What does homonym mean as before. What are the types of homonyms

Homonyms are words that are identical in sound composition, but not related in meaning: lezginka (dance) - lezginka (woman); rook (chess piece) - rook (ship); ambassador (method of procurement of products) - ambassador (diplomat). The same external sound-letter and grammatical form of homonyms makes communication difficult, since the distinction of their meaning is possible only in context, in combination with other words. Homonyms, examples of which this show, cannot be understood without context: a profitable sentence is an impersonal sentence; kidneys bloom - cure the kidneys; right hand - right (innocent).

Types and examples of homonyms in Russian

Complete lexical homonymy is a coincidence of words related to the same part of speech in all forms: month (calendar) - month (star), car assembly (from the verb assemble) - assembly on fabric (fold), motive (musical) - motive (behavior), read (book) - read (adults, parents), outfit (order) - outfit (clothes), note (diplomatic) - note (musical). Incomplete lexical homonymy implies a coincidence in the spelling and sounding of words related to the same part of speech, not in all forms: ramp (wheel; inanimate) - ramp (to the river; inanimate) - ramp (fish; animate); dig in a hole (perfect look - dig in) - dig in the medicine (perfect look - dig in); cancer (river animal) - cancer (disease, has only a single number).

There are homonyms, examples of which can be seen later, related to grammatical and sound changes: mouth - gender (pronounced [mouth]); three (from the verb to rub) - three (number); a pair (boot) - (clubs) a pair; oven (pies) - (Russian) oven.

Homonyms: examples and types in structure

1. Root They have a non-derivative basis: marriage (factory) and marriage (happy), peace (reigns in the family and the state) and peace (Universe).
2. Derived homonyms are the result of word formation: drill (drill song) and drill forest.

Phonetic, Grammar, and Graphic Homonyms: Uses

Homophones (phonetic homonyms) are words that are identical in sound composition, but different in spelling (letter composition): mushroom and flu, code and cat, fort and Ford, illuminate and consecrate, people and fierce.

Homographs (letter, graphic homonyms) are words that have the same letter composition, but differ in pronunciation: shelves - shelves, horns - horns, atlas - atlas, soar - soar (stresses in these words fall on different syllables).

Omoforms - the coincidence of the grammatical forms of one word or different words: window glass (noun) - glass on the floor (verb at the time to go - summer time; hunting (for predators) and hunting (desire); ice cream popsicle - ice cream meat (noun and adjective) ; return in spring - enjoy spring (adverb and noun); flow on the floor - close up flow (verb and noun).

Pun and homonyms: examples of words and casual sentences

One must be careful in using homonyms, as in some situations homonymy can distort the meaning of a statement and lead to comic. For example, the words of the commentator of a football match: “In today's match, the players left without goals” - one can understand in two ways. And even writers are not immune from such speech incidents:

• "Have you heard?"
• "One cannot be indifferent to evil."

Homonyms are words that sound and spell the same way, but in meaning they have nothing in common. The term comes from the Greek language: homos - "the same", onyma - "name". Let's say onion - plant and onion - weapons for throwing arrows, to drown the stove and sink ships.

Consider types of homonyms.

1. Some words are spelled the same, but pronounced differently: castle and castle, steam(lingerie, vegetables) and steam (in the clouds), worth (bread in the store) and is worth(car, tree). Such words are called homographs , which is translated from Greek means "equally spelled."

2. There are words that are pronounced the same way, but they need to be written in different ways. For example, pond and rod, metal and metal, five and span. it homophones , translated from Greek - "equally sounding."

Among homophones there are many such pairs that do not coincide in all their forms, but in some or even one. If you start to change words by cases and numbers, you will immediately find the difference in their sound. Let's say at the pond, to the pond – two rods, hit the rod. The word " three"May be a numeral ( three apples, three things) and the verb ( three stronger!) But not all forms of these words will coincide: rub, ter – three, three. Identical forms of different words are called omoforms .

Homonyms can be a hindrance in language communication, they are especially difficult for the translator. In this case, context helps because in natural conversation, words are rarely used in isolation. In terms of context, it is easy enough to guess what is the meaning: This is a very simple example. - Simple equipment is quite expensive.

§ 51. Homonymy and its types

The ambiguity of words is a big and multifaceted problem, various questions of lexicology are connected with it, in particular the problem of homonymy. Homonyms – words that are identical in sound but different in meaning. The relationship of polysemy and homonymy is historically determined. With the development of the language “the same inner shell of a word is overgrown with shoots of new meanings and meanings” [Vinogradov V.V. 1947: 14]. Homonyms in some cases arise from a polysemy that has undergone a process of destruction: fist - a hand with clenched fingers and fist - a wealthy peasant, a good strong owner, and then fist - peasant exploiter (class definition). The problem of distinguishing between polysemy and homonymy is complex, linguists offer various criteria for breeding these phenomena. There are several approaches.

