The meaning of Sandino Augusto Cesar in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE. Crime at the negotiating table

Henri Barbusse called him “the general of free people,” Romain Rolland called him “a hero whose story makes hearts tremble,” Hermann Hesse called him “the living embodiment of freedom.”

Augusto Cesar Sandino Calderon, a not very handsome man, of small stature, with the appearance of an Indian and the prickly gaze of lively, piercing black eyes, grew up in a country where it was customary to boast of European features, colonial aristocracy and lucrative positions in American fruit companies. Well, when the habits of the majority of ordinary people are frankly disgusting, the only choice left is to go against the grain. Sandino said: “I am a Nicaraguan and I am proud that the blood of American Indians flows in my veins... I am an urban worker, an artisan, but my convictions are national, my ideal is to combine the desire for freedom and the thirst for justice. For this I am ready to shed blood, mine and others. And let the oligarchs, these turkeys from a dirty puddle, say that I am a plebeian. I am proud that I came from the common people, because it is the common people who are the soul and honor of our nation."

Sandino did not waste words. It was he who made the whole world admire the small banana republic, because he turned the ordinary plot of its history into a delightful ballad about freedom, raised the best children of Latin America to guerilla - a war that has not stopped to this day, breaking out in one country or another, against oppression and tyranny - and showed how meaningless financial power and brute force are when they are opposed by independent people, confident in their ideals, who are ready to value honor and dignity above any material wealth, even above life itself. He - a pure movement of poetry, where risk and adventure are combined with an age-old longing for a social ideal - always followed the inspiration of his heart and led his comrades into battle, reciting the poems of the wonderful Nicaraguan poet Ruben Dario. Perhaps precisely because his own life was so incredible and desperate, the memory of it inspired the creativity and struggle of Ernesto Che Guevara and Eduardo Cardenal, Alejo Carpentier and Daniel Ortega. And in the end, it was to his heirs, the Nicaraguan Sandinista rebels of the second half of the twentieth century, that the famous Colombian writer Gabriel García Márquez donated 5 million dollars - the entire fee from the Hollywood film adaptation of One Hundred Years of Solitude. Latin America is a young land, where politics and poetry are tightly entwined, and textbook words about love and soil are not just a tribute to lyrical exaltation.

Situation

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, a continuous civil war has continued in Nicaragua. The United States, defending the right of its fruit companies to shamelessly rob the local population, alternately brought Marines into the country and then removed them, relying on the loyalty and professional skills of purchased and resold local politicians. From time to time, uprisings arose against American puppets in the provinces, but gringos, as the rich and shameless northern neighbors are called in Latin America, pacified the rebellious with bribery and murder. This was the case in 1926-1927. The Marines removed the legitimate President of Nicaragua, Sacasa, and appointed their protege, a former employee of the North American La Juz and Los Angeles Mining Company, Adolfo Diaz, as the new president. However, Sacasa and his defense minister, General Moncada, did not accept this state of affairs. They rebelled. Can you imagine the picture? You need to harvest fruit, and then there are shootouts, fires and other troubles. In general, the Americans chose not to fight, but to buy the rebels. Moncada was promised that he would be made the next president after Diaz and wrote a check for several thousand dollars. The general, who by this time was over 50 and who loved more than anything else to have fun with young girls, considered that the war for justice was too burdensome for him, and ordered his units to surrender their weapons. Everyone surrendered, and only one of the commanders refused to obey, declaring that he was fighting for his homeland and freedom, and not for Sacas and Moncada. This man was Sandino, who by that time had already earned a reputation as an absolutely incorruptible figure and therefore especially dangerous for the corrupt authorities.

Youth

Augusto Cesar Sandino Calderon was born into the family of a poor coffee planter in 1893. The boy went to school and even studied for several years at the gymnasium in the city of Grenada, but then his mother died, his father remarried, and he was taken from the gymnasium - there was not enough money. However, he read a lot, primarily poetry, and, as it later turned out, he turned out to be not only an invincible military leader, but also a brilliant publicist. Poems combined with knowledge of life sometimes work better than lectures on strategy and tactics and philological studies. However, Robin Hood also had no special education...

Augusto Cesar had to earn a living from his youth, and he created a trade and consumer cooperative at home in the Masaya department. It was around 1917, and in Nicaragua, as in Russia, consumer cooperation was perceived as one of the ways of self-organization of the masses, useful in the noble cause of the fight against the authorities and exploiters.

Times were hard, the government was headed by North American proteges - members of the Chamorro clan, who shamelessly plundered the country, and such cooperatives, among other things, developed the self-awareness of local peasants and helped them stay afloat. Sandino became popular with the surrounding residents. The government could not tolerate such free spirits and sent General Moncada to Masaya in order to disperse the cooperative and roughly punish the skirmishers.

But Moncada already had ambitious plans in those days; he dreamed of overthrowing Chamorro and becoming a local Bonaparte, and therefore recruited supporters. He liked Sandino. And... then follows a purely Latin American legend about the first meeting of a hero and a traitor: Augusto Cesar was invited to a party, where, while playing guitars and drinking alcoholic beverages, an important government general invited the guy to “leave the past and work together,” and as a sign of their friendship and alliance brought a beautiful thirteen-year-old girl to the table. At the same time, the failed Napoleon exclaimed with pathos: “I have prepared this gift of the gods and the rival of the goddesses for myself. But in order for us to become friends forever and for you to carry out my policy, I give it to you. Take it, it is yours!”

