Types of monarchy Absolute parliamentary and. Types of monarchy: concepts and classic signs

Monarchy - The form of the board, where the highest state power belongs to the head of the state - the monarch (king, the king, the emperor, Shah, etc.), which occupies the throne by inheritance and is not responsible for the population.

Monarchic states can be either absoluteeither limited.

Absolute monarchies are states in which the Supreme Power is most focused in the hands of one person.

The main signs of the absolute monarchy:

1) all state power (legislative, executive, judicial) belongs to one person - a monarch;
2) all the fullness of state power is inherited;
3) Monarch manages the country for life, and there is no legal basis for its voluntary displacement;
4) There is no responsibility of the monarch in front of the population.

Examples of states of absolute monarchy are previously mentioned:
seven principalities of the United Arab Emirates; Oman, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, city-state Vatican.

Most of the monarchies in the modern world is limited by the competence of representative and judicial bodies of public authorities (limited monarchy).
To States with such a form of government, in particular, can be attributed to Australia, Belgium, Great Britain, Denmark, Spain, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Japan, etc.

In these countries, on the basis of constitutions, formally or in fact state power is divided into legislative, executive and judicial.

Signs of a limited monarchy:

1) the power of the monarch is limited by the presence and activities (competence) of representative, executive and judicial authorities;
2) the Government is formed from representatives of parties who won the elections to parliament;
3) the executive authority is carried out by the government, which is responsible to the parliament;
4) the head of the government is the party leader with a majority of deputy seats in parliament;
5) laws are accepted by Parliament, and the signing of their monarch is a formal action.

Limited monarchies are divided into Dualistic and parliamentary.
It believes that the dualistic monarchy is characterized by the fact that along with the legal and actual independence of the monarch there are representative bodies with legislative and control powers.

"Dualism is that L.A. Morozova writes, - that the monarch cannot accept a political decision without the consent of the parliament, and the parliament without the consent of the monarch."
The scientist explains this by the fact that "the monarch is although not legislative, but endowed with the right of absolute veto, i.e. has the right to argue or not to approve the laws adopted by representative bodies." (Bhutan, Jordan, Morocco)

Signs of parliamentary monarchy:

a) the powers of the monarch formally and are actually limited by the competence of the highest legislative body;
b) the monarch carries out as the head of state only representative functions;
c) the government is formed by Parliament and responsibly in front of it;
d) the executive branch fully belongs to the government.
States of parliamentary monarchies include: United Kingdom, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Spain, Norway, Sweden, Japan, etc.

The emergence of the state

State - this is such an organization of life, in which there is a unified system for the protection of the rights of people living on one territory, on which the state has sovereignty; The relationship between them is regulated on the basis of uniform laws (or traditions), the borders are protected; Regulated in one way or another relationship with other states and peoples.

The first forms of government institutions and the first general obligatory norms of behavior have been formed already at the primitive stage of development of society. For this period, the lack of political power and state institutions is characteristic. Social norms during this period are the nature of customs, traditions, rites and taboos. In science, the question of whether these social norms can be considered the right or protofing, is a discussion.

The emergence of the state is hidden in ancient times. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe state follows from the very depths of human consciousness. For many millennia, the peoples of all sorts of tribes and various degrees of development of their conclusion and experience always and everywhere were led to this idea. The initial cell of the human society was a family, a tribe. The struggle between them led to the victory of one kind (tribe) over another or to a conciliatory agreement between several kinds (tribes), as a result of which they were established over them unified power.

States arise and strengthen with the transition from hunting and shepherd-nomadic life to agricultural. The community settled on the spot with all his good and herds, having tied his fate with the seeded field and the expected harvest, is naturally forced to defend and protect their possessions from the seeds of the Horde of conquerors exposing all devastation.

The story shows that the states develop earlier where the climate and soil favors agriculture: in southern fertile countries, near the large rivers (Assyria, Egypt). Also, states are easier reaching development and maturity in those places where the sea or mountains helps defense from attacks and, at the same time, where land or river and maritime messages facilitate trade relations And create permanent tide population to the center and low tide From him in the colony (Greece, Rome). Finally, the creation of a mighty state was always able to energetic and enterprising, hardworking and at the same time warlike peoples.

