness on ... - HORIS LOGGIN ANDREEVICH (LUDWIG ANDREEVICH) in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
Khoris [Loggin (Ludwig) Andreevich] - traveler and painter (1795 - 1828). German by origin, he was brought up in a Kharkov gymnasium. IN … - FEDOR MIKHAILOVICH DOSTOEVSKY in the Wiki Quotation Book:
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INThis chapter will talk about a prominent Russian scientist - economist, statistician and historian, who was forced to leave Russia - F.A. Shcherbina.
Fyodor Andreevich Shcherbina was born in 1849 in the village of Novoderevyankovskaya, Kuban Cossack Army, into the family of a priest. After graduating from the Stavropol Theological Seminary, he received a military scholarship to study at the Petrovsko-Razumovskaya Agricultural Academy, but in the second year of study he was expelled from it for participating in student performances. A year later he entered the Imperial Novorossiysk University, but for “going among the people” he was arrested and exiled first to the Vyatka and then to the Vologda province, where he stayed from 1874 to 1877. In exile he began to study the communal life of Russia and began to publish regularly in "Domestic Notes", "Russian Thought", "Russian Gazette", "Northern Bulletin" and other periodicals on the problems of the land community and the artel movement. 1 In the magazine "Delo" in 1884 his work on Jewish trade corporatism was published, in "Kyiv Antiquity" (1883 and 1884) "Fugitive Serfs in the Black Sea Region" and "The History of Self-Government among the Kuban Cossacks" appeared. Already during this period, two main areas of his interests were formed: the economics of peasant farming and the history of the Cossacks.
In 1884, Shcherbina was hired as a statistician in the Voronezh zemstvo, where he worked until 1903, heading the Voronezh statistical bureau. Since 1886, Shcherbina led an expedition to explore the regions of the Steppe Territory, organized by the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property. He carried out an economic and statistical study of the Vladikavkaz railway. In 1887, the Imperial Geographical Society awarded Shcherbin a gold medal for his work “Peasant farming in Ostrogozhsky district.”
Shcherbina can rightfully be called the founder of Russian budget statistics. It was Shcherbina who, for the first time in Russia, carried out on a large scale, according to an extensive program, budgetary studies of peasant farms in the Voronezh province, using the monographic method with the selection of so-called “typical farms”. His works for a long time served as a methodological basis for analyzing the consumption of peasants and workers; they contained enormous factual material about the state of affairs in the Russian countryside.
As is known, when conducting household censuses, zemstvo statistics used list forms. A.F. Shcherbina was the first to use card forms. Note that individual household forms used in Western European practice were first used in Russia: questions and places for answers were usually located in them one after another, in a logical order. But such forms were poorly adapted to obtaining final calculations of quantitative characteristics: in order to find their sum, it was necessary to write out the numbers in columns or put them aside on accounts. Shcherbina proposed a different type of forms: along the edges of the cards, in one row, there were remote graphs, which, when the cards were placed on top of one another, formed continuous columns of numbers, which greatly facilitated the summation. 2 Findings of this kind were of great importance in the “manual” processing of mass statistical materials.
Shcherbina took part in editing 66 volumes of zemstvo collections of the Voronezh period. In 1897, in the famous collection “The Influence of Harvests and Grain Prices on Some Aspects of the Russian National Economy,” published under the editorship of A.I. Chuprov and A.S. Posnikov, Shcherbina’s study “Peasant budgets and their dependence on harvests and bread prices” was published.