The girl was scared, they say she even burst into tears, but Sandino turned out to be no stranger either. He grabbed the pistol, pointed it at the general and shouted: “Hey, you old libertine! This girl is a symbol of Nicaragua! And neither you nor anyone else will abuse her!”

Holding the general at gunpoint, he led his would-be girlfriend to his horse and galloped off to the nearest nunnery. In Central America, where love and weapons usually come together in slightly different combinations, no one has ever done this before. Moncada and his entire retinue froze in extraordinary confusion and did not even give chase.

However, the general did not like public insults, jokes with him were bad, and once in a bar they tried to shoot our hero. Sandino rightly decided that it was better for him to get out of harm's way. In 1923, he went to neighboring Honduras and then moved to Mexico.

Mexico, which had just experienced a revolution, taught the thirty-year-old Nicaraguan boy a lot. Here, ideological debates were in full swing, cultural life was raging, people were obsessed with poetry and politics. Sandino enthusiastically plunged into this atmosphere of passion and freedom and lived in Mexico, apparently, the most harmonious and calm years of his life, loved, worked, and tried his hand at political journalism. However, he never for a moment forgot about his unfortunate homeland and in the spring of 1926, when rumors of an uprising against the Chamorro clan spread, he returned to Nicaragua.

“I owe my title neither to the occupiers nor to the traitors”

What he saw in his homeland horrified him. There was no work, people were dying of hunger in the country, which the first colonists rashly dubbed paradise.

Sandino settled in the gold mines of San Albino, on the border with Honduras, and at the first opportunity he started a rebellion there.

On November 2, 1926, a detachment of thirty people took part in the first battle with government troops. There were more than a hundred soldiers, but all the partisans remained alive. In the mountains of the department of Nueva Segovia, they established the base "El Chapote" and went to Sacasa for weapons and a campaign plan. Sacasa sent Sandino to his old acquaintance, General Moncada, since it was Moncada who had real military strength. Moncada, of course, remembered past feuds and did not give weapons to his offender. However, Augusto Cesar was helped by chance. The Americans blocked Sakasa's camp, his supporters fled in horror, throwing away many rifles. The Sandinistas picked up 40 rifles and several thousand rounds of ammunition and took it all to New Segovia by canoe. This is how the rebel army was formed.

Soon Sandino's name began to resound throughout the country. He already had 800 cavalry soldiers who could inflict serious blows on the American Marines. In April 1927, government troops and marines surrounded General Moncada's detachment. Tom had no choice but to turn to Sandino. Sandino and his fighters broke through the blockade ring, and the old enemy happily promoted him to general. However, Moncada immediately came to his senses: the new general was too dangerous. The Sandinistas were ordered to settle in the city of Boaco and wait there for the arrival of the general headquarters. The tricky part was that Boako was controlled by government forces. However, Sandino did not fall into the trap; he actually entrenched himself near the city and began to wait for Moncada, who by this time had already conspired with the Americans and ordered his units to disarm.

Augusto Cesar, as we know, refused to comply. Then the last historical conversation allegedly took place between the two military leaders: “Who made you a general?” - asked Moncada. “You appointed me,” Sandino answered, “but my comrades in the struggle did it. So I don’t owe my title to either the invaders or the traitors.”

On the very day that Sacasa and Moncada accepted the American conditions, Sandino issued a proclamation: “I will not lay down my arms, even if everyone does. I would rather die with the few who remained with me. It is better to die in the fight than to live in slavery ".

The rebels raised a red and black banner. These colors meant: "Motherland or death." A few decades later, the same flag will fly in Cuba, under it the comrades of Che Guevara and Fidel Castro will go into battle.

Thus began this amazing story of confrontation, the confrontation of a handful of poorly armed guerrillas with the regular units of Nicaragua and the twelve thousandth corps of the North American occupation army.

War

By refusing to disarm, the Sandinistas found themselves in an extremely difficult situation. Their main forces were cut off by the enemy, with only 100 people left with Augusto Cesar himself, who accounted for 60 rifles. It is clear that the Americans did not take Sandino's threat seriously. Several hundred marines under the command of Captain Heathfield were sent to pacify him. Heathfield occupied the town of Ocotal and demanded that they lay down their arms within 48 hours. “If Sandino tries to flee abroad,” he warned, “there will be a bounty on his head and he will never see his homeland again.”

However, our hero had no intention of emigrating. On the contrary, he, with his hundred men and sixty rifles, took Ocotal by storm. The Americans seemed to have lost their grip. Gringos don't like to fail. And they sent aviation (the occupation group was armed with 30 aircraft - a huge force at that time, since no more than seven hundred combat vehicles flew throughout the world) to bomb the city. The pilots staged a real hunt for peasants in the surrounding fields; about 300 civilians were killed, of course, primarily women and children. It is clear that Sandino and his fighters survived. It is all the more clear that all the men in this area joined the rebel detachment. In the sixties, the Argentinean Gregorio Celser wrote in the famous book “Crazy Little Army”: “It was in Nicaragua, and it was the first time air power was used against civilians - eight years before Mussolini succeeded in shooting from the air at the defenseless Abyssinians and ten years before the pilots of the German Condor squadron turned Guernica into ruins.”