One of the most important signs of the state is the close organic connection of the state with the right, which is economically and spiritually determined by the regulatory expression of the will of society, the state regulator of public relations. It is difficult to find an example in history, when the state could do without the right, and the right - without a state.

Thus, the state emerged and strengthened in search internal order and external security. In it, people find higher guns to ensure the protection of their personal security, their rights and freedoms. The question of the concept of state is as complex and ancient, as itself.

One of the greatest thinkers of Antiquity Aristotle believed that the state is "the self-sufficient communication of citizens, in any other communication of those who do not need anyone and from anyone independent."

Types of monarchies and their signs.

Monarchy -the form of the board, in which the Supreme State Power belongs to one person - the monarch (king, king, the emperor, Sultan, Emir, Khan) and is inherited.

Signs of the monarchy:

• the existence of the sole chapter of the state that uses its authority for life;
• hereditary (according to the Law on the Preconsession) The procedure for the continuity of the supreme power;
• monarch personifies the unity of the nation, the historical continuity of tradition, represents the state in the international arena;

Types of monarchy:

Absolute monarchy - Monarchy, involving unlimited power of the monarch. With an absolute monarchy, the possible existing authorities are fully accountable to the monarch, and the will of the people may officially be expressed by the maximum through the deliberative body (currently Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, Qatar).

A constitutional monarchy - Monarchy, in which the power of the monarch is limited by the Constitution, unwritten right or traditions. The constitutional monarchy exists in two forms: a dualistic monarchy (Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867-1918, Japan 1889-1945, Currently, exists in Morocco, Jordan, Kuwait, and, with some reservations, also in Monaco and Liechtenstein) and Parliamentary monarchy (currently United Kingdom, Denmark, Sweden).

Parliamentary monarchy - The appearance of the constitutional monarchy, in which the monarch does not possess the authority and performs only a representative function. With a parliamentary monarchy, the government responsibly in front of parliament, which has a greater power than other state bodies (although in different countries it may vary).

Dualistic monarchy (Lat. Dualis. - Double) - the type of constitutional monarchy, in which the power of the monarch is limited by the Constitution and Parliament in the Legislative Region, but in the monarch specified by them possesses complete freedom of decision-making.

Advantages Monarchies as the form of the board are usually called:

• The monarch, as a rule, is brought up since childhood, taking into account the fact that in the future he will be the supreme ruler of the state. This allows him to develop the qualities necessary for such a position and guarantees that the power in the course of democratic fraud will not receive a person incompetent or malicious;
• The replacement of power is not on the basis of someone's interests, but by chance of birth, which reduces the possibility of penetration into the power of people for whom power is an end in itself.
• Monarch is naturally interested in keeping his son or daughter a thriving country.

Disadvantages Monarchies are called.

Monarchy- the form of the board in which the Supreme Power is fully or partially owned by the representative of the ruling dynasty - a monarch (king, king, shah, etc.). Monarch inherits state power in a certain order, acts as the sole chapter of the state.

Signs of the monarchical form of the Board:

The existence of the sole carrier of the Supreme State Power;

Dynastic inheritance of the supreme power;

The lifelong affiliation of the power of the monarch: the laws of the monarchy do not provide for the removal of the monarch from power;

The lack of legal responsibility of the monarch for their actions (for example, on the military charter of Peter I, the sovereign - "Self-collaborative monarch, who should not give anyone in the world about his affairs").

Monarchy is a very flexible and viable form of government. She arose in a slave-owned society. In feudalism, became the main form of state rule. The monarchical form of the board and did not lose its value and exists in a number of modern bourgeois states (England, Spain, etc.).

Types of monarchy.From the point of view of the completeness of the power of the monarch allocate two types of monarchies: absolute and constitutional.

Absolute (unlimited) monarchy – the form of a minority reign: the monarch alone issues laws, leads the government, controls justice (Russia XVII - XVIII century, the absolute monarchies of the era of feudalism, in the modern period - Brunei). The main sign of the absolute monarchy is unlimited and not in front of whom the unconsidant power of the monarch. In such a state there is no parliament - the legislature elected by the population; There are no constitutional acts that limit the power of the monarch.

