Crafts made from old objects and things to which you can return a second life can make your home much more comfortable. Some do-it-yourself homemade products for the household can significantly save the household budget, make work easier, or make the surrounding interior more interesting. And even if difficulties arise in the process, overcoming them will be worth it.

Homemade products for a home workshop

In almost any home there is always some set of tools necessary for the household. But sometimes situations arise when, to work in your own workshop or garage, you need some kind of device that cannot be purchased in the store or it is very expensive. In this case, a way out can be found by making it with your own hands.

Balloon Forge

This metal heating device will become an indispensable assistant in your home workshop. The forge can be safely used to make original items using artistic forging. These will be truly unique forged items.

For the furnace, it is best to use an empty 25 liter gas cylinder. Its ends are cut off with a grinder, and the furnace door and its rear part will be made from the cut parts. The inside of the cylinder is covered with refractory ceramic wool, which is able to withstand temperatures over 1200 0 C. From above, it is coated with fireclay clay (lined), which can withstand temperatures up to 1500 0 C. After lining, fireclay slabs or refractory bricks are placed on the bottom of the hearth.

A hole is drilled at the top and a small squeegee is inserted, allowing you to insert the nozzle of a gas burner, which can create a temperature in the hearth of more than 1000 0 C - quite enough to heat the metal to a certain temperature suitable for forging.

Dismountable garage crane

In the manufacture of such a lift, the cash costs will be much less than buying a factory model. To make it, you will have to spend only on materials, half of which, perhaps, can be found in the garage.

Materials required to assemble the lift:

1. Two racks - profile pipe 100x100x2350.
2. Cross bar - a steel pipe of any length with a diameter of 100 mm.
3. Four supports for the bar - profile pipe 100x100x600.
4. Base and braces - corner with 100 mm shelves.
5. Two metal rope rollers.
6. Four wheels for movement.

For the lifting mechanism, it is best to use a worm-gear hand winch with a maximum load of up to 500 kg, which is attached to one of the crane legs.

The design does not take up much space in the workshop, easily moves on hard surfaces and is quite convenient for removing the engine from the car.

Mobile tool rack

The main highlight of this rack is its small size., but at the same time it is possible to place a large number of tools on it, and if necessary, quickly move it to any place or adjacent room. It is very convenient to use such a rack in your workshop or when carrying out construction and repair work in large rooms, especially when you often need to carry tools.

The rack can be assembled on the basis of a collapsible plastic rack installed on a homemade platform with wheels (cart). The platform is made precisely to the dimensions of the rack from a metal corner with 45x45 mm shelves or a sheet of plywood with a thickness of at least 10 mm. Furniture metal wheels are used for movement.

In addition to the rack, you can make and fix fasteners for building levels, extension cords and other tools that can be stored in a hanging position.

To help the hostess

There is not always a financial opportunity to buy, for example, something from new furniture in a furniture showroom or place an order for its production. But you can always get out of this situation by making the right thing with your own hands, while making it attractive and unique, using available means for this.

Cork backsplash

A backsplash is a wall surface between a worktop and wall units. Usually this part of the wall is tiled. But to cover it, it is possible to use many other materials, for example, to glue wine corks on the wall.

This exclusive decor looks pretty gorgeous.

Before gluing, each cork is cut lengthwise into two halves with a sharp clerical knife. It is advisable to paint the wall black, which will accentuate the seams between the corks.

The corks are glued to the wall using liquid nails in a checkerboard pattern or with a certain pattern, since it is unlikely that they can be laid out perfectly exactly, and the curved rows will visually look disgusting.

The corks themselves are not afraid of moisture, but they quickly get dirty and poorly washed, so it is best to cover them with a glass screen made of tempered glass. True, you will have to spend a little money on it and order glass in a special workshop, where they will cut it to a given size and make holes for sockets and fasteners.

The glass is fixed to the wall with anchor dowels, which can be purchased at almost any hardware store.

While an apron decorated with wine corks can be expensive, the results achieved will be worth it.

The surface of the countertop, as well as the wall, can be decorated with corks and covered with tempered glass.

Hinged folding table

A folding table mounted on the wall allows you to save some space in the apartment. In the unfolded state, it can protrude from the wall at a distance of no more than 10 cm and does not bother anyone at all, but when unfolded it can replace a full-fledged table.

There are many options where you can use a folding table fixed to the wall. Here are just a few of the most basic ones:

Shower for giving

There is probably nothing better than freshening up under the tap of water on a hot summer day, especially if he went to work in the garden. Naturally, only a shower will solve this problem and remove the fatigue that has accumulated during the day.

The shower can be installed independently without the involvement of outside help, the main thing is to choose a place for it and decide on the type of shower cabin.

Three types of cabins stand out among summer showers., which you can freely build on your own:

Installing a simple shower is done in this way:

1. The frame of the shower stall is made, which can be assembled from metal, wooden beams or other materials at hand.
2. A metal or plastic water container is installed on the roof of the assembled frame, which can have a volume of 50 to 200 liters.
3. It is advisable to paint the metal container black for better water heating. Additionally, several electric heating elements can be installed in the container, then you can take a shower in cloudy weather.

The booth can be sheathed with boards, plywood, slate, or simply covered with tarpaulin or cellophane wrap with folding canopies.

For self-construction

The topic of construction or renovation probably worries everyone. And, of course, everyone who deals with it wants to finish it as soon as possible with minimal financial costs. Therefore, if you want to save money, you can make some materials for construction on your own. For example, it can be wall SIP panels or such a useful tool as a vibrating plate, the need for which often arises for many owners of a personal plot.

Homemade SIP panels

For their manufacture, you need to prepare a flat, hard platform. Laying on it a sheet of OSB with a thickness of 10-12 mm with a rubber spatula with teeth, apply glue to it.

Then put sheets of foam grade 25-30 on the glue. After that, on top of the laid foam plastic, as well as on the bottom OSB plate, an adhesive mass is applied, and the second OSB sheet is laid on top.

If several panels are being made at the same time, stacked in a pile, work should be done quickly, until the glue hardens. Usually, in this way, no more than 4-5 panels can be prepared at a time.

After the blank for the formed slabs, you need to create pressure using a press. Since, naturally, there is no hydraulic press at home, it can be replaced with a thick plywood sheet laid on the prepared SIP-plates over the entire plane and loaded for 2-3 hours, for example, with several bags of cement, sand or other cargo. You can even use a passenger car, driving onto a plywood sheet along a pre-made overpass.

After the glue has completely dried, the homemade panels will be ready, they can be folded into a separate pile and start preparing new panels. The manufactured panels should lie already without load for another day, after which they can be used for their intended purpose.

Vibratory plate manufacturing

To make a homemade vibrating plate, you will need to prepare:

1. An electric motor with an eccentric of the IV-98E brand, which is the main part of the vibrating plate.
2. Steel sheet, at least 8 mm thick, size 450x800 mm. It can be ordered at any metal warehouse.
3. Two pieces of a channel with a length of no more than 400 mm.
4. An inch tube for the handle and two rubber grommets for attaching it.
5. From the tools you will need a welding machine, a grinder and a set of wrenches.

On the narrow sides of the slab, stepping back from the edges by 80-100 mm, make an incision with a grinder to a depth of about 5 mm. After that, bend the edges towards the notch at an angle of approximately 25 0 and weld them. Bends are needed so that the vibrating plate does not sink into the material it compresses and moves freely along its surface.

Then, across the plate at a certain distance, calculated for the fastening of the electric motor, two channels are welded with the shelves down. An electric vibrator is attached to them through the pre-drilled holes in the channel using M10 bolts.

The tube handle attaches to the vibrator through soft rubber grommets available from your auto store or hardware store in the hardware department.

Thus, you can make a lot of useful things in the household with your own hands, spending only part of the money that would have to be paid when buying a finished product. You just need to make some effort and have certain skills.

Standard gardening tool and its modification. So far, all work in the garden and in the garden is done manually. And the tool produced by the industry leaves much to be desired.

And yet - what is included in the standard set? First of all, of course, shovels. They serve as the main tool for digging soil, digging holes and trenches, loading and unloading bulk, viscous and other materials. It is better to have a complete set of shovels, ranging from bayonet or digging to shovel or scoop. But they can be upgraded (fig. 18). The upgraded shovels are not only convenient and reliable in work, but also versatile. No less necessary in the gardening industry are forks, both ordinary, for four bayonets, and of another configuration: straight, curved, curly, for three and two horns. Some of them are good for working with tops and foliage, others with compost, and others replace the shovel when digging (Fig. 19).

On heavy soils, you can't do without a hoe. Existing hoes are produced in three types, but they differ little from each other. They also need to be modernized, adapted to their working conditions: make them heavier, lighter, regrind. You will see examples of conventional and modernized hoes in the pictures. The same applies to weeders or hoes. The best of them are loop ones with lateral and frontal sharpening; there are special types designed to combat particularly stubborn weeds with branched root systems, massive trunks and shoots (Fig. 17).

Rippers, cultivators and rakes of existing modifications in most cases are not very suitable for gardening and truck farming, especially when the site is just being developed and you have to deal not only with fallow lands, but also with stones, unnecessary plantings, pits and potholes. All of these tools are customizable. Mainly towards their strength and reliability. Particular attention should be paid to the cuttings and handles of the tool, their length and weight. Along with miniature tools, the farm must also have massive ones, suitable for lifting, crushing and flat-cutting work. It is good if the gardener or gardener adds a tool of his own manufacture to the standard store set.

The grubber. Those who have had to do this thankless work will appreciate the proposed tool. The grubber is a piece of water pipe 1.5 m long, to the end of which a blade from an aircraft turbine or an old chisel with a size of 150x70 mm is welded. The blade should be sharpened as sharply as possible. When uprooting large trees and shrubs, sand is poured into the pipe to make the tool heavier and a wooden plug is clogged. The grubber goes deep at an angle of 45 ° to the rhizome and cuts it with a strong blow (Fig. 20).