After the victory at Ocotal, in September 1927, Sandino proclaimed the creation of the Army of Defenders of National Independence - with its own anthem and charter. This army had one goal - the expulsion of the invaders. The command was exercised by the main headquarters, all fighters were recognized as volunteers and did not receive any salary, they were forbidden to “cause harm to peaceful peasants,” but were allowed to “impose a forced tax on local and foreign capitalists.” This charter was already signed by a thousand fighters at the end of 1927 - Sandino’s army grew before our eyes. The tactic chosen was guerrilla warfare. The Americans were horrified. No methods of counter-guerrilla operations had yet been developed, and the Sandinistas navigated the local jungle much better than their enemies. The easiest way was to proclaim Sandino a bandit and his troops as gangs of robbers, which the official government was not slow to do. On a tip from Washington, of course. The Archbishop of Managua excommunicated the Sandinistas. It was a noble, very convincing sermon, and it once again greatly replenished the rebel troops.

Sandino divided his army into sections - from 50 to 200 fighters in each. Each department received its own task and its own operational area. The territory controlled by the rebels was administered by the revolutionary authorities. All guerrilla areas were called Segovia, by analogy with the first Sandinista base. By the beginning of 1933, Segovia included more than half of the country's territory.

The army of defenders of national independence and its fighters very quickly turned into a living legend. Moreover, its commander became the hero of the legend. The Americans and official Nicaraguan propaganda reported Sandino's death dozens of times. And he was resurrected, and at the most unexpected time and in the most inopportune place.

One day, the Marines surrounded the main rebel base, El Chipote. According to their habit that has survived to this day, they began to bomb it every day, fortunately they did not know the shortage of ammunition. Then Sandino staged his own funeral and led the people out, leaving scarecrows in their positions. These effigies were attacked from the air by valiant US Air Force officers - they believed that the rebels, demoralized by the death of the leader, would easily surrender. When the Marines entered El Chipote, it was completely empty. Is it a worthy thing to fight with garden scarecrows? - thought the gringo and became indescribably furious. Soon, however, another, more compelling reason was found for their indignation. The Sandinistas occupied the city of San Rafael del Norte. But when the Marines, destroying everything in their path, burst into San Rafael, there was no trace of the rebels there. Sandino didn't need this crappy town, Sandino needed its military arsenals...

Another time the Sandinistas showed the wonders of a night battle. The Americans, and even government officers, were convinced that there was no point in fighting in the jungle at night: you couldn’t see anything and you would inevitably cover your own people with fire. However, it was in the middle of the night that the rebels, without a single loss, destroyed the Marines’ camp on the Coco River, destroying an enemy three times their size, capturing his weapons and ammunition. The fact is that Sandino swam with his fighters in the river before the battle. The stars were shining, flashes of gunfire flashed, and this illumination was enough for the naked partisans to unmistakably distinguish their comrades in the battle from the American soldiers waking up in horror, dressed in shorts and T-shirts.

Companions

News of the romantic jungle war quickly spread throughout Nicaragua and the surrounding area. Radical politicians and simply enthusiastic young men from all over Latin America began to flock to Sandino. In this army one could meet very famous characters...

From the Dominican Republic came the legendary Gregorio Urbano Gilbert. He already had experience interacting with US Army soldiers. In 1917, it was he who organized resistance to the American landing in his homeland, fought in the mountains for a long time, was arrested and sentenced to death. Woodrow Wilson commuted the execution to life imprisonment.

Hilbert's name itself was a banner of resistance to the occupation. Thousands of people demonstrated throughout Latin America demanding his release. Eventually, under public pressure, the Americans released Gregorio Urbano from prison. He lived in Cuba for several years and then went to Nicaragua. Of course, to fight side by side with Sandino.

The chief of staff of the rebel army was Manuel Maria Giron Ruano. A highly educated man, poet and publicist, he came to Nicaragua from Guatemala. In the intervals between battles, Manuel Maria composed a novel. US journalist Carlton Bells, who made sensational reports from the Sandinista camp at the turn of the 30s, wrote: “Giron understands art, literature and international politics much better than the commander of our marines in Nicaragua, General Feland.”

Venezuelan Gustavo Mochado was no less gifted. He was born into a wealthy aristocratic family, but while still at school he became famous as an organizer of left-wing radical protests among Caracas youth. The fifteen-year-old boy was sent to prison, but his parents bought him and sent him to study at the Sorbonne. From France, Mochado returned to Cuba, joined the Communist Party there, and then went to Nicaragua to fight the gringos. After the death of Sandino, Mochado returned home, was both a member of parliament and a political prisoner, and in the late 50s he headed the Communist Party of Venezuela.

Another legendary character in Latin American history, Farabundo Marti, served as Sandino’s personal secretary. This famous Salvadoran became a Marxist while still at university. As the leader of the student movement, he distributed the land inherited from his landowner father to farm laborers and tenants for free and created the Communist Party. In the 1931 elections, communist candidate Arturo Aruajo was elected president of El Salvador, the military staged a coup, Martí was arrested, but under public pressure he was eventually deported abroad. However, in 1932, Farabundo returned to his homeland and raised a communist uprising, which was sunk in blood by the American occupation corps. 20 thousand people - and among them the founder of the Salvadoran Communist Party - were shot. But they did not forget about him, and in the 70s, when the anti-imperialist movement was revived in El Salvador, the commanders of the united guerrilla armies called themselves the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front...