Currently, the absolute monarchy is a rare form of government. It admits that in all indicators it exists in Oman, Brune. There is no representative body here, the king is at the same time a supreme judge.

Absolute monarchy is inherent authoritarian regime.A variety of absolute monarchy - theocratic monarchy,those. The form of the Board in which the head of state at the same time represents secular and religious power(Saudi Arabia).

Constitutional (limited) monarchy - the form of the board, in which the power of the monarch is limited by the elected body - the Parliament - and a special legal act - the Constitution. Here there is a distribution of the authority of the supreme power between the sole body - the monarch and the collective authority - parliament. The constitutional monarchy currently exists, for example, in the UK, Denmark, Belgium, Spain, Japan and other countries.

The constitutional monarchy can be a dualistic and parliamentary. In a dualistic monarchythe organization of higher state authorities is a dual character: the monarch focuses in his hands the executive power, forms the government responsible to him, and the legislature belongs to Parliament. At the same time, the monarch has the right to impose an absolute veto to the laws adopted by Parliament.

A dualistic monarchy arises in most cases at the junction of two historical epochs - feudal and bourgeois. Currently, Morocco, Jordan, Kuwait and some other states are recognized as such.

For parliamentary monarchythe following features are characteristic:

The power of the monarch is limited in all spheres of state power, there is no dealerism;

Executive power is carried out by the government, which, in accordance with the Constitution, responsibly in front of parliament, not a monarch;

The government is formed from representatives of the party who won the elections;

The head of the government is becoming a party leader with the greatest number of deputy places in parliament;

The laws take the parliament, and the signing by the monarch is a formal act.

The monarch traditionally retains certain powers. It performs mainly representative functions, symbolizes the unity of the nation. In some states, he appoints the head of government. The position of the monarch exists due to the national commitment to the monarchical form of the Board, recognizing the monarchy is the most appropriate form of state power.

The preservation of this type of monarchy is due to the cultural and historical heritage of the country, tribute to tradition, confidence in the monarch, the peculiarities of national thinking (mentality). Most modern monarchies are distinguished by these features, such as United Kingdom, Belgium, Spain, Japan, etc.

1) the form of the state; 2) the form of the board, in which the Supreme State Power is concentrated in the hands of one head of the state - a monarch and is inherited.

Excellent definition

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MONARCHY

from Greek. Monos is one, Arche - the beginning) - the form of the board, in which the functions of the head of state are transferred on the principle of inheritance.

It is believed that the monarchy as a form of board appeared in ancient generic societies simultaneously with a change in the method of inheritance of a tight sign - a more ancient way to inheritance on the female line was changed to the transmission by the male line, which is indicated by some myths, as well as the study of the social device of some modern tribes on The lowest stages of social development.

Monarchy is an oldest form of government. The monarchist board was at the heart of the monarchist board, the sacred possibility of communication of the monarch with the other world and other tabulated (sacred, forbidden) possibilities, and the oldest monarchical authorities did not reduce the management in the current understanding, but to the fulfillment of certain restrictions that are ritual and sometimes very tough. Thus, in ancient Egypt during the first dynasties, the main responsibility of Pharaohs was participating in ritual processions, and the main function is a notification of the beginning of the spill of the Nile; In the XI-XIV centuries. The Emperor of Japan was supposed to sit in the throne at every morning, for several hours, for his slightest movement threatened with a violation of harmony in the state, wars, floods, fires and other disasters. A number of restrictions, especially during hostilities, has been injected on the Irish kings, and in Cambodia, where the king of the fire and the king of water, the restrictions imposed on them were so heavy, which during the XVI-XIX centuries. (i.e. all the time, while this process was observed various missionaries-colonizers) monarchs were appointed literally by force. The same thing happens today in some tribes of Equatorial Africa.

It was precisely the restrictions imposed on the monarch led to the separation of sacred and managerial functions, and, by turning to the priestly class, the sacred function put the priests above socially than the monarchs, as evidenced by, for example, the caste structure of Indian society, where the brahman caste is standing above Kshatriyev, or the formal departure of the Pope over the kings of medieval Europe.