Correctly seated tool. All tool mountings can be unreliable if left unattended. Troubles happen at the most inopportune moment and often lead to injuries. To avoid this, you must follow three rules: before work soak the planted tool in water - the swollen wood more reliably "holds" the tool, all types of fasteners should not be loose, especially to twist or fall out; the tool must be well sharpened, free from burrs and chipped. You cannot work with a cracked tool at all!

Hammers and axes, sledgehammers and ketmen are planted with wedges. It is safer to put them not straight, as is often done, but at an angle of 45 o, which allows you to fix a handle or a hatchet around the entire perimeter of the attachment (Fig. 20).

Shovel, rake, pitchfork nozzles also leave much to be desired - they are usually fixed with a nail or screw; which is completely unreliable, although there is a known method of lining with subsequent folding of its ends (Fig. 20).

And the last thing. All tools are pushed on the back of the handle, ax or handle. Other types of attachments are ineffective, leading to deformation of the instrument itself and injury.

Tool sharpening. All tools require mandatory sharpening, and this is not as simple as it might seem. First, the tools have different sharpening angles. If for a saw it can be 37 °, for an ax it is 33-35 °, then for a knife it is 6-8 °, and for a drill, for example, 90-120 °, for a planer knife - 45 °, and for an awl - 1- 0.5 °! There are templates for sharpening many tools, some of which you can make yourself so as not to make mistakes - nothing is done "by eye"!

Sharpening angle - the angle of attack of the tool. Sharpen the ax already, it will get stuck in the tree, and the cutting edge of the scissors will wrinkle, the drill or chisel will simply break off. The diagram shows the angles of sharpening of some types of tools, as well as the simplest templates.

One tool can be sharpened with another. Most often - with a sharpener or emery stone, but often with files. For this, there are triangular and flat files. They also sharpen saws. It is necessary to use protective devices when sharpening the saws, as shown in the figure, and also have a set for the teeth - even a very well sharpened, but not set, saw will not cut. There are no wirings and crosses on sale, so you will have to make them yourself (Fig. 21). The saw teeth are bent to the desired angle by setting, and the bend angle is checked with a cross.

Sharpening tends to heat up the tool, which can interfere with hardening. Tool strength and performance depend on hardening. The tool can be hardened by yourself.To do this, it is enough to heat it up to a cherry glow and immerse it in water. There are other types of hardening. For drilling glass, for example, the drill is hardened in sealing wax.

Requires attention measuring tool. Especially for those who are engaged in construction or loves to tinker. The simplest metric measures are generally available (rulers, folding rules, tape measures), and we will not dwell on them. The situation is more complicated with level meters: plumb lines, spirit levels, temperature and barometric sensors.

The simplest vertical line is a plumb line.It is a bullet-shaped piece of metal suspended on a strong thread, according to the deviation of which from the wall or part of the structure, the verticality is determined. The plumb line is easy to make yourself (fig. 20).

Levels are the measure of horizontality. They can be replaced with the simplest devices. Here is one of them - a spirit level in the form of an isosceles triangle, at the apex of which the same plumb line is fixed (Fig. 20). A primitive level can also be two pipettes inserted into a flexible rubber tube filled with water or any colored liquid (Fig. 20). We have already considered the self-made level.

Thermometers (alcohol and mercury) are widespread. They can be used instead of barometers, frost predictors. To do this, it is enough to place a container with alcohol or mercury in a capsule with a soaked cotton wool. The figure shows not only the use of a thermometer in this role, but also a calculation table of frosts, to which it is attached.

A dry spruce branch, fixed with one end to the wall, where a diagram is drawn from zero to "dry", "wet" can also be a primitive barometer. When it rains, the twig bends, as in dry weather (Fig. 20).

Adaptations, devices, structures. The need for self-grabbing in the economy is obvious. There are several types of grippers, but they are based on the principle of a multi-link kinematic chain, driven by a slider moved along the guide (Fig. 23, 24). The auto-gripper is a part of the lifting and transport mechanism and is unthinkable without the use of blocks, levers and other devices that perform these functions.

Lifting devices. The simplest of them are the lever and the rocker used in the construction of wells, as well as temporary structures during the construction of facilities on the site. More complex lifting devices are blocks with ropes and pulleys. If they are equipped with platforms and guides, then it is possible to design primitive elevators for supplying water to a water tank, an outdoor shower (Fig. 24) Winches can serve the same purposes if the rope is passed through a block or roller.

Pumps and pumps. These devices for supplying water can be purchased at the store or made yourself. The pump is a single-cylinder or two-cylinder pump with a rocker arm and a hand drive (fig. 25) Pumps are usually equipped with a motor and operate on a centrifugal or vacuum principle.

Here are some of the pumps manufactured by the industry and intended for use in the garden: VS-0.5 / 18M, Druzhok, NEB 1/20, Strumok, Malysh, Kama-5, Agidsl, TsNB -2, "Rodnik", BKF-4. All the necessary characteristics are indicated in the instructions supplied with the products.

Clamping mechanism. Its use is also multifaceted: tensioning wires and ropes, installing pipes and fences, strengthening the rafters on the roof. The device is not particularly complex, you can do it yourself. The mechanism itself is, as can be seen in the figure, a lever system with a lock. It is quite stiff but can be cushioned with spacers or a spring if needed.

Wedge lock. The device is also quite simple to manufacture and performs the same tightening work when it is necessary to tightly fit parts: for example, planks for flooring.

"Cobra" for picking berries. Whoever collected sea buckthorn knows how difficult it is. But not only sea buckthorn berry picking is difficult. The task is simplified by a "cobra", or a comb for picking berries (Fig. 22). It is not difficult to make a device, but it will give a considerable effect.

Self-clamping when lifting a load. Their difference from self-seizures is that they are triggered at the moment the work is done. In addition, the larger the load is taken, the more firmly it is held. In the figure, you see several options for self-capturing systems.

Fruit pickers. When harvesting apples and pears, you often have to use a stepladder. If you make a fruit picker (Fig. 22), then the need for this will disappear - with a stick length of 1.5-2 m, you can reach the top of even a tall tree. In addition, the removed fruit will not fall to the ground.

There is another version of the fruit picker - from a tin can with a diameter of 10 cm, in the top cover of which teeth are cut. The jar is attached to a stick or aluminum tube. The fruit picker is convenient for picking cherries, plums, raspberries: the cuts of the lid include the stalks of the berries. Having emptied the jar, the fruit picker is put into operation again - and no damage, especially crop losses!

Folding shovel. It is convenient and easily transforms into another garden tool - it all depends on the angle at which you attach its bayonet (fig. 20).

Trowel-scoop. If you weld the side to an ordinary trowel (spatula for applying mortar), as shown in the figure, you will get a new tool. The scoop trowel does not lose the solution, it takes more of it and protects the seams better.

A disposable atomizer can be made from two used ballpoint refills by wiring them together as shown.

Feather incisors. Good wood cutters can be made from clerical pens by inserting them with the writing side into a metal tube and locking them in with a wedge-shaped bushing. Sharpen the tail of the feather and give it the required shape. You can put a wooden handle or a gas bottle on the tube.

Tips, ideas, recipes. The tool must always have its place. For example, on the door of any cabinet from the inside, it is not difficult to nail a rail with slots for pliers, screwdrivers, and a hammer.

A handy file for processing wood (end cuts) can be made from an old bastard file. To do this, it must be released (heated and allowed to cool in air), bend the ends, sawed off under the handle and hardened again. The resulting bracket will be the desired tool. Now all that remains is to attach the handle

A convenient device for carrying firewood can be made from several strips, a thick nylon cord and two pieces of wire. Three holes are drilled in each rail, a cord is passed through them and each rail is fixed with knots. On the two extreme rails, fix

the wire handles are attached to the fitted rubber tubes. Having laid a bundle of firewood on the device, they tie the free ends of the cords in pairs and that's it - the luggage is ready.

The handwheel of the faucet makes a good brass hammer for small jobs. You just need to drill the hole, making it oval, and put the handwheel on the handle

A cutter for boring holes in wood and plastic can be made from a pencil sharpener. It is fixed in the drill chuck.

It is most convenient to cut sandpaper with a nail on the wrong side of the sheet. The edge is smooth.

From a fragment of a hacksaw blade, you can make a convenient knife for stripping insulation from wires. To do this, release the blade, drill a hole in it, make a segment cutout and sharpen the edges of the cutout. After that, harden the canvas again, and wrap the remaining part with insulating tape.

A hole in the glass can be drilled not only with a drill hardened in sealing wax, but also with a conventional one, using a solution of aluminum alum in acetic acid as a cooling and wetting liquid. A plasticine roller is made around the future hole, into which liquid is poured.

A broken baby ball can protect your hands when using the garden shears. To do this, in the middle of the ball you need to cut a hole and put it on a ladle ya tool

To cut fine threads in metal, it is best to use a brace, clamping a tap into its chuck

If there are no metal scissors at hand, the sheet of roofing iron can be quickly and accurately cut with a can opener. To do this, the sheet must be bent along the cut line and tapped with a mallet.

An anvil for small jobs can be made from an old iron by fixing its handle in a wooden block

Siphon cans make good handles for files and other small tools. For large tools, plastic bottles for shampoos and other chemicals are suitable, if they are pre-filled with liquid cement, gypsum or bustilate with sawdust.

If a large drill was not found under the scolding, a hole of the required size can be drilled with three thin ones, clamped in a drill chuck and fastened with several turns of wire.

To cut grooves, spikes, slats on a hacksaw, instead of one, you need to insert two blades. Adjust the width of the cutout by the distance between the blades and the thickness of the washer or spacer between them.