The destinies of these people are remarkable pages of Latin American history of the twentieth century. They met in little Nicaragua, but their names are still repeated with hope by romantic boys and girls around the world...

Victory

By the early 1930s, the Americans had completely lost control over the country. They went to great lengths, resorted to scorched earth tactics, shot entire families on suspicion alone, cut off the right hand of men so that they could not hold weapons, but nothing helped. In response, the Sandinistas destroyed one after another the offices of the largest fruit companies, executed their employees and burned their property. The country has ceased to be a banana republic, because exporting bananas from there has become an extremely risky enterprise.

In 1932, Sandino announced an attack on the capital, Managua. Guerrilla areas began already a three-hour drive from the presidential palace and the headquarters of the American Expeditionary Force. It became clear that the war was lost for the occupiers.

Finally, the Americans, out of good old habit, held “democratic” elections in the country. The same Juan Sacasa became president, who convinced his masters that he was an old friend of Sandino and would be able to conclude an amicable agreement with the partisans.

On New Year's Day 1933, American Marines left Nicaragua. The rebels won.

Betrayal

Sacasa kept his promise to the Americans. Already in January, a truce was concluded between government troops and the rebels, and on February 3, the President and Sandino signed the Peace Protocol. According to this document, both Sandinista units and the government “national guard” were subject to dissolution, and the “light and truth” department was created on empty lands, where ordinary participants in the rebel movement received land plots. It is clear that all power in this department should have belonged to the Sandinistas.

Many of Sandino's friends viewed the government's peaceful initiatives with great doubt. Guatemalan writer Gustavo Aleman insisted that traitors cannot be trusted and that if Sacasa had already been bought by the Americans once, he would remain their puppet until the end of his days. Sandino answered him that the people were tired of fighting and after the gringo left, people did not see a clear enemy.

Alas, Aleman turned out to be right. The commander of the “national guard” Anastasio Samosa not only refused to disarm his forces, but also agreed on a plan of action with the Americans.

The Guards surrounded several Sandinista villages and made arrests throughout the country. Sandino said that he would not surrender his weapons, since the “national guard” is an illegal formation and must be disarmed first. Sacasa invited Sandino to Managua for negotiations.

The rest is clear. When Sandino left the presidential palace, his car was surrounded by the "guards" of Samosa. The national hero and all his companions were killed on the spot. A dictatorship of the Samosa clan was established in Nicaragua for forty years...

"Our son of a bitch", or a few words instead of an epilogue

Sandino's death cost his country dearly. During the dictatorship of Samosa, about 600 thousand people were killed only as a result of direct repression in Nicaragua. In 1940, the entire population of this country was 800 thousand, and in 1970 - 2 million.

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, an ally of the USSR during World War II, once said: "Samosa, of course, is a son of a bitch. But he is our son of a bitch."

* * *

Of course, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, they are trying to rewrite the history of the 20th century anew. Fortunately, the struggle for freedom has an invincible charm and is difficult to manipulate ideologically.

Perhaps Milan Kundera is right: the leftist campaign ended at the borders of Kampuchea in the 80s of the last century. However, based on this logic, the “democratic campaign” ended fifty years earlier, in the city of Managua, when the national hero of Latin America, Augusto Cesar Sandino, was treacherously assassinated.

In 1933, Nicaraguan President Juan Sacasa gave the Americans a list of war crimes committed by officers and soldiers of the occupying army. Some of the stories make your hair stand on end:

Marine Lieutenant William Lee took a five-month-old baby from a farmer, Santos Lopez, threw the baby into the air and stabbed him with a bayonet. He took a two-month-old girl from the peasant woman Manuela Garcia and, grabbing her by the legs, tore her in half.

Captain John Flitch in the city of San Rafael del Norte shot a three-year-old boy just because his name was Augusto - like Sandino.

Also in San Rafael del Norte, Lieutenant Joshua MacDonald burned alive a family of eight, including six children.

It is dangerous to forget how champions of “democratic values” behave when they are not under the close attention of the “world community.” At one time, Sandino wrote: “All their discussions about freedom end when financial interest begins. Money is worse than ideas. They completely enslave a person and turn him into a killing machine.”

Sandino did not waste words. It was he who made the whole world admire the small banana republic, because he turned the ordinary plot of its history into a delightful ballad about freedom, raised the best children of Latin America to guerilla - a war that has not stopped to this day, breaking out in one country or another, against oppression and tyranny - and showed how meaningless financial power and brute force are when they are opposed by independent people, confident in their ideals, who are ready to value honor and dignity above any material wealth, even above life itself. He - a pure movement of poetry, where risk and adventure are combined with an age-old longing for a social ideal - always followed the inspiration of his heart and led his comrades into battle, reciting the poems of the wonderful Nicaraguan poet Ruben Dario. Perhaps precisely because his own life was so incredible and desperate, the memory of it inspired the creativity and struggle of Ernesto Che Guevara and Eduardo Cardenal, Alejo Carpentier and Daniel Ortega. 1895-05-18 ) , Niconoomo, Nicaragua - February 21, Managua, Nicaragua) - Nicaraguan politician, leader.

