They are federal government agencies. State authorities in Russia

Officially, the state authorities in Russia are: the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Executive Authorities, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the Judicial Power of the Russian Federation, the Security Council of the Russian Federation, the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation, the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation, the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation. At the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, there are executive and legislative authorities of the constituent entities of Russia.

The President of the Russian Federation is elected for a term of six years by the citizens of the Russian Federation on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot. A citizen of the Russian Federation at least 35 years of age who has permanently resided in the Russian Federation for at least 10 years can be elected President of the Russian Federation. The same person cannot hold the office of the President of the Russian Federation for more than two terms in a row. The procedure for electing the President of the Russian Federation is determined by federal law.

The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state.

The President of the Russian Federation is the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. It takes measures to protect the sovereignty of the Russian Federation, its independence and state integrity, ensures the coordinated functioning and interaction of state authorities. The President of the Russian Federation determines the main directions of the domestic and foreign policy of states. He represents the Russian Federation within the country and in international relations [ibid., Art. 80].

The main powers of the President:

a) appoints, with the consent of the State Duma, the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation;
b) has the right to chair meetings of the Government of the Russian Federation;
c) decide on the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation;
d) submit to the State Duma a candidate for appointment to the post of Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation; puts before the State Duma the issue of dismissal of the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;
e) at the suggestion of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, appoints and dismisses deputies of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, federal ministers;
f) submit to the Federation Council candidates for appointment as judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation; appoints judges of other federal courts;

f1) submit to the Federation Council candidates for appointment to the position of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation and deputies of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation; submits proposals to the Federation Council on the dismissal of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation and deputies of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation; appoints and dismisses prosecutors of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as other prosecutors, except for prosecutors of cities, regions and prosecutors equivalent to them;

f2) appoints and dismisses representatives of the Russian Federation in the Federation Council;

g) forms and heads the Security Council of the Russian Federation, the status of which is determined by federal law;
h) approves the military doctrine of the Russian Federation;
i) form the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation;
j) appoints and dismisses plenipotentiaries of the President of the Russian Federation;
k) appoints and dismisses the high command of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation;
l) appoints and recalls, after consultations with the relevant committees or commissions of the chambers of the Federal Assembly, the diplomatic representatives of the Russian Federation in foreign states and international organizations.

The President is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.

The President decides on issues of citizenship of the Russian Federation, awards state awards, and grants pardons.

In addition, according to the Constitution, the President also performs a number of other powers and functions. By their nature and nature, they are mainly executive and administrative powers and functions.

Advisory bodies work under the President of Russia: the Security Council - is engaged in analysis and strategic planning on the entire range of security issues, as well as the preparation of draft decisions of the President in relevant areas, the State Council, whose main tasks are to promote the implementation of the powers of the President of the Russian Federation on issues of ensuring the coordinated functioning and interaction of bodies state power; discussion of issues of particular national importance relating to relations between the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the most important issues of state building and strengthening the foundations of federalism, making the necessary proposals to the President of the Russian Federation, as well as other councils and commissions.

In each Federal District the President has his plenipotentiary representative.

The Government of Russia consists of the Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers and Federal Ministers.

Feature: in Russia, the Federal Assembly does not form the Government, but only controls, forms the Government of the Prime Minister, appointed by the President.

Government of the Russian Federation:

a) develop and submit to the State Duma the federal budget and ensure its execution; submits to the State Duma a report on the execution of the federal budget; submits to the State Duma annual reports on the results of its activities, including on issues raised by the State Duma;

b-c) ensures the implementation in the Russian Federation of a unified financial, credit and monetary policy, state policy in the field of culture, science, education, healthcare, social security, and ecology;

d) manage federal property;
e) takes measures to ensure the defense of the country, state security, and the implementation of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation;
f) takes measures to ensure the rule of law, the rights and freedoms of citizens, the protection of property and public order, and the fight against crime;
g) other powers.

The Government of the Russian Federation issues resolutions and orders and ensures their implementation.

Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation, with the exception of resolutions containing information constituting a state secret or information of a confidential nature, are subject to official publication no later than fifteen days from the date of their adoption, and if necessary, their immediate wide disclosure is brought to the public through the mass media without delay

When exercising their powers, federal ministers are accountable to the Government of the Russian Federation, and on issues referred by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws and federal laws to the powers of the President of the Russian Federation, and to the President of the Russian Federation [ibid, art. 26].

Regulatory legal acts also enshrine the control and supervisory powers of the Government.

The activities of the government are ensured by the Government Office, Federal ministries, agencies subordinate to them, services, supervision, Federal services and agencies, coordinating and advisory bodies. They play the role of the main instruments of state activity in certain areas of state life, take part in the development of state decisions, in the development of legislation, in government rule-making, in the management of numerous state organizations that are subordinate to them, manage the sectors entrusted to them throughout the state, issue by-laws. acts.

In addition, in the Russian Federation, on the territory of its republics, territories, regions, autonomous districts, in cities of federal significance, there are many different powerful state institutions - authorized representatives of the central (federal) executive and administrative bodies of state power, forming together with them a single centralized system. For example, territorial bodies of Rosreestr, regional departments of the Federal Tax Service of Russia, etc.

The Federal Assembly - the Parliament of the Russian Federation - is the representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation.

The Federal Assembly consists of two chambers - the Federation Council and the State Duma.

The Federation Council includes: two representatives from each constituent entity of the Russian Federation - one each from the legislative (representative) and executive bodies of state power; representatives of the Russian Federation appointed by the President of the Russian Federation, whose number is not more than ten percent of the number of members of the Federation Council - representatives from the legislative (representative) and executive bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The State Duma consists of 450 deputies. The State Duma is elected for a term of five years.