O.S. Akhmanova built the distinction between polysemy and homonymy, primarily taking into account the nature of the relationship between the word and objective reality. If each of the meanings is an independent name of a certain object of the surrounding world and is independent of any other object, then these meanings belong to different homonymic words. For example: hail (city) and hail (precipitation); braid (hairstyle), braid (sandbank) and braid (tool).

EM Galkina-Fedoruk was of the opinion that the distinction between polysemy and homonymy should be carried out by selecting synonyms. If synonyms have nothing in common, then these are homonyms: boron (drill) - boron (coniferous forest) - boron (chemical element).

A number of scientists, without rejecting the above criteria, also proposed to take into account derivational features: for example, reaction as the term of various sciences has different word-formation series: reaction (biol., chemical) reagent, reactive, reactivity; reaction (polit.) - reactionary, reactionary, reactionary.

Homonyms often have different syntactic compatibility, different forms of control: care from work and care for a child, for flowers; change plan but change homeland. However, these differentiation criteria are not universal, therefore, sometimes there are discrepancies in dictionaries. The sources of homonymy are as follows:

Homonyms - the product of the breakdown of polysemy: drying - drying and drying - type of product (bagel).

Word-building homonyms: buy (from the verb “buy”) and (from the verb “buy”).

The consequence of the historical change in the sound appearance of different words: IS (available) and СТЬ (eat) in sound coincided by the middle of the 18th century: the sound ê (closed) or the Old Russian diphthong "ye" (transmitted in the letter with the letter я ть ’) pronounced as [e], so the pronunciation of words ceased to differ. In 1918, spelling reform was carried out, some letters were abolished, including the letter Ђ, and the above words coincided not only in sound but also in spelling. We give another example. Word lynx (animal) in antiquity sounded "rdys" and was root-root with the words redhead; then “ds” simplified into “s”. Word lynx as the horse’s run goes back to the old Russian “rist” (cf. the stadium), later the final “t” “disappeared, and the“ r ”hardened.

The richest source of homonymy is borrowed words, for example: tour (bull - Old Russian) and tour (from French): waltz tour, beam (ravine - from Turkic languages) and beam (log - from German), marriage (marriage - Russian) and marriage (defect - from German) and others.

Homonyms are divided into full, or actually lexical homonyms, and incomplete homonyms, among which, in turn, several types are distinguished. TO lexical homonyms relate, for example: English: flaw1 - crack; flaw2 - gust of wind; Russian: light1 - energy; light2 - the world, the universe. These words coincide in sound, spelling and refer to the same part of speech. The types of incomplete homonyms are as follows:

1. Homophones - words and forms that are different in meaning, matching in sound but different in spelling:

meadow (field) - bow (gun for shooting), ball (dance evening) - point (mark).

2. Omographs - words that are different in meaning and sound, but the same in spelling:

atlas (fabric) - atlas (collection of geographical maps), castle - castle.

3. Omoforms (morphological homonyms) - words that coincide in sound and spelling in one or more grammatical forms:

a swarm (n.) of bees - a swarm (v.) pit, a road (n.) - a road (adj.), a new saw (n.) - drank (v.) coffee, a tourniquet (v.) grass - a medical tourniquet ( n.).

To homonyms adjoin guys – words similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. They are sometimes mistakenly used one instead of the other: a subscription (the right to use something) and a subscriber (a person who has a subscription); effective (effective) and effective (conspicuous); secretive (closed) person and hidden (invisible) mechanism and many others.

Homonyms - words are different in meaning, but the same in sound and spelling.

Word homonym came from Greek. homos - the same + onyma - name.

Most homonyms are among nouns and verbs.

Example:

1. DEFEND - protect (defend a friend).

2. STAND - stand still (stand the turn).

3. DISTANCE - to be at some distance from someone, smth. (the airport is five kilometers from the city).

Reasons for the appearance of homonyms in the language

random coincidence of words:

Example:

1. ONION - borrowing. Garden plant with a sharp taste.

2. ONION - claim. A hand gun for throwing arrows, made of a flexible, elastic rod (usually wooden), pulled in a bowstring.

coincidence in the formation of new words:

Example:

SEND - send with an order. The person performing the errand - 1. AMBASSADOR .

SALT - preserve something in saline. The method of salting products - 2. AMBASSADOR .

loss of semantic connection between meanings of a multi-valued word.

Example:

It happened in antiquity with the word SHINE :

LIGHT - 1) lighting, 2) the earth, the world, the universe.