In 1921, Augusto Sandino nearly killed the son of a prominent local Conservative Party representative who had spoken insultingly about his mother, and was forced to emigrate. Traveled to Honduras, Guatemala and Mexico. At the insistence of his father (the statute of limitations for the crime had expired), he returned to Nicaragua in June 1926; the influence of his victim prevented him from settling in his birth village, and Sandino ended up working in an American-owned gold mine in Nueva Segovia. There he lectured miners about social inequality and the need for change.

US military personnel pose with a captured Sandinista flag (circa 1933)

On October 19, 1926, he raised an anti-government uprising against the ruling regime supported by the United States, then led armed resistance to American troops landing in the country. At first he stood for the restoration of legitimate power, according to constitutional principles, and then began to fight against the Espino-Negro agreement, which provided for the close guardianship of Nicaragua by the American government, considering it as a threat to Nicaraguan independence.

I swear before my homeland and history that my sword will save national honor and bring liberation to the oppressed! I respond to the challenge thrown at me by the vile occupiers and traitors to my homeland with a battle cry. My soldiers and I will become a wall against which the legions of Nicaragua's enemies will break. And if my soldiers, the defenders of freedom, lay down their heads every single one, then before this happens, more than one battalion of interventionists will remain lying on the slopes of my native mountains... Come here to kill us on our land; no matter how many of you there are, I am waiting for you in the head of my patriotic soldiers. But know: if this happens, our blood will fall on the white dome of your White House - the nest where criminal plans are hatched.

On the morning of July 16, 1927, Sandino's detachment (about 100 people, armed with 60 rifles) approached the city of Ocotal, captured by American troops (400 marines and 200 government national guards), and attacked it. The battle lasted 15 hours and ended with the capture of Ocotal. The Americans were so enraged by what had happened that they sent aircraft to bomb the city. American planes attacked the city and staged a real hunt for peasants in the surrounding fields. About 300 civilians, mostly women and children, were killed and another 100 wounded. The surviving men of Ocotal joined Sandino's squad, which began to grow continuously. All fighters of the detachment were exclusively volunteers and did not receive any salary; they were prohibited from causing harm to peaceful peasants, but were allowed to impose forced taxes on “local and foreign capitalists.”

By December 1932, the Sandinistas already controlled over half of the country, and the Americans announced a reward of 100 thousand dollars for Sandino’s head.

As a result of the long insurgency he led, he managed to achieve the withdrawal of American troops stationed in the country (January 2, 1933), but during the next round of negotiations on the demobilization of his army, he was treacherously arrested by the head of the National Guard of Nicaragua, later the president of the country

Plan:

1 Biography
2 Interesting Facts

Introduction

Augusto Cesar Sandino Calderon(1895-1934) - Nicaraguan politician, leader of the national liberation revolutionary war of 1927-1934.

1. Biography

In 1921, Augusto Sandino nearly killed the son of a prominent local Conservative Party representative who had spoken insultingly about his mother, and was forced to emigrate. Traveled to Honduras, Guatemala and Mexico. At the insistence of his father (the statute of limitations for the crime had expired), he returned to Nicaragua in June 1926; The influence of his victim prevented him from settling in the village of his birth, and Sandino ended up working in an American-owned gold mine in Nueva Segovia. There he lectured miners about social inequality and the need for change.

American soldiers pose with a captured Sandinista flag (c. 1933)

From mid-1927 he was in armed opposition to the ruling regime supported by the United States. At first he stood for the restoration of legitimate power, according to constitutional principles, and then began to fight against the Espino-Negro agreement, which provided for the close guardianship of Nicaragua by the American government, considering it as a threat to Nicaraguan independence. As a result of the long insurgency he led, he managed to achieve the withdrawal of American troops stationed in the country, but during the next round of negotiations on the demobilization of his army, he was treacherously arrested by the head of the National Guard of Nicaragua, later the president of the country, Anastasio Somoza, and killed.

As a patriot and national hero, the Sandinista National Liberation Front was named in his honor, which overthrew the dictatorship of the Somoza family 45 years after Sandino's death as a result of the Sandinista Revolution.

On May 14, 1980, the Council of State of Nicaragua officially awarded Sandino the honorary title "Father of the Anti-Imperialist People's Democratic Revolution."

2. Interesting facts

Traditionally, after the Sandinistas came to power, from 1979 to 1997, first 1000 Nicaraguan cordobas were depicted on the front side of banknotes, then, after the 1991 redenomination, on 20 cordobas.



Sandino for 1000 cordobas 1980, obverse	Sandino for 1000 cordobas 1985, obverse	Sandino on 20 cordobas 1990, obverse

Notes

Garcia-Caceles K. Augusto Cesar Sandino // Figures of the national liberation movement: political portraits. Vol. 1. M.: Peoples' Friendship University Publishing House, 1989. P. 97.
Questions of history. 1981. No. 10. P. 176.

Literature

Gonionsky S. A. Sandino. M.: Young Guard, 1965 - (Life of wonderful people).
Sandino against US imperialism // Sandino’s ideological legacy (Collection of documents and materials). M.: Progress, 1985.
Garcia-Caceles K. Augusto Cesar Sandino // Figures of the national liberation movement: political portraits. Vol. 1. M.: Peoples' Friendship University Publishing House, 1989.