To prevent the earth from sticking to the shovel, you need to drill several holes along its entire blade.

Instead of a thin drill, you can adapt a thin needle, having previously sharpened its end from the side of the ear.

A fruit water plug nailed to the butt of the chisel handle will reliably insure it against splitting.

Handles of hand tools (nippers, pliers) are conveniently wrapped with a PVC tube. To do this, the tube is dipped in acetone for 15 minutes, and when it swells, put it on the handles. After drying, PVC tightly fits the metal.

From the arched leg from the folding bed, in a few minutes you can make a machine for a bow saw. A 70 cm long web is inserted into the slots at the ends of the tube and secured with pins from a nail. The result is a lightweight and powerful saw that can be used by one or two people.

In order for the cross-cut saw to be used alone, it is enough to rearrange the handle from top to bottom, and grease the blade with soap.

Instead of a tap, you can use a steel bolt by sawing three edges on it and hardening it.

You can use a collet pencil to reinforce the greasy drill in the drill chuck.

If the pliers open too tightly, their movement can be facilitated by drilling a hole in the center of the tool axis with a diameter of 0.5-0.7 mm from the diameter of its axis.

By bending the stainless wire gripper, you can easily take pickles out of jars and eggs out of pots of boiling water. The grip is a loop bent at the angle of the shredder.

Painting hard-to-reach places will be facilitated by a pipe bent at an angle into which a brush is inserted. A pipe from a clamshell will do, you don't need to bend it - just cut off the excess with a hacksaw.

You can't drill through stainless steel without trickery! And for the drill, you just need a lubricant from a mixture of machine oil and a small amount of sulfur. Even better, sulfur is mixed with fatty acids. They can be obtained by dissolving low-grade laundry soap in water and adding technical hydrochloric acid there, which makes the oil float. Now you need to cool the water and extract the required product. Fatty acids are mixed with sulfur in a 6: 1 ratio (by weight).

The effectiveness of an abrasive tool can be increased by making a solution of detergent powder (a teaspoon per liter of water) with a cooling liquid.

If the saw squeaks, gets stuck, or does not cut well, do not rush to sow. Wipe the teeth with soap. This advice will help you even if the saw does not pick up damp or resinous wood well.

Scissors cut better when lightly lubricated with wax or paraffin.

Mechanisms and structures. Although minitractors and walk-behind tractors are still a rarity in our gardens and vegetable gardens, the industry has mastered their production, and there will be more and more cars every year. M-5 and M-1, for example, are produced with the necessary set of mounted and trailed working bodies that carry out plowing, harrowing, soil cultivation, digging planting holes, inter-row cultivation, mowing grasses, transporting goods, watering, crushing forage, drilling wells and others. work, completely replacing manual labor on the site.

But these works are also performed by individual mechanisms, many of which are easy to do with your own hands.

Transport vehicles. To their usual set - a stretcher, a wheelbarrow, a cart, a sled - you can add a scooter barrel and a cable car. But the wheelbarrow, and the cart, and the sled are easy to re-equip, to make them more convenient, folding (Fig. 27, 28).

A 200 l scooter barrel is convenient for delivering water. It is only necessary to strengthen it with the imposition of additional hoops that act as rims, they can even be made rubber by installing old bicycle tires, and, having centered, weld bushings with ball bearings. It is on them that the handle-handrail is fixed (Fig. 28).

The suspended cable car is convenient because it is easy to mount and remove. It is usually installed in the middle of the site, where all types of work are concentrated, including the autumn harvest. The cable car also performs other forks of transport work, as can be seen from the figures.

Irrigation and sprinkling systems. Watering a garden or vegetable garden, even with a properly operating irrigation water supply, is not an easy and rather laborious task. Everything can be simplified by equipping an irrigation and rainwater installation, both ground-based and suspended (Fig. 26). It is even made mobile or portable. True, this will require a full set of hoses, connecting and stop valves, which are always in short supply ... It is better to limit yourself to a more modest set: a supply hose, a tee and a piece of a watering hose 1.5-2 m long with holes pre-burnt with a hot awl (Fig. 28 ).

Pipe connections are the hardest part for a grower. Existing locks are unreliable and fail quickly. We offer a number of easy-to-design connections, tested in practice: pneumatic lock, flap lock, spherical joint (Fig. 30).

An interesting machine was invented by William Ozolin for watering garden plots. The device is quite simple: a clock with a weekly winding, a 9-12 V step-down transformer, a relay, a rectifier and an electric pump. The hour hand crawls onto a copper contact attached to any number on the clock, closes the power supply circuit of the electric pump - water supply to the site begins. The arrow has slipped from the contact - the water supply stops.

Watering time is easy to find by lengthening or shortening this contact.

Mechanized weeding. Weed control on the site is a constant concern of the gardener and gardener. Weeding by hand is difficult and time consuming, even with the use of a tool. But the craftsmen have long and rather successfully mechanized this type of work.

In the picture you can see a small, easy-to-use cultivator with interchangeable implements - a duckfoot, a tooth ripper and a hiller (fig. 29)

There are other solutions, articulated and rotary harrows, a picking unit All of them can be installed on bogies designed according to the principle described above

Vegetable seeder. It is not difficult to do it yourself, and it will greatly facilitate the work, not to mention the fact that it will speed up the sowing and carry out it efficiently.

However, you can do without a seeder at all. It is enough to nail a block 80 mm wide on a stick and push the pound prepared for sowing with it to the required depth. The seeds fall evenly on the compacted litter, which guarantees their good and friendly germination.

Potato sorting. The bulkhead of potatoes will be facilitated and accelerated by a bulkhead table made of a low wooden box installed with a slight slope (about 22 e) on low trestles. Drawer length 150 cm, width 75, height 25 cm. The bottom is lattice, made of narrow longitudinal wooden slats or metal rods. In the first half of the box, the gap between the slats is 3-4 cm, and in the second half - 6-7.

The potatoes, rolling down the grate, are sorted, falling into the gaps corresponding to the size of the tubers, and fall into the bags or baskets that have been placed in advance. At the same time, diseased and damaged tubers, stones, remains of tops and soil are selected (Fig. 32).

Potato sorting is made from any material at hand. Both old water pipes and poles are good for the goat.

Sprayer. An efficient garden water sprayer is made easy. A brass or copper tube of a suitable diameter is slightly expanded on one side. On the other hand, a thick lead plate sprayer is soldered to the tube. A recess is knocked out on it with a ball bearing of a suitable diameter. Then a hemisphere is stamped out of annealed brass or copper with a thickness of about 0.5 mm, which is cut so that it fits snugly into the tube. The holes in the sprayer are made in two steps. First, with a 1 mm drill, 36-40 holes are drilled half the thickness of the metal, placing them in a checkerboard pattern or along a spiral pattern, then a needle is pushed into smaller holes (Fig. 32).

The sprinkler can also be made from 2 mm aluminum according to the pattern shown in the figure (dimensions in cm). A clamp is put on the end of the hose, the sprinkler itself is pivotally attached to it with a common bolt. The second bolt serves as the axis of the spring, the compression of which regulates the width and distance of the spray during watering (fig. 32)

Rain water supply. It makes sense to build it in the garage, poultry house, greenhouse. It is based on a rain catchment from the roof, which flows into a tank equipped with a tap and an overflow pipe (Fig. 33). It is advisable to install a strainer in the funnel of the tank.

Rainwater is good for irrigation, and it eats and is combined with a solar generator, then such a storage device can work to heat the same chicken coop or rabbit house in automatic mode.

A solar generator can be made from the freon condenser of a broken home refrigerator - a black metal panel on the back of the refrigerator. The ends of her pipes only need to be connected to a water tank. The condenser facing the sun actively absorbs heat and provides convection of water, heating it (fig. 33).

You can do it even easier by painting a water tank with black paint and closing it with a transparent cap made of glass frames or a film stretched over a frame or plexiglass. Then neither rain nor wind will interfere with the heating of the tank by the sun (Fig. 33).

Savvy at the construction of a house and homestead structures. When laying the ceiling and especially the roof, there is always an acute question with the supply of material upward. The block can, of course, be put on. Even build a lifting platform. But how to feed boards, slats, rolls, sheets? One by two? Package? And how to tie the bag so that it does not crumble on your head?

The problem is solved by the clamp for tightening the load to be packed, which you see in the picture. Its device is simple, its reliability is guaranteed. Connected in pairs, such staples will pull together, any package!

Nail, nail, strife! It would seem, what is simpler - a nail? But here, too, there is a trick. If you need to prevent the structure from loosening, it is not at all necessary to take long nails, pierce blocks or boards with them, so that later for strength to bend the protruding ends. It is easier to use a nail invented by V. Mozaikov from Barnaul (Fig. 33), which differs from the usual one in that it is provided with oblique notches. Such a nail easily enters the tree, but it is no longer possible to pull it back out.

Always have a clean spatula with the caretaker. However, cans can be successfully used by painters who do not need to constantly carry around the entire can of paint. It is enough to take a tin can, bend the top lid (not completely cut off with a can opener) in the shape of a pen, and you will get a convenient paint mold for 10-15 brush strokes, which are enough to paint over any hard-to-reach place.

You can stir the paint well using a drill, in the cartridge of which a threaded pin is clamped. A plywood or cardboard circle is put on this hairpin, covering a can of paint, and a lamb or a snob with a thread or a nozzle made of thick wire is screwed onto the lower end. Now all that remains is to turn on the drill.