Deputies of the State Duma are elected by the citizens of the Russian Federation on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot. The participation of a citizen of the Russian Federation in elections is free and voluntary. 225 deputies of the State Duma are elected in single-member constituencies (one constituency - one deputy), 225 deputies of the State Duma are elected in a federal constituency in proportion to the number of votes cast for federal lists of candidates [ibid., art. 3].

The Federation Council and the State Duma form committees and commissions, hold parliamentary hearings on matters within their jurisdiction.

Each of the chambers adopts its own regulations and decides on the internal regulations of its activities.

To exercise control over the execution of the federal budget, the Federation Council and the State Duma form an accounting chamber, the composition and procedure for which are determined by federal law.

The jurisdiction of the Federation Council includes: approval of changes in borders between subjects of the Russian Federation; approval of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of martial law or a state of emergency; resolving the issue of the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the Russian Federation; removal of the President of the Russian Federation from office and appointment of elections of the President of the Russian Federation; appointment to the position of judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation; appointment and dismissal of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation and deputies of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation, Deputy Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and half of its auditors.

The jurisdiction of the State Duma includes: giving consent to the President of the Russian Federation for the appointment of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation; resolving the issue of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation; listening to the annual reports of the Government of the Russian Federation on the results of its activities, including on issues raised by the State Duma; appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation; Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and half of its auditors; Commissioner for Human Rights; amnesty declaration; bringing charges against the President of the Russian Federation to remove him from office.

The main purpose of Parliament is lawmaking. Legislative powers are exercised by the Parliament in accordance with the procedure provided for by the Constitution. Here I will only note that any bills related to expenditures from the federal budget can be introduced only if there is a conclusion of the Government of the Russian Federation. First, the law passes through the State Duma, then through the Federation Council. A law may be adopted by the Federation Council “by default” if it has not been considered by the Federation Council within fourteen days [Art. 105, n. 4]. Bills on issues related to federal budget expenditures and economic regulation, as well as issues of international relations, including issues of war and peace, are subject to mandatory consideration in the Federation Council [Art. 106].

The judicial bodies of modern Russia include courts exercising judicial power on behalf of the state by administering justice - considering and resolving civil and criminal cases, cases of administrative offenses, economic or other disputes and conflicts related to actual or alleged violation of the rule of law in the manner prescribed by law. .

Justice in the Russian Federation is carried out only by the court through constitutional, civil, administrative and criminal proceedings. Creation of emergency courts is not allowed. The court, having established during the consideration of the case that the act of a state or other body does not comply with the law, makes a decision in accordance with the law. In this paragraph, we will single out only federal courts.

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is a judicial body of constitutional control, independently and independently exercising judicial power through constitutional proceedings.

The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is the highest judicial body for civil cases, resolution of economic disputes, criminal, administrative and other cases, jurisdictional courts formed in accordance with the federal constitutional law, exercises judicial supervision over the activities of these courts in the procedural forms provided for by the federal law and provides clarifications on issues of judicial practice.

The Supreme Court of the Republic, the regional court, the court of the city of federal significance, the court of the autonomous region, the court of the autonomous district are federal courts of general jurisdiction, operating within the territory of the corresponding subject of the Russian Federation, and immediately higher judicial instances in relation to the district courts operating on the territory of the corresponding subject of the Russian Federation.

Regional courts and equivalent courts consider cases as a court of first, appellate, cassation instances, based on new or newly discovered circumstances, and also exercise other powers in accordance with federal laws.

Military courts exercise judicial power in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies in which military service is provided for by federal law.

Arbitration courts in the Russian Federation administer justice by resolving economic disputes and considering other cases within their competence.

The Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation constitutes a unified federal centralized system of bodies and organizations and operates on the basis of the subordination of lower prosecutors to higher ones and the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation. . The prosecutor's office of the Russian Federation consists of the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation, the prosecutor's offices of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, equivalent military and other specialized prosecutor's offices, scientific and educational organizations, editorial offices of print publications that are legal entities, as well as the prosecutor's offices of cities and regions, other territorial, military and other specialized prosecutor's offices [ ibid., sect. II Art. 11 p. 1].

The Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation carries out:

supervision over the implementation of laws and observance of human and civil rights and freedoms by state bodies, as well as heads of commercial and non-profit organizations; criminal prosecution; coordinating the activities of law enforcement agencies to combat crime; initiation of cases on administrative offenses and conducting an administrative investigation. Prosecutors participate in the consideration of cases by courts, arbitration courts (hereinafter referred to as courts), protest against decisions, sentences, rulings and decisions of courts that contradict the law. The Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation takes part in law-making activities, issues special editions.

The prosecutor has the right to freely enter the territories and premises of state authorities, local self-government, military administration, control, commercial and non-profit organizations, demand that officials present documents and materials, call them and other citizens to explain violations of the law [ibid., sec. 3 ch. 1 st. 22 p.1].

He considers and checks applications, complaints and other reports about violations of the law, the rights and freedoms of citizens, explains to the victims the procedure for protecting their rights and freedoms, takes measures to prevent and suppress violations of the rights and freedoms of citizens, to bring to justice those who violate the law, according to compensation for damages [ibid., sec. 1 st. 10].

The Accounts Chamber is a permanent supreme body of external state audit (control), accountable to the Federal Assembly. The Accounts Chamber carries out an external state audit (control) based on the principles of legality, efficiency, objectivity, independence, openness and publicity [ibid., art. 4].

The Accounts Chamber is formed as part of the Chairman of the Accounts Chamber, Deputy Chairman of the Accounts Chamber, auditors of the Accounts Chamber, apparatus of the Accounts Chamber [ibid., ch. 2 tbsp. 6].

The Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation is a federal state body organizing the preparation and holding of elections, referendums in the Russian Federation, as well as exercising control over the observance of electoral rights and the right to participate in a referendum of citizens of the Russian Federation. The Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation operates on a permanent basis and is a legal entity.

The position of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation is established in order to ensure guarantees of state protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens, their observance and respect by state bodies, local governments and officials. The Commissioner in the exercise of his powers is independent and not accountable to any state bodies and officials. The introduction of a state of emergency or martial law on the entire territory of the Russian Federation or on its part does not stop or suspend the activities of the Commissioner and does not entail a restriction of his competence.

The Commissioner has the right to freely visit authorities and local self-government, enterprises, institutions and organizations, military units, public associations; request and receive the necessary documents and materials; receive explanations from officials and civil servants; conduct inspections of the activities of state bodies, local governments and officials; get acquainted with criminal, civil and administrative cases, including terminated ones. The Commissioner enjoys the right to receive without delay officials of government bodies, local self-government, enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless of their form of ownership, heads of public associations, military commanders and the administration of places of detention [ibid., ch. 3 art. 23].

In the Russian Federation, federal government bodies are the highest authorities. The federal government consists of three branches: executive, legislative and judicial. The President also belongs to these authorities.

What are federal government agencies

In Russia, the President has a leading position in power structures. He is the pinnacle of federal power, being at the same time the guarantor of the Constitution, the head of state and the main link between the branches of government. However, he does not belong to any of them.

Legislative authorities consist of the Federation Council and the State Duma. Together they form the Federal Assembly. It is the drafter of laws that must be enforced throughout the country.

The executive power is formed by the federal state bodies of executive power. Their powers include the issuance of resolutions, decisions and other acts of a by-law nature. The main body of executive power in Russia is the Government of Russia. Branch subdivisions of the executive power are subordinate to it: federal services, ministries, agencies and their territorial representations. All these bodies are approved by the President of Russia.

The judiciary unites the federal courts. These are the Supreme Court of Russia, the Constitutional Court of Russia and other federal bodies. Their duty is to ensure justice.

The Central Bank does not belong to the federal state bodies of the Russian Federation.

President of Russia

The President of Russia has a list of powers that differs from those in other countries. Presidential power in Russia stands out in a special category of power. In our country, the President has broader powers of authority. They are spelled out in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and the passage of elections is regulated by Federal Law 19-F3 "On Presidential Elections".

The head of the Russian Federation relies on the authorities close to him. One of them is the Security Council of the Russian Federation. He influences the domestic and foreign policy of the state and deals with national security. The President is also in charge of this structure. He is the chairman of the Security Council. The Security Council holds meetings at which all decisions are made by voting, after which they are certified by the protocol and signed by the President.

The Security Council also holds meetings. They are held once a week with the participation of the chairman. Interdepartmental commissions act as working bodies. The composition of these commissions is approved by the Secretary of the Security Council. The members of the Council are approved by the President.

Another such structure is the State Council of the Russian Federation. This body is designed to help the President in exercising his powers in matters of interaction between state authorities. The State Council holds meetings. They take place once every 3 months. Decisions made have the character of recommendations. The State Council can initiate the creation of working groups, where scientists and other specialists can be involved.

The main functions of the President of the Russian Federation

Range of functions of the highest official of the country:

Serve as the guarantor of the Constitution, ensuring the freedoms and rights of citizens.
Ensure coordination in the actions of state authorities.
Maintain the sovereignty of the Russian Federation.
Determine priorities in the domestic and foreign policy of the state.
Participate on behalf of the country in international meetings, forums, relations.

The protection of the Constitution and its strict observance is one of the main activities of the President.

Federal Assembly

The Federal Assembly is the legislative body and enacts laws at the federal level. It consists of the State Duma and the Federation Council. The State Duma includes 450 deputies from different factions, who are elected during the all-Russian elections. The Federation Council includes 178 legislators. It includes representatives of all subjects of the Russian Federation.

The State Duma operates separately from the Federation Council.

One of the main tasks of the Federal Assembly is the approval of the country's budget, which is prepared by the Government of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the Duma considers the budget, which is then sent to the Federation Council for approval in the form of a federal law.

A specific feature of the powers of the State Duma is the adoption of various federal laws. This process usually takes place in 3 stages, which are called readings. At the first stage, there is a general discussion of the draft law and conceptual aspects. At the second stage, a more detailed analysis of all articles of the bill is carried out. At the third stage, voting is carried out for or against the adoption of the law under discussion. It is no longer possible to make any changes to the law at this stage.

For a law to be passed, more than 50% of deputies must vote for it. If a constitutional law is adopted, then this figure is higher - at least 2/3 of the number of participants.

After the adoption by the State Duma, the law must be approved by the Federation Council, and only in this case it acquires legal force. An insufficiently elaborated or inappropriate law in the current situation may be rejected. In order for the law to be approved by the Federation Council, it must be supported by a majority (more than half) of the members of the chamber. If the Federation Council does not consider this law within two weeks, then it is adopted automatically, with the exception of laws of particular importance.

The State Duma may initiate the early resignation of the President, and if this initiative is approved by the Federation Council, the head of the country will be obliged to resign. The grounds for resignation may be deliberate sabotage, espionage, bribes, flagrant abuse of power, war crimes, etc.

Government of the Russian Federation

The government belongs to the executive branch of the federal civil service and consists of the chairman, vice-chairmen and ministers. The government is responsible for the development of the federal budget of the country, the draft of which is submitted for approval to the State Duma. It can make decisions on federal spending, including those related to the social sphere.