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SANDINO AUGUSTO CESAR

(Sandino) Augusto Cesar (18.5.1895, Nikinoomo, Masaya department, - 21.2.1934, Managua), national hero of the Nicaraguan people, general (1926). Born into a peasant family. Having changed many professions, he left his homeland in search of work. He worked in mines in Honduras, Guatemala and in oil fields in Mexico. In 1926, having returned to his homeland, he joined the national liberation struggle against the American imperialists and local reaction. The guerrilla struggle he led in mid-1927 against the US troops occupying Nicaragua grew into a civil war and led to the liberation of the country from the occupiers (January 1933). In February 1934, S., summoned to Managua for official negotiations with the government to end the civil war, was treacherously killed.

Lit.: Gonionsky S. A., Sandino, M., 1965.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB. 2012

Biography

Sandino's father is a wealthy peasant Gregorio Sandino, his mother is a day laborer Margarita Calderon. For 12 years, Gregorio Sandino refused to recognize his son Augusto as legitimate, but then accepted him into the family. In 1921, Augusto Sandino nearly killed the son of a prominent local Conservative Party representative who had spoken insultingly about his mother, and was forced to emigrate. Traveled to Honduras, Guatemala and Mexico. At the insistence of his father (the statute of limitations for the crime had expired), he returned to Nicaragua in June 1926; the influence of his victim prevented him from settling in his birth village, and Sandino ended up working in an American-owned gold mine in Nueva Segovia. There he lectured miners about social inequality and the need for change.
On October 19, 1926, he raised an anti-government uprising against the ruling regime supported by the United States, then led armed resistance to American troops landing in the country. At first he stood for the restoration of legitimate power, according to constitutional principles, and then began to fight against the Espino-Negro agreement, which provided for the close guardianship of Nicaragua by the American government, considering it as a threat to Nicaraguan independence.

Traditionally, after the Sandinistas came to power, from 1997 to 1997, first 1000 Nicaraguan cordobas were depicted on the obverse of banknotes, then, after the 1991 denomination, on 20 cordobas, as well as Nicaraguan coins.


Sandino per 1000 cordobas. , obverse	Sandino per 1000 cordobas. , obverse	Sandino at 20 cordobas. , obverse

Sandino is featured on a 1984 Bulgarian postage stamp.

Essays

Sandino, Augusto C. El pensamiento vivo. Sergio Ramírez, ed. 2 vols. Managua: Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, 1984

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Notes

Literature

Gonionsky S. A. Sandino. M.: Young Guard, 1965 - (Life of wonderful people).
Campos Ponce, H. Yankee and Sandino. - M.: Progress, 1965.
Collection. Sandino's ideological legacy. - M.: Progress, 1982.
Grigulevich I. R. The roads of Sandino. M.: Young Guard, 1984.
Sandino against US imperialism // Sandino’s ideological legacy (Collection of documents and materials). M.: Progress, 1985.
Garcia-Caceles K. Augusto Cesar Sandino // Figures of the national liberation movement: political portraits. Vol. 1. M.: Peoples' Friendship University Publishing House, 1989.
Gonionsky S.A. Commander of free people // New time. - M., 1958. - Issue. No. 5.
Larin N.S. From the history of the national liberation struggle of the people of Nicaragua against the US armed intervention in 1927-1933 // Questions of history. - M., 1961. - Issue. No. 8.
Gonionsky S.A. New books about the legendary General Sandino // New and recent history. - M., 1963. - Issue. No. 4.
Zubritsky Yu.A. Sandino and the nature of his movement (On the history of the national liberation struggle in Nicaragua in the late 20s - early 30s) // Proceedings of the Peoples' Friendship University. - M., 1968. - T. 32, issue. 1 .
Grigulevich I.R. Augusto Cesar Sandino - General of Free People // New and Contemporary History. - M., 1982. - Issue. No. 1-2.
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Beals, Carleton. With Sandino in Nicaragua. The Nation, Feb. 22 to April 11, 1928.
Belausteguigoitia R. Con Sandino en Nicaragua. Madrid, 1934
Salvatierra S. Sandino o La Tragedia de un Pueblo. Madrid, 1934
Somosa Garcia A. El verdadero Sandino o el Calvario de las Segovias. Managua: Tipografía Robelo, 1936.
Alexander A. Sandino. Relato de la Revolution en Nicaragua. Santiago de Chile, 1937
Calderon Ramirez, Salvador. Los últimos días de Sandino. Mexico: Botas, 1934.
Ramirez S.C. Ultimas dias de Sandino. Mexico, 1939
Cuadra, Manolo. Contra Sandino en la montaña. Managua, D.N.: 1942.
Bolaños A.G. Sandino el Libertador. Mexico, 1952
L. Cummins. Quijote on a burro. Sandino and the Marines. A Study in the formulation of foreign policy. Mexico, D.F., 1958
Selser, Gregorio. Sandino - general de hombres libres. Buenos Aires, 1959
Romero R. Somoza, asesino de Sandino. Mexico, 1959
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Nicaragua y su pueblo. (Cartas y proclamas del general Sandino y otros documentos). Frente Unitario Nacaraguense. Caracas, 1961
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Aguilar Cortes, Jerónimo. Memorias de los yanquis a Sandino. San Salvador: IT Ricaldone, 1972.
Arrellano, Jorge Eduardo. Sandino en la poesía: 50 poems sobre el General de Hombres Libres. // Revista de Pensamiento Centroamericano 29 (143) August 1972: 3-24.
Lopez, Santos. Memorias de un soldado. León: Frente Estudiantil Revolucionario, 1976.