How to cut a slate sheet without crumbling it or splitting it on the cut? It is moistened with water. Cracked slate does not need to be painted or glued with a cloth, all this is a temporary repair. Such slate will stand for another year, a lot - two. It is more reliable to repair worn slate with special mastic, which includes PVA glue, cement of grade 300 and higher, fluffed asbestos and water. PVA can be replaced with frost-resistant paints (E-AK-111, E-VA-17, E-V-17, etc.), and fluffed asbestos - with sheet, grated. The repair mixture is prepared in small portions for 2-3 hours of work, mixing 1-2 parts of cement with 3 parts of fluffed asbestos. PVA glue is diluted by half with water. The repair mixture must have the consistency of sour cream. The cleaned and washed sheets of slate are carefully cleaned with emery on a fabric basis in the places of cracks, primed with PVA glue (diluted with water 1: 3), all damage is smeared with a paste, cracks are rubbed. It is better to do this in two layers (the second layer after the first has dried) and in cloudy weather.

Cutting tiles is not so easy, especially if tiles need to be cut into strips of equal width. The best cutter is the beak-sharpened drill bit. Such a cutter goes to the required depth and cuts an even groove along the entire length, both on the front and on the back. Now you can put the tiles on a log block, hanging the cut off part, and, putting a rail on it, break it off with a sharp blow, remembering to secure the remaining part securely or hold it with your hand.

Dry or Wet? This is not an idle question when it comes to talking about brickwork. If it is led by an experienced master, who knows the secrets of laying bricks "pressed" and "flush", then he will give preference to dry bricks. And it fits tightly, does not slip, and the mitten is dry. But it is better for a beginner to still masonry with wet brick so that it is possible to correct the error and achieve quality with accuracy and slowness. Of course, wet walls take longer to dry, but they are stronger. It is not for nothing that the ancient builders worked only with the wet method! And the ancients knew a lot about buildings ...

Brickwork geometry. It is possible not to speak about this importance - violations of verticality and horizontality are equally dangerous and threaten the future house with destruction. For the "stove", from which it is customary to dance, an amateur bricklayer must take a zero mark. It can be fixed using the "flexible water level (pipette at the ends of the hose), which was already mentioned above. Usually this is done on the foundation, on which the measuring rod will later be installed - ordering - and the cord is pulled along which the masonry itself will go.

So, zero mark. One pipette at the end of the hose is fixed motionlessly on the right corner of the foundation, the other on the left and subsequent corners. It is necessary to achieve complete coincidence of the liquid level in the pipettes and

Table 7 Determination of relative air humidity (in%)

Wet thermometer reading	Difference between dry and wet bulb readings								Note
									The number on the intersection of the lines is an indicator of humidity. For example, while the dry thermometer is 9 o. a "wet" 7, the difference in readings is 2 ° This means the humidity is 73%

fix the levels on the foundation with dashes. They will be the zero level marks.

Ordering is just a lath, a corner with marked divisions every 77 mm (65 mm brick thickness and 12 mm mortar seam thickness). These slats or corners are installed at the corners of the foundation and are precisely fixed with zero marks. The order is fixed with staples, and the verticality is controlled by a level or plumb line.

Homemade psychrometer. To determine the humidity in the cellar and underground, which is associated with the subsequent warming of their ceilings and the improvement of waterproofing, it is good to have a psychrometer at hand - a special device made up of two alcohol thermometers. One of the thermometers is in a humid environment and shows a more viscous temperature than the control one. Now look at the table, which, based on the difference in readings between "dry" and "wet" thermometers, allows you to determine the relative humidity in the air.

Weirs. Roofs must be dry even after heavy rain. For this, weirs are equipped: gutters along the edge of the roof, collecting water and discharging it into the gutters. For these works, it is better to use galvanized iron.

The width of the blanks is determined by the diameter of the grooves, taking into account the seam allowances (usually 120-150 mm). The paysus are sewn into a tape with a single fold, the width of the flanging is marked with a thickness gauge, which is performed with a mallet on the square of the workbench, and on the first strip, the flanging at an angle of 90 ° is done in one direction, on the other - in the opposite direction. All these operations are clearly visible in the figures.

The second operation is to fill the fold with a mallet at each strip. After that, the edges are brought into the lock so that they tightly and accurately coincide along the entire seam. The final operation is the undercut of the fold, after which the seam can no longer disperse.

After stitching all the strips into a tape, it is flanged (folded) on both sides into the future gutter. This operation is carried out along the entire length. Then the gutter itself is bent using a suitable pipe. The gutters are suspended under the edge of the roof overhang on brackets with a slope for water drainage. It is better to fix the gutters with wire so that they can be removed for the winter (when removing snow from roofs, they can be easily damaged)

The gutters are also made of galvanized iron. As a rule, a single fold with undercut is used. They are bent on a mandrel pipe, like the grooves. It is better to put the drain in a barrel so that the water can be used as shown in the pictures.

You should also take care of the water chippers, which in case of oblique rain can damage not only the basement of the building, but also the foundation. They are made of any iron (galvanized, of course, better!) And attached to the wall. At the corners, they are connected with a single standing lock.

Plastering works. Throw the solution with a plaster spatula, and smear and smear on the wall with a falcon or a scraper. But it is rarely possible to get an even layer, you need skill. Since the novice developer has no time to acquire the skill, and there is no need, you can simplify everything by focusing on the solution itself and the technology of one hundred application on the wall.

So, before applying the mortar, the wall must be prepared: cleaned of dust and possible influx of masonry mortar, and also moisten with water. A garden sprayer or sprinkler works well for this. It is better to apply the solution with your hands in rubber gloves, and not with a tool. It is better to do a thick layer of plaster in two steps, letting it dry, "grab onto" the lower layer. Having "poured" the solution, it must be leveled in order to have time to eliminate its own oversights - sinks, irregularities.

Smoothness is achieved by troweling when the plaster dries slightly. It is best to do this with a sponge dipped in water: the surface layer of the plaster liquefies and tightens the remaining scratches. A well-plastered wall "praises itself", acquiring an even matte tone.

Reinforcement of reinforcement. When equipping a house with various security devices (grilles on windows, etc.), it is necessary to securely fix all the reinforcement, regardless of the material - whether it is brick, concrete, stone or wood. Concrete is clearly not good enough: old and new concrete are fragile when bonded to each other. It can be replaced with polymer concrete. Here is the recipe: a mixture of sand and cement (grade 300 and higher) is mixed with a liquid PVA solution or a bustilate.

In a brick or concrete wall, a hole for the fastening element is rolled in the right place, priming the inner surface with a liquid solution of the glue on which the polymer concrete is made. Then a portion of concrete and a fastening element are introduced into the hole. Concreting bolts, studs, rods are deformed for more reliable fixation (fig. 33)

In wood, the reinforcement is installed on epoxy putties Calcium carbonate, aluminum oxide, talc, graphite, fine quartz sand, kaolin, ground mica are kneaded on the glue

Working with glass. After many years of oblivion, stained-glass windows are again in vogue - glazing made of colored glass in the form of drawings, geometric shapes, and various kinds of abstractions. It is not easy to buy ready-made colored glasses, but you can make them yourself For this, a gelatinous coating, easily stained in any color, is well suited Recipe - 5 g of gelatin dissolve in 100 g of water at a temperature of 80-95 "Any dye can be added to this solution - ink, aniline, stir well and apply on clean, dry glass.Dry the glass at room temperature.To prevent moisture, the dried coating can be covered with a layer of varnish or covered with a second glass.

You can also make frosted glass for decorating a veranda yourself. There are two ways, applying liquid glass-based compositions to glass and etching glass with hydrofluoric acid. The same methods are also suitable for applying various kinds of patterns and even "eternal tulle"

Matting glass with silicate stationary glue, which is liquid glass, with and without dyes, requires a very thorough, almost perfect layer application.

There is an even more risky way to use liquid glass, when the pattern is chipped with a layer of glue, forming chipped

The etching method is more complicated, but will give a very good effect. 50% hydrofluoric acid is used.The glass is preliminarily treated with a layer of paraffin, on which the future drawing is drawn. vapors Then the glass is washed with a solution of soda

"Dry" etching is safer. The solution is prepared from 12 parts of hydrofluoric acid, 10 parts of barium sulfate and 10 parts of ammonium fluoride. Pour the pattern prepared for etching with this solution and leave to dry. Then the glass is washed with a soda solution. There are other etching methods.

Now about how to cut glass correctly and avoid common mistakes.

The main condition is that the glass cutter must be in good working order and cut to the required depth, not break off the edge of the glass, sliding off it. To do this, it is better to grind off the glass cutter body, as shown in the figure.

The second trouble awaiting a glass cutter is the loss of the cutting line. To prevent this from happening, a side chamfer is removed from the tool body (Fig. 34).

Tapping the glass cut along the entire length is carried out from below and break off the cut edge either with a glass cutter or pliers, but in no case with your hand!

And finally, carrying the glass sheets. There are secrets here too. You can see two of them in the pictures.

Welding of films. There are many ways to join plastic films using a soldering iron, an electric burner, hot metal strip. But it is much easier to make a nozzle in the form of a rotating wheel or disc that can be put on a soldering iron tip.

If the wheel is made stepwise, then it can not only be welded, but also cut off the film (Fig. 34).

Remember, this will come in handy! So that when cutting the plywood, its edges do not chip off, the place of the cut must be wetted with hot water. >

You don't have to drill a hole or dig a hole to drive in a fence post. It is necessary to remove the sod, water this place with water and start hammering in the post, not forgetting to constantly add more and more water. So you can deepen the post by 50 cm.

To cut a round stick along the end, you need to put on a clamp with a saw cut for the saw, which will be the guide.

If a film has formed on the layer of paint, put an old nylon stocking on it and calmly dip the brush until you have used up all the paint. Then just throw the stocking away.

When preparing a mortar on cement, stir it not with a shovel. but with a pitchfork. This is more convenient, and the mixture is more homogeneous.

Pole pits can be made using a sharply butt-1 pipe, removing the soil in portions through specially made holes.

If an uneven wire is pulled through a hole in a wooden plank (the plank should be tilted in relation to the direction of movement of the wire), then it will be straightened almost perfectly.