However, a partially sacral function of the monarchical power was preserved to this day, as evidenced by the associated ubiquitous ritual (Protocol), initially created for the obstacle to the immediate communication of ordinary people with monarchs (taboo and the threat of life) and allowing only communication through intermediaries (priests, ministers). It suffices to recall the method of direct appeal to the monarch in the form of "petition" in the Russian society, which was carried out with strict observance of ceremonial (protective) actions, such as: a drop on his knees, the decline of the head to the Earth as a sign of the great fear of possible consequences and, in fact, "Belling".

Depending on the principle of inheritance, the monarchy can be a dynastic, generic and elected.

The generic monarchy is probably one of the most ancient varieties of the monarchic device, since it carries the most damage associated with the archaic sacred function. It makes sense to ensure that only a member of a certain kind with a known sacred force may become a monarch, that is, in fact, which actually possess great authority. Such a way was characterized by the preaching states of Central and South America, as well as numerous tribes of Africa, Australia and Oceania. In part, such a type of monarchy existed in ancient Greece, IV ancient Russia.

The dynastic monarchy arose, probably in ancient Egypt. It is characterized by the transfer of power from the Father to the Son or to another close relative (for example, to his brother, as it was in ancient Russia). This is the most common type of monarchy, which has been preserved and still exists, for example, in the UK, Monaco, Denmark, Sweden, Japan (where Mikado's dynastic branch has never stopped for more than the Millennial history of the country) and in some other countries.

The emergence of the electoral monarchy is associated with the refusal of applicants for voluntary occupation of the place of the monarch, in any case, precisely in this form (when the monarch is elected by the Council of Elders often forcibly) it exists in some tribes of Africa and Polynesia. However, the elected monarchy from time to time was practiced in ancient Greece, in ancient Rome, in Byzantium, in Poland and even in Russia, where the monarchs were elected several times (repeatedly in Novgorod and then twice in the troubled time in Moscow).

However, this method of the Preconsection has shown itself with a non-visual. Similar monarchies, completely deprived of the sacred component, or recruit it again, acquiring dynastic features (as it was in ancient Rome, where the consular method of government led to the restoration of the once lost dynastic building), or, on the contrary, the place of democracy is inferior to the ruler belonging to There is no decisive value (as in Novgorod, where the monarch was elected mainly during the war or other tactical considerations). France Napoleon I and Napoleon III is a great example of both processes.

The historical varieties of monarchies include patriarchal monarchies, or traditional (characteristic of traditional societies); Sacred monarchies, or theocracy (where the primary functions of the monarch - priests or spiritual: eg ancient Egypt, Islamic Caliphate); despotic monarchies, folding in militarized societies (Assyria, ancient Armenia, Mongolian Horde); estate and estate and representative monarchies (for example. Dopurerovskaya Rus); Absolute monarchies based on the delegation of power to officials in the absence of aristocratic and democratic institutions (France in the XVII century); constitutional monarchies that implement the principles of the "public contract" and separation of the authorities and limiting the power of the king by the Constitution; Autocratic, or autocratic monarchies, in which the monarch is absolutely sovereignt and is the sole source of laws, and the state operates in collaboration and community (Symphony) with the Church (Byzantium, Russian Empire).

Like any other way of government, the monarchy has its advantages and disadvantages. The detention of the monarchy should include the independence of the monarch (in fact, in case of election, the head of state is obliged to their election of a power or financial group, and therefore, during the reign, the interests of this group will defend, and not the people in general, which is not under the monarchy). In addition, the special legal position of the monarch, which allows you to quickly make important decisions, for example, to quickly cancel the harmful law, pardon the convicted person, etc. (A. Pushkin in this regard, said that "one man standing above even the law should be in the state ").

Overdraft (sovereignty) of the monarch - the quality is especially valuable in periods of wars and other crises. Unitimate is unconditional blessing. It should be noted that almost all states with a democratic device have a mechanism for delegating emergency powers to the presidents or other authorized persons in such special points.

The most important advantage of the monarchy is its symbolic component. Monarch as a symbol of the unity of the nation, as its conscience, the Redeemer and the defender, as a person who has the highest authority and confidence, carries a huge ideological meaning and thereby opens the way for important nationwide accomplishments, for mass enthusiasm, for patriotism, for the feat.