Ramirez, Sergio. Biografia de Sandino. Managua, 1979
Ramirez, Sergio. El pensamiento vivo de Sandino. Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, 1981
Ramirez, Sergio. Vigencia del pensamiento sandinista. En: El Sandinismo documentos básicos. Instituto de Estudios del Sandinismo. Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, 1983.
Ramirez, Sergio. El Muchacho de Niquinohomo. En: Ramírez, Sergio. El alba de oro. Siglo XXI Editores. 2ª edición, 1984 (a).
Ramirez, Sergio. Sandino y los partidos políticos. Sesión inaugural del curso académico 1984 (b). CNES-UNAN, Comité Nacional Pro-Conmemoración del 50 Aniversario de la muerte del General Augusto César Sandino.
Ramirez, Sergio. Sandino: clase e ideología. En Sandino, Augusto C. El pensamiento vivo. Introduction, selección y notas de Sergio Ramírez. Tomo 2. Editorial Nueva Nicaragua. 1986.

Gilbert, Gregorio Urbano. Junto a Sandino. Editora Alfa y Omega. Santo Domingo, República Dominicana, marzo de 1979.
García Salgado, Andrés. Yo estuve con Sandino. Mexico: Bloque Obrero General Herbierto Jara, 1979.
Salvatierra, Sofonias. Sandino o la Tragedia de un pueblo. Talleres Litográficos Maltez Representaciones S.A. Managua, Nicaragua, 1980.
Herrera Torres, Juvenal. Antología universal de la poesía revolucionaria: el regreso de Sandino. Medellin: Aurora, 1980.
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Alejandro Bendaña La mistica de Sandino. Centro de Estudios Internacionales, Managua, 1994, 2005.

Excerpt characterizing Sandino, Augusto Cesar

– Tell me, did you not know about the death of the Countess when you stayed in Moscow? - said Princess Marya and immediately blushed, noticing that by making this question after his words that he was free, she ascribed to his words a meaning that they, perhaps, did not have.
“No,” answered Pierre, obviously not finding the interpretation that Princess Marya gave to his mention of her freedom awkward. “I learned this in Orel, and you can’t imagine how it struck me.” We were not exemplary spouses,” he said quickly, looking at Natasha and noticing in her face the curiosity about how he would respond to his wife. “But this death struck me terribly.” When two people quarrel, both are always to blame. And one’s own guilt suddenly becomes terribly heavy in front of a person who no longer exists. And then such death... without friends, without consolation. “I’m very, very sorry for her,” he finished and was pleased to notice the joyful approval on Natasha’s face.
“Yes, here you are again, a bachelor and a groom,” said Princess Marya.
Pierre suddenly blushed crimson and tried for a long time not to look at Natasha. When he decided to look at her, her face was cold, stern and even contemptuous, as it seemed to him.
– But did you really see and talk with Napoleon, as we were told? - said Princess Marya.
Pierre laughed.
- Never, never. It always seems to everyone that being a prisoner means being a guest of Napoleon. Not only have I not seen him, but I have also not heard of him. I was in much worse company.
Dinner ended, and Pierre, who at first refused to talk about his captivity, gradually became involved in this story.
- But is it true that you stayed to kill Napoleon? – Natasha asked him, smiling slightly. “I guessed it when we met you at the Sukharev Tower; remember?
Pierre admitted that it was true, and from this question, gradually guided by the questions of Princess Marya and especially Natasha, he became involved in a detailed story about his adventures.
At first he spoke with that mocking, meek look that he now had at people and especially at himself; but then, when he came to the story of the horrors and suffering that he had seen, he, without noticing it, became carried away and began to speak with the restrained excitement of a person experiencing strong impressions in his memory.
Princess Marya looked at Pierre and Natasha with a gentle smile. In this whole story she saw only Pierre and his kindness. Natasha, leaning on her arm, with a constantly changing expression on her face, along with the story, watched, without looking away for a minute, Pierre, apparently experiencing with him what he was telling. Not only her look, but the exclamations and short questions she made showed Pierre that from what he was telling, she understood exactly what he wanted to convey. It was clear that she understood not only what he was saying, but also what he would like and could not express in words. Pierre told about his episode with the child and the woman for whose protection he was taken in the following way:
“It was a terrible sight, children were abandoned, some were on fire... In front of me they pulled out a child... women, from whom they pulled things off, tore out earrings...
Pierre blushed and hesitated.
“Then a patrol arrived, and all those who were not robbed, all the men were taken away. And me.
– You probably don’t tell everything; “You must have done something…” Natasha said and paused, “good.”
Pierre continued to talk further. When he talked about the execution, he wanted to avoid the terrible details; but Natasha demanded that he not miss anything.
Pierre started to talk about Karataev (he had already gotten up from the table and was walking around, Natasha was watching him with her eyes) and stopped.
- No, you cannot understand what I learned from this illiterate man - a fool.
“No, no, speak up,” said Natasha. - Where is he?
“He was killed almost in front of me.” - And Pierre began to tell the last time of their retreat, Karataev’s illness (his voice trembled incessantly) and his death.
Pierre told his adventures as he had never told them to anyone before, as he had never recalled them to himself. He now saw, as it were, a new meaning in everything that he had experienced. Now, when he was telling all this to Natasha, he was experiencing that rare pleasure that women give when listening to a man - not smart women who, while listening, try to either remember what they are told in order to enrich their minds and, on occasion, retell it or adapt what is being told to your own and quickly communicate your clever speeches, developed in your small mental economy; but the pleasure that real women give, gifted with the ability to select and absorb into themselves all the best that exists in the manifestations of a man. Natasha, without knowing it herself, was all attention: she did not miss a word, a hesitation in her voice, a glance, a twitch of a facial muscle, or a gesture from Pierre. She caught the unspoken word on the fly and brought it directly into her open heart, guessing the secret meaning of all Pierre’s spiritual work.
Princess Marya understood the story, sympathized with it, but now she saw something else that absorbed all her attention; she saw the possibility of love and happiness between Natasha and Pierre. And for the first time this thought came to her, filling her soul with joy.
It was three o'clock in the morning. Waiters with sad and stern faces came to change the candles, but no one noticed them.
Pierre finished his story. Natasha, with sparkling, animated eyes, continued to look persistently and attentively at Pierre, as if wanting to understand something else that he might not have expressed. Pierre, in bashful and happy embarrassment, occasionally glanced at her and thought of what to say now in order to shift the conversation to another subject. Princess Marya was silent. It didn’t occur to anyone that it was three o’clock in the morning and that it was time to sleep.
“They say: misfortune, suffering,” said Pierre. - Yes, if they told me now, this minute: do you want to remain what you were before captivity, or go through all this first? For God's sake, once again captivity and horse meat. We think how we will be thrown out of our usual path, that everything is lost; and here something new and good is just beginning. As long as there is life, there is happiness. There is a lot, a lot ahead. “I’m telling you this,” he said, turning to Natasha.
“Yes, yes,” she said, answering something completely different, “and I would like nothing more than to go through everything all over again.”
Pierre looked at her carefully.
“Yes, and nothing more,” Natasha confirmed.
“It’s not true, it’s not true,” Pierre shouted. – It’s not my fault that I’m alive and want to live; and you too.
Suddenly Natasha dropped her head into her hands and began to cry.
- What are you saying, Natasha? - said Princess Marya.
- Nothing, nothing. “She smiled through her tears at Pierre. - Goodbye, time to sleep.
Pierre stood up and said goodbye.