When drilling tiles, the drill is moistened with turpentine, not water.

A tightly seated screw can be easily unscrewed if the head is heated with a soldering iron.

Before painting metal objects, be sure to wipe them down with a cloth dipped in vinegar.

Devices and systems. If the bottom side of the door starts to cling to the floor, it is not necessary to remove it from its hinges. It is necessary to slip a well-divorced joiner's hacksaw at an angle, stand on it with your foot and vigorously open and close the door several times.

In new homes, door frames are often loosened. To fix them, you need to drill two or three holes in the box and the end of the wall (from top to bottom) on each side, and hammer wooden plugs in them, and drive metal rods (preferably forged) into the plugs.

A door that does not fit tightly to the jambs is well supported by a rubber hose heel. When nailing it to the jamb, do not forget to put washers under the heads of the nails, otherwise they will cut through the hose and nullify all your work.

There will be less blowing from the front door if the gap between the door and the jamb on the hinge side is closed with a strip of plastic wrap. It can be secured with simple pushpins. To avoid blowing under the doors, nail a sealing roller made of a strip of cloth or other dense material onto their bottom end.

A small piece of graphite, placed in the slot of the raised door hinge, will save you from squeaking - the graphite will crumble into powder and will serve as an excellent hinge lubricant for a long time.

A drop of engine oil put into the hinge loops will also save you from the squeak.

When hanging doors, it is better to use removable hinges, which are divided into right and left. They are also convenient in that the door can be raised with a washer inserted between the hinge parts, and the hinge parts cut off at an angle make it possible to tightly close and easily open the door, since it “rolls over”.

To prevent the wide-swinging door from knocking off the plaster on the wall with a handle, it is necessary to nail a stop in the form of a cone, which will fix the door. So that the same door does not damage the furniture standing next to the jamb, a rubber suction cup from a soap dish or an old toy must be fixed on it.

If the doors swing open by themselves or close from the slightest breath of breeze, then this can only mean that the hinges are set incorrectly. In the first case, the upper loop must be deepened, and in the second, a gasket must be placed under the loop.

Sheds, gates, wickets. All of them use simple hinge mechanisms, which are a hook with a loop on it. Hinges can also be used, but they will require maintenance - lubrication, tightening screws. There are also more closed hinge systems, widely used by our ancestors. You can see some of their varieties in the pictures. The main requirement for them is simplicity and reliability. Moreover, the structures themselves - sheds, gates and wickets - are always in extreme weather conditions and their main purpose is to shelter people, animals and plantings from rain, wind, snow.

Window shutters play a different role. Their hinge mechanisms, like the locking mechanisms, must be absolutely reliable (Fig. 34). The same type of protective devices includes blinds, grilles, nets, curtains. We do not consider their devices, but we give pictures of some of them (Fig. 35).

Window. The glasses are cut so that they easily fit into the folds, filling them about three quarters in width, then the glass will not burst in the frame swollen from water.

When driving frame studs, use a curved nail with a severed sharp end to prevent scratches on the glass.

It is more practical to insert glasses on a double putty, which in this method should be loose, in the form of a roller or tape along the entire length and width of the fold. Glass is placed on it, pressed tightly around the entire perimeter, so that there are no places not filled with putty between it and the sides of the folds. The putty squeezed out at the same time is smoothed with a knife at a right angle or a cone. This helps to achieve tightness.

Twin glass (with an air gap) installed in the window reduces heat loss, attenuates noise, does not freeze in frost. The two glasses must be placed on top of each other through a cardboard spacer covered with oil paint. You can also use a rubber pad.

A small rectangle made of cardboard, tin or other dense material, attached to the glass, will protect the glass from accidental smears when painting the window sashes.

If this happens, then it is best to scrape off the dried paint with a safety razor blade or cut off with a sharpened chisel.

If you need to open the vents right away, then it is better to hook them together. You can fix the width of the opening of the open window with a hinged limiter assembled from parts of a children's designer. You can make this stopper from an old folding rule by tapping the rivets with a hammer and punching holes for screws or nails.

To prevent dust from accumulating in a window closed for the winter, block the gap between the inner and outer vents with a piece of thin cardboard or thick paper to match the color of the windows, or paint it beforehand - the partition will not stand out much. This will reduce heat transfer between the frames, and the room will be ventilated faster.

Covering and sealing windows can be combined in one operation. Warm up a syringe without a needle and paraffin (candle) in hot water (not lower than 70 °) Pull paraffin into the syringe and fill all the cracks with it from top to bottom

Locks and locks. In addition to locks, temporary and permanent locks are installed in houses: spin-biscuit-type latches, latches, pinwheels, embedded slats or beams.

There is no point in describing them - they are known to everyone. But in some cases, these locks go well with both overhead and internal locks, not to mention hinged ones.

So, an overhead lock with a retractable bolt in combination with an ordinary window bolt (Fig. 34) no one can open with a key while you are at home. No one will enter the house if the door, in addition to the lock, is also closed with a chain or closed with a latch.

It is impossible to knock out the door if you put it on the stop, as can be seen in the figure.

There are reliable locks that secure the locks. One of them is the "secret" heck shown in the picture. It works according to the principle of a French lock, where the larva 1 walks freely in the cage 2. Spring 3 with the rod 4 fixed in the handle 5 allows the larva 1 to snap into place on the lug 6. The rod 7 from a reliable nylon cord is thrown over the blocks and ends with a camouflaged handle or pedal with which you can easily open the door from the outside.

According to this type, you can develop your own designs of hidden constipations.

A reliable method of protection is to jam the lock itself with a plate resembling a broken key. Without knowing the secret, you can't get it out. And the secret may lie in a special slot or drilled hole through which the wedge is removed with a paper clip or a piece of wire. You can also insert a plate without grips, but then it is removed with a thin file from a jigsaw. By the way, you can get really broken keys with a file.

Doorbells. It is known that the electric bell is annoying and quite noisy. The sharpness of the sound can be reduced by sticking a strip of adhesive tape between the hammer and the drummer, but the timbre ... However, the craftsmen also found a way out here, suggesting, instead of an electric bell, put a bicycle bell on the door, passing the scourge from its tongue through a pre-drilled hole in the door and the jamb ...

This principle can be used to install other signaling devices: gongs, bells, hammers, etc.

The painter needs only ingenuity! Paint brushes are an eternal problem: it is not easy to buy and save after work. And their variety is so great that you literally get lost: do you need so many brushes? Unfortunately, you have to. There are no universal ones, and each is designed for its own type of work (Fig. 36, 37).

However, most of the brushes can be made by yourself. And it's quite simple: take a piece of bast or nylon thread, pull them off with twine or wire, put them on a stick, chop off with an ax - that's all. As in the picture, for example.

Many of the brushes will successfully replace foam rollers and even a vacuum cleaner with a spray bottle!

So, brushes. Hair from a paint brush will not fall out and remain on the surface to be painted if you drill a hole in the cage (crimp ring) and put a few drops of waterproof glue inside. By combining a spatula and a brush, you have a versatile tool for removing sag and putty residues. To do this, you need to saw through the handle of the brush and insert an iron plate into it, securing it securely. To whitewash the ceiling, you need a long-handled brush. An ordinary brush is pushed onto a long stick, the end of which is cut off at an angle of 30 ° and a piece of rubber hose is put on, in which two holes are made for the handle of the brush. It is much more reliable than simply attaching a brush. To prevent paint from dripping from the brush onto you, slide half a rubber ball over the handle. The same task will be performed by a cardboard screen rolled up in a cone. The seam of the cone must be coated with plasticine.

The role of a wide brush can be performed by an ordinary shoe brush.

Foam brushes are good. They do not leave streaks as they absorb paint well.

How to paint? Firstly, there is no need to open windows and doors, create drafts. Prepare all painted surfaces for work in advance: remove sconces and chandeliers, paintings and carpets, move or remove furniture, repair cracks. First of all, they paint the ceiling. Apply a slow layer of paint or whitewash towards the window. Whitewash on a slightly damp surface - it is better to pre-wash the ceiling with warm water and table salt (50-100 g of salt per 10-liter bucket) Apply any paint in a thin layer: 2-3 layers are always stronger than one thick one.

Start coloring with a few criss-cross strokes, and then rub them. Do not put a lot of paint on the brush and roller, so as not to paint yourself.

When finished, wash and dry your brushes thoroughly.

Bcl about paint. No matter how tightly cover the paint can, small holes still remain. To get rid of them, flip the can for a second. The paint will fill in these holes, and the air will no longer be afraid of the contents of the can.

It is hardly advisable to dip a roller or brush directly into a paint can. It is easier to use some kind of mesh loosely stretched over the jar and tied with twine. It can be gauze, nylon, metal mesh. It not only dispenses paint, but also saves you the need to filter it if a film has formed in the paint.

Rollers. It is advisable to paint large surfaces (floor, walls, ceiling) with a roller. However, before you put it into work, you need to paint over with a brush the places where the roller cannot be turned around.

It is easy to make a paint roller yourself. To do this, it is enough to grind a round blank, cover it with foam rubber, artificial fur or other fleecy material. Tuck the ends carefully, make the seam neat. Bend a hook from a thick wire, the axis of which should be longer than the roller. A hole in the roller can be pierced or drilled. Bend the end of the hook or cut the thread for the nut. Put the handle on the other end of the hook. Other options are also possible (fig. 35).

Take note of this. Adhesives are divided into three groups: animal, vegetable and synthetic resin. The first group includes - bone, casein, milk casein, casein with brown, casein with ammonia solution, casein with slaked lime, casein with caustic soda, gelatin waterproof, for glass and porcelain on egg white. Here are three recipes without additives, the use of which will be specified in the note.