I. A. Ilyin writes about the fundamental foundation of the trust of subjects to the monarch - their confidence that the monarch "himself puts himself in front of God's face and measures his affairs and solutions to the criteria of Divine Revelation." In this trust, the king and the people are united together by putting themselves to the court of history.

An important tool for association and symbol of unity of the monarchy is, including, by virtue of its ability to maintain the informality of the relationship between the monarch and the subject. In Russia, even referring to "on you" to the landowner (as required by the introduced at the end of the XVIII - early XIX centuries. French form), the Russian man continued to turn to the king "on you." Unlike democracies, which is characterized by frequent changeability of the authorities, the monarchy suggests that the person clothed with the supreme power will be guided in its actions not by concern about the approaching elections, and liable to God, history and the people.

Another important function of the monarch, as a person standing above the law - the function of the highest proud, which can punish, but may and pardon, and, despite the severity of the crime. This, at first glance, is insignificant, the function turned out to be such an important thing that the exceptional powers were delivered to the competence of many elected presidents of the republics. Its echoes can be found in the division of English rights in fact 2 branches: the court of the king and the court of honor, which is a consequence of an attempt to oppose the court "according to the law" (court of honor) of the Justice Court (King's court).

The advantage of the monarchy is the possibility of effective nomination of the most talented people on leadership posts. In republican systems, the head of state will inevitably be fear of competition from the talented minister or general, and therefore, to hold it. Monarch, due to its position, does not participate in the relationship of competition, and besides, it is interested in nomining talented people to preserve the dynasty and the country. Moreover, the monarch is the guarantor of the presence in the society of the opposition. He has nothing to fear "freedom of people," since he does not threaten anything. If they do not encroach on the change of the monarchical system itself, the criticism of the government may be regarded as an important positive function, and the opposition can always be found from the monarch against the use of the Government of the Administrative Resource.

Monarch is also measured by the idealized ideas of society about honor and dignity, loyalty and debt, about higher values, commitment to which is a sign of a person's high-dimensional life. As for the negative features of the monarchy, the main drawback in it itself, in its main principle - the principle of the throne. For if democracy implies at least theoretical possession of the head of state with outstanding qualities, the monarch may not necessarily have them. And this despite the fact that it is lined with the supreme power, which is not only tyrant and usurper, but also ordinary mediocrity turns into a great disaster for the people.

The overshadic and inspection position of the monarch, being an immutable blessing in the period of wars and other shocks, in a peaceful period can be a source of evil for citizens. Byzantine historian Mikhail Pwell reports that Vasily II summary brother, also Vasily, was castrated by his own brother, in order to prevent possible claims of a relative for the throne. The historian informs it so that we do not have doubts that the actions of the emperor were dictated by the highest state considerations, since there is no most important state consideration for the monarchy than to maintain the throne.

However, the opposition of dynastic interests of the state in the interests of the state had in history and more serious consequences: it suffices to recall the dynastic wars in ancient China and ancient Rome, the Fron and the revolution in France, the revolution and restoration in England (not to mention the century war and the war of the scaria and white roses ). It was the primacy of dynastic interests over the interests of the people led to Russia's involvement in the First World War and to the subsequent fall of the empire.

The monarchy is often compared with the "strong presidential authority." However, with all similarities (broad powers, the right of pardon, the Supreme Command) between the monarchy and the Presidential Republic there are a number of very significant differences.

The president is not standing on the law and, being one of the sources of law, theoretically possesses the same rights as other citizens. The president is not an object of the sacred sphere and therefore it would delegate part of the functions back to the people, creating a field for greater freedom: freedom of activity or freedom of conscience.

The president is not a measure of nobility and morality, leaving the solution of ethical issues on the conscience of every citizen and turning them into personal.

The temporarys of the president's stay in power, as it were, it suffers the focus of his activities with a law-conducting law enforcement. And everyone's opportunity to become the head of state or at least to take part in the elections, as well as their regularity makes political processes are not so painful. After all, the only way to get rid of the king is a riot, and the rebellion is a higher disaster for the state.

Probably due to the listed shortcomings of the monarchy, especially in its absolute manifestations, today is inferior to the republican method of government.