Getting Started with Bulk Budget Data Development. Shcherbina in his work “Consolidated collection of 12 districts of the Voronezh province” (Voronezh, 1897) gave a system for developing budgets, which then formed the basis for subsequent budget studies. As noted by A.V. Chayanov, according to the system of classification of needs adopted by Shcherbina, he combined household expenses with personal expenses into the total expenditure budget of the family and calculated their norms for one family and per person. Shcherbina dwelled in detail on the relationship between the size of business expenses and personal expenses, while calculating the comparative importance of various sources of income and the influence of the size of the farm on this ratio. This approach was quite unusual from the point of view of foreign budget statistics. This was done in order to give a budgetary description of those statistical aggregates of farms with which zemstvo statisticians usually work. It is the grouping by land ownership, from Shcherbina’s point of view, that best characterizes the belonging of a farm to one or another layer of the peasantry and thereby connects budget data with data from household censuses, which are developed by groupings by farm size. Subsequently, in his work, Shcherbina expanded the development system, including accounting for the naturalness and monetary value of the economy, a full balance sheet for the economy, for which data on stocks, accounting for economic and personal property, comparison of annual income and expenses, property, inventories and credit relations were involved. , calculation of food standards for various budget groups, etc. 3
A.V. Chayanov emphasized that “F. Shcherbina’s work, like almost all pioneering work, did not seek to resolve any a priori posed problem by grouping or analyzing the predicate; it aimed at a more modest task - to describe and cover with already familiar methodological techniques completely new, previously unknown material. F. Shcherbina acts as a descriptive statistician, and not as an economist-researcher of pre-posed questions. This is both his strength and weakness.".4
Shcherbina’s obituary cites an interesting fact: “His memorandum to the Voronezh Committee on the needs of agriculture had an exceptional fate. Compiled extremely restrainedly, without harsh political words and conclusions, it spread throughout Russia and served as a call for a democratic reorganization of the state order. Handwritten copies of this note by Shcherbina were sold in St. Petersburg for 200-300 rubles. P. B. Struve published it in the foreign magazine "Liberation". This led to rather unpleasant consequences for the author: by order of Minister Plehve, he was expelled from Voronezh to Kuban with a ban on entry to St. Petersburg and Moscow.
The minister’s ban, however, did not prevent F.A. go to the capitals. In Moscow they wanted to arrest him. He silently showed the policeman his ring. The policeman flared up:
-Why are you poking my nose with your stupid ring? Calmly, as always slowly, Shcherbina answered:
- This ring was granted to me by the Emperor. Would you like to look at the highest diploma?
The police hastened to leave the “criminal” alone. And there were no further obstacles to Shcherbina’s stay in the capitals.” 5
In 1904, Shcherbina was elected a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in the category of historical and political sciences.
In 1907, Shcherbina was elected to the Second State Duma from the Kuban Cossack Army, where he headed the Cossack faction. Let us also note this curious touch in Shcherbina’s creative biography: on the instructions of the Ataman of the Kuban Army, he collected materials for the fundamental history of the Kuban Cossacks. The result of this work was the published two-volume “History of the Kuban Cossack Army” (Ekaterinodar, 1910-1913). Shcherbina took an active part in the publication of the all-Russian Cossack newspaper "Bulletin of Cossack Troops", which was published in St. Petersburg in 1900-1905. 6
Shcherbina welcomed the February Revolution and in August 1917, as a delegate from Kuban, attended the Moscow State Conference. Until 1920, he was a permanent member of the Kuban regional and legislative Rada. In 1919, the Kuban Polytechnic Institute elected him as a professor in the department of statistics.
After the liquidation of the Kuban Rada in 1920, as part of the Kuban delegation, Shcherbina arrived from Russia to Belgrade. Living in Prague since 1922, he was a professor of statistics at the Free Ukrainian University and the Ukrainian Agricultural Academy in Padebrady, and in recent years a professor at the University of Prague. In 1922-1923 Shcherbina published his course of lectures on statistics for students of the Ukrainian Agricultural Academy, and in 1925 his work “Fundamentals of World Agricultural Statistics” was published in Ukrainian in Padebrady.
In 1921, Shcherbina’s book “The Laws of Evolution and Russian Bolshevism” was published in Belgrade. This book was a kind of political pamphlet addressed to the Bolsheviks and expressed the scientist’s position in relation to the events taking place in Russia. In preparing this work, as Shcherbina himself noted, "preference was given first of all to Bolshevik official documents - decrees, reports, resolutions, etc., then to the testimony of the Soviet press and, finally, to the rest, perhaps the most accurate and authoritative sources, such as the reviews of delegations of Western European workers and foreigners".7 At the same time, Shcherbina, somewhat anticipating the pathos of her work, notes that “Initially, the intention was to give the work the most objective character possible, as can be judged from the first chapter, but when it came to touching on living facts, the tone of speech involuntarily began to change. You need to be a stone in order to treat with composure what was happening and is happening in Russia.”.8
Characterizing Bolshevism as a menacing omen of the future, Shcherbina believed that the latter did not have a solid point of support, and noted the reasons for this:
“I. It follows not from the foundations of real economic life, which has gone through a long historical path of evolution, as it should have been according to the teachings of Karl Marx, but from ephemeral assumptions, combined theoretically, as antitheses to the facts opposite to them.
2. It feeds and is supported not by the creative processes of creativity, but by the incitement of passions and animal instincts for murder and violence.