These meanings became so distant that they lost a semantic connection between themselves. Now these are two different words.

1. LIGHT - radiant energy that makes the world visible.

2. LIGHT - Earth, world, universe.

Homonyms must be distinguished from polysemantic words. The meaning of homonyms is understood only in phrases and sentences. Separate word ROD unclear. But, if you introduce it into the phrase, it will become clear what is at stake:

Example:

ancient kind male kind .

Types of homonyms

Often homonyms, homoforms, homophones and homographs are used in puns - witty expressions, jokes.

Example:

You are NOT MY umbrella, because it is NOT MY, lost it MILES.

Use homonyms, homoforms, homophones and homographs in your speech should be very careful. Sometimes they lead to undesirable ambiguity.

Example:

Yesterday I visited the Day of Poetry. Day poetry? Or bottom poetry?

In Russian, as in other languages, there is a phenomenon of homonymy. Its essence is that words that are equally spelled and pronounced can mean completely different things. This article is dedicated to this amazing phenomenon.

What are homonyms

Homonyms are words that are equally spelled and pronounced, but completely different in meaning. An example of homonyms can be the word “bow”. It can mean both a weapon and (in a homonymous sense) a plant. for example, onions and tight onions.

The phenomenon of homonymy is devoted to the amusing and informative children's book of the poet Y. Kozlovsky "On the words of various - the same, but different." It has a lot of fun little short poems that help to understand the essence of the phenomenon of homonymy.

However, it must be said that the phenomenon of homonymy is very difficult, mysterious and multifaceted. It only seems simple and understandable to children who are studying a topic in the 2nd grade, when the answer to the question of what are homonyms in Russian looks quite certain. But we must bear in mind that there are other types of homonymy - words that do not always coincide and not in all forms.

If words refer to the same part of speech and coincide in all forms, they usually speak of complete homonyms. For example, the complete homonyms are the words “boron” (forest - pine forest) and “boron” (chemical substance). But there are incomplete homonyms in the language.

Consider a number of such cases:

• homophones- these are words that are pronounced the same way, but are written differently; eg, a cat - an animal and a code - a digital code of the castle, a rod (branch) and a pond (lake);
• homographs- words that, on the contrary, are spelled the same way, but are pronounced differently, as a rule - with different stresses; eg, the words "Castle" and "castle", "Iris" and "irIS" - these are homographs;
• omoforms- these are words that coincide only in some specific forms, in fact they can even be words of different parts of speech; eg, such words: “glass” (window) and “glass” (something down).

How to distinguish homonyms

Sometimes it’s hard to understand what is before us: homonyms or polysemantic words. After all, they are, in general, similar.

Like homonyms, polysemous words have many meanings; but all these values \u200b\u200bare much closer in meaning. for example, the word “brush”.

It can mean a part of the hand (hands), and an ornament of threads (a scarf with brushes), and a device for drawing (dip a brush in paint), and a twig on which there are many small flowers or berries (brush of grapes). All these words are connected by a common meaning: a bunch, several long objects fastened at one point. That is, the meanings of one multi-valued word are somewhat similar in meaning.

Homonyms have nothing in common with each other. The concepts that they mean are in no way related. For example, mink (in the ground, animal dwelling) and mink (animal). Even if a mink lives in a mink, it is still impossible to find them similar.

In order not to be mistaken in any case, you need to remember the usual rule: trying to distinguish homonyms from polysemantic words, you need to look into the dictionary. In the explanatory dictionary, all the meanings of a single-valued word are given in one dictionary entry by a list and numbered inside it. As for homonyms, they are explained in different dictionary entries. That is, the word is written again, separately.

Here are some examples of homonyms:

• LINE, and; g. 1. to Stitch (1, 4 digits). 2. A continuous seam on fabric, leather, etc. Machine line. 3. Kind of lace embroidery. Openwork, curly line.
• LINE, and; many genus. -check, dates points g. 1. \u003d String (1-2 characters). Curve line. 2. An even row, a chain of smth. A line of animal tracks. <Строчечка, -и; many genus. -check, dates points g. Reduce-caress. Stroichnaya, th, th.

Both homonyms within the dictionary entry have several interpretations under the numbers. This means that each of these words is ambiguous.

Of course, the language seeks to eliminate homonymy, because the main function of the language is communicative, that is, the transmission of information; and if homonyms are used in speech, it is not always easy to understand what is meant. For example, the sentence “Bring onions” - it is not clear what needs to be brought (onion-weapon or onion-plant).