The main directions of the work of the Government

Responsibilities of the Government:

Implementation of reforms, optimization of financial policy, including those aimed at reducing the country's budget deficit.
Conducts a policy in the field of science, culture, health, education, ecology and social security.
It is in charge of various objects of federal property, including railways, enterprises, facilities, and so on.
Works on military equipment and the fulfillment of social obligations to the military.
Monitors the observance of human rights, public order, and the implementation of federal laws.

Judicial authorities

In the Russian Federation, federal government bodies also include the judiciary. Their main task is to ensure justice. The main branches of the federal judicial system of the country are: the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Arbitration Court.

Conclusion

Thus, the federal state bodies of Russia are components of the executive, legislative and judicial powers. Each of them is endowed with its own individual powers and performs the functions assigned to it by the Constitution.

The executive branch exercises state administration. Executive authorities have significant legal independence in relation to the legislative and judicial branches of state power. They are not accountable and not under the control of representative authorities. Executive authorities, in particular, the government of the Russian Federation, are endowed with the right of legislative initiative, as well as state power to issue legal acts and control their implementation.

Executive authorities may federal and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation: republics, territories, regions, cities of federal significance (Moscow, St. Petersburg), autonomous regions and autonomous districts.

Depending on the nature of the competencies differ bodies of general, sectoral, intersectoral competence.

Bodies of general competence- governments, administrations of subjects of the Russian Federation. They manage most branches of government, ensuring economic, socio-cultural development in the territory under their jurisdiction.

Bodies of branch competence carry out management of branches subordinate to them (for example, the Ministry of Health, the Committee of the Russian Federation for Metallurgy, etc.).

Bodies of intersectoral competence perform special functions common to all industries and areas of management (for example, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, etc.).

According to the procedure for resolving subordinate issues, it is necessary to distinguish between collegiate and one-man management bodies. Collegial bodies represent an organizational group of persons who make decisions by a majority vote (for example, governments, many state committees, etc.).

Single-head bodies make decisions on issues within their competence, represented by their head (for example, ministries, administrations of territories, regions, etc.).

Federal executive authorities are defined in the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated January 10, 1994 “On the structure of federal executive authorities”: the government of the Russian Federation, federal ministries, state committees of the Russian Federation, committees of the Russian Federation, the Main Security Directorate of the Russian Federation, federal services, the Tax Police Department of the Russian Federation , Agency for Government Communications and Information, federal supervision of Russia.

Government of the Russian Federation

The Government of the Russian Federation exercises executive power in the Russian Federation. The Government of the Russian Federation consists of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, his deputies and federal ministers. The Prime Minister of the Russian Federation is appointed by the President with the consent of the State Duma.

The Prime Minister of the Russian Federation proposes to the President the structure of federal executive bodies, candidates for the positions of his deputies and federal ministers. In accordance with federal laws and presidential decrees, he determines the main activities of the government of the Russian Federation and organizes its work. The Constitution of the Russian Federation defines the powers of the Government of the Russian Federation, which:

develops and submits to the State Duma the federal budget, ensures its execution, and also submits to the State Duma a report on the execution of the state budget;
ensures the implementation in the Russian Federation of a unified state policy in the field of culture, science, education, healthcare, social security, and ecology;
manages federal property;
takes measures to ensure the rule of law, the rights and freedoms of citizens, the protection of property and public order, and the fight against crime.

The Government of the Russian Federation issues resolutions and orders.

Federal ministries, state committees and federal departments (committees, services, agencies, departments) are the central bodies of federal executive power. They act within their competence throughout the territory of the Russian Federation under the leadership of the Government of the Russian Federation. Regulations on them are approved by the President of the Russian Federation or, on his behalf, by the Government of the Russian Federation (for example, the Regulations on Federal Mining and Industrial Supervision of Russia were approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on February 18, 1993 No. 234, Regulations on the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation - by the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation on November 4, 1993 No. 1187). Ministers and chairmen of state committees of the Russian Federation are appointed by the President of the Russian Federation and ex officio are members of the Government of the Russian Federation. In accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 10, 1994 No. 66 “On the structure of federal executive bodies”, federal ministries and state committees have an equal legal status.

The heads of federal departments are not included, as a rule, in the government of the Russian Federation. Departments are not part of ministries and are independent bodies. They operate under the leadership of the government of the Russian Federation.

Some federal executive bodies are subordinate to the President of the Russian Federation on issues assigned to him by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws: the ministries of defense, internal affairs, the Foreign Intelligence Service, the Federal Security Service, etc.

Executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation can be subdivided into bodies of general, sectoral and intersectoral competence. Their forms do not have a generally established unification, therefore, the names of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are established, as a rule, taking into account historical and national traditions or foreign experience. The system and forms of the organs of executive power of the republics are established in their constitutions, and those of the krais, oblasts, and autonomous formations, in their charters.

Bodies of general competence- these are the Councils of Ministers (governments) of the republics within the Russian Federation, the administrations of territories, regions, autonomous entities.

The bodies of sectoral and intersectoral competence in the republics are ministries, state committees, committees, main departments, etc.

In regions, territories, autonomous formations, the main administrations (administrations, committees, divisions, departments) act as executive authorities.

The mechanism of the Russian state is a system of bodies endowed with power and performing the functions of the state. Due to the fact that the Russian Federation is a federal state, its mechanism consists of federal bodies and bodies of subjects of the Russian Federation. According to Art. 11 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, state power in the Russian Federation is exercised by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly, the Government of the Russian Federation, and the courts of the Russian Federation.