Approximately 40 states of the world (about 20% of all states) are monarchies. However, by virtue of their advantages, in constitutional forms, it still exists in many developed countries (including such as Japan, United Kingdom, Spain, Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands, Belgium, etc.), where the functions are lost Due to many reasons for local religious institutions, i.e., performing a ceremonial-symbolic role designed to serve as an embodiment of ideal public ideas about morality and intangible values, about patriotism.

In Russia, the number of a supporter of the restoration of the monarchy is growing steadily. According to the latest data, about 20% of Russians consider such a measure of blessing for the country.

Excellent definition

Incomplete definition ↓

Monarchy is characterized by the following signs:

The head of state is the monarch is the only ruler;

The authorities are inherited and remains life;

Monarch (Emperor, King, King, Sultan, Shah) personifies the supreme power of the state;

Monarch is not responsible to their subjects.

Monarchies arose with the advent of the first states. They took place in slave-owned formations, were very common at feudal strictly and preserved to the present. True, now there are few of them - several dozen of two hundred states of our planet. Monarchies, like many socio-political phenomena, are diverse, even sometimes individuals in their characteristic features. So, monarchies in the ancient East were distinguished by special cruelty in relation to the subject and cruelty of government. Monarch in these states had unlimited rights, there were powerful military formations and a strong bureaucratic apparatus (Egypt, Babylon, Assyria, etc.).

Stories are known for the monarchy absolute, estate and representative, constitutional.

Absolute monarchy is a form of government at which the power is fully owned by the monarch. He leads his bureaucratic apparatus, appoints and relieves officials at its discretion, makes laws, cancels them, collects taxes and consume funds without any control. It is believed that the absolute monarchy played a positive role in history. It allowed us to overcome feudal fragmentation, strengthen the state mechanism, excluded the multipleness, had a positive effect on the national identity of the people.

The estate-representative monarchy is the form of government, in which the power of the monarch is limited by any representative body (meeting, Senate, Cathedral, etc.). The composition of such bodies, as a rule, included representatives of the highest nobility (nobility, boyars, clergy, sometimes merchants). The functions of these bodies are mainly deliberative, recommendatory, approving in relation to the actions and intentions of the monarch. The estate-representative bodies could not fundamentally affect the activities of the monarch and the entire state apparatus (army, police, executive and judiciary).

Along with the consideral and absolute monarchies there are dualistic monarchies.

A dualistic monarchy is a form of government at which there are two higher authorities in the monarch and parliament. The head of the state - Monarch, he heads (appoints, controls) the executive power, in particular, the government, which is responsible to the monarch.

Parliament has legislative powers, but cannot be influenced by the process of formation of the government and controlling its activities. In turn, the monarch has the right of veto in relation to the legislative acts of parliament. Thus, the dualistic monarchy is a state in which the highest state power is divided between two subjects - the monarch and parliament, but most of the authority belongs to the monarch yet.

Another type of monarchy, where the power of the monarch is limited - the parliamentary (or constitutional) monarchy. But in such states, the restriction of the power of the monarch is quite essentially, here about dualism can only be said conditionally, since there is no place. In parliamentary monarchies, the monarch power is limited by the Constitution or other legislative acts (as, for example, in the UK) in all areas of state activities, that is, not only in the field of legislation, but also in other areas of government, especially in relationships with the government.

Parliamentary monarchies are a consequence of a political compromise between new and old political forces. Therefore, the degree of restriction of the power of the monarch corresponds to the degree of relationship between political forces during the establishment of parliamentary monarchies. These periods are sometimes simultaneous, and sometimes stretched for a long time (in the first case, Japan, Spain, in the second - United Kingdom).

Parliamentary monarchies are characterized by such basic signs:

The government is not responsible for the monarch, but before the parliament;

The government carries out the executive power;

The government is formed by Parliament, although it is formally considered that ministers are ministers of its government (her) of Majesty, that is, the monarch;

Legislative acts are accepted by Parliament. Formally, they subscribe to the monarch, but it is rather his symbolic act than its powerful solution.

In the parliamentary monarchy monarch "reigns, but not rules." It is a symbol of nation due to the persistent ideas of monarchism in the minds of the people and historical traditions. Monarch is also considered the head of state, although it was shown above, its power is significantly limited both in the field of legislation and in other areas of government.