3. It is alien to the working masses of the people because it encroaches on their freedoms, education and the right to work.
4. He denies democratic principles as the highest norms of human life, preferring to them an extraordinary military dictatorship, uncontrolled power, extreme forms of arbitrariness and terror.
5. The ideals of ordinary, centuries-old morality are alien to him; he replaces them with a complete lack of any moral standards, hidden underground propaganda, obvious lies and widespread espionage.
6. He is economically powerless, because, apart from the destruction of old economic forms, he did not give anything new and original for the progressive development of the economy, repeating only old truths.
7. It turned out to be catastrophically regressive, losing step by step its socialist positions to capitalist forms and operations.
8. It has nothing in common with either socialism or liberal movements, having turned into an oppressive apparatus of autocratic despotism and bureaucratic bureaucracy and destroying even monarchical legislation.
9. But even in this form he is not a Russian state, because in the pursuit of world revolution he recklessly squanders state territory, wealth and sources, as he showed under the Brest-Litovsk Treaty and under the treaty with the Poles.
10. He already revealed his precariousness of the temporary statehood with the Kronstadt disaster, in which the sailors who established him in Russia and who had previously served as his support came out against him.”9
Russian Bolshevism, according to Shcherbina, strives for only one thing - to retain power.
Making forecasts about the future of Russia, Shcherbina believed that Russia would not die and would not decompose into its component parts. "The Russian People will live and their soul will live", - exclaims F.A. Shcherbina! Since Russia is an agricultural country, with vast expanses of land and enormous wealth, then with the slightest change in the unfavorable conditions generated by Bolshevism “The Russian people will come to life from contact with mother earth and gifts, like that fabulous hero, whose strength grew the more, the closer he touched the earth”.10
The immediate future of Russia will be a federal system on democratic principles, which is dictated by all history. Whatever form the “helm of government” takes, no matter who takes it into their own hands, it is impossible to restore Russia without a federal system.
Shcherbina’s words now sound like a reminder to us: "... the hour is not far off when the Russian people will finally breathe a free sigh, when the time will come for agreements between the disparate parts of Russia, when Russian leaders, in the interests of unity, will sacrifice their party excesses to the reviving fatherland". 11
In exile, Shcherbina did a lot of public work, heading the “Kuban Society in Czechoslovakia,” taking part in Cossack festivals, founding the “Society for the Study of the Cossacks,” and often speaking on the pages of the Cossack emigrant press. 12
Despite his advanced age, Shcherbina continued to engage in scientific and pedagogical activities, devoting a lot of time to caring for his young fellow countrymen - Kuban residents living abroad. 13
F.A. Shcherbina died in Prague in 1936.
NOTES:
1. Izyumov A. Shcherbina Fedor Andreevich // Russian abroad. Golden Book of Emigration: Encyclopedic Biographical Dictionary. - M., 1997. - P. 727.
2. Kaufman A. A. Statistical science in Russia. Theory and methodology. 1806-1917.-M., 1922.-S. 68
3. Chayanov A.V. Budgetary studies. History and methods // Chayanov A.V. Selected works. - M" 1991. - P. 285-286.
4 . Right there. - P. 289.
6. Izyumov A. Shcherbina Fedor Andreevich // Russian abroad. - P. 727.
7. Shcherbina F. Laws of evolution and Russian Bolshevism. - Belgrade, 1921. - S.Z.
8 . Right there.
9 . Ibid.-S. 240-241.
10 . Ibid.-S. 249.
eleven . Ibid.-S. 261.
12. [Fedorov S.] A brief biographical sketch of the life and work of Fyodor Andreevich Shcherbina on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of scientific and literary activity. - Prague, 1932.
The other day, the Cossacks of the Kuban Cossack Army celebrated a big date - 165 years since the birth of the Kuban Cossack historian, politician and public figure, founder of Russian budget statistics, poet and writer Fyodor Andreevich Shcherbina.
The relationship between social activities and views of F.A. Shcherbiny in the context of the history of Russian culture
Modern Russian society, experiencing at the beginning of the 21st century. the urgent need to determine the further vector of development, increasingly turns to its past, analyzes both its achievements and tragic mistakes. In this regard, it is difficult to overestimate the importance of the post-reform era of Russian history, when, like today, the country was experiencing a process of modernization. Shcherbina’s activities and views revealed all the inconsistency of this process, which affected the destinies of several generations. Thus, Shcherbina is interesting to his contemporaries because he experienced and comprehended the contradictions of the transitional era, and developed ways to resolve them.