State power in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is exercised by the bodies of state power formed by them. The subjects of the Russian Federation are granted the right to independently establish a system of state authorities, the procedure for their organization and activities and their competence in accordance with the fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and the general principles of the organization of public authorities established by federal law. In this regard, various systems of organization of state power have developed in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The interaction of federal government bodies and bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is carried out in accordance with the subjects of jurisdiction, enshrined in Art. 71 and 72 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the federal executive body is allowed to create its own territorial bodies and appoint appropriate officials. In the course of their activities, the federal bodies of the Russian Federation have the right to make generally binding decisions on issues within the competence of the Russian Federation, and to ensure their execution with the help of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. At the same time, on issues referred to the exclusive competence of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation make independent decisions, which may even contradict legal acts federal authorities.

The difference in the subjects of jurisdiction of federal bodies and bodies of subjects of the Russian Federation does not mean the simultaneous existence of two qualitatively different mechanisms of the state. The unity of the mechanism of the Russian state is ensured by the foundations of the constitutional system, which consolidate the power of the multinational people of the Russian Federation, the principles of legality, separation of powers, democracy, organic combination subordination and coordination.

The principle of legality ensures the creation of a unified political and legal regime in the activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation, the consistency of their actions, the implementation of measures enshrined in regulatory legal acts of federal bodies on the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, taking into account their specifics and the interests of the population.

Consistent consolidation and implementation of the principle of separation of powers ensures the unity of the organizational basis of the federal state bodies and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The system of checks and balances applied at the federal level is taken into account by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, creatively applied by them when constituting their own system of state authorities. As experience is accumulated, the optimal version of the system of checks and balances at the level of subjects of the Russian Federation will be enshrined in a special federal law.

The democratic nature of the mechanism of the Russian state is expressed in the right of the people to participate in the management of state affairs, both directly and through their representatives, including electing and being elected to state authorities, participating in the administration of justice, applying personally, as well as directing individual and collective appeals to any state bodies.

The principle of subordination and coordination of the components of the system of the mechanism of the Russian state requires strict state discipline, vertical subordination to higher authorities and coordination of activities with authorities performing the same or common tasks. The negative attitude of individual bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to this principle, the desire to get out of subordination to the center on issues related to the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, creates additional artificial obstacles to economic, social and other reforms, introduces disharmony into the activities of a single state mechanism .

The federal authorities play a solo role in the coordinated interaction of all components of the mechanism of the Russian state. Of particular importance is the activity of the President of the Russian Federation as the head of state, designed to ensure the coordinated interaction of all branches of government both at the federal level and at the level of subjects of the Russian Federation and endowed with special powers for this purpose.

President of Russian Federation

As head of state, the President plays a special role in the mechanism of the state. According to Art. 80 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, he is:

1) the guarantor of the Constitution, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen;

2) takes measures to protect the sovereignty of the Russian Federation;

3) ensures the coordinated action of public authorities;

4) determines the main directions of domestic and foreign policy;

5) represents the Russian Federation within the country and in international relations.

All the activities of the President, in whatever area they manifest themselves, are ultimately aimed at protecting the Constitution, ensuring its rigorous validity. Of particular importance is the task of creating such a legal regime in which not a single body of the state, not a single official would violate the Constitution, would not adopt legal acts that contradicted it, and would not violate the rights and freedoms of the individual and citizen.

To this end, the President is endowed with broad powers in the selection of candidates for key government posts. He appoints some of them independently, the other part - the State Duma or the Federation Council at his suggestion. The State Duma gives its consent to the appointment by the President of the Chairman of the Government and, at the proposal of the President, appoints the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The President of the Russian Federation also submits to the Federation Council candidates for appointment to the positions of judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, as well as the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation.

Independently, the President of the Russian Federation makes a decision on the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation, appoints deputy chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation, federal ministers, forms the Security Council, the Presidential Administration, appoints plenipotentiary representatives of the President in the subjects of the Federation, the high command of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, ambassadors of the Russian Federation in foreign states.

The Constitution provides the President of the Russian Federation with other ways of directly influencing the activities of state bodies. To ensure the effective operation of the federal legislative power, the President is endowed with the right of legislative initiative, i.e. may submit its bills for consideration by the State Duma. He also signs federal laws and has the right of suspensive veto, ie. may reject the law and send it for reconsideration, setting out the reasons for non-signing. The President calls the elections of the State Duma and, in the cases established by the Constitution, may dissolve it ahead of schedule.

The annual messages of the President of the Russian Federation on the situation in the country, on the main directions of the domestic and foreign policy of the Russian Federation, with which he addresses the Federal Assembly, have a great influence on the legislative body of the Russian Federation, other bodies of state power and the public of the country. Such messages contain a list of the main problems in society and the state and ways to solve them. Thus, the annual messages contribute to the coordination of the efforts of all state bodies in solving the most important tasks of society and the state.

The role of the President of the Russian Federation in ensuring the effective work of the Government of the Russian Federation and other bodies is very significant. executive power. Thus, the President has the right to preside and speak at meetings of the Government of the Russian Federation, to cancel the decisions and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation in case they contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and decrees of the President of the Russian Federation. In the event of disagreements between the state authorities of the Russian Federation, as well as between the state authorities of the subjects of the Federation, the President of the Russian Federation uses conciliation procedures. The Constitution does not name specific forms of these procedures, leaving the right to determine them to the President himself, taking into account the specific conditions and essence of the conflict.

The President has the right to suspend acts of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws or violate the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. Acts are suspended until they are considered by a competent court.

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the President of the Russian Federation exercises leadership of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation, including on behalf of the state he negotiates and signs international treaties, ratifications, accepts letters of credence and revocable diplomatic representatives accredited to the President.