But if homonyms create so many problems, why explain that they even exist in the language? In many cases, the reason for the appearance of homonyms is that these words were once written and pronounced differently and only with a change in the sound and graphic system of the language did they begin to be written and pronounced the same way; an example is the word "world", which was written differently in different meanings.

In addition, jokes - puns are often built on homonyms.

For example, you can recall the pun associated with the word “outfit”: “One outfit, and the other outfit out of turn.” The essence of the joke is that one of the homonyms means festive, beautiful clothes, and the other - an order to perform any work or a document regulating the types of work.

What did we learn?

Words that are equally spelled and pronounced, but are completely different in meaning, are called homonyms. Homonymy also includes cases in which words are only spelled the same way, but are pronounced differently (homographs), only are pronounced the same way, but differently spelled (homophones), coincide only in separate forms (omoforms). To distinguish homonyms, one has to look into the explanatory dictionary: the interpretation of various homonyms is given there by separate dictionary entries.

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You, of course, guessed that the boys did not understand each other, because they were talking about different things, while calling them the same word. This is an example of homonyms. After all, oatmeal is a bird, and also oatmeal is cereal.

Homonyms - words similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. The word "homonym" comes from two Greek words: omos - the same onimo - name.

Consider examples of homonyms, compare the sound, spelling and meaning of words.

At sea sushi strip

It's called a scythe,

And the girl has a braid

The colors of ripe oats.

There is dew on the grass -

Mowing grass spit.

I have one question:

How many braids are there in the world?

Fig. 2. Homonyms: braid ()

Scythe - a narrow sandbank going from the coast.

Scythe - braided hair.

Scythe - a tool for mowing grass.

A porridge ripened in the meadow.

The porridge is eaten by the cow Masha.

Masha likes lunch:

There is nothing tastier!

Kashka - white clover.

Kashka - a dish of grains boiled in water or milk.

Say "spring" -

And so it arose,

Runs in green more often

The cheerful key is babbling.

And we call the spring the key

(The door key has nothing to do with it).

Fig. 3. Homonyms: Key ()

Key - spring.

Key - device for the lock.

We are the foxes

Friendly sisters.

Well, who are you?

We are chanterelles too!

How, with one paw?

No, still with a hat.

Fig. 4. Homonyms: Chanterelles ()

Chanterelles - mushrooms.

Chanterelles - animals.

Go shoot to learn with me

And look for me in the ridge.

I can hit the bird aptly

And also I get into cabbage soup.

Fig. 5. Homonyms: Bow ()

Onion - plant.

Ambiguous words and homonyms are written in the same way. Main difference between them is that polysemous words have something in common in lexical meaning (color, form), and homonyms have completely different lexical meanings.

If you doubt the definition of a polysemantic word or homonym, an explanatory dictionary will come to your aid. Consider the difference in the entry of dictionary entries:

The root is a multi-valued word; it has several meanings:

1. The underground part of plants.

2. The inner part of the hair, tooth.

3. The beginning, the source of something (figurative meaning).

4. The significant part of the word.

In the dictionary of a multi-valued word, each of its meanings is indicated by a number.

Let's consider how homonyms are presented in the dictionary. For example:

A tap is a locking device in the form of a tube for discharging liquid or gas.

Crane - a machine for lifting and moving goods over short distances.

In the dictionary, homonyms have a separate dictionary entry.

The meaning of homonyms can be determined only when the word is used in a phrase or in a sentence.

Let's complete the task.

Consider the pictures. Let's make sentences or phrases with homonyms to show their different lexical meaning.

1. Fluffy mink.

2. Deep mink.

Fig. 11. Homonyms: Mink ()

1. We saw a picture of a carnivorous trot.

2. The horse trotted.

Fig. 12. Homonyms: Lynx ()

1. Do not pollute the environment.

2. Grandmother will arrive on Wednesday.

Fig. 13. Homonyms: Wednesday ()

So, we learned that in Russian there are words that are equally spelled and pronounced, but have different lexical meanings. These words are called homonyms.

Homonyms are often used in puzzles and riddles, for example:

What fabric can not be sewn shirt?

From the railway.

What tap cannot you drink from?

From the lift.

In which cage do not keep birds and animals?

In the chest.

In what forests is no game found?

In construction.

What belt can not be belted?

1. Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M .: Education, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M .: Balass.
3. Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M .: Bustard.

1. Bukina-69.ucoz.ru ().
2. Toyskola.ucoz.ru ().
3. Festival of pedagogical ideas "Open lesson" ().

• Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M .: Education, 2012. Part 2. Follow up 33, 34 S. 25.
• Match homonyms to these words. Make sentences so that the meaning of the words becomes clear.

Castle, wand, cream.

• * Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, come up with riddles or puzzles where the answers are homonymous words.