Bone glue. Available in tiles and granules. 400 g of glue must be melted in a water bath in 2.25 liters of water and displaced with 80 g of dextrin, 30 g of sugar and 110 g of glycerin. If you add 130 g of nigrosine, the glue turns black. It is used for gluing joinery.

Casein glue. Mix 300 g of casein with 40 g of sodium fluoride, 120 g of powdered slaked lime, 30 g of borax or soda ash. When mixed with water, this mixture thickens slowly and has high adhesive properties. Casein glue can be used to glue plastic to wood.

Gelatin waterproof glue. Dissolve 100 g of gelatin in 500 ml of warm water. Dissolve 70-80 g of potassium dichromate separately in 250-300 ml of water. Heat both solutions to a temperature of 30-35 ° and mix. The resulting glue is used for gluing plywood with plaster, glass with wood, oilcloth with bricks. The addition of ammonia, caustic soda and hydrated lime prevents it from setting quickly and strengthens the seams to be glued.

Vegetable adhesives include: dextrin, light stationery, dextrin-starch, potato starch and mixtures thereof. Here are two recipes for making glue.

Light stationery glue. Dissolve 10 g of borax in 200 ml of warm water. Add 100 g of dextrin to the solution with stirring. Cook the resulting mass for several minutes, then add 10 g of hydrogen peroxide. Strain the hot solution. The glue is suitable not only for working with paper, but also for small carpentry work.

Adhesive for glass, paper, porcelain and leather. Stir 50 g of crushed and sifted quicklime, 10 g of flour and 5 g of linseed oil until the mixture turns into a thick, viscous mass.

There are many synthetic adhesives. Let's dwell on two of them: rubber and liquid glass. Although both are sold ready-made, they can also be made at home. Especially rubber. To do this, it is enough to put 10 g of finely chopped rubber (raw rubber) in a jar and pour 100 g of benzene. Close the jar tightly. After dissolving the rubber, the glue is ready for use.

Now about putties. Since many of them are made with glues, the conversation can only go about fillers. They are most often chalk, cement, gypsum, asbestos. But there are putties, which themselves act as glue and are used when working with metal, glass, wood, rubber, leather, linoleum.

Here are some recipes.

Finely chopped linoleum is filled with acetone. After 5-6 hours, the putty is ready. Putty can be used to coat gaps in the floor, repair an aquarium, and seal pipe joints.

Mix 200 g of lead sulfate with a solution of 50 g of glycerin and 50 ml of water. Mix everything vigorously. Since the mixture hardens quickly, it must be used immediately. It is suitable for working with metal, glass, wood, stone, brick.

Melt 200 g of finely chopped rubber and 175 g of rosin in an enamel bowl in a water bath.

Add 125 g of linseed oil to the cooled mixture. Stir the mixture until a homogeneous mass is obtained. The resulting putty is waterproof. It can be used for gluing rubber tires on a leather base, for repairing shoes. Hot applied

How to measure timber? After all, it is not sold by the piece and not by weight, and the measurement technique in volumes is quite complicated, even the regulatory authorities are not always able to check the accuracy of the release from the base or warehouse. "We will try to help you.

The volume of the slab, according to the rules, is pre-sorted by length into two groups (up to 2 m and more) and stacked with thin and thick ends alternately, and the slab surface is up and down. Short ones are stacked with docking The stack should have the same height, as well as right angles and the most dense stacking After that, by multiplying the average height of the package by the length and width, its cubic capacity is determined. In this regard, there are concepts of dense and compact cubic meters, which, according to the conversion factor, are translated into the concept of dense mass. For a slab, this coefficient is 0.48

The volume of sawn softwood and hardwood is determined in two ways: by measuring and by calculating Or using the gost cubature, where there are the necessary tables of volumes of one meter of length and piece For example, you need to find the volume of 70 edged boards 22 mm thick, 125 mm wide and 4 , 5 m. According to the table, this is 0.01238 m 3 Multiply by the number of boards and we get 0.8666 m 3

As for the measurement of unedged sawn timber, there are specific features here, the width of the unedged and edged board is defined as half the sum of the widths of two layers measured in the middle of the board without bark

Round timber is also measured in accordance with GOST according to the thickness of the upper end and the length of the log So, a log with a top diameter of 18 cm and a length of 6 mm has a volume of 0 194 m 3 Therefore, they only need to be counted and multiplied. Moreover, logs larger than 16 cm belong to the category of sawlogs, and they have a different price

Fig 20. The simplest crafts.

A grubber; Used wedges for an ax; V. G planted with overlays; D simple wagterpass. E plumb line; F hose with pipettes (a simple and accurate level gauge of two is accurate on a plane); 3 spray bottle; (1 sklzdmm shovel; K simple barometer tree

Rice. 30. Options for connecting pipes:

A - union lock (1 - coupling, 2 - flange, 3 - rubber gasket, 4 - pipe, 5 - clamp loop, 6 - tie bolt); B - quick-release lock (1 - half-coupling, 2 - tooth for the loop of the carabiner, 3 - loop, 4 - carabiner, 5 - hinge, 6 - pipe, / - flange, 8 - rubber gasket); В - "spherical" joint (L - pipes, hoses, 2 - hemisphere, 3 - rubber gasket, 4 - hairpin); Г - one-bolt docking option * (1 - pipes, 2 - butted heads, 3 - tie bolt, 4 - rubber gasket).

Rice. 31. Manual seeder:

1 - wheel, 2 - seeding roller, 3 - tubular handle, 4 - bracket, 5 - wooden cushions, b - rubber tube, 7 - tie bolt, 8 - stop bolt, 9 - opener, 10 - handle, 11 - tie bolt , 12 - steel plate, B - closing loop.

A - articulated harrow (1 - frame, 2 - teeth, 3 - deflecting lever, 4 - bar, 5 - hydraulic cylinder); b - peg unit (1 - frame, 2 - drum with pegs, 3 - transmission chain, 4 - sprocket, 5 - transmission from the engine); B - rotary harrow (1 - frame bar, 2 - spoke comb); G - potato sorting; D - sprinkler; E - sprayer (1 - device assembled, 2 - mandrel for sieve extrusion).

A - bracket for tightening weights (1 - body, 2 - adjustable bracket, 3 - stops, 4 - roller with spring, 5 - spring, 6 - cable, 7 - hook loop, 8 - lever, 9 - fixed fastening of the throughput loop, i.0 - removable loop for threading the cable); B - solar generator (glazed black tank;; C - solar generator from the condenser of the refrigerator; D - rain collector for the garage; D - hose-level for breaking the "zero" mark; E - fastening the reinforcement of the gratings (1 - fastening in concrete or brick wall, 2 - fastening in a wooden wall); F - fastening the lattice plate on the pins; 3 - a nail with herringbone notches.

Rice. 34. Hinges

GA - canopy, B - wedge, C - joint, G - ring, D - lock, B - ball, F - angle, 3 - seam, I - spring); K - shutters (1 - shutter hinges, 2 - temporary fastening krkzh, 3 - a through splinter with a pin, 4 - a strip of the vestibule); L - lock with a latch; M - welding and cutting of the film; H - secret latch (H - lock, 2 - body, 3 - spring rod (4) on the stop connected to the lock (5), 6 - inlet for the lock, 7 - nylon lace that opens the latch); О - a sample of sharpening a glass cutter, so as not to beat off the edge of the glass; P - sharpening sample for marking; R - transfer of glass "by hand to a thing"; C - transfer of glass on the shoulder (be sure to put a rail or cardboard under the string).

A - blinds; B, C, D, D - lattices (ray, annular, geometric and drawing); E - door on the stop; F - grid on the window; 3 - a brush for whitewashing on a long stick; And - rollers

for painting.

Rice. 36. Paint brushes.

Rice. 37. Homemade brushes.

Homemade agricultural machinery is very popular with farmers in Russia. Such structures are much cheaper than factory ones. And the flight of the creative imagination of the masters is not limited by anything. Quite interesting developments are obtained that are used in agriculture.

Homemade agricultural machinery from a walk-behind tractor

Many farmers are familiar with the advantages of a conventional walk-behind tractor used in a household. Motorcycle constructions usually run on gasoline or diesel engines. The presence of wheels allows you to perform many tasks. As a result, part of the land work is easier for the farmer. In what designs is the walk-behind tractor used?

If a farmer knows how to use a locksmith tool, a walk-behind tractor in his hands can turn into a useful unit. It can be used for:

• plowing the land;
• snow removal;
• transportation of bulk materials;
• lawn mowing;
• planting and harvesting potatoes;
• as a plow.

All designs from a walk-behind tractor can be divided into two groups. In the first case, attachments are used, in the second, the walk-behind tractor is overhauled.

Major reconstruction of the walk-behind tractor

If you show perseverance and imagination, you can make unique homemade agricultural machinery. The main types of units obtained from the walk-behind tractor:

• Trailer. This device is based on the creation of an additional trailed structure. It is important to take into account the displacement of the center of gravity, which will move backward. You also need to widen the front axle.
• All-terrain vehicle. The tiller is installed on a 4-wheel frame. The finished structure will resemble an ATV or a tractor. It turns out to be an excellent homemade agricultural equipment for farmers. It is agile and highly functional.

• Hay picker. Almost all farmers build a hay picker from a walk-behind tractor. The structure is a welded frame made of pipes that are attached to a plate and installed back. Two wheels are attached in front. It turns out something like a mini-tractor.
• Snowmobile. If you install tracks on the motorcycle structure, it will make an excellent transport for movement in the conditions of snowy winters.

Homemade potato digger

The potato digger is attached to the tractor. During the movement, the knives cut the ground and collect the potato tubers. During the vibration, excess soil is shaken off the potatoes. Clean tubers are thrown into the aisles, where they are harvested by hand. Homemade agricultural machinery presents many variations of this device. Working on this unit, the craftsman can determine the thickness of the iron structures and their strength. The base is made up of a frame, which is welded from corners and a channel. A ploughshare is made of iron plates, which is attached to the elevator casing.