As the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, the President of the Russian Federation approves the concept and plans for the construction and use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, issues decrees on the conscription of citizens for military service, approves plans for the deployment of the Armed Forces, deployment of military facilities, negotiates and signs international treaties on joint defense and military cooperation on issues of collective security and disarmament.

In the event of aggression against the Russian Federation or an immediate threat of aggression, the President introduces martial law on the territory of the Russian Federation or in its individual areas. The President of the Russian Federation also has the right to introduce a state of emergency throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation or its individual areas. As in the case of the introduction of martial and state of emergency, the President of the Russian Federation must immediately inform the Federation Council and the State Duma about this, i.e. both chambers of the Federal Assembly. The final decision on the introduction of martial law or a state of emergency in the country or part of it is made by the Federation Council. In the event of a negative decision of the Federation Council regarding the decrees of the President on the introduction of martial law or a state of emergency, the latter must be canceled or revised.

The President of the Russian Federation is also authorized to resolve a significant part of the issues related to the realization of the rights and freedoms of individuals - citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons. So, he solves the issues of citizenship of the Russian Federation and granting political asylum, awarding state awards of the Russian Federation, conferring honorary titles of the Russian Federation, higher military and special ranks. The President also grants pardons to persons serving criminal sentences on the basis of a court verdict.

In the process of his multifaceted state-legal activities, the President of the Russian Federation issues decrees and orders that are binding on the entire territory of the Russian Federation. At the same time, acts adopted by the President must not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws.

The President of the Russian Federation is elected on the basis of general equal direct elections and by secret ballot. A citizen of Russia not younger than 35 years old and permanently residing in Russia for at least 10 years can be elected President.

The exercise of powers by the President begins with the taking of an oath in the presence of members of the Federation Council, deputies of the State Duma and judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The powers of the President are limited to the expiration of his tenure in office from the moment the newly elected President of the Russian Federation takes the oath.

The Constitution provides for the possibility of early termination of the powers of the President on three grounds:

1) on the initiative of the President himself;

2) in case of permanent disability;

3) at the initiative of the Federal Assembly - in the event that it decides to remove the President from office.

The Constitution defines only the procedure for terminating the powers of the President in the event of his removal from office. The mechanism for the resignation of the President on the grounds of his persistent disability for health reasons remained unsettled in the Constitution. So far, it has not been resolved at the level of current legislation.

According to the Constitution, the President of the Russian Federation can be removed from office by the Federation Council. However, the initiative in this matter should come from the State Duma. The basis for dismissal is the fact that the President has committed treason or another grave crime. The Criminal Code includes espionage, sabotage, sabotage, propaganda of war, calls for a violent change in the constitutional order, taking a bribe, abuse of power or official authority under aggravating circumstances, etc.

The procedure for removing the President from office is carried out in three stages:

The first stage is reduced to the nomination by the State Duma of an accusation that the President has committed a grave crime. The initiative in making such a decision may come from a group of deputies of the State Duma numbering at least 1/3 of the total
th number. To consider this issue at a meeting of the State Duma, the conclusion of a special commission formed by the State Duma itself is required. The decision is made by a qualified majority, i.e. by two-thirds of the votes of the total number of deputies of the chamber;

At the second stage, it is necessary to obtain the conclusion of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation gives an opinion on the presence of signs of a serious crime in the actions of the President. The Constitutional Court gives an opinion that the established procedure for bringing charges against the President was observed;

The third stage of the procedure for removing the President of the Russian Federation from office includes the adoption by the Federation Council of a decision on this issue. The decision is made on the basis of consideration of all materials confirming the correctness of the decisions of the State Duma, the conclusions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The issue is considered to be resolved positively if at least two-thirds of the votes of the total number of members of the Federation Council vote in favor of the decision. However, this decision must be made within three months after the State Duma charges against the President. If a decision is not made within the specified period, then the charges against the President are considered dismissed.

Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation

Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation - it is the representative and legislative body of the country. It exercises legislative power - adopts federal laws, and also resolves other issues related to the competence of representative bodies of power.

The Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation consists of two chambers - the State Duma and the Federation Council. The State Duma consists of 450 deputies elected by the population, and the Federation Council - of 178 members. This chamber includes two representatives from each subject of the Russian Federation - the heads of its representative and executive bodies.

The Federation Council and the State Duma sit separately.

Joint sessions of the chambers according to Art. 100 of the Constitution can be held in three cases:

1) listening to the annual messages of the President of the Russian Federation;

2) hearing messages from the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation;

3) listening to the speeches of the leaders of foreign states.

The most important activity of the Federal Assembly is the approval of the federal budget, prepared by the highest federal executive body - the Government of the Russian Federation. Initially, the budget is considered and approved in the form of a federal law by the State Duma, and then approved by the Federation Council. To exercise control over the execution of the federal budget, the Federation Council and the State Duma form the Accounts Chamber, the composition and procedure for which is determined by federal law.

Each of the chambers of the Federal Assembly also has certain powers that are unique to it. The most important prerogative of the State Duma is the adoption of federal laws and the approval of the federal budget.

In accordance with the Regulations of the State Duma, the process of adopting a federal law is carried out, as a rule, in three readings. During the first reading, the main provisions of the concept and the draft law itself are discussed. The second reading is reduced to a detailed discussion of the draft law, each of its articles and amendments made following the results of the first reading of the draft law. The third reading of the bill is reduced to voting for or against the draft as a whole. It is not allowed to make any additions or changes to the draft law at this stage of lawmaking.

A federal law is considered adopted if more than half of the total number of deputies of the State Duma voted for it. For the adoption of federal constitutional laws, an absolute majority is required - at least 2/3 of the votes of deputies.