Princess Marya and Natasha, as always, met in the bedroom. They talked about what Pierre had said. Princess Marya did not speak her opinion about Pierre. Natasha didn't talk about him either.
“Well, goodbye, Marie,” Natasha said. – You know, I’m often afraid that we don’t talk about him (Prince Andrei), as if we are afraid to humiliate our feelings and forget.
Princess Marya sighed heavily and with this sigh acknowledged the truth of Natasha’s words; but in words she did not agree with her.
- Is it possible to forget? - she said.
“It felt so good to tell everything today; and hard, and painful, and good. “Very good,” said Natasha, “I’m sure he really loved him.” That's why I told him... nothing, what did I tell him? – suddenly blushing, she asked.
- Pierre? Oh no! How wonderful he is,” said Princess Marya.
“You know, Marie,” Natasha suddenly said with a playful smile that Princess Marya had not seen on her face for a long time. - He became somehow clean, smooth, fresh; definitely from the bathhouse, do you understand? - morally from the bathhouse. Is it true?
“Yes,” said Princess Marya, “he won a lot.”
- And a short frock coat, and cropped hair; definitely, well, definitely from the bathhouse... dad, it used to be...
“I understand that he (Prince Andrei) did not love anyone as much as he did,” said Princess Marya.
– Yes, and it’s special from him. They say that men are friends only when they are very special. It must be true. Is it true that he doesn't resemble him at all?
- Yes, and wonderful.
“Well, goodbye,” Natasha answered. And the same playful smile, as if forgotten, remained on her face for a long time.

Pierre could not fall asleep for a long time that day; He walked back and forth around the room, now frowning, pondering something difficult, suddenly shrugging his shoulders and shuddering, now smiling happily.
He thought about Prince Andrei, about Natasha, about their love, and was either jealous of her past, then reproached her, then forgave himself for it. It was already six o'clock in the morning, and he was still walking around the room.
“Well, what can we do? If you can’t do without it! What to do! So, this is how it should be,” he said to himself and, hastily undressed, went to bed, happy and excited, but without doubts and indecisions.
“We must, strange as it may be, no matter how impossible this happiness is, we must do everything in order to be husband and wife with her,” he said to himself.
Pierre, a few days before, had set Friday as the day of his departure for St. Petersburg. When he woke up on Thursday, Savelich came to him for orders about packing his things for the road.
“How about St. Petersburg? What is St. Petersburg? Who's in St. Petersburg? – he asked involuntarily, although to himself. “Yes, something like that a long, long time ago, even before this happened, I was planning to go to St. Petersburg for some reason,” he remembered. - From what? I'll go, maybe. How kind and attentive he is, how he remembers everything! - he thought, looking at Savelich’s old face. “And what a pleasant smile!” - he thought.

The meaning of Sandino Augusto Cesar in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE. Crime at the negotiating table

Situation

Youth

“I owe my title neither to the occupiers nor to the traitors”

War

Companions

Victory

Betrayal

"Our son of a bitch", or a few words instead of an epilogue

* * *

Plan:

Introduction

1. Biography

2. Interesting facts

Notes

Literature

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Essays

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