The elevator is given a slight tilt. Prepare rotating shafts and a drum, a transport and support part. The structure is rather complicated, therefore, it cannot be made without special technical skills. And in terms of cost, such a device will not be cheap.

Self-made agricultural machinery with your own hands is a good idea for advanced craftsmen with special skills. If there are no such abilities, the farmer can choose any units in the store.

You have successfully entered the youtube video "Hands from the Shoulders". The presenter just has a great portion of homemade ideas for the household.

1. Everyone had to beat off the oil paint from the wall at least once. Not a pleasant experience. If there is still work to be done like this, a great way to facilitate this process. It is very simple to make such a scapula. And the time saved is better spent on something more pleasant and useful. Now you don't have to scrape the wall with your own hands. Great idea for a household.

2. If there is no hammer drill, well, there is a grinder, then using a diamond cup, you can also do this work. Having made a casing with a nozzle for a vacuum cleaner, get rid of most of the were. Without a casing, I will be so much that you can easily turn into a snowman.

3. When working with curved parts, it is often necessary to know their dimensions. You can, of course, attach a rope or wire. There is a better way. A homemade curvimeter will tell you the length of the curved track. We twist the roller all the way to the handle. We draw a curvimeter along the line to be measured. At the same time, the roller is unscrewed by a certain distance. Next, it remains to take a tape measure and measure the distance to complete twisting.

4. Many live in private houses or have summer cottages or vegetable gardens. The hot season will come when you have to plant seedlings. In order not to crawl on all fours in the beds, there is a cool device. You probably wouldn't expect tedious work to be done quickly and easily. The author claims that with this method, to facilitate the work of agricultural workers, up to 2,000 bushes can be planted in a day. If the seedlings are planted in large cups, or have already greatly outgrown, then the option with a shorter tube will do.

The principle of a home-made device for planting cabbage: a 100 mm pipe, two triangular plates rolled up with a groove are welded from below, one tightly, the second on a hinge, plus a leg with a return spring to it, at 30, 45 degrees. To the pipe there is a support plate for adjusting the planting depth. Bucket handles and ring. A bit of scrap metal and half a day of work.

5. When planting potatoes, there is also an interesting alternative to a shovel. This homemade design is even simpler than the previous one.

6. An interesting idea of ​​a clamp for a drilling machine. It will allow you to securely fix the workpieces without resorting to a vice. Thanks to the lever, the necessary pressure is achieved to hold the parts.

7. Super compact version of folding goat, homemade product will definitely come in handy on the farm. The legs are interconnected by springs.

DIY creative homemade products for the household

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Small-scale mechanization for household plots

1) Diagram of a device for collecting bee venom

4) Home-made mini-electric mills for obtaining coarse and fine flour, mixed feed, peeling sunflower, grinding chalk, salt, grain waste, homemade grinder, etc.

5) Feeder cutter - for chopping any grass, root crops, ears and many others.

6) Powerful stationary wind farm - Provides electricity to a house, estate, farm or summer cottage.

7) "Camping wind farm" - Compact, weighs only 1.5 kg, quickly disassembled and folded into a backpack. An irreplaceable thing for fishermen, tourists, etc.

8) "Portable power plant with a petrol-motor-engine generator" - Compact, gives a voltage of 220 and 380 Volts. The application possibilities are unique

9) Super technology. Installation "BIOGAZ9 - generates gas from waste and garbage. Will provide your house, apartment, summer cottage or household farm with free gas.

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11) Once again about biogas - he heats and cooks himself. Additional features.

12) "Water generator" - a device for collecting moisture from the atmosphere. Productivity is 150 liters. per day. With such a device, you can do without running water.

13) Description of the latest automated watering system for the suburban area and beds.

14) "Water supply of a personal plot or summer cottage" - mechanisms for drilling, drainage, methods of building concrete wells, automatic machines for water supply and irrigation of beds.

15) Constructions of 10 types of home smokers (some can even be placed in the kitchen). Recipes for smoking and cooking pork, rolls, sausages, cervelat, salami, fish. Autoclaves for sterilizing and preserving any food, meat, vegetables, fruits.

16) Multi-hive hive, lounger hive for 16 and 20 frames, universal cassettes, methods of dealing with Varrow tick, etc.

17) "Beekeeper9 - ways to obtain bee venom (expensive product, sold for foreign currency)

19) "The ancient method of beekeeping": How, having a plot outside the city, to provide yourself with honey, without spending either on the purchase of bees or on the maintenance of hives. Super profitable business.

20) Simple incubators and incubation modes for chickens, ducks, turkeys, guinea fowls and more. birds. From what chickens die and how to avoid it. How to shorten the incubation period.

21) Multi-tiered mini rabbit farm - occupies an area of ​​only 1.4 square meters.

22) Quail mini farm in the basement

Simple but very useful tools that will come in handy on the farm.

Of course, someone believes that in everyday life you can be content with a minimum, but when there are a lot of things that can make life easier, and turn routine activities into pleasant chores, it is so difficult to deny yourself the pleasure of trying them in business. And in our review there are 15 simple but very useful tools that will always come in handy on the farm.

1. Device for boiling eggs

A special steam machine for 4 eggs, which will boil them quickly and easily.

2. Extension socket

The socket of the outlet is attached to a long cord, which will allow you to conveniently use the vacuum cleaner or move around the apartment without interrupting charging.

3. Remote control for finding things

This device will forever help you get rid of the painful search for small and necessary things, such as keys, TV remote control, telephone and others. It is a remote control and several key fobs equipped with radio sensors.

4. Hiking chair bag

This duffel bag easily converts into a folding camping chair.

5. Rocking bed

A versatile piece of furniture that combines a highchair and a crib for a newborn. The design of this product allows it to swing slightly, which is sure to please the child.

6. Universal glass

Double-sided glass from which you can drink beer and shots.

7. Cutting board-transformer

A cutting board designed for slicing vegetables, which makes it easy to drain off excess liquid.

8.Phone holder

Hanging shelf holder with convenient fastening.

9. Device for slicing watermelons and melons

A very simple and easy-to-use device that will easily allow you to cut a watermelon or melon into neat slices.

10. Taco stand

A fun taco stand.

11. Spoon mount

This small spoon holder attaches to the pot, keeping kitchen surfaces clean.

12. "Whatnot" for the oven

The design of several metal shelves allows you to cook several dishes in the oven at the same time.

13. Cupcake knife

A small screwdriver knife that allows you to make neat cuts in the cupcakes for the filling.

14. Baby cot

A compact bed for a toddler, which consists of three walls and an attachment that can be attached to an adult bed.

15. Shoe hanger

This shoe mount will fit in any closet and get rid of bulky shoe boxes forever.

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Interesting homemade products for a summer residence and a garden with your own hands

DIY drawings for a summer residence and a vegetable garden will be useful to everyone. A dacha is the ultimate dream, if not of any average person, then every second person for sure. Not everyone, of course, will be lucky enough to become the owner of a suburban area in their lives, but those who are still lucky need to constantly monitor and ennoble it, which requires considerable costs. Do-it-yourself homemade products for a summer cottage and a garden help to maintain your dacha in impeccable condition. Today we will tell you a few secrets of how to save money on buying the necessary things for a summer residence and make them at home. A do-it-yourself grader or self-propelled guns for a tractor, of course, will not work for everyone, but most of the homemade products will definitely come in handy on the farm.

Do-it-yourself variator for the machine

If you need to constantly work at the machine, then the frequent change in speeds leads to wear on the unit and has an additional disadvantage, which is the regular stop of the device. Alternatively, you can use a homemade variator for the machine. It can be made from wood with your own hands, without significant investment of time and money. CVT cones are made of hardwood, and you do not need to use a lathe to make them, you can cut them with a jigsaw at an angle equal to the angle of inclination of the cone.

Scheme of Mironov's clinker variator.

If you are going to assemble a cone from disks, then they must then be glued or nailed down. The finished cones are set deep on metal rods, while attaching them with screws. In order for the belt to move evenly on the machine, roller guides are required. The rollers can be taken from furniture fittings, but if they are not available, ordinary bearings can be used.

An old washing machine is a real treasure

If you have a working motor from a washing machine, then this is a very valuable find, since many useful devices can be made from it. The easiest way is to make an excellent emery from a washing machine engine for sharpening knives, various tools and drills.

The main problem in the manufacture of the device is the attachment of the sharpening stone to the engine body itself. In most cases, the whetstone has a hole that does not fit the motor shaft. That is why you need to make a flange that, on the one hand, can be pressed onto the shaft, and on the other hand, it will have a thread, which will allow you to screw in and fix the grinding wheel.

Image 1. Emery device from the engine of an old washing machine.

Experienced craftsmen recommend that beginners use old pipe cuttings of 32 mm and no more than 20 cm long as a flange. The other end of the pipe is heated with a soldering iron and slipped onto the shaft. To better hold the pipe, it can be bolted together. After that, they take 3 nuts and screw them onto the flange from the thread side until they stop, then put on a washer and, finally, a grinding wheel, then again a washer, secure with a nut. At the end, you can also add a locknut.

The hardest work is done, after that it just remains to secure the motor, but this is a very individual procedure, since it is not known what holes are on the motor from your washing machine for fasteners. Based on them, you need to make a stand, it is best to use small corners, fastening them together and setting the emery on the workbench. The final step will be to connect the engine to the mains. You can look at the finished version of the sharpener in the photo, drawings are also attached (image 1).

Picture 2. Grill from the drum of the washing machine.