In order to ensure the effective operation of executive authorities, the State Duma has the right to take the following actions:

1) The State Duma gives consent to the President of the Russian Federation for the appointment of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation;

2) The State Duma passes a vote of no confidence in the Government, which is either accepted by the President or left without consequences. The president may disagree vote lack of confidence in the Government, dissolve the State Duma and call new elections;

3) The State Duma appoints and dismisses the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and half of its auditors, the Commissioner for Human Rights;

4) The State Duma brings charges against the President of the Russian Federation in order to remove him from office.

A feature of the legislative competence of the Federation Council is that it cannot make changes and additions to federal laws, both those in force and those just adopted by the State Duma. For this is the prerogative of the State Duma. However, the Federation Council has the right of legislative initiative and can submit its own draft federal law, as well as a draft law, for consideration by the State Duma.

providing for the introduction of amendments and additions to the laws adopted by the State Duma.

For a federal law to come into force, it must be approved by the Federation Council, which serves as a serious barrier to populist and ill-conceived laws passed by the State Duma.

A federal law is considered approved if more than half of the total number of members of this chamber voted for it. The law is also considered approved if it has not been considered by the Federation Council within fourteen days. The exception is particularly important federal laws that directly affect the interests of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which must be necessarily considered by the Federation Council. These are laws on the issues of the federal budget, federal taxes and fees, financial, currency, credit and customs regulation, money emission, ratification and denunciation of international treaties of the Russian Federation, war and peace, status and protection of the state border of the Russian Federation.

In cases of rejection of a federal law, the Federation Council, together with the State Duma, may form a conciliation commission in order to develop a compromise version of legal regulation. However, the decisive word still remains with the State Duma. Only she can change the content of the federal law and make changes proposed by the Federation Council. However, it can also act in another way - to leave the federal law unchanged by voting for it with 2/3 of the votes of the total number of deputies of the State Duma.

The exclusive competence of the Federation Council includes, first of all, the dismissal of the President from office. On the basis of the accusation of the President of committing a serious crime against the State, put forward by the State Duma, the Federation Council makes the final decision on this issue. The Federation Council also appoints judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. Appoints and dismisses the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation, the Deputy Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and half of its auditors.

A significant part of the exclusive competence of the Federation Council consists of issues that directly affect the interests of all or most of the subjects of the Federation. Thus, this chamber approves changes in the borders between the subjects of the Russian Federation, provided that the subjects of the Federation, whose borders are changing, agreed to this decision. The Federation Council approves the decision of the subjects by adopting an appropriate act on this issue.

The Federation Council approves presidential decrees on the introduction of a state of war or a state of emergency and decides on the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the Russian Federation. Since the implementation of foreign policy management is attributed to the powers of the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council can also consider the issue of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation both on its own initiative and on the proposal of the President.

The Federation Council also calls the election of the President of the Russian Federation upon the expiration of his term of office, as well as in cases of resignation, inability for health reasons to exercise the powers of the President of the Russian Federation, or removal from office.

Government of the Russian Federation

The government of the Russian Federation heads the executive branch and ensures its effective action. It consists of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, Vice-Chairmen of the Russian Federation and federal ministers. Article 114 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation identifies seven main areas of activity of the Government of the Russian Federation.

1. The government develops the federal budget, submits it to the State Duma and ensures execution. The federal budget is a set of expenses and incomes of the Russian Federation for the year and is the most important instrument of state policy. As the body responsible for the implementation of the budget, the Government has the right to issue opinions on draft laws that provide for additional expenditures from the federal budget. These are, in particular, draft laws providing for an increase in wages for employees of state enterprises.
ties and institutions, on changing the financial obligations of the state, abolishing taxes or granting tax breaks .

2. The Government of the Russian Federation pursues a unified financial, credit and monetary policy. The main guidelines for the state's activities in this area are defined in the Government's program "Development of reforms and stabilization of the Russian economy." The main
dachas decided by the Government come down to reducing the federal budget deficit, strengthening its revenue side, and preventing an uncontrolled increase in budget expenditures.

3. An important role is played by the Government in the field of culture, science, education, health, social security and ecology. It ensures the implementation of a unified state policy in all these areas through their financing, as well as the adoption of effective measures for the organization and effective activities of the governing bodies of culture, science, education, and medicine. The main tasks of the Government are to provide quality education, both general and professional, to preserve and develop the national culture, stimulate its national diversity, provide effective medical care to the population, and further develop the scientific potential of the country.

4. The government manages federal property, which includes buildings, structures, enterprises that form the basis of the country's national wealth, defense production facilities, railways, communications and other objects of industries that ensure the vital activity of the country's national economy . The government decides on the creation and liquidation of federally owned enterprises, appoints representatives of the state in enterprises created with the participation of the state and other persons, etc.

5. Among the main measures taken by the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of defense are equipping the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation with weapons and military equipment, materiel, resources and services, determining the procedure for military registration, organizing control over the export of weapons and military equipment, ensuring military servicemen and members of their families with housing.

6. The government pays great attention to ensuring the rule of law, the rights and freedoms of citizens, the protection of property and public order, and the fight against crime.

It should be noted that the list of powers of the Government of the Russian Federation, enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, is not exhaustive. According to Art. 114 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Government also exercises other powers assigned to it by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and decrees of the President of the Russian Federation. In particular, it has the right of legislative initiative, establishes tariff benefits, etc.

The Government of the Russian Federation adopts resolutions and orders that are binding on the entire territory of the Russian Federation.

The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of the Russian Federation with the consent of the State Duma. After the appointment, the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation submits to the President of the Russian Federation his proposals on the structure of federal executive bodies, i.e. a list of central bodies of federal executive power subordinated to the Government of the Russian Federation. The Chairman also proposes to the President of the Russian Federation candidates for the positions of Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers. Candidates for the positions of heads of other federal executive bodies are presented in a similar manner. The final decision on all proposed candidates is made by the President of the Russian Federation.