Unknown letters of the Cossack folklorist A.E. Pivnya to F.A. Shcherbina
We know that A.E. Piven lived a long life, but in the early 1930s. Due to leg disease, unemployment and the hunger that constantly haunted him, the famous writer was ready to surrender to the force of circumstances and die, if not for the timely help of Fyodor Andreevich.
There are no blank spots left in the biography of the Cossack historian
The winners of the annual interregional quiz were awarded in Krasnodar. This time it was dedicated to the 160th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding scientist and chronicler of the Kuban Cossack army Fyodor Shcherbina. For the second year in a row, the award ceremony is held in the small hall of the Kuban Cossack Choir.
The results of the quiz in memory of F.A. have been summed up. Shcherbiny. Two videos
The name of Fyodor Shcherbina is well known outside of Kuban. A historian, famous statistician, economist and ethnographer, Fyodor Andreevich devoted his entire life to Kuban and the Fatherland. This year marks the 100th anniversary of his birth.
Cossacks remembered the greatest son of Kuban
Today in Krasnodar we celebrated the anniversary of the reburial of the famous scientist, founder of Russian budget statistics, corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, public and political figure Fyodor Shcherbina.
Yuri Makarenko: Immortelle stalk in Shcherbina wreath
With each passing year, we finally realize more and more clearly: the glory of our Kuban grandfather Fyodor Shcherbina, for many decades now, has spilled out far beyond the bounds of the Fatherland, our father’s Kuban, which is immensely dear to him and to you and me.
.Economic problems of the Cossacks in the works of F. A. Shcherbina
In order to properly appreciate the economic side of F. A. Shcherbina’s work, let’s pay attention to the objective processes of development of the material and social conditions of people’s lives, the historical trend of their development - and reflection in the work of our outstanding compatriot.
"History of the Kuban Cossack Army" by F. A. Shcherbina: from concept to implementation
At the very beginning of the twentieth century, several high-profile propaganda projects aimed at strengthening the patriotic feelings and fighting spirit of the Cossacks matured in the bowels of the Russian Ministry of War. One of them was supposed to write historical works on the history of specific troops - so that books published on their basis would go free to all Cossack formations, village boards and Cossack schools and serve the cause of enlightenment and education of Cossack youth.
F. A. Shcherbina and the problem of emancipation of dependent classes among the Kuban Cossacks
The fact of the flight of serfs to Kuban was also known to F.A. Shcherbina, who noted that the Black Sea region from the very beginning needed workers, since military service constantly distracted the population from the economy, so “every stranger was a welcome guest here.”
F. A. Shcherbina on the problems of railway development in Kuban
A significant place in the scientific heritage of F. A. Shcherbina is occupied by works devoted to the issues of economic development of the Kuban region and the Black Sea province. His detailed knowledge of the conditions of local economic life and his reputation as a highly professional statistician predetermined the choice of his candidacy to conduct a broad study of the economic state of its main regions, conceived by the board of the Vladikavkaz Railway.
In the forgotten estate they did not see either a place of worship or a profitable business...
On September 10–11, 2005, in Dzhankhot, on the territory of the former estate of the Russian scientist, historian and custodian of Kuban Cossack regalia Fyodor Shcherbina, a visiting round table of Krasnodar professors, university teachers, museum workers, representatives of the Cossacks and students took place. The initiator of the trip - an expedition to Shcherbinovsky places was the President of the Academy of Marketing and Social Information Technologies (IMSIT), Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Sultan Yakaev.
Problems of public education in the “History of the Kuban Cossack Army” and prospects for researching the topic
In the encyclopedic work of F.A. Shcherbina, considerable attention is paid to the formation of public education in the Kuban. The undoubted merit of the author is an integrated approach to covering the initial stage of the development of public education in the Black Sea region...
Kuban Cossacks in historical retrospective. Through the pages of books by F.A. Shcherbiny
The current revival of the Cossacks is accompanied by an active search for previously unknown or forgotten pages of its history. Researchers inevitably turn to the historical heritage of F.A. Shcherbiny.
Ten days V.I. Vernadsky in Ekaterinodar
Russian science grew not only thanks to the creativity of metropolitan scientific institutions or in its recognized centers, but also in outlying, county towns. One can recall at least K.E. Tsiolkovsky. And Shcherbina, as an outstanding statistician and historian, was not formed in an academic environment.