Homemade products for summer cottages can also be made from other parts of the machine, for example, an excellent barbecue maker can turn out from a drum. The drum in washing machines is made of stainless steel, which is important in itself, since the body is very strong and reliable. It is very easy to make homemade products for giving out of the drum, you just need to remove it from the body of the machine, but together with the shaft and pulley. We put the pulled out drum with the hatch on top, and with the wheel down. So the brazier is ready, with the help of a grinder, you can, of course, cut the front part of the drum or sides so that it is more convenient to throw firewood, but here it all depends on your free time and imagination. Such an improvised brazier looks very neat, with the drum dotted with small holes, which allows the air to be evenly distributed over the coals and provide the necessary heat (image 2).

Hand circular saw from a grinder

Picture 3. Diagram of the circular saw device.

A circular in the country is a very useful thing, few people know, but you can make it from a grinder. You only have to finish 2 elements: the sliding stop and the axial handle. After that, you can use your circular saw from the grinder at any time.

As a sliding stop, 2 small pieces of metal corner are suitable. The edges of the corner are rounded off so that they do not catch on the part during processing. The corners are connected to each other from the back and front using bolts or nuts. On the body of the above power tool itself, you need to put on a clamp made of metal tape. A double-folded strip of tin or galvanized steel with a hole for the rear bolt of the sliding stop is attached to the screw tie of the clamp, which will be located below.

In the grinder gearbox we make 4 small holes for M5 bolts. For convenience, the gearbox can be disassembled first to better see where the hole can be made. These 4 holes are required to attach the handle. The handle can be made from a regular metal tube. This completes the manual version of the saw from the grinder, if you want to make a real stationary version of the circular saw, then you will need more skills in work, tools and well-calculated drawings (image 3).

Agricultural equipment and devices

Agricultural machinery is a very important tool in the country, without which no owner can do. Agricultural machinery today costs a lot, and I don't really want to spend a lot of money on a thing that is rarely used, but at the same time they cannot do without it. One of the most popular devices is a wheelbarrow, it can be made from improvised means, thus saving a lot of money. To make it you need:

Image 4. Drawings of a homemade cart.

• a wheel, preferably made of rubber;
• plywood;
• 2 corners;
• wooden block, 3 m long;
• nuts and bolt axle.

The method of making this tool for giving is very simple and will be understandable even to a novice master, the main thing here is to measure everything clearly, because if you do it by eye, it will turn out crooked. Drawings of the wheelbarrow are attached (image 4).

An equally popular tool for a summer cottage, which in winter will help get rid of snow, that is, a shovel can also be made of plywood. You will need:

• plywood 10-12 mm thick;
• wooden handle;
• nails;
• steel plate 4-6 cm wide.

The plywood will serve as a shovel bucket, and the timber will hold the handle. The front and back of the plywood are edged with metal - the future bucket.

To cultivate a vegetable garden, a rake is often required. To make them, you need a 35 x 35 mm wooden block. The length of the handle can be cracked at your discretion, but it is not recommended to make too long, as it will be difficult to use it. In addition to the bar and the handle, you need to make at least 4 metal prongs. The metal must be taken strong so that it does not bend to the ground during operation. You can use metal from an old shovel, cut the teeth with a grinder. The teeth are leveled with a hammer and the screw holes are drilled. Then the structure is fastened.

Video about making a trolley with your own hands:

Garden sprinkler design

Homemade agricultural equipment also includes sprinklers for the garden, which can be made practically from waste that everyone has in the house. To irrigate your garden, you will need:

• spray;
• rubber hose 3-4 m long;
• plastic one and a half liter bottle;
• pump;
• a wooden or metal stick of any length, but the longer the better.

The sprayer is screwed to the stick with the top with a nozzle so that the lever is pressed using nylon threads. Tighten tightly so that the spray does not move. After that, we take a plastic bottle and use a hot nail to melt a hole in the neck. Then we push the bolt into the melted hole and fasten it with a nut from the outside.

Before inserting the bolt, drill a through hole in it with a simple 3 mm metal drill. The hose is put on the bolt and secured with a small clamp using a screwdriver. We attach the other end of the hose to the pump and again fasten it with a clamp so that everything is tight.

A bottle is filled with poison for spraying beetles or water for watering the crop. Screw the container to the top of the spray bottle, which is attached to the stick. Then, with a closed nozzle, we pump up the pump a little, after that we untwist the nozzle, and the sprayer starts to work. In this way, trees of any height and large beds can be sprayed; if necessary, the device can be simply put on the ground and pumped up from time to time.

You can even make small greenhouses out of a film in the country, you only need to drive a metal rod or a stick into the ground and fix a plastic wrap in the form of a cone on the base.

Video about the drip irrigation system using a plastic bottle:

From below, the film is fixed in a circle from the old barrel or fitted with stones.

Conclusion on the topic

Now you know how to make expensive tools for a summer cottage without a significant investment of money, time and nerves. The main thing is not what you use to improve your site, but that you should like the work and stay in the country should bring joy.

Additional articles

Homemade products for the household will help to make the house cozier and more comfortable. Handmade devices, decorating old household items will give a second life to things, which will significantly save your budget. It will also allow you to decorate the environment, make the interior more creative. Some homemade products for the household will visually increase the space and create comfort.

Folding armchair

There is not always a financial opportunity to purchase some furniture in the store. You can successfully get out of this situation if you make crafts with your own hands. For example, it is enough just to make from and

The folding part (chair legs) is attached with hinges or sits on a metal pin, which is fixed with nuts from the edges. The tarpaulin is cut with two rectangles, on the sides of which grooves for the bars are covered. The side parts of the top of the chair (backrest frame with armrests) are made in the form of the letter "L". They are connected with bolts or self-tapping screws. It should be remembered that the folding bottom section must be locked in the working position. Therefore, not far from the connecting pin on the legs of the chair, you need to attach a metal hook - it will stably close this structure.

Who cooks porridge in the house, gathers guests

Craftsmen familiar with a saw and a drill can even make a children's room in a small apartment. To do this, you need to build something like a screen with doors and windows from plywood or other fairly light material. The corner joints of the slabs will mimic the corners of the house. Having painted a homemade screen accordingly, the master will turn it into a miniature children's teremok.

You just need to make sure that this screen can be firmly attached to the walls. After all, the safety of children is above all! And inside, a children's table, a crib, and a box with toys will fit quite well.

And you can even sew any bright fabric that can be simply hung on a rope, wire or hard cornice is quite suitable for such walls.

Knitted furniture

Today, it has become extremely fashionable to make benches. They use such homemade products for the household, storing various items inside: toys, bedding, pots, cereals. They can be placed in the kitchen, in the nursery, or in the living room. They are also very convenient for relaxing both in a city apartment and in the country.

To make furniture with storage boxes, you first need to make a frame for it. The bench consists of a rectangular box fixed on legs. The soft part is knitted in the form of a rectangular parallelogram without one base and put on the lid. An elastic band can be inserted into the lower part so that the elegant "upholstery" is pulled together at the bottom of the bench.

The pouf can be made both square and cylindrical. To do this, vertical posts are stuffed around the circumference of the lower wooden base, which are then connected on top with thick wire. Plywood shields are stuffed between the racks so that things do not fall out of the "storage".

The upper round base is cut out separately. The soft part is knitted in the form of a cylinder, fixed on the upper part of the pouf. It is put on top of the pouf like a hat box lid.

Use of used clothing in homemade products

Anyone who has a collection of useful tips for the household must make the following entry into it: “Do not throw away the thing before you are convinced of its complete dilapidation. Try to give each item a second life! "

Old clothes, for example, can be knitted or woven into creative upholstery. Unnecessary tights are widely used, which are cut in a spiral, slightly stretched to twist the strip into a tube. You can use other material, also cutting it into strips and stitching them together. The "yarn" is wound into a ball, from which it is then knitted with the fingers or woven into a cloth.

Knitting without needles repeats the algorithm of regular knitting. Only the loops are held directly on the toes. And the thread is pulled by them too.

For weaving, you can use a frame, along the edges of which nails are stuffed. The thread is first laid crosswise, clasping symmetrically located nails. They should all cross at one point in the middle of the frame. Then the end of the thread from the material is tied to the center and they begin to weave the canvas in a circular manner.

And the old refrigerator is in business

As a homemade product for a household, you can use large household appliances that have served their time. And then, instead of the dreary pulling out of the washing machine or refrigerator into the trash heap, a creative necessary thing may appear in the house. It will be both beautiful and useful.

The technique of converting refrigerators into incubators has long existed. However, such a thing is required only for those who are engaged in poultry farming and live in rural areas. But such original homemade products for home and summer cottages from refrigerators, such as chests tied with fabric threads, will become a decoration of the home and will allow you to hide many useful gizmos in them.

To make this piece of furniture, you need to remove the device motor. If we now put the refrigerator with the door up, then the frame of the chest is almost ready. It remains only to tie the cape and sew on the upper part of the foam pad, cutting out a hole in it where the handle will hide.

The cape should be made in the form of a rectangular parallelogram without a lower base. To make it easier to use the chest, you can sew a zipper lock into the side.

It's about painting - everything will be like in a fairy tale

Non-working refrigerators can also be easily converted into lockers. One has only to conjure over their decor. You can make a creative piece of furniture in a cartoon style for a nursery or a fantasy style for a hallway, in an antique style for a living room or in a music room for an office. It all depends on the fantasy of the master.

Although the working refrigerator will become more creative if you paint it or stick an original film sticker on the casing. This will also protect the surface of the unit from scratches and corrosion.

Kitchen appliances decor

You can simply decorate not entirely new household items with stickers, applique, or paint pictures on the paneling with paints for metal surfaces. The thing will again become pleasing to the eye and sparkle with fresh colors. In just a few hours, you can completely change the look of the kitchen, without even making homemade products for the household from scratch.

Microwave ovens, washing machines, cupboards and pencil cases are decorated with both picture-drawings and voluminous decorations are glued on them.

Each person, using his skillful hands, can create unique and even luxurious items for his home. One has only to think a little and make an effort.