The initiative for the resignation of the Government may come from the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation itself or the State Duma.

The government resigns in its entirety. It makes a decision on this at a meeting of the Government by a majority of votes in connection with any serious circumstances in the country: the economic crisis, the inability of the Government to ensure the implementation of federal laws, etc.

The decision of the State Duma on no confidence in the Government is adopted by a majority vote of the total number of deputies of the State Duma. The decision is adopted after hearing the statement of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation and discussing the need and expediency of a vote of no confidence.

The President may disagree with the resolution of the State Duma on no confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government will continue to work. The State Duma may re-express no confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation. If she takes such an action within three months after the first vote of no confidence, then the President is obliged to make a choice: either he announces the resignation of the Government, or decides to dissolve the State Duma.

The President of the Russian Federation can take a decision on the resignation of the Government on his own initiative, as a rule, in the event of contradictions between him and the Government of the Russian Federation, unsatisfactory work of the Government and on other grounds.

The question of a vote of no confidence in the Government of the State Duma of the Russian Federation, the State Duma can take on the initiative of the Government. As a rule, the Government decides to take such a step in cases of any serious disagreement with the State Duma on the most important bill, the federal budget, etc. If the State Duma refuses to trust the Government of the Russian Federation, then the President must either dismiss the Government or dissolve the State Duma and call new elections.

In the event of resignation or resignation, the Government of the Russian Federation continues to act until the formation of a new Government of the Russian Federation.

Justice authorities in the Russian Federation

The Constitution calls the court the only body competent to administer justice. At the same time, judicial power is exercised through constitutional, civil, administrative and criminal justice. In accordance with the named types of legal proceedings, the judicial system of the Russian Federation is also determined. The constitution names only the upper level of the judiciary: Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. Other links of this system are established by federal laws.

Judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation are appointed by the Federation Council on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation. Judges of other federal courts are appointed by the President of the Russian Federation.

The Constitution establishes three mandatory requirements for candidates for the position of a judge: reaching the age of 25, having a higher legal education and at least five years of work experience in the legal specialty. However, federal laws may establish other requirements for judges of the courts of the Russian Federation. In particular, a qualified lawyer with an impeccable reputation, at least 40 years of age and with at least 15 years of experience in the legal specialty, can become a judge of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.

The most important guarantees of justice are the principles enshrined in the Constitution:

1) the independence of judges and their subordination only to the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws;

2) the irremovability of judges and a special procedure for the termination or suspension of powers;

3) the inviolability of judges and the possibility of bringing them to justice in the manner determined by federal law.

Consistent implementation of the principle of separation of powers by the Constitution of the Russian Federation implies the creation of real conditions for the judiciary, including all judges, to be truly independent of the legislative and executive authorities. The Constitution takes a decisive step in this direction, having fixed the principle of the irremovability of judges. This principle means, firstly, that there is no limitation on the powers of a judge by any term, with certain exceptions established by federal law, and secondly, that it is impossible to suspend or terminate the powers of a judge except on the grounds and in the manner prescribed by law, and thirdly, a judge is not subject to transfer to another position or to another court without his consent.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes the principle of inviolability of judges and the impossibility of bringing them to criminal responsibility otherwise than in the manner determined by federal law.

The most important guarantee of the full and independent administration of justice is the constitutional provision that the courts are financed only from the federal budget. The current legislation, which determines the procedure for compiling the state budget, provides for annual appropriations for the maintenance of courts. The provision of courts of general jurisdiction with personnel, material and other resources is entrusted to a special unit under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.

A special place in the system of justice is occupied by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, which exercises constitutional control in order to protect the foundations of the constitutional order, fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens, ensure the rule and direct effect of the Constitution of the Russian Federation throughout the Russian Federation.

To fulfill the assigned tasks, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation has the following powers:

1. Gives an opinion on the conformity of the Constitution of the Russian Federation with federal laws, regulations of the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation gives similar conclusions regarding the normative legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, including the constitutions of the republics, charters, laws and other normative acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, issued on issues related to the jurisdiction of state authorities of the Russian Federation or jointly administered by state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The Constitutional Court also has the right to consider cases on the compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation of agreements concluded by state authorities of the Russian Federation with state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as international treaties of the Russian Federation that have not entered into force.

The Constitutional Court gives its opinions at the request of the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, the State Duma, one fifth of the members of the Federation Council or deputies of the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, as well as legislative and executive authorities. these subjects of the Russian Federation.

2. The jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation includes consideration of individual or collective complaints of citizens about the violation of their constitutional rights and freedoms through the application of non-constitutional laws and other regulatory legal acts. In the process of considering a complaint, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation checks the constitutionality of the law applied or to be applied in a particular case. Associations of citizens, courts and other bodies and persons specified in the constitutional federal law have the right to appeal to the Constitutional Court.

3. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation resolves disputes on competence between the federal state authorities of the Russian Federation, between them and the state authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation, between the highest state bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation.

4. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is endowed with the right to interpret the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Interpretation acts are obligatory for all public authorities, officials, citizens and their associations.

5. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation participates in the procedure for removing the President of the Russian Federation from office and issues an opinion on compliance with the established procedure for bringing charges of high treason or committing another serious crime.

Laws, other normative legal acts, their individual provisions, recognized as unconstitutional, lose their force immediately after the relevant decision is made by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, and international treaties that do not comply with the Constitution of the Russian Federation are not subject to entry into force and